CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nepali language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bedef773-de04-4743-9af0-721efcca12cd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nepali_language","wgTitle":"Nepali language","wgCurRevisionId":1273631300,"wgRevisionId":1273631300,"wgArticleId":47864412, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nepali_language","wgRelevantArticleId":47864412,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym": "адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym": "rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr", "be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl", "pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q33823","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready" };RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/1200px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="489"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/800px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="326"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/640px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="261"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nepali language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nepali_language rootpage-Nepali_language stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nepali+language" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Nepali+language" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nepali language</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Nepali_language" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Nepali_language" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nepali+language" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the modern Indo-Aryan language. For the language known as Nepal Bhasa, see <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Nepali</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <span title="undetermined-language text"><span lang="und-Deva">नेपाली</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[ˈnepali]</a></span>), or <i><b>Gorkhali</b></i><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> region of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is the official, and most widely spoken, <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">language of Nepal</a>, where it also serves as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>. Nepali has <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">official status in the Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland_Territorial_Administration" title="Gorkhaland Territorial Administration">Gorkhaland Territorial Administration</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. It is spoken by about a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>'s population. Nepali also has a significant number of speakers in the Indian states of <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-langoff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-langoff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> it is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Gurkha" title="Burmese Gurkha">Burmese Gurkhas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali diaspora">Nepali diaspora</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and worldwide also use the language.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali is spoken by approximately 19 million <a href="/wiki/Native_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Native speakers">native speakers</a> and another 14 million as a <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>. </p><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Nepali</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Gorkhali</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/200px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/300px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg/400px-Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="88"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word "Nepali" written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ne-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">[ˈnepali]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118–119_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118%E2%80%93119-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 19 million (2011–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 14 million (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>Total: 32 million<sup id="cite_ref-e27_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern Zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Pahari">Eastern Pahari</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Nepali</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit#Classical_Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Classical Sanskrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari Braille</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed forms</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Signed_Nepali" title="Signed Nepali">Signed Nepali</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (additional)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br>language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Academy" title="Nepal Academy">Nepal Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ne">ne</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=322">nep</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/nep" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:nep">nep</a></code> – inclusive code<br>Individual code:<br><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/npi" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:npi">npi</a></code> – Nepali</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/nep">nep</a></code> Nepali (macrolanguage)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"> </th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/npi">npi</a></code> Nepali (individual language)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nepa1254">nepa1254</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-d">59-AAF-d</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepali_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/320px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/480px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/640px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="72"></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map showing distribution of Nepali speakers in South Asia. Dark red is areas with a Nepali-speaking majority or plurality, light red is where Nepali speakers are more than 20% of the population</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p>Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern zone</a> of Indo-Aryan. The language originated from the <a href="/wiki/Sinja_Valley" title="Sinja Valley">Sinja Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> then the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a> around the 10th and 14th centuries. It developed proximity to a number of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, most significantly to other <a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Pahari languages</a>. Nepali was originally spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas people</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_peoples" title="Indo-Aryan peoples">Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethno-linguistic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-linguistic group">ethno-linguistic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayan region</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. The earliest inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be an inscription in <a href="/wiki/Dullu" title="Dullu">Dullu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dailekh_District" title="Dailekh District">Dailekh District</a> which was written around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal around the year 981. The <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalisation</a> of the Nepali language arose during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Kingdom of Gorkha</a> (later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a>) in the 16th century. Over the centuries, different dialects of the Nepali language with distinct influences from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> are believed to have emerged across different regions of the current-day Nepal and Uttarakhand, making Nepali the <i>lingua franca</i>. </p><p>Nepali is a highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> with a relatively free <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, although the dominant arrangement is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">subject–object–verb word order</a> (SOV). There are three major levels or gradations of <a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">honorific</a>: low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali grammar</a> has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Nepali developed significant <a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">literature</a> within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. Around 1830, several Nepali poets wrote on themes from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> epics <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, which was followed by <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a> translating the <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana"><i>Ramayana</i> in Nepali</a> which received "great popularity for the colloquial flavour of its language, its religious sincerity, and its realistic natural descriptions".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Etymology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Origin_and_development"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Origin and development</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Middle_Nepali"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Middle Nepali</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Modern_Nepali"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Modern Nepali</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Official_status"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Official status</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Geographic_distribution"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geographic distribution</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Nepal"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nepal</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bhutan"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Bhutan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#International"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">International</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Phonology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Phonology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Consonants"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Grammar"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Grammar</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Writing_system"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Writing system</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Dialects"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Dialects</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sample_text"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Sample text</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Nepal" title="Name of Nepal">Name of Nepal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858,_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi,_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro,_Australia,_and_China%27_(11053770654)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858%2C_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi%2C_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Australia%2C_and_China%27_%2811053770654%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1884" data-file-height="920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 107px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858%2C_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi%2C_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Australia%2C_and_China%27_%2811053770654%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858%2C_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi%2C_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Australia%2C_and_China%27_%2811053770654%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%22Languages_%26_Nations_of_India%22_and_%22Political_Divisions_of_India%22in_1858%2C_10_of_%27From_New_York_to_Delhi%2C_by_way_of_Rio_de_Janeiro%2C_Australia%2C_and_China%27_%2811053770654%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A map showing <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Indian subcontinent">languages of the Indian subcontinent</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1858; It refers to the language as "Nepalee".</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>Nepali</i> derived from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> was officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nepal" title="Government of Nepal">Government of Nepal</a> in 1933, when <i>Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</i> (Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), a <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">government institution</a> established in 1913 (<a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">B.S.</a> 1970) for advancement of Gorkha Bhasa, renamed itself as <i>Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</i> (Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is currently known as <i><a href="/wiki/Sajha_Publications" title="Sajha Publications">Sajha Prakashan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sajhaprakashan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the term <i>Gorkhali</i> in the former <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> entitled "<a href="/wiki/Shriman_Gambhir" title="Shriman Gambhir">Shriman Gambhir</a>" was changed to <i>Nepali</i> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the term <i>Nepali</i> was used before the official adoption notably by <a href="/wiki/Jaya_Prithvi_Bahadur_Singh" title="Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh">Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh</a>, now considered one of the <a href="/wiki/National_heroes_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="National heroes of Nepal">national heroes of Nepal</a>, who advocated for the embracement of the term.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial name of Nepali language was "<i>Khas Kura</i>" (<span title="Nepali-language text"><span lang="ne">खस कुरा</span></span>), meaning language or speech of the <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas people</a>, who are descended from the ancient <a href="/wiki/Khasas" title="Khasas">Khasas</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>, as the language developed during the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Nepal">western Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinekhabar1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah dynasty</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>, Nepali language became known as <i>Gorakhā Bhāṣā</i> (<span title="Nepali-language text"><span lang="ne">गोरखा भाषा</span></span>; <i>language of the <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhas</a></i>) as it was spoken by <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkhas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rajendramaharjan2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajendramaharjan2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people living in the <a href="/wiki/Pahad" title="Pahad">Pahad</a> or the hilly region, where it does not generally contain snow, called the language <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ne-Latn">Parvate Kurā</i></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पर्वते कुरा</span></span>), meaning "the speech of the hills".<sup id="cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_development">Origin and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin and development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg/220px-Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="386"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg/220px-Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg/330px-Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg/440px-Indo-Aryan_languages_alignment.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A simplified overview of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> family.</figcaption></figure> <p>Early forms of present-day Nepali developed from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">apabhraṃśa</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernaculars</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Western_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Nepal">western Nepal</a> in the 10th–14th centuries, during the times of the <a href="/wiki/Khasa_Kingdom" title="Khasa Kingdom">Khasa Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolved</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the decline of the Khasa Kingdom, it was divided into <a href="/wiki/Baise_Rajya" title="Baise Rajya">Baise Rajya</a> (22 principalities) in <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bheri_River" title="Bheri River">Bheri</a> region and <a href="/wiki/Chaubise_rajya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaubise rajya">Chaubise rajya</a> (24 principalities) in <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The currently popular variant of Nepali is believed to have originated around 500 years ago with the mass migration of a branch of <a href="/wiki/Khas_people" title="Khas people">Khas people</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bheri_River" title="Bheri River">Bheri</a>-<a href="/wiki/Seti_River" title="Seti River">Seti</a> eastward to settle in lower valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Ghaghara" title="Ghaghara">Karnali</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gandaki_River" title="Gandaki River">Gandaki</a> basin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the times of <a href="/wiki/Senas_of_Makwanpur" title="Senas of Makwanpur">Sena dynasty</a>, who ruled a vast area in <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> and central hills of Nepal, Nepali language became influenced by the Indian languages including <a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali speakers and Senas had a close connect, subsequently, the language became the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the grammar became simplified, vocabulary was expanded, and its phonology was softened, after it was syncretised, Nepali lost much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu_Valley" title="Kathmandu Valley">Kathmandu Valley</a> (then known as <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Mandala" title="Nepal Mandala">Nepal Mandala</a>), Nepali language inscriptions can be seen during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Narasimha_Malla" title="Lakshmi Narasimha Malla">Lakshmi Narasimha Malla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pratap_Malla" title="Pratap Malla">Pratap Malla</a>, which indicates the significant increment of Nepali speakers in Kathmandu Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007544_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007544-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also during this time Nepal absorbed many loan words from <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magar_Kham_language" title="Magar Kham language">Magar</a>, including words for many architectural concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Nepali">Middle Nepali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Nepali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/220px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/220px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/330px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg/440px-Mandhata_Shahi-_SAKE-1612.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Copper Inscription by King of <a href="/wiki/Doti" title="Doti">Doti</a>, <i>Raika</i> Mandhata Shahi, at <a href="/wiki/Saka_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Saka Era">Saka Era</a> 1612 (1747 <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Samvat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikram Samvat">BS</a>) in old Nepali language using <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalisation</a> of the Nepali language is believed to have started with the <a href="/wiki/Shah_dynasty" title="Shah dynasty">Shah kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a>, in the modern day <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_District" title="Gorkha District">Gorkha District</a> of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Nepal" title="Unification of Nepal">Unification of Nepal</a>, the language moved to the court of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a> in the 18th century, where it became the state language.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest works in the Middile Nepali is written during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ram_Shah" title="Ram Shah">Ram Shah</a>, King of Gorkha, a book by unknown writer called <i>Ram Shah ko Jivani</i> (A Biography of Ram Shah).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Divyopadesh" title="Divyopadesh">Divyopadesh</a></i>, written toward the end of his life, around 1774–75, contains old Nepali dialect of the era, is considered as the first work of essay of Nepali literature.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="1394"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 114px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png/250px-Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png" data-width="250" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png/375px-Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png/500px-Bhanubhakta_Ramayana_manuscript_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Bhanubhakta Ramayana</a></i> led to "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During this time Nepali developed a standardised prose in the <i>Lal mohar</i> (royal charter)—documents related to the Nepalese Kingdom dealing with diplomatic writings, tax, and administrative records.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of the <i>Lal mohar</i> is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with a pre-modern orthography.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few changes including changing <i>Kari</i> (करि) to <i>Gari</i> (गरि) and merging <i>Hunu</i> (हुनु) with <i>cha</i> (छ) to create <i>huncha</i> (हुन्छ) were done.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent work written during this time was <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Bhanubhakta Ramayana</a></i>, a translation of the epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> to Nepali for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acharya's work led to which some describe as "cultural, emotional and linguistic unification" of Nepal, comparatively to <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_Narayan_Shah" title="Prithvi Narayan Shah">Prithvi Narayan Shah</a> who unified Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Nepali">Modern Nepali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern Nepali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Language Movement">Nepali Language Movement</a></div> <p>The modern period of Nepali begins in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time the ruling <a href="/wiki/Rana_dynasty" title="Rana dynasty">Rana dynasty</a> made various attempts to make Nepali the language of education, notably, by <a href="/wiki/Dev_Shumsher_Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Dev Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana">Dev Shumsher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shumsher_Jung_Bahadur_Rana" title="Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana">Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana</a>, who established <i><a href="/wiki/Gorkhapatra" title="Gorkhapatra">Gorkhapatra</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sajha_Publications" title="Sajha Publications">Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti</a></i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sajhaprakashan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Nepali had limited literature compared to <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali languages</a>, a movement notably in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> was started to create uniformed Nepali identity, which was later adopted in Nepal following the <a href="/wiki/1951_Nepalese_revolution" title="1951 Nepalese revolution">1951 Nepalese revolution</a> and during the <a href="/wiki/Panchayat_(Nepal)" title="Panchayat (Nepal)">Panchayat</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Nepal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Nepal Academy">Royal Nepal Academy</a> was established with the objectives of developing and promoting Nepali literature, culture, art and science.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Panchayat, Nepal adopted a "<i>One King, One Dress, One Language, One Nation</i>" ideology, which promoted Nepali language as basis for Nepali nationalism, this time is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> for the language.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg/220px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg/220px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg/330px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg/440px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya_Darjeeling_202401.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A statue of Bhanubhakta Acharya at <a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, Nepali language was recognised by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal" title="Government of West Bengal">West Bengal Government</a> in 1961 as the official language for the <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_district" title="Darjeeling district">Darjeeling district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalimpong" title="Kalimpong">Kalimpong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurseong" title="Kurseong">Kurseong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nepali_Language_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali Language Movement">Nepali Language Movement</a> took place in India around 1980s to include Nepali language in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1977, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Nepali" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Nepali">Nepali was officially</a> accepted by <a href="/wiki/Sahitya_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahitya Academy">Sahitya Academy</a>, an organisation dedicated to the promotion of <a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Indian literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> was annexed by India, the Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977, made Nepali as one of the official languages of state.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 August 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a> passed a motion to add the Nepali language to the Eighth Schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Official_status">Official status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Official status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Nepali written in the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari script</a> is the official language of Nepal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 31 August 1992, Nepali was added to the list of <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled languages of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali is the official language of the state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>. </p><p>Despite being spoken by about a quarter of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-thehimalayantimes.com2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thehimalayantimes.com2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepalese has no official status in <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Far_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Far-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nepal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nepali_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/300px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="72"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 77px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/300px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="77" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/450px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nepali_language_map.svg/600px-Nepali_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of the Nepali language as their mother tongue in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Nepal_census" title="2011 Nepal census">2011 national census</a>, 44.6% of the population of Nepal speaks Nepali as its <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 32.8% speak Nepali as a second language.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> reports 12,300,000 speakers within Nepal (from the 2011 census).<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by 20,250,952, about 77.20% of the population, as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:grey; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 106.48918403248px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 6.291466725365px; border-left-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:darkblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:90.482705246602px 42.577929156507px 0 0; border-top-color:lavender"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:lavender"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:36.812455268468px 92.977648588825px 0 0; border-top-color:deepskyblue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:deepskyblue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 82.727194597248px 100px 0; border-right-color:maroon"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:maroon"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Total number of Nepali speakers in India by state (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:maroon; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> (36%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:deepskyblue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> (20%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:lavender; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:darkblue; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Rest of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> (8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:orange; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">UP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> (12%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:grey; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other states (12%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census of India</a>, there were a total of 2,926,168 Nepali language speakers in India.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Nepali speakers in India by state<sup id="cite_ref-India-census_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-India-census-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>State </th> <th>Nepali speakers (2011 census) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> </td> <td>1,155,375 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> </td> <td>596,210 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> </td> <td>382,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a> </td> <td>106,399 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>95,317 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> </td> <td>89,508 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> </td> <td>75,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a> </td> <td>63,756 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a> </td> <td>54,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> </td> <td>43,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Delhi_National_Capital_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi National Capital Territory">Delhi National Capital Territory</a> </td> <td>37,468 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> </td> <td>25,142 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a> </td> <td>22,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a> </td> <td>22,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> </td> <td>19,914 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> </td> <td>19,274 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a> </td> <td>18,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> </td> <td>16,956 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> </td> <td>11,551 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a> </td> <td>8,994 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> </td> <td>8,724 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> </td> <td>8,654 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> </td> <td>7,636 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> </td> <td>7,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> </td> <td>6,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> </td> <td>5,727 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </td> <td>3,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a> </td> <td>3,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> </td> <td>2,787 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> </td> <td>2,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu" title="Daman and Diu">Daman and Diu</a> </td> <td>1,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli">Dadra and Nagar Haveli</a> </td> <td>1,152 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a> </td> <td>949 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a> </td> <td>431 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bhutan">Bhutan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bhutan" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, native Nepali speakers, known as <i>Lhotshampa</i>, are estimated at 35%<sup id="cite_ref-USDOS_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDOS-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the population. This number includes displaced <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_refugees" title="Bhutanese refugees">Bhutanese refugees</a>, with unofficial estimates of the ethnic Bhutanese refugee population as high as 30 to 40%, constituting a majority in the south (about 242,000 people).<sup id="cite_ref-USLCCS_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USLCCS-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Nepali is the third-most spoken language in the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, where it is spoken by 1.3% of its population,<sup id="cite_ref-census2021_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fifth-most spoken language in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>, Australia, spoken by 1.3% of its population.<sup id="cite_ref-census2021-2_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2021-2-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepali is the most spoken language other than English in <a href="/wiki/Rockdale,_New_South_Wales" title="Rockdale, New South Wales">Rockdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kogarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogarah">Kogarah</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Granville,_New_South_Wales" title="Granville, New South Wales">Granville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campsie,_New_South_Wales" title="Campsie, New South Wales">Campsie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashfield,_New_South_Wales" title="Ashfield, New South Wales">Ashfield</a> it is the second most commonly spoken language other than English. <a href="/wiki/Allawah" class="mw-redirect" title="Allawah">Allawah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurstville" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurstville">Hurstville</a> have third most Nepali speaking population in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>. There are regular Nepali language News papers and Magazines in Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>International geographic distribution </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Speaker population </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> </td> <td>300,000-500,000<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> </td> <td>133,068<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2021 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hong_Kong.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> </td> <td>25,472<sup id="cite_ref-scmp.com_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2016 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>13,375<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2016 census </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> </td> <td>7,234<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2023 statistics </td></tr> </tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_phonology" title="Nepali phonology">Nepali phonology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> are outlined in the tables below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nepali vowel phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʌ̃</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nepali distinguishes six oral vowels and five <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowels" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal vowels">nasal vowels</a>. /o/ does not have a phonemic nasal counterpart, although it is often in <a href="/wiki/Free_variation" title="Free variation">free variation</a> with [õ]. </p><p>Nepali has ten <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a>: /ui̯/, /iu̯/, /ei̯/, /eu̯/, /oi̯/, /ou̯/, /ʌi̯/, /ʌu̯/, /ai̯/, and /au̯/. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nepali consonant phonemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨म⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨न/ञ⟩</span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ण⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ङ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><small>voiceless</small> </th> <th><small>unaspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨प⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨त⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨च⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ट⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨क⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>aspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨फ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨थ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡sʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨छ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ठ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ख⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small>voiced</small> </th> <th><small>unaspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ब⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨द⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ज⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ड⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ग⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>aspirated</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨भ⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ध⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">d͡zʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">झ</span></span>⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ढ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨घ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨श/ष/स⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ह⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨र⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨व⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨ल⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨य⟩</span>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>[j] and [w] are nonsyllabic <a href="/wiki/Allophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Allophones">allophones</a> of [i] and [u], respectively. Every consonant except [j], [w], and /ɦ/ has a <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> counterpart between vowels. /ɳ/ and /ʃ/ also exist in some loanwords such as /baɳ/ <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">बाण</span></span> "arrow" and /nareʃ/ <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नरेश</span></span> "king", but these sounds are sometimes replaced with native Nepali phonemes. The <a href="/wiki/Murmured_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Murmured voice">murmured</a> stops may lose their breathy-voice between vowels and word-finally. Non-geminate <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> and murmured stops may also become fricatives, with /pʰ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>], /bʱ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>], /kʰ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>], and /ɡʱ/ as [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]. Examples of this are /sʌpʰa/ 'clean' becoming [sʌɸa] and /ʌɡʱaɖi/ 'before' becoming [ʌɣaɽi].<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Typically, sounds transcribed with the retroflex symbols ⟨<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>, ʈʰ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>, ɖʱ, ɽ, ɳ, ɽ̃⟩ are not purely retroflex [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a>, ʈʰ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a>, ɖʱ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>, ɽ̃] but apical postalveolar [<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar plosive">t̠</a>, t̠ʰ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar plosive">d̠</a>, d̠ʱ, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar flap">ɾ̠</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar nasal">n̠</a>, ɾ̠̃]. Some speakers may use purely retroflex sounds after /u/ and /a/, but other speakers use the apical articulation in all positions.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Final schwas <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion_in_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages">may or may not be preserved</a> in speech. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa: </p> <ol><li>Schwa is retained if the final syllable is a conjunct consonant. <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">अन्त</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">anta</i></span>, 'end'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">सम्बन्ध</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">sambandha</i></span>, 'relation'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">श्रेष्ठ</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">śreṣṭha</i></span>, 'greatest'/a last name).<br>Exceptions: conjuncts such as <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">ञ्च</span></span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">ञ्ज</span></span> in <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">मञ्च</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">mañc</i></span>, 'stage') <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गञ्ज</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gañj</i></span>, 'city') and occasionally the last name <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पन्त</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">panta</i></span>/<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">pant</i></span>).</li> <li>For any verb form the final schwa is always retained unless the schwa-cancelling halanta is present. <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">हुन्छ</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">huncha</i></span>, 'it happens'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">भएर</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">bhaera</i></span>, 'in happening so; therefore'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गएछ</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gaecha</i></span>, 'he apparently went'), but <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">छन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">chan</i></span>, 'they are'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गईन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gain</i></span>, 'she went'). Meanings may change with the wrong orthography: <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गईन</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gaina</i></span>, 'she didn't go') vs <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">गईन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">gain</i></span>, 'she went').</li> <li>Adverbs, onomatopoeia and postpositions usually maintain the schwa and if they don't, halanta is acquired: <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">अब</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">aba</i></span> 'now'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">तिर</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tira</i></span>, 'towards'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">आज</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">āja</i></span>, 'today') <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">सिम्सिम</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">simsim</i></span> 'drizzle') vs <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">झन्</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">jhan</i></span>, 'more').</li> <li>Few exceptional nouns retain the schwa such as: <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">दु:ख</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">dukha</i></span>, 'suffering'), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">सुख</span></span> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">sukha</i></span>, 'pleasure').</li></ol> <p>Note: Schwas are often retained in music and poetry to add extra syllables when needed. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali grammar</a></div> <p>Nepali is a highly <a href="/wiki/Fusional_language" title="Fusional language">fusional language</a> with relatively free <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, although the dominant arrangement is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (subject–object–verb). There are three major levels or gradations of <a href="/wiki/Honorifics_(linguistics)" title="Honorifics (linguistics)">honorifics</a>: low, medium and high. Low honorific is used where no respect is due, medium honorific is used to signify equal status or neutrality, and high honorific signifies respect. There is also a separate highest level honorific, which was used to refer to members of the royal family, and by the royals among themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007571_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007571-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like all modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has syncretised heavily, losing much of the complex declensional system present in the older languages. Instead, it relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrasis</a>, a marginal verbal feature of older Indo-Aryan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007596_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007596-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Writing system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Devanagari_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanagari script">Devanagari script</a></div> <p>Nepali is generally written in <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script. In certain regions, the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan script</a> was also used in regions with predominantly Tibetic population, with common Tibetan expressions and pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the section below Nepali is represented in Latin transliteration using the <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a> scheme and <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>. The chief features are: <a href="/wiki/Subscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscript">subscript</a> <a href="/wiki/Dot_(diacritic)" title="Dot (diacritic)">dots</a> for <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex consonants</a>; <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> for etymologically, contrastively <a href="/wiki/Long_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Long vowel">long vowels</a>; <i>h</i> denoting <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">aspirated</a> <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tilde" title="Tilde">Tildes</a> denote <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a>. </p> <table class="skin-invert wikitable" style="background:none"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">क</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʌ/</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257226131">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{vertical-align:top;text-align:center;font-weight:normal;padding:0.3em;min-width:3em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-text{font-size:85%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char span:nth-of-type(even){margin-left:0.4em;padding-left:0.4em;border-left:1px dotted #666}.mw-parser-output .letters-left .template-letter-char{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-right .template-letter-char{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-wide .template-letter-char{padding-right:0.8em;padding-left:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-hi .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-lo .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1em}.mw-parser-output .letters-nadir .template-letter-char{padding-bottom:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .letters-tall .template-letter-char{padding-top:1em;padding-bottom:1em}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257210792">.mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#8B0000}.mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#edF3F3}.mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#F2FBFB}.mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#007a7c}.mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#111}.mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#0000A0}.mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#006000}.mw-parser-output .letters-violet .template-letter-char{color:#800080}.mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#DB0A5B}.mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#D43900}.mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#AA5D00}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257186708">html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122);color:#F36060}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table .template-letter-box{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#202122)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-black .template-letter-char{color:#ccc}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-table th:not(.template-letter-box){background-color:#000}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-teal .template-letter-char{color:#10ACB0}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-blue .template-letter-char{color:#008DEE}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-green .template-letter-char{color:#23AE23}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night.letters-violet .mw-parser-output .template-letter-char{color:#A375E8}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-pink .template-letter-char{color:#F55592}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-orange .template-letter-char{color:#EE7347}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .letters-gold .template-letter-char{color:#DE8317}</style> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ख</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kʰʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/xʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ग</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">घ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡʱʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɣʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ङ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">च</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">छ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ज</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡zʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">झ</span></span></span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡zʱʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ञ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ट</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ठ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ड</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ढ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖʱʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ण</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɳʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">त</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">थ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">द</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ध</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʱʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">न</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">प</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">फ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʰʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ɸʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ब</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">भ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʱʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/βʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">म</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">य</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">र</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/rʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ल</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">व</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">श</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ष</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/kʰʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">स</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ह</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="skin-invert wikitable" style="background:none"> <caption>Ligatures </caption> <tbody><tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">क + ष</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">क्ष</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡sʰjʌ/,<span class="wrap"> </span>/ksʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">त + र</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">त्र</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/trʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ज + ञ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ज्ञ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡjʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="skin-invert wikitable" style="background:none"> <caption>Diacritics combined with the letter ब </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Vowels </th> <th colspan="4">Consonants </th></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">a</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">आ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ā</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">इ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">i</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ई</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ī</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">उ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">u</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ऊ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ū</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ए</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">e</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ऐ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ai</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i̯/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ओ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">o</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/o/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">औ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">au</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u̯/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ऋ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ṛ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̩/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अं</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ṃ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌̃/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अः</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ḥ</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">अँ</span></span></div><div class="template-letter-text"><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">ã</i></span></div><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʌ̃/</span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ा</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ि</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ी</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ु</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ू</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌े</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ै</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ो</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ौ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ृ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ं</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ः</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">◌ँ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">ब</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब +◌ा</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बा</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ि</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बि</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ी</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बी</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ु</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बु</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ू</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बू</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌े</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बे</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ै</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बै</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ो</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बो</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ौ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बौ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ृ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बृ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ं</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बं</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ः</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बः</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td> <td class="template-letter-box"><div class="template-letter-text template-letter-nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">ब + ◌ँ</span></div><div class="template-letter-char"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode"><span style="font-size:150%;">बँ</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257226131"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257210792"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257186708"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nepali_literature" title="Nepali literature">Nepali literature</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nepali_language" title="Special:EditPage/Nepali language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg/220px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="421"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 309px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg/220px-Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="309" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Bhanubhakta_Acharya.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a>, <i>Aadi Kavi</i> in Nepali-language literature</figcaption></figure> <p>Nepali developed significant literature within a short period of a hundred years in the 19th century. This literary explosion was fuelled by <a href="/wiki/Adhyatma_Ramayana" title="Adhyatma Ramayana">Adhyatma Ramayana</a>; Sundarananda Bara (1833); Birsikka, an anonymous collection of folk tales; and a version of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">ancient Indian</a> epic <i><a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Ramayana" title="Bhanubhakta Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bhanubhakta_Acharya" title="Bhanubhakta Acharya">Bhanubhakta Acharya</a> (d. 1868). The contribution of trio-laureates <a href="/wiki/Lekhnath_Paudyal" title="Lekhnath Paudyal">Lekhnath Paudyal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laxmi_Prasad_Devkota" title="Laxmi Prasad Devkota">Laxmi Prasad Devkota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balkrishna_Sama" title="Balkrishna Sama">Balkrishna Sama</a> took Nepali to the level of other world languages. The contribution of expatriate writers outside Nepal, especially in <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> in India, is also notable. Nepali-language speakers are rapidly migrating around the globe in last a couple of decades and many books of Nepali language literature are published from different corners of the world. Diasporic literature has developed new ways of thinking and created a new branch in Nepali language literature. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>Dialects of Nepali include Acchami, Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali, Bheri, Dadeldhuri, Dailekhi, Darchulali, Darchuli, Gandakeli, Humli, Purbeli, and Soradi.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dialects can be distinct from Standard Nepali. Mutual intelligibility between Baitadeli, Bajhangi, Bajurali (Bajura), Humli and Acchami is low.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect of the Nepali language spoken in <a href="/wiki/Karnali_Province" title="Karnali Province">Karnali Province</a> is not mutually intelligible with Standard Nepali. The language is known by its old name as <i><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Khas Bhasa</a></i> in Karnali.<sup id="cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onlinekhabar1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sample text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <p>The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Nepali in Devanagari Script</dt> <dd>धारा १. सबै व्यक्तिहरू जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र हुन् ती सबैको समान अधिकार र महत्व छ। निजहरूमा विचार शक्ति र सद्विचार भएकोले निजहरूले आपसमा भातृत्वको भावनाबाट व्यवहार गर्नु पर्छ।</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Transliteration (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO</a>)</dt> <dd>Dhārā 1. Sabai vyaktiharū janmajāt svatantra hun tī sabaiko samān adhikār ra mahatva cha. Nijharūmā vicār śakti ra sadvicār bhaekole nijharūle āpasmā bhatṛtvako bhāvanabāṭa vyavahār garnu parcha.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Transcription (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>)</dt></dl> <dl><dd>[dʱaɾa ek sʌbʌi̯ bektiɦʌɾu d͡zʌnmʌd͡zat sotʌntɾʌ ɦun ti sʌbʌi̯ko sʌman ʌd(ʱ)ikaɾ rʌ mʌːtːo t͡sʰʌ nid͡zɦʌɾuma bit͡saɾ sʌkti ɾʌ sʌdbit͡sar bʱʌekole nid͡zɦʌɾule apʌsma bʱatɾitːoko bʱawʌnabaʈʌ bebaːr ɡʌɾnu pʌɾt͡sʰʌ]</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Gloss (word-to-word)</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Article 1. All human-beings from-birth independent are their all equal right and importance is. In themselves, intellect and conscience {endowed therefore} they {one another} brotherhood's spirit {treatment with} do must.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Translation (grammatical)</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language_movement" title="Nepali language movement">Nepali language movement</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118–119-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichard_Burghart1984118%E2%80%93119_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichard_Burghart1984">Richard Burghart 1984</a>, pp. 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e27-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nep">Nepali</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><noscript><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Closed access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span><br><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/npi">Nepali</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><noscript><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Closed access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723141410/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nepali">"Nepali | Definition of Nepali by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Nepali"</a>. <i>Lexico Dictionaries | English</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/nepali">the original</a> on 23 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico+Dictionaries+%7C+English&rft.atitle=Nepali+%7C+Definition+of+Nepali+by+Oxford+Dictionary+on+Lexico.com+also+meaning+of+Nepali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fnepali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khanal, Rajendra. "Linguistic geography of nepalese languages." The Third Pole: Journal of Geography Education (2019): 45-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutt, Michael James. Nepali: The emergence of a national language. University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom), 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarkar, Anil Kumar. "Gorkha identity and separate statehood movement." Global Journal of Human-Social Science: D History Archaeology & Anthropology 14.1D (2014): 32-38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-langoff-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-langoff_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">"52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=52nd+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM52ndReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nepali-language">"Nepali language | Britannica"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730235711/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nepali-language">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nepali+language+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNepali-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature">"Nepali literature"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221023180323/https://www.britannica.com/art/Nepali-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nepali+literature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fart%2FNepali-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sajhaprakashan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sajhaprakashan_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/">"साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक"</a>. <i>Sajha Prakashan</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sajha+Prakashan&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsajha.org.np%2Fchinari%2F28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182216/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html">"The kings song"</a>. <i>Himal Southasian</i>. June 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html">the original</a> on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himal+Southasian&rft.atitle=The+kings+song&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalmag.com%2Fcomponent%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F4214-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasistha" class="citation web cs1">Vasistha, Kedar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'गोर्खा पत्रिकाहरू'को पदचाप"</a>. <i>Gorakhapatra Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gorakhapatra+Online&rft.atitle=%27%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%27%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA&rft.aulast=Vasistha&rft.aufirst=Kedar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgorkhapatraonline.com%2Farts%2F2021-05-07-36969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span> जङ्गबहादुरलाई पनि घिसार्ने गरिएको पाइन्छ तर उनको पालामा गोर्खा भाषा वा नेपाली भाषा नभनी पाष्या बोली वा पर्वते भाषाको प्रचलन रहेको देखिन्छ । तर उक्त सनद जारी भएको एक वर्षपछिको जङ्गबहादुरको एक पत्रमा उनले गोर्खा वा गोर्खाली वा नेपाली भाषाका नमुना भनी नभनी पाष्या (पाखे) बोली भनेका छन् ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-onlinekhabar1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onlinekhabar1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html">"5 features of Nepali, Nepal's lingua franca, that you are unaware of"</a>. Online Khabar. Online Khabar. 3 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030103855/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=5+features+of+Nepali%2C+Nepal%27s+lingua+franca%2C+that+you+are+unaware+of&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.onlinekhabar.com%2Ffeatures-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007543_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainCardona2007">Jain & Cardona 2007</a>, p. 543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajendramaharjan2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rajendramaharjan2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaharjan" class="citation web cs1">Maharjan, Rajendra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">"एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी"</a>. <i>EKantipur</i>. Kantipur Publication Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EKantipur&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E2%80%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%80&rft.aulast=Maharjan&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fekantipur.com%2Fopinion%2F2021%2F06%2F15%2F162372365631162234.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span>आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम 'नेपाल' का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई 'नेपाली' नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaniya" class="citation book cs1">Baniya, Karnabahadur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601"><i>सेनकालीन पाल्पाको संस्कृति : एक ऐतिहासिक विवेचना</i></a>. Palpa: Tribhuvan Multiple Campus. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109072853/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF+%3A+%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%90%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE&rft.place=Palpa&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Tribhuvan+Multiple+Campus&rft.aulast=Baniya&rft.aufirst=Karnabahadur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2Fnutaj%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F23470%2F19875%2F72601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lienhard,_Siegfried_1992_Page_3_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). <i>Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.</i> New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0963-7">81-208-0963-7</a>. Page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrestha" class="citation book cs1">Shrestha, Shiva Raj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf"><i>Khaptad Region in Mythology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khaptad+Region+in+Mythology&rft.pages=10&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Shiva+Raj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fancientnepal%2Fpdf%2Fancient_nepal_143_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandhu" class="citation web cs1">Bandhu, C.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_15_0304_01.pdf">"The Role of the Nepali Language in Establishing The National Unity and Identity of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Himalaya" title="Digital Himalaya">Digital Himalaya</a></i>. The Royal Nepal Academy<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Himalaya&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+the+Nepali+Language+in+Establishing+The+National+Unity+and+Identity+of+Nepal&rft.aulast=Bandhu&rft.aufirst=C.M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fkailash%2Fpdf%2Fkailash_15_0304_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagley2015" class="citation web cs1">Wagley, Namit (14 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2015/02/14/nepal-ka-khas-jaati/">"Nepal Ka Khas Jaati"</a>. <i>SpotlightNepal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpotlightNepal&rft.atitle=Nepal+Ka+Khas+Jaati&rft.date=2015-02-14&rft.aulast=Wagley&rft.aufirst=Namit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spotlightnepal.com%2F2015%2F02%2F14%2Fnepal-ka-khas-jaati%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007544-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007544_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainCardona2007">Jain & Cardona 2007</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_30-39_01.pdf">"शाह राजाहरूको छत्रछायामा नेपाली साहित्यको विकास"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Digital Himalaya</i> (in Nepali). Ancient Nepal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Himalaya&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fancientnepal%2Fpdf%2Fancient_nepal_30-39_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theannapurnaexpress.com/news/divyopadesh-can-lead-to-national-prosperity-36880">"Divyopadesh can lead to national prosperity"</a>. <i>The Annapurna Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Annapurna+Express&rft.atitle=Divyopadesh+can+lead+to+national+prosperity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheannapurnaexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fdivyopadesh-can-lead-to-national-prosperity-36880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanjan1999" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yanjan, Yash (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/1723">"8"</a>. <i>भारतमा नेपाली भाषा र साहित्यको उत्थानमा पारसमणी प्रधानले गरेका योगदानको बिश्लेषणात्मक मुल्यांकन</i> (Thesis) (in Nepali). University of North Bengal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95+%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8&rft.inst=University+of+North+Bengal&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Yanjan&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.nbu.ac.in%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F1723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nepali-poet-bhanubhakta-acharyas-209th-birth-anniversary-a-peek-into-the-adikavis-life20220713120813/">"Nepali poet Bhanubhakta Acharya's 209th birth anniversary, a peek into the 'Adikavi's' life"</a>. <i>ANI News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ANI+News&rft.atitle=Nepali+poet+Bhanubhakta+Acharya%27s+209th+birth+anniversary%2C+a+peek+into+the+%27Adikavi%27s%27+life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aninews.in%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fgeneral-news%2Fnepali-poet-bhanubhakta-acharyas-209th-birth-anniversary-a-peek-into-the-adikavis-life20220713120813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcharya2002" class="citation book cs1">Acharya, Madhu Raman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FubZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nepal Culture Shift!: Reinventing Culture in the Himalayan Kingdom</i></a>. Adroit Publishers. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87392-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87392-26-2"><bdi>978-81-87392-26-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nepal+Culture+Shift%21%3A+Reinventing+Culture+in+the+Himalayan+Kingdom&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Adroit+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-87392-26-2&rft.aulast=Acharya&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFubZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorhonenRuotsalaUusitalo2003" class="citation book cs1">Korhonen, Teppo; Ruotsala, Helena; Uusitalo, Eeva (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RiISAQAAIAAJ"><i>Making and Breaking of Borders: Ethnological Interpretations, Presentations, Representations</i></a>. Finnish Literature Society. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-746-467-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-746-467-3"><bdi>978-951-746-467-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+and+Breaking+of+Borders%3A+Ethnological+Interpretations%2C+Presentations%2C+Representations&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Finnish+Literature+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-951-746-467-3&rft.aulast=Korhonen&rft.aufirst=Teppo&rft.au=Ruotsala%2C+Helena&rft.au=Uusitalo%2C+Eeva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRiISAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan2020" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, Uma (3 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2BzhDwAAQBAJ"><i>Simultaneous Identities: Language, Education, and Nationalism in Nepal: Language, Education, and Nationalism in Nepal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">40–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48992-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48992-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48992-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simultaneous+Identities%3A+Language%2C+Education%2C+and+Nationalism+in+Nepal%3A+Language%2C+Education%2C+and+Nationalism+in+Nepal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-12-03&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48992-8&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2BzhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelpton2005" class="citation book cs1">Whelpton, John (17 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KoNT6tjk9mQC"><i>A History of Nepal</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">160–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80470-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nepal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-02-17&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80470-7&rft.aulast=Whelpton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKoNT6tjk9mQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/growing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal/">"In Nepal, Calls Grow for the Restoration of a Hindu State"</a>. <i>The Diplomat</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=In+Nepal%2C+Calls+Grow+for+the+Restoration+of+a+Hindu+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F12%2Fgrowing-calls-for-restoring-hindu-state-in-nepal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautam2021" class="citation book cs1">Gautam, Bhim Lal (27 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRomEAAAQBAJ"><i>Language Contact in Nepal: A Study on Language Use and Attitudes</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. <span class="nowrap">30–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-68810-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-68810-3"><bdi>978-3-030-68810-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Contact+in+Nepal%3A+A+Study+on+Language+Use+and+Attitudes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft.isbn=978-3-030-68810-3&rft.aulast=Gautam&rft.aufirst=Bhim+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRomEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPradhan1997" class="citation book cs1">Pradhan, Indramani (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRsb6uTKuQYC"><i>Parasmani Pradhan</i></a>. Sahitya Akademi. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0366-2"><bdi>978-81-260-0366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parasmani+Pradhan&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-260-0366-2&rft.aulast=Pradhan&rft.aufirst=Indramani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRsb6uTKuQYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyGuiteSubedi2023" class="citation book cs1">Reddy, Sunita; Guite, Nemthianngai; Subedi, Bamdev (19 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lPyuEAAAQBAJ"><i>Ethnomedicine and Tribal Healing Practices in India: Challenges and Possibilities of Recognition and Integration</i></a>. Springer Nature. pp. <span class="nowrap">150–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-19-4286-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-19-4286-0"><bdi>978-981-19-4286-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnomedicine+and+Tribal+Healing+Practices+in+India%3A+Challenges+and+Possibilities+of+Recognition+and+Integration&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E150-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2023-02-19&rft.isbn=978-981-19-4286-0&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Sunita&rft.au=Guite%2C+Nemthianngai&rft.au=Subedi%2C+Bamdev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlPyuEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamanta2000" class="citation book cs1">Samanta, Amiya K. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C"><i>Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism</i></a>. APH Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">80–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-166-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-166-3"><bdi>978-81-7648-166-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorkhaland+Movement%3A+A+Study+in+Ethnic+Separatism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E80-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-166-3&rft.aulast=Samanta&rft.aufirst=Amiya+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ4GqdfG0EU8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sikkim.gov.in/uploads/Gazette/1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf">"The Sikkim Official Languages Act, 1977"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Government of Sikkim</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Sikkim&rft.atitle=The+Sikkim+Official+Languages+Act%2C+1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsikkim.gov.in%2Fuploads%2FGazette%2F1977_THE_SIKKIM_OFFICIAL_LANGUAGES_ACT_20221029.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/struggle-for-recognition-of-nepali-language-a-brief-outline">"Struggle for Recognition of Nepali Language: A Brief Outline"</a>. <i>Sikkim Express</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sikkim+Express&rft.atitle=Struggle+for+Recognition+of+Nepali+Language%3A+A+Brief+Outline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikkimexpress.com%2Fnews-details%2Fstruggle-for-recognition-of-nepali-language-a-brief-outline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadav2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yadav, Raj Narayan (2 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/26242">"Language Planning and Language Ideology: The Majority and Minority Dichotomy in Nepal"</a>. <i>Tribhuvan University Journal</i>. <b>28</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">197–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3126%2Ftuj.v28i1-2.26242">10.3126/tuj.v28i1-2.26242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2091-0916">2091-0916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribhuvan+University+Journal&rft.atitle=Language+Planning+and+Language+Ideology%3A+The+Majority+and+Minority+Dichotomy+in+Nepal&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E197-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2013-12-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3126%2Ftuj.v28i1-2.26242&rft.issn=2091-0916&rft.aulast=Yadav&rft.aufirst=Raj+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nepjol.info%2Findex.php%2FTUJ%2Farticle%2Fview%2F26242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf">"The Constitution of Nepal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nepal Law Commission</i>. 20 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101160439/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepal+Law+Commission&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+Nepal&rft.date=2015-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flawcommission.gov.np%2Fen%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FConstitution-of-Nepal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepalilanguage.org/success-stories/nepali-an-official-language-of-india">"Nepali becomes one of the official languages of India"</a>. <i>nepalilanguage.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190546/https://nepalilanguage.org/success-stories/nepali-an-official-language-of-india">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nepalilanguage.org&rft.atitle=Nepali+becomes+one+of+the+official+languages+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepalilanguage.org%2Fsuccess-stories%2Fnepali-an-official-language-of-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thehimalayantimes.com2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thehimalayantimes.com2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoirala2017" class="citation news cs1">Koirala, Keshav P. (6 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/where-in-earth-have-been-bhutanese-refugees-from-nepal-resettled/">"Where in US, elsewhere Bhutanese refugees from Nepal resettled to"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221214133735/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/where-in-earth-have-been-bhutanese-refugees-from-nepal-resettled/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Where+in+US%2C+elsewhere+Bhutanese+refugees+from+Nepal+resettled+to&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft.aulast=Koirala&rft.aufirst=Keshav+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fwhere-in-earth-have-been-bhutanese-refugees-from-nepal-resettled%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Far-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Far_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEur2002" class="citation book cs1">Eur (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Az1lGCJwQC"><i>Far East and Australasia 2003 – Regional surveys of the world</i></a> (34 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">181–</span>183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-133-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85743-133-2"><bdi>1-85743-133-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Far+East+and+Australasia+2003+%E2%80%93+Regional+surveys+of+the+world&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E181-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.edition=34&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85743-133-2&rft.au=Eur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De5Az1lGCJwQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf">"Major highlights"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Central Bureau of Statistics. 2013. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+highlights&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbs.gov.np%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2FMajor-Finding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ethnologue1_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/npi/">"Nepali (npi)"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161009110245/http://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/npi/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Nepali+%28npi%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2F18%2Flanguage%2Fnpi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translatorswithoutborders.org/language-map-of-nepal-interactive-en/">"Language map of Nepal: Interactive (EN)"</a>. <i>Translators without Borders</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translators+without+Borders&rft.atitle=Language+map+of+Nepal%3A+Interactive+%28EN%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslatorswithoutborders.org%2Flanguage-map-of-nepal-interactive-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepalindata.com/ne/Darjeeling--India%E2%80%99s-Nepali-language-hub/">"Darjeeling, India's Nepali language hub"</a>. Nepal In Data<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darjeeling%2C+India%27s+Nepali+language+hub&rft.pub=Nepal+In+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepalindata.com%2Fne%2FDarjeeling--India%25E2%2580%2599s-Nepali-language-hub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">"Language – India, States And Union Territories (Table C-16)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>census.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov.in&rft.atitle=Language+%E2%80%93+India%2C+States+And+Union+Territories+%28Table+C-16%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FC-16_25062018_NEW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-India-census-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-India-census_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220040137/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx">"Growth of Scheduled Languages-1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001"</a>. <i>Census of India</i>. Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement7.aspx">the original</a> on 20 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+India&rft.atitle=Growth+of+Scheduled+Languages-1971%2C+1981%2C+1991+and+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FCensus_Data_2001%2FCensus_Data_Online%2FLanguage%2FStatement7.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf">"Distribution of the 22 Scheduled Languages – India/ States/ Union Territories-2011 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>censusindia.gov.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220314173034/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Part-A.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=censusindia.gov.in&rft.atitle=Distribution+of+the+22+Scheduled+Languages+%E2%80%93+India%2F+States%2F+Union+Territories-2011+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FPart-A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDOS-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDOS_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35839.htm">"Background Note: Bhutan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. 2 February 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211112050953/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35839.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Bhutan&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F35839.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USLCCS-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USLCCS_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWordenSavada1991" class="citation book cs1">Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea Matles (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bttoc.html">"Chapter 6: Bhutan - Ethnic Groups"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava/page/424"><i>Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies</i></a> (3rd ed.). Federal Research Division, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Library_of_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Library of Congress">United States Library of Congress</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava/page/424">424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0777-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0777-7"><bdi>978-0-8444-0777-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Bhutan+-+Ethnic+Groups&rft.btitle=Nepal+and+Bhutan%3A+Country+Studies&rft.pages=424&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+United+States+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0777-7&rft.aulast=Worden&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft.au=Savada%2C+Andrea+Matles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fbttoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2021_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-tas-2021">"Snapshot of Tasmania"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i>. 28 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629022223/https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-tas-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Snapshot+of+Tasmania&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fsnapshot-tas-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2021-2-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2021-2_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-nt-2021">"Snapshot Northern Territory, Housing and Population Census 2021"</a>. <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics</i>. 28 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220721094557/https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/snapshot-nt-2021">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=Snapshot+Northern+Territory%2C+Housing+and+Population+Census+2021&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Farticles%2Fsnapshot-nt-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newmandala.org/emerging-dynamics-among-southeast-asias-nepali-diaspora/">"Emerging dynamics among Southeast Asia's Nepali diaspora"</a>. <i>New Mandala</i>. 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Mandala&rft.atitle=Emerging+dynamics+among+Southeast+Asia%27s+Nepali+diaspora&rft.date=2020-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newmandala.org%2Femerging-dynamics-among-southeast-asias-nepali-diaspora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sbs.com.au/census-explorer-2021/index.html?lang=en&languages=nepali&topic=cultural-diversity">"SBS Australian Census Explorer"</a>. <i>SBS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SBS&rft.atitle=SBS+Australian+Census+Explorer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fcensus-explorer-2021%2Findex.html%3Flang%3Den%26languages%3Dnepali%26topic%3Dcultural-diversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scmp.com-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scmp.com_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-ethnic-minorities.pdf">"Thamatic Report: Ethnic Minorities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bycensus2016.gov.hk/data/16bc-ethnic-minorities.pdf</i>. Census and Statistics Department of Hong Kong<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bycensus2016.gov.hk%2Fdata%2F16bc-ethnic-minorities.pdf&rft.atitle=Thamatic+Report%3A+Ethnic+Minorities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bycensus2016.gov.hk%2Fdata%2F16bc-ethnic-minorities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1">"Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]"</a>. <i>Government of Canada</i>. 8 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Census+Profile%2C+2016+Census+-+Canada+%5BCountry%5D+and+Canada+%5BCountry%5D&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Geo2%3DPR%26Code2%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3Dcanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26SearchPR%3D01%26B1%3DLanguage%26TABID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pxdata.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px/">"Language according to age and sex by region, 1990-2023"</a>. <i>stat.fi</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stat.fi&rft.atitle=Language+according+to+age+and+sex+by+region%2C+1990-2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpxdata.stat.fi%2FPxWeb%2Fpxweb%2Fen%2FStatFin%2FStatFin__vaerak%2Fstatfin_vaerak_pxt_11rl.px%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatiwada2009" class="citation journal cs1">Khatiwada, Rajesh (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0025100309990181/type/journal_article">"Nepali"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">373–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990181">10.1017/S0025100309990181</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-1003">0025-1003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Nepali&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100309990181&rft.issn=0025-1003&rft.aulast=Khatiwada&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0025100309990181%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007571-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007571_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainCardona2007">Jain & Cardona 2007</a>, p. 571.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007596-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainCardona2007596_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainCardona2007">Jain & Cardona 2007</a>, p. 596.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarmācāryaNepal_German_Project_on_High_Mountain_Archaeology2001" class="citation book cs1">Karmācārya, Mādhavalāla; Nepal German Project on High Mountain Archaeology, eds. (2001). <i>Ten documents from Mustang in the Nepali language (1667-1975 A.D.)</i>. Results of the Nepal German Project on High Mountain Archaeology. Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88280-061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88280-061-6"><bdi>978-3-88280-061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+documents+from+Mustang+in+the+Nepali+language+%281667-1975+A.D.%29&rft.place=Bonn&rft.series=Results+of+the+Nepal+German+Project+on+High+Mountain+Archaeology&rft.pub=VGH+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-88280-061-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lisindia.ciil.org/Nepali/Nepali_hist.html">"Nepali History"</a>. <i>lisindia.ciil.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lisindia.ciil.org&rft.atitle=Nepali+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flisindia.ciil.org%2FNepali%2FNepali_hist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf">"Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Nepali language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ohchr.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517005406/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohchr.org&rft.atitle=Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+in+Nepali+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FEN%2FUDHR%2FDocuments%2FUDHR_Translations%2Fnep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically spoken just by the Karnali Khas people, now spoken as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> in Nepal.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Burghart1984" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Burghart (1984). "The Formation of the Concept of Nation-State in Nepal". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2056748">10.2307/2056748</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2056748">2056748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154584368">154584368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Formation+of+the+Concept+of+Nation-State+in+Nepal&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154584368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2056748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2056748&rft.au=Richard+Burghart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainCardona2007" class="citation book cs1">Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&q=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages"><i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135797119" title="Special:BookSources/9781135797119"><bdi>9781135797119</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Indo_Aryan_Languages/iUHfBQAAQBAJ?hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft.isbn=9781135797119&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Danesh&rft.au=Cardona%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiUHfBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThe%2BIndo-Aryan%2BLanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hodgson, Brian Houghton (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages"><i>Essays on the Languages, Literature, and Religion of Nepál and Tibet</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108056083" title="Special:BookSources/9781108056083"><bdi>9781108056083</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123456/https://books.google.com/books?id=DuUxTMez9n4C&q=hodgson+essays+on+the+languages">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+Languages%2C+Literature%2C+and+Religion+of+Nep%C3%A1l+and+Tibet&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781108056083&rft.aulast=Hodgson&rft.aufirst=Brian+Houghton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDuUxTMez9n4C%26q%3Dhodgson%2Bessays%2Bon%2Bthe%2Blanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">पोखरेल</span></span>, <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">मा</span></span>. <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">प्र</span></span>. (2000), <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">ध्वनिविज्ञान र नेपाली भाषाको ध्वनि परिचय</span></span>, <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाल राजकीय प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान</span></span>, <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">काठमाडौँ</span></span>।</li> <li>Schmidt, R. L. (1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/"><i>A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126134212/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/schmidt/">Archived</a> 26 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lilley_Turner" title="Ralph Lilley Turner">Turner, R. L.</a> (1931) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/"><i>A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of the Nepali Language.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913064420/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/">Archived</a> 13 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Clements, G.N. & Khatiwada, R. (2007). "Phonetic realization of contrastively aspirated affricates in Nepali." In <i>Proceedings of ICPhS XVI</i> (Saarbrücken, 6–10 August 2007), 629- 632. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1650/1650.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306173708/http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1650/1650.pdf">Archived</a> 6 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Hutt, M. & Subedi, A. (2003) <i>Teach Yourself Nepali.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatiwada2009" class="citation journal cs1">Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990181">"Nepali"</a>. <i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association</i>. <b>39</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">373–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100309990181">10.1017/S0025100309990181</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.atitle=Nepali&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E373-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100309990181&rft.aulast=Khatiwada&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0025100309990181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANepali+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Manders, C. J. (2007) <i><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाली व्याकरणमा आधार</span></span> A Foundation in Nepali Grammar.</i></li> <li>Dashrath Kharel, "Nepali linguistics spoken in Darjeeling-Sikkim"</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ne:"> Nepali edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Nepali_phrasebook#Q33823" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Nepali phrasebook">Nepali</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Nepali language">Category:Nepali language</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Nepali_lemmas" class="extiw" title="wikt:Category:Nepali lemmas">List of Nepali words</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/nepali.htm">Omniglot – Nepali Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barala.com.np/nepali-unicode.php">Barala – Easy Nepali Typing</a></li> <li><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश</span></span> | Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh (Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary) | <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nepalacademy.org.np/">"Nepal Academy"</a></li> <li><span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश</span></span> | Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh – Nepali Dictionary <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mankoaawaz.com/2014/08/download-nepali-dictionary-pdf.html">"Nepali Brihat Shabdakosh Latest Edition"</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/19px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/29px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/38px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Noun-linguistics.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/17px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="32"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/17px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="17" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/26px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Noun-linguistics.svg/34px-Noun-linguistics.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/21px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/42px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 19px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="15" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/31px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nepal" title="Portal:Nepal">Nepal</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&oldid=1273631300">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&oldid=1273631300</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Mgrigori562" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1738569154"> <span>Last edited on 3 February 2025, at 07:52</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalees" title="Nepalees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nepalees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%94%E1%8D%93%E1%88%8D%E1%8A%9B" title="ኔፓልኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኔፓልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة النيبالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة النيبالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="নেপালী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নেপালী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_nepal%C3%A9s" title="Idioma nepalés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma nepalés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Nepali ñe'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nepali ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_dili" title="Nepal dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nepal dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نپال دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نپال دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="নেপালি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নেপালি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AE-p%C3%B4-l%C3%B4-g%C3%AD" title="Nî-pô-lô-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nî-pô-lô-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Непал теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Непал теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Непальская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Непальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Нэпальская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нэпальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Непалски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Непалски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="བལ་པོའི་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བལ་པོའི་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaleg" title="Nepaleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nepaleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C3%A8s" title="Nepalès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nepalès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C3%A1l%C5%A1tina" title="Nepálština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nepálština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaleg" title="Nepaleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nepaleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalesisk_(sprog)" title="Nepalesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nepalesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_keel" title="Nepali keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nepali keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Νεπαλική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νεπαλική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_nepal%C3%AD" title="Idioma nepalí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma nepalí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepala_lingvo" title="Nepala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nepala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalera" title="Nepalera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nepalera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان نپالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان نپالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_bhasa" title="Nepali bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nepali bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9palais" title="Népalais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Népalais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Neipeailis" title="An Neipeailis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Neipeailis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaalish" title="Nepaalish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Nepaalish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neap%C3%A0lais" title="Neapàlais – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neapàlais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nepalesa" title="Lingua nepalesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua nepalesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="નેપાળી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નેપાળી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal-ng%C3%AE" title="Nepal-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nepal-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8C%94%EC%96%B4" title="네팔어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네팔어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Նեպալերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նեպալերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalski_jezik" title="Nepalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nepalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_linguo" title="Nepali linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nepali linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নেপালি ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নেপালি ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nepal" title="Bahasa Nepal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Непалаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Непалаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalska" title="Nepalska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nepalska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_nepalese" title="Lingua nepalese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua nepalese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נפאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნეპალური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნეპალური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A0%D9%BE%D9%B2%D9%84%D8%A0_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نؠپٲلؠ زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نؠپٲلؠ زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinepali" title="Kinepali – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kinepali" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Непали – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Непали" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_nepal%C3%AE" title="Zimanê nepalî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê nepalî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Непал тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Непал тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Nepalensis" title="Lingua Nepalensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Nepalensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C4%81lie%C5%A1u_valoda" title="Nepāliešu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nepāliešu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C5%B3_kalba" title="Nepalų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nepalų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_nepaleise" title="Lengua nepaleise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua nepaleise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nep%C3%A1li_nyelv" title="Nepáli nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nepáli nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Непалски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Непалски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_nepaley" title="Fiteny nepaley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny nepaley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="നേപ്പാളി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നേപ്പാളി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ნეპალური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნეპალური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="النيباليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="النيباليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نپالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نپالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Nepal" title="Bahasa Nepal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Nepal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalees" title="Nepalees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nepalees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="खय् भाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="खय् भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="ネパール語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネパール語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Непалийн мотт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Непалийн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepaleesk" title="Nepaleesk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nepaleesk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C3%A9s" title="Nepalés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nepalés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ନେପାଳୀ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନେପାଳୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_tili" title="Nepal tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nepal tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نیپالی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیپالی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="نيپالي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نيپالي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_nepali" title="Lenga nepali – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga nepali" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_nepalski" title="Język nepalski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język nepalski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_nepali" title="Língua nepali – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua nepali" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_tili" title="Nepali tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Nepali tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_nepalez%C4%83" title="Limba nepaleză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba nepaleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nipali_simi" title="Nipali simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nipali simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Непальский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Непальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="नेपाली भाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नेपाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱮᱯᱟᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal_leid" title="Nepal leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nepal leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_nepaleze" title="Gjuha nepaleze – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha nepaleze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="නේපාල භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නේපාල භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nepali language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="نيپالي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نيپالي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Nepalščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nepalščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="زمانی نیپاڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی نیپاڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Непалски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Непалски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalski_jezik" title="Nepalski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nepalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_N%C3%A9pali" title="Basa Népali – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Népali" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalin_kieli" title="Nepalin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nepalin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali" title="Nepali – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nepali" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Nepali" title="Wikang Nepali – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Nepali" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="நேபாளி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நேபாளி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Непали теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Непали теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="నేపాలీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నేపాలీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาเนปาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาเนปาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Забони непалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони непалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೇಪಾಳಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalce" title="Nepalce – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nepalce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Непальська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Непальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نیپالی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیپالی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%90%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="نېپال تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نېپال تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Nepal" title="Vah Nepal – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Nepal" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nepal" title="Tiếng Nepal – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nepal" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="尼泊尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9" title="נעפאליש – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נעפאליש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="尼泊爾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="尼泊爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepalki" title="Nepalki – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nepalki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="尼泊尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Nepali" title="Basa Nepali – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Basa Nepali" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_zyvon" title="Nepali zyvon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nepali zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 February 2025, at 07:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nepali_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-vsfwk","wgBackendResponseTime":320,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.936","walltime":"2.362","ppvisitednodes":{"value":65272,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":622729,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":27672,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":788056,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1981.555 1 -total"," 23.56% 466.770 77 Template:Letter"," 16.96% 336.088 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.72% 331.227 94 Template:Script"," 16.70% 330.964 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 15.61% 309.369 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.66% 191.449 94 Template:Script/doc/id-unk"," 9.37% 185.675 34 Template:Cite_web"," 9.27% 183.688 94 Template:Script/doc/id-unk/core"," 8.55% 169.374 57 Template:IPA"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.922","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22025813,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAcharya2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBandhu\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaniya\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEur2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGautam2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodgson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJainCardona2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarmācāryaNepal_German_Project_on_High_Mountain_Archaeology2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhatiwada2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoirala2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorhonenRuotsalaUusitalo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaharjan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPradhan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReddyGuiteSubedi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Burghart1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamanta2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrestha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasistha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhelpton2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWordenSavada1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanjan1999\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"AUS\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Angbr\"] = 30,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"CAN\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 34,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Nepali Language\"] = 1,\n [\"Darjeeling\"] = 1,\n [\"Deva\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"FIN\"] = 1,\n [\"HKG\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 7,\n [\"IPA link\"] = 36,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Indo-Aryan languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language\"] = 1,\n [\"InterWiki\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 37,\n [\"Languages of Bhutan\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Nepal\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of Northeast India\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Letter\"] = 77,\n [\"MMR\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Nepali language\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigfig\"] = 3,\n [\"Transl\"] = 21,\n [\"Unreferenced section\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-7jhvm","timestamp":"20250216130645","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nepali language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepali_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33823","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q33823","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-22T07:37:12Z","dateModified":"2025-02-03T07:52:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/ee\/Nepali_language_Devanagari.svg","headline":"official language of Nepal"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>