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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polyacrylamides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyacrylamides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Polyacrylamides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyacrylamides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soil_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Soil structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_nutrients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_nutrients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Soil nutrients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_nutrients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cation_exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cation_exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cation exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cation_exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_retention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_retention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Water retention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_retention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soil_stabilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_stabilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Soil stabilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_stabilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_concerns"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soil additive</div> <p>A <b>soil conditioner</b> is a product which is added to <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> to improve the <a href="/wiki/Soil_quality" title="Soil quality">soil’s physical qualities</a>, usually its <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a> (ability to provide nutrition for plants) and sometimes its <a href="/wiki/Soil_mechanics" title="Soil mechanics">mechanics</a>. In general usage, the term "soil conditioner" is often thought of as a subset of the category <b>soil amendments</b> (or <b>soil improvement</b>, <b>soil condition</b>), which more often is understood to include a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> and non-organic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-SSSA_Glossary_of_Soil_Science_Terms_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSSA_Glossary_of_Soil_Science_Terms-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of construction soil conditioning is also called soil stabilization. </p><p>Soil conditioners can be used to improve poor soils, or to rebuild soils which have been damaged by improper <a href="/wiki/Soil_management" title="Soil management">soil management</a>. They can make poor soils more usable, and can be used to maintain soils in peak condition.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide variety of materials have been described as soil conditioners due to their ability to improve soil quality. Some examples include <a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bone_meal" title="Bone meal">bone meal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_meal" title="Blood meal">blood meal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Used_coffee_grounds" title="Used coffee grounds">coffee grounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compost#Compost_tea" title="Compost">compost tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">coir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">straw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">sphagnum moss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermiculite" title="Vermiculite">vermiculite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_lime" title="Agricultural lime">lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superabsorbent_polymer" title="Superabsorbent polymer">hydroabsorbant polymers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Biosolids" title="Biosolids">biosolids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many soil conditioners come in the form of <a href="/wiki/Organic_certification" title="Organic certification">certified organic products</a>, for people concerned with maintaining organic crops or organic gardens. Soil conditioners of almost every description are readily available from online stores or local nurseries as well as garden supply stores.<sup id="cite_ref-Natural_Fertilizers_and_Soil_Amendments_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natural_Fertilizers_and_Soil_Amendments-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polyacrylamides">Polyacrylamides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Polyacrylamides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylamide" title="Polyacrylamide">Polyacrylamides</a> have been widely investigated as soil conditioners.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were introduced as "linear soil conditioner" in the 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Monsanto_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Monsanto Company">Monsanto Company</a> under the trade name Krilium. The soil conditioning technology was presented at a symposium on "Improvement of Soil Structure" held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on December 29, 1951. The technology was strongly documented and was published in the June 1952 issue of the journal <i>Soil Science</i>, volume 73, June 1952 that was dedicated to polymeric soil conditioners. The original formulation of poly<a href="/wiki/Acrylamide" title="Acrylamide">acrylamide</a> soil conditioners was difficult to use because it contained calcium which cross-linked the linear polymer under field conditions. Krilium was abandoned by Monsanto. Water-soluble soil conditioners offer the following benefits:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>increase pore space in soils containing clay</li> <li>increase water infiltration into soils containing clay</li> <li>prevent soil crusting</li> <li>stop erosion and water runoff</li> <li>make friable soil that is easy to cultivate</li> <li>make soil dry quicker after rain or irrigation, so that the soil can be worked sooner</li></ol> <p>Consequently, these translate into </p> <ol><li>stronger, larger plants with more extensive root system</li> <li>earlier seed emergence and crop maturity</li> <li>more efficient water utilization</li> <li>easier weed removal</li> <li>more response to fertilizers and to new crop varieties</li> <li>less plant diseases related to poor soil aeration</li> <li>decreased energy requirement for tillage</li></ol> <p>The cross-linked forms of polyacrylamide, which strongly retain water, are often used for horticultural and agricultural under trade names such as Broadleaf P4 and Swell-Gel. In addition to use on farm lands, these polymers are used at <a href="/wiki/Construction_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction sites">construction sites</a> for <a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">erosion control</a>, in order to protect the <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> of nearby <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a> and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an nonionic monomer it can be co-polymerize with anionic for example Acrylic acid and cationic monomer such as diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC) and resulted co-polymer that can have different compatibility in different applications. </p><p>Polyacrylamide is also used in some <a href="/wiki/Potting_soil" title="Potting soil">potting soil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ecanada_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ecanada-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another use of polyacrylamide is as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_intermediate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical intermediate">chemical intermediate</a> in the production of N-methylol acrylamide and N-butoxyacrylamide.<sup id="cite_ref-NIOSHskin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIOSHskin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_structure">Soil structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Soil structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common use of soil conditioners is to improve soil structure. Soils tend to become compacted over time. <a href="/wiki/Soil_compaction" title="Soil compaction">Soil compaction</a> impedes root growth, decreasing the ability of plants to take up nutrients and water. Soil conditioners can add more loft and texture to keep the soil loose.<sup id="cite_ref-Soil_Compaction:_Causes,_Effects,_and_Control_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soil_Compaction:_Causes,_Effects,_and_Control-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_nutrients">Soil nutrients</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soil nutrients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For centuries people have been adding things to poor soils to improve their ability to support healthy plant growth. Some of these materials, such as compost, clay and <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>, are still used extensively today. Many soil amendments also add nutrients such as carbon and nitrogen, as well as beneficial bacteria. </p><p>Additional nutrients, such as calcium, magnesium and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>, may be augmented by amendments as well. This enriches the soil, allowing plants to grow bigger and stronger.<sup id="cite_ref-Soil_Amendments_and_Fertilizers_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soil_Amendments_and_Fertilizers-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cation_exchange">Cation exchange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cation exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soil amendments can also greatly increase the <a href="/wiki/Cation_exchange_capacity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation exchange capacity">cation exchange capacity</a> (CEC) of soils. Soils act as the storehouses of <a href="/wiki/Soil_nutrient" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil nutrient">plant nutrients</a>. The relative ability of soils to store one particular group of nutrients, the <a href="/wiki/Cations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cations">cations</a>. The most common soil cations are <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ion" title="Hydrogen ion">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>. </p><p>The total number of cations a soil can hold, its total negative charge, is the soil's cation exchange capacity. The higher the CEC, the higher the negative charge and the more cations that can be held and exchanged with plant roots, providing them with the nutrition they require.<sup id="cite_ref-Fundamentals_of_Soil_Cation_Exchange_Capacity_(CEC)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fundamentals_of_Soil_Cation_Exchange_Capacity_(CEC)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-What_is_Soil_Conditioner?_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-What_is_Soil_Conditioner?-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_retention">Water retention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Water retention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soil conditioners may be used to improve <a href="/wiki/Water_retention_curve" title="Water retention curve">water retention</a> in dry, coarse soils which are not holding water well. The addition of organic material for instance can greatly improve the water retention abilities of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_soil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandy soil (page does not exist)">sandy soils</a> and they can be added to adjust the <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">pH of the soil</a> to meet the needs of specific plants or to make highly acidic or alkaline soils more usable.<sup id="cite_ref-Improving_Your_Soil_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Improving_Your_Soil-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The possibility of using other materials to assume the role of composts and clays in improving the soil was investigated on a scientific basis earlier in the 20th century, and the term soil conditioning was coined. The criteria by which such materials are judged most often remains their cost-effectiveness, their ability to increase soil moisture for longer periods, stimulate microbiological activity, increase nutrient levels and improve plant survival rates. </p><p>The first synthetic soil conditioners were introduced in the 1950s, when the chemical hydrolysed <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylonitrile" title="Polyacrylonitrile">polyacrylonitrile</a> was the most used. Because of their ability to absorb several hundred times their own weight in water, <a href="/wiki/Polyacrylamide" title="Polyacrylamide">polyacrylamides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">polymethacrylates</a> (also known as hydroabsorbent polymers, superabsorbent polymers or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">hydrogels</a>) were tested in agriculture, horticulture and landscaping beginning in the 1960s. </p><p>Interest disappeared when experiments proved them to be <a href="/wiki/Phytotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytotoxic">phytotoxic</a> due to their high acrylamide monomer residue. Although manufacturing advances later brought the monomer concentration down below the toxic level, scientific literature shows few successes in utilizing these polymers for increasing plant quality or survival. The appearance of a new generation of potentially effective tools in the early 1980s, including hydroabsorbent polymers and copolymers from the <a href="/wiki/Propenamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Propenamide">propenamide</a> and propenamide-<a href="/wiki/Propenoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Propenoate">propenoate</a> families, opened new perspectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_stabilization">Soil stabilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soil stabilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of construction there are some soil improvement techniques that are intended to improve the effective strength and resistance of very soft soils, for example when excavating deep tunnels for underground subway or tunnel construction.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soil stabilization technique of low pressure <a href="/wiki/Pressure_grouting" title="Pressure grouting">chemical permeation grouting</a> has also been used for high rise foundation <a href="/wiki/Underpinning" title="Underpinning">underpinning</a> as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Pile_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pile foundation">pile foundations</a> at a residential development over the <a href="/wiki/East_River#Ecosystem_collapse,_pollution_and_health" title="East River">East River landfill</a>. Pressure grouting can be difficult to apply correctly at sites with waste materials or heterogeneous and coarse soils.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application">Application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soil conditioners may be applied in a number of ways. Some are worked into the soil with a tiller before planting. Others are applied after planting, or periodically during the growing season. <a href="/wiki/Soil_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil testing">Soil testing</a> should be performed prior to applying a soil conditioner to learn more about the composition and structure of the soil. This testing will determine which conditioners will be more appropriate for the available conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Producing_Garden_Vegetables_with_Organic_Soil_Amendments_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Producing_Garden_Vegetables_with_Organic_Soil_Amendments-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_concerns">Ecological concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecological concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While adding a soil conditioner to crops or a garden can seem like a great way to get healthier plants, over-application of some amendments can cause ecological problems. For example, salts, nitrogen, metals and other nutrients that are present in many soil amendments are not productive when added in excess, and can actually be detrimental to plant health. (See <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_burn" title="Fertilizer burn">fertilizer burn</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Runoff</a> of excess nutrients into waterways also occurs, which is harmful to the water quality and, through it, the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Protecting_Water_Quality_from_Agricultural_Runoff_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protecting_Water_Quality_from_Agricultural_Runoff-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SSSA_Glossary_of_Soil_Science_Terms-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSSA_Glossary_of_Soil_Science_Terms_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary#">"Glossary of Soil Science Terms"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Soil_Science_Society_of_America" title="Soil Science Society of America">Soil Science Society of America</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The American Institute of Architects. 2008. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470085462" title="Special:BookSources/9780470085462"><bdi>9780470085462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectural+Graphic+Standards&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=The+American+Institute+of+Architects&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780470085462&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+conditioner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLees2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lees, David (May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351870455_PERMEATION_GROUTING_IN_SYDNEY">"Permeation Grouting in Sydney"</a>. <i>Conference: Geotechnical Advances and Challenges in Urban Development</i>. <q>...application is limited by the soil conditions and whilst ideal in the aeolian sands, it may not be appropriate in the fluvial deposits which are richer in silts and organic matter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conference%3A+Geotechnical+Advances+and+Challenges+in+Urban+Development&rft.atitle=Permeation+Grouting+in+Sydney&rft.date=2021-05&rft.aulast=Lees&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F351870455_PERMEATION_GROUTING_IN_SYDNEY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+conditioner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc683000/">"Laboratory Evaluation of Performance and Durability of Polymer Grouts for Subsurface Hydraulic/Diffusion Barriers"</a>. <i>UNT Digital Library</i>. Brookhaven National Laboratory. 1994. <q>The selection of subsurface barriers for any given site which needs remediation, and the selection of a particular barrier technology must be done, however, by means of the Superfund Process, with special emphasis on the remedial investigation and feasibility study portions. The chemical compatibility of the material with the wastes, leachates and geology with which it is likely to come in contact is of particular importance for barriers constructed from fluids which are supposed to set in-situ. EPA emphasizes this compatibility in its guidance documents, noting that thorough characterization of the waste, leachate, barrier material chemistry, site geochemistry, and compatibility testing of the barrier material with the likely disposal site chemical environment are all required.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNT+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Laboratory+Evaluation+of+Performance+and+Durability+of+Polymer+Grouts+for+Subsurface+Hydraulic%2FDiffusion+Barriers&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fark%3A%2F67531%2Fmetadc683000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+conditioner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Producing_Garden_Vegetables_with_Organic_Soil_Amendments-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Producing_Garden_Vegetables_with_Organic_Soil_Amendments_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000523220738/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MG323">"Producing Garden Vegetables with Organic Soil Amendments"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg323">the original</a> on May 23, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Producing+Garden+Vegetables+with+Organic+Soil+Amendments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedis.ifas.ufl.edu%2Fmg323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+conditioner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Protecting_Water_Quality_from_Agricultural_Runoff-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Protecting_Water_Quality_from_Agricultural_Runoff_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/Ag_Runoff_Fact_Sheet.pdf">"Protecting Water Quality from Agricultural Runoff"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Protecting+Water+Quality+from+Agricultural+Runoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fowow%2FNPS%2FAg_Runoff_Fact_Sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoil+conditioner" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soil_conditioner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" 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aria-labelledby="Plant_nutrition_/_Fertilizer" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_nutrition" title="Template:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plant_nutrition" title="Template talk:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plant_nutrition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plant nutrition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plant_nutrition_/_Fertilizer" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Plant nutrition</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizer</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiological_plant_disorder" title="Physiological plant disorder">Imbalances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Boron deficiency (plant disorder)">Boron deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Calcium deficiency (plant disorder)">Calcium deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Iron deficiency (plant disorder)">Iron deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency#Plants" title="Magnesium deficiency">Magnesium deficiency#Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_(plant)" title="Manganese deficiency (plant)">Manganese deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Molybdenum deficiency (plant disorder)">Molybdenum deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_deficiency" title="Nitrogen deficiency">Nitrogen deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_deficiency" title="Phosphorus deficiency">Phosphorus deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_deficiency_(plants)" title="Potassium deficiency (plants)">Potassium deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_deficiency_(plant_disorder)" title="Zinc deficiency (plant disorder)">Zinc deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronutrient_deficiency" title="Micronutrient deficiency">Micronutrient deficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosis" title="Chlorosis">Chlorosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_burn" title="Fertilizer burn">Fertilizer burn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_assimilation" title="Nitrogen assimilation">Nitrogen assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate_solubilizing_bacteria" title="Phosphate solubilizing bacteria">Phosphorus assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_assimilation" title="Sulfur assimilation">Sulfur assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofertilizer" title="Biofertilizer">Microbial assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photorespiration" title="Photorespiration">Photorespiration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertigation" title="Fertigation">Fertigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_tree" title="Fertilizer tree">Fertilizer tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">Green manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoagland_solution" title="Hoagland solution">Hoagland solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponic_dosers" title="Hydroponic dosers">Hydroponic dosers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_mulch" title="Living mulch">Living mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_budgeting" title="Nutrient budgeting">Nutrient budgeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_management" title="Nutrient management">Nutrient management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">Organic fertilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_tissue_test" title="Plant tissue test">Plant tissue test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">Soil fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">Nutrient pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">Soil pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrobiology" title="Agrobiology">Agrobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algal_nutrient_solutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal nutrient solutions">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostimulant" title="Biostimulant">Biostimulant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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