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vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">主题</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">生态</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。18种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9:%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9" title="بوابة:علم البيئة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوابة:علم البيئة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecologia" title="Portal:Ecologia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Portal:Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%C3%98kologien" title="Portal:Økologien – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Portal:Økologien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecology" title="Portal:Ecology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Portal:Ecology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecolog%C3%ADa" title="Portal:Ecología – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Portal:Ecología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87:%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="درگاه:بوم‌شناسی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگاه:بوم‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portail:%C3%89cologie" title="Portail:Écologie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Portail:Écologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="Portal:環境 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Portal:環境" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%84%B8:%EC%83%9D%ED%83%9C%ED%95%99" title="포털:생태학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포털:생태학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Екологија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Портал:Екологија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecologia" title="Portal:Ecologia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Portal:Ecologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ecologie" title="Portal:Ecologie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Portal:Ecologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Экология – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Портал:Экология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8:%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="باب:ماحوليات – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="باب:ماحوليات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA:%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ද්වාරය:පරිසරවේදය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ද්වාරය:පරිසරවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Портал:Екологија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Портал:Екологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Портал:Экология – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Портал:Экология" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Портал:Екологія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Портал:Екологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11721377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-portal" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" title="查看主题页面[c]" accesskey="c"><span>主题</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal_talk:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><br /> </p> <div align="center"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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noprint" style="margin-left: 0em; text-align: center"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%96%E9%A0%81" title="Portal:首頁">主题</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:人物">人物</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史">历史</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="Portal:社会">社会</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学">地理</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">生物学</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学">化学</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:科學">科学</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:技術">技術</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Special:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%86%85%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="Special:分类内随机/主题首页">随机主题</a></dd></dl> </div> </div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2F%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="生态主题" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E6.80.81.E4.B8.BB.E9.A2.98"></span>生态主题</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table width="100%" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="10" style="background:#cdf; border-style:solid; border-width:1px; border-color:#000000;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="55%" valign="top" style="padding: 0; margin:0;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruwenpflanzen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unique plants in the Ruwenzori Mountains, SW Uganda, Bujuku Valley, at about 12,139 feet (3,700 metre) elevation)"><img alt="Unique plants in the Ruwenzori Mountains, SW Uganda, Bujuku Valley, at about 12,139 feet (3,700 metre) elevation)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ruwenpflanzen.jpg/250px-Ruwenpflanzen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ruwenpflanzen.jpg/375px-Ruwenpflanzen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ruwenpflanzen.jpg/500px-Ruwenpflanzen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Unique <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plant（页面不存在）">plant</a>s in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruwenzori_Mountains&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruwenzori Mountains（页面不存在）">Ruwenzori Mountains</a>, SW <a href="/wiki/Uganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, Bujuku Valley, at about 12,139 feet (3,700 metre) elevation)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_flag_PD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Earth_flag_PD.jpg/175px-Earth_flag_PD.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Earth_flag_PD.jpg/263px-Earth_flag_PD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Earth_flag_PD.jpg/350px-Earth_flag_PD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div style="float:right;margin-left:1em"> <p><small><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81/%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B" title="Portal:生态/简介">edit</a></small> </p> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="生态">生态</a></b>(<b>英語：<span lang="en">Ecology</span></b>)，或<b>生态科学</b>，是科学考察的生物体的分布和数量的分布和数量都受到生物和环境之间的相互作用。一个生物体的环境，包括物理性能，它可以被描述为当地的非生物因素，如太阳辐射，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="气候">气候</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="地质">地质</a>，以及其他生物共享及其栖息地生的总和。生态学（Ökologie），是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="生物学家">生物学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·海克尔">恩斯特·海克尔</a>于1866年定义的一个概念：生态学是研究生物体与其周围环境（包括非生物环境和生物环境）相互关系的科学。德语Ökologie（最初：Oecologie）是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="希腊">希腊</a>语词汇Οικοθ（家）和Λογοθ（学科）组成的，意思是“研究居住在同一自然环境中的动物(Lebewesen)的学科”，目前已经发展为“研究生物与其环境之间的相互关系的科学”。 </p><p><b>生态</b>也是<i>人类</i>的科学。有许多生态学的实际应用中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="保护生物学">保护生物学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="湿地">湿地</a>管理，<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="自然资源">自然资源</a>管理（<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">农业</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="林业">林业</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%94%E4%B8%9A" title="渔业">渔业</a>），城市规划（<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="都市生态学">都市生态学</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA" title="社区">社区</a>卫生，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="基础科学">基础科学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">应用科学</a>和人类的社会性的互动（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="人類生態學">人类生态学</a>）。 </p><p>（上图左起：在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE" title="乌干达">乌干达</a>西南的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E6%96%87%E4%BD%90%E9%87%8C%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="鲁文佐里山脉">鲁文佐里山脉</a>，Bujuku谷，在12139英尺（3700米）海拔的独特<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>） </p> <center><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81&action=purge">刷新以下内容</a></center> <div style="float:right"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="生态">更多阅读...</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div style="float:left; width:60%;"> <p><br /> </p> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2F%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%2F1&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="特色条目" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E8.89.B2.E6.9D.A1.E7.9B.AE"></span>特色条目</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <table style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="float:left;margin-right:8px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of the crescent moon through the top of the earth's atmosphere. Photographed above 21.5°N, 113.3°E. by the International Space Station crew Expedition 13 over the South China Sea, just south of Macau."><img alt="View of the crescent moon through the top of the earth's atmosphere. Photographed above 21.5°N, 113.3°E. by the International Space Station crew Expedition 13 over the South China Sea, just south of Macau." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/220px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/330px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg/440px-Top_of_Atmosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="2010" /></a></span> </div><i>左圖：新月在地球大氣層的頂端。國際空間站空間站第13遠征隊在位于21.5°N，113.3°E以上摄影，位置靠近在中國南海澳門以南。</i> <p><b>地球大氣層</b>，又稱<b>大氣圈</b>，因地球<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="重力">重力</a>關係而圍繞著<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>的一層混合氣體，是地球最外部的气体圈层，包围着<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="海洋">海洋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0" title="陆地">陆地</a>，大气圈没有确切的上界，在离地表2000-16000公里高空仍有稀薄的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="气体">气体</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="基本粒子">基本粒子</a>，在地下、土壤和某些岩石中也会有少量氣體，它们也可認為是大气圈的一個組成部分，地球大气的主要成分為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>和不到0.04%比例的微量氣體，這些混合氣體被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="空氣">空氣</a>，地球大气圈气体的总质量约为5.136×10<sup>21</sup>克，相当于地球总质量的<b>百万分之</b>0.86，由于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E5%BF%83%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="地心引力">地心引力</a>作用，几乎全部的气体集中在离地面100公里的高度范围内，其中75%的大气又集中在地面至10公里高度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="对流层">对流层</a>范围内，根据大气温度垂直分布和运动特征，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="对流层">对流层</a>之上还可分为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%82" title="平流层">平流层</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中間層">中間層</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="外氣層">外氣層</a>等。大氣層保護地表生物避免<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射">輻射</a>直接照射，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>；也可以減少一天當中白天的和黑夜的極端溫差的出現。 </p><p><b>大氣層</b>分層描述的大氣的結構，將其劃分為不同的層，每一個層具有特定的特性，例如溫度或成分。大氣的質量約為5×10<sup>18</sup>千克，其中四分之三是在大約11公里高（6.8英里, 36,000英尺）之内的表面。隨著海拔高度的增加，大氣變得越來越稀薄，大氣層和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%B1%A4%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="外層空間">外層空間</a>之間沒有明確的邊界。 120公里（75英里）之处是航天器再入大氣層過程中有可以引人注目的高空大氣的影響。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%96%80%E7%B7%9A" title="卡門線">卡門線</a>位于100 km（62 mi），也經常被視為大氣層和外層空間之間的邊界。 </p><p><b>空氣</b>的名稱是給用于<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8" title="呼吸">呼吸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>的大氣層。不同的大氣分層的空氣含量和大氣壓力是變化的，目前唯一已知的被發現的適合<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="陸生植物">陸生植物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>生存的空气是在地球<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>和人工環境空氣。 </p><p>乾燥的空氣中含有大約（按體積計）78.09％的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>，20.95％的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>，0.93％的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="氬">氬</a>氣，0.039％的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>，和少量的其他氣體，通常被稱為痕量氣體，其中包括溫室氣體，例如水蒸汽，二氧化碳，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="甲烷">甲烷</a>，一氧化二氮，和臭氧。空氣還包含變化的平均值在1％左右的水蒸汽。過濾後的空氣包括許多微量的其他化學物質。許多微量天然物質可能是存在於一個未經過濾的空氣樣本中，包括灰塵，花粉和孢子，浪花，和火山灰。各種工業<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E7%89%A9" title="污染物">污染物</a>也有可能存在，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>（元素或化合物），<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氟化物">氟化物</a>，元素汞和硫的化合物，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%AB" title="二氧化硫">二氧化硫</a>[SO<sub>2</sub>]。 </p><p>在一般情況下，随着海拔高度的增加，在大氣中的空氣的壓力和密度降低。然而，溫度隨海拔高度的一個更複雜的設定。因為在此設定中的一般模式是恆定的，通過氣球探測手段可以識別，溫度提供區分大氣層提供了一個有用的指標。在這種方式中，地球的大氣層可以分為五個主要層。从低層到高層，大氣層垂直結構大致可分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="平流層">平流層</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="中間層">中間層</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="游離層">游離層</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="外氣層">外氣層</a>。 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"></td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="地球大氣層">更多關於「地球大氣層」……</a></b> 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href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89" title="太阳光">太阳光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90" title="潮汐">潮汐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="风">风</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83" title="自然环境">环境</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E9%87%8E" title="原野">原野</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%81%AB" title="野火">野火</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="Category:自然">分類:自然</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:科學">科學主題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:生物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:生物学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物学史">生物学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物学史（页面不存在）">植物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of botany</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="解剖学史">解剖学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之前)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (through 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之前)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之前)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(through_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (through 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (through 1859)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之后)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (since 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之后)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之后)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(since_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (since 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (since 1859)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物分类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of plant systematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类学史（页面不存在）">植物分类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" class="extiw" title="en:History of plant systematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of plant systematics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物学史（页面不存在）">古生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学史（页面不存在）">生态学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:History of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模式生物史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of model organisms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模式生物史（页面不存在）">模式生物史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" class="extiw" title="en:History of model organisms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of model organisms</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藻类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of phycology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藻类学史（页面不存在）">藻类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_phycology" class="extiw" title="en:History of phycology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of phycology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遗传学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of genetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学史（页面不存在）">遗传学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of genetics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化学的历史">生物化学的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物學史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RNA生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of RNA biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA生物学史（页面不存在）">RNA生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" class="extiw" title="en:History of RNA biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of RNA biology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子演化学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子演化学史（页面不存在）">分子演化学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of immunology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫学史（页面不存在）">免疫学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of immunology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of immunology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物技术史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of biotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术史（页面不存在）">生物技术史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:History of biotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of biotechnology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">主領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="糖生物学">糖生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="脂类组学">脂类组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="代谢物组学">代谢物组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">動物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人体生理学">人体生理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物資訊學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="時間生物學">時間生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="胚胎学">胚胎学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞遗传学">细胞遗传学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="真菌學">真菌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学">海洋生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">跨領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">數理生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="低温生物学">低温生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物繁殖方式" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q130077803"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物繁殖方式（页面不存在）">生物繁殖方式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">維基數據</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130077803" class="extiw" title="d:Q130077803"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q130077803</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:生物学">分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:生物學">專題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div> <div style="float:right; width:39%"> <p><br /> </p> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2F%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%2F1&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="特色图片" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E8.89.B2.E5.9B.BE.E7.89.87"></span>特色图片</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SeaWiFS 全球生物圈 1997年9月 - 1998年8月"><img alt="SeaWiFS 全球生物圈 1997年9月 - 1998年8月" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/300px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/450px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg/600px-Seawifs_global_biosphere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>SeaWiFS 全球生物圈 1997年9月 - 1998年8月</figcaption></figure> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><center> <small>Credit: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" class="extiw" title="en:NASA">NASA</a></small> </center> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>外壳的最外层部分 - 包括空气，土地，表面的岩石，水 - 生命就在这里发生，这反过来改变的生物过程或改造。 </p> <table class="noprint" width="100%" border="0" style="padding: 0; margin: 0; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="33%"><div style="text-align:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81/%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87" title="Portal:生态/特色图片">...存檔/提名</a></b></div></td> <td> <div style="text-align:right;margin-right:10px;margin-bottom:0px;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">延伸閱讀...</a></b> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2F%E6%AC%A2%E8%BF%8E%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="欢迎参与" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E6.AC.A2.E8.BF.8E.E5.8F.82.E4.B8.8E"></span>欢迎参与</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul><li>欢迎参与生态主题相关条目的撰写，翻译，和相关的讨论。</li> <li>欢迎增加或更新<a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81/%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Portal:生态/特色条目">特色条目</a>，和<a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81/%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87" title="Portal:生态/特色图片">特色图片</a>等。</li> <li>欢迎扩充或更新<a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:生態學">生态学分类</a>。</li> <li>欢迎扩充或更新<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:生态专题">生态专题</a></b>，此专题是旨在协调<b>生态</b>相关条目的翻译与撰写，和相关的讨论。</li></ul> <dl><dt>条目请求：</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="河流生态系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="River ecosystem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流生态系统（页面不存在）">河流生态系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ecosystem" class="extiw" title="en:River ecosystem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">River ecosystem</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>， <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="湖泊生态系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lake ecosystem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湖泊生态系统（页面不存在）">湖泊生态系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" class="extiw" title="en:Lake ecosystem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lake ecosystem</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>， <span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="陆地生态系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terrestrial ecosystem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="陆地生态系统">陆地生态系统</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="行为生态学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Behavioral ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="行为生态学">行为生态学</a></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态系统生态学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态系统生态学（页面不存在）">生态系统生态学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态系统模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态系统模型（页面不存在）">生态系统模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem model</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="摄食行为列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of feeding behaviours"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E9%A3%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摄食行为列表（页面不存在）">摄食行为列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" class="extiw" title="en:List of feeding behaviours"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of feeding behaviours</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学代谢学说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metabolic theory of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学代谢学说（页面不存在）">生态学代谢学说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Metabolic theory of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metabolic theory of ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生产力（生态学）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Productivity (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%8A%9B%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生产力（生态学）（页面不存在）">生产力（生态学）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Productivity (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Productivity (ecology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="噬菌体生态学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phage ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噬菌体生态学（页面不存在）">噬菌体生态学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Phage ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phage ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="生态效率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological efficiency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="生態效率">生态效率</a></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能量流（生态学）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy flow (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E6%B5%81%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能量流（生态学）（页面不存在）">能量流（生态学）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Energy flow (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy flow (ecology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态网络" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态网络（页面不存在）">生态网络</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_network" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological network</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丰度（生态学）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abundance (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6%EF%BC%88%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丰度（生态学）（页面不存在）">丰度（生态学）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abundance_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Abundance (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abundance (ecology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态收益" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological yield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E6%94%B6%E7%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态收益（页面不存在）">生态收益</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_yield" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological yield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological yield</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种多样性的生态学影响" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological effects of biodiversity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种多样性的生态学影响（页面不存在）">物种多样性的生态学影响</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological effects of biodiversity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological effects of biodiversity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态灭绝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological extinction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态灭绝（页面不存在）">生态灭绝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_extinction" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological extinction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological extinction</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="生態型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecotype"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%9E%8B" title="生态型">生態型</a></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="擾亂 (生態學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Disturbance (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%93%BE%E4%BA%82_(%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="擾亂 (生態學)（页面不存在）">擾亂 (生態學)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disturbance_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Disturbance (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Disturbance (ecology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="生態陷阱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological trap"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%99%B7%E9%98%B1" title="生态陷阱">生態陷阱</a></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態系統工程師" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem engineer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態系統工程師（页面不存在）">生態系統工程師</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem engineer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem engineer</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋動物棲地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marine habitats"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%A3%B2%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋動物棲地（页面不存在）">海洋動物棲地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="extiw" title="en:Marine habitats"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marine habitats</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="極限相似性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Limiting similarity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="極限相似性（页面不存在）">極限相似性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_similarity" class="extiw" title="en:Limiting similarity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Limiting similarity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="生態位構建" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche construction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D%E6%9E%84%E5%BB%BA" title="生态位构建">生態位構建</a></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態位分化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche differentiation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態位分化（页面不存在）">生態位分化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="extiw" title="en:Niche differentiation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Niche differentiation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態崩潰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological collapse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%B4%A9%E6%BD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態崩潰（页面不存在）">生態崩潰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological collapse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological collapse</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態負債" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological debt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B2%A0%E5%82%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態負債（页面不存在）">生態負債</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_debt" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological debt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological debt</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態能量學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological energetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態能量學（页面不存在）">生態能量學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_energetics" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological energetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological energetics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態指示生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological indicator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態指示生物（页面不存在）">生態指示生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_indicator" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological indicator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological indicator</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="生态阈值" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological threshold"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%98%88%E5%80%BC" title="生态阈值">生态阈值</a></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萊比錫最少量率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Liebig's law of the minimum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%8C%AB%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%91%E9%87%8F%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萊比錫最少量率（页面不存在）">萊比錫最少量率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebig%27s_law_of_the_minimum" class="extiw" title="en:Liebig's law of the minimum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Liebig's law of the minimum</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨界值法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marginal value theorem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E5%80%BC%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨界值法則（页面不存在）">臨界值法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_value_theorem" class="extiw" title="en:Marginal value theorem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marginal value theorem</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托森法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thorson's rule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E6%A3%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托森法則（页面不存在）">托森法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" class="extiw" title="en:Thorson's rule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thorson's rule</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>, <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旱生演替系列" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xerosere"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%BC%94%E6%9B%BF%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旱生演替系列（页面不存在）">旱生演替系列</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerosere" class="extiw" title="en:Xerosere"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xerosere</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>扩充请求：</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%9F%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="水域生态系统">水域生态系统</a><small>(基础条目)</small>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="淡水生態系統">淡水生态系统</a>， <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="人類生態學">人类生态学</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Human ecology">Human ecology</a>)， <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97" title="原始森林">原始森林</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-growth_forest" class="extiw" title="en:Old-growth forest">Old-growth forest</a>)， <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生态学</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a>)， <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="海洋生態系統">海洋生態系統</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="森林生態學">森林生态学</a><small>(基础条目)</small></li></ul> <dl><dt>专业人士参与请求：</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a>(<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity" class="extiw" title="en:Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>)</li></ul> <p>人類的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>是建立在環境上的，所以必須進行保護的工作。<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="維基百科">維基百科</a>的環境專題要匯集整個百科內有關環境的內容，整理起來以便大家觀照，如果您对環境主题感兴趣并愿意在此主题做出贡献，請加入<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%88%88%E8%B6%A3%E5%B0%8F%E7%B5%84%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Wikipedia:環境興趣小組維基人列表">小組</a>，謝謝！並順便在您的用户面中加入：{{<a href="/wiki/Template:User_envi" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:User envi">User envi</a>}} </p> <div class="wikipediauserbox skin-invert" style="float:left;border:1px solid #c0c090;margin:1px;width:238px"><table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#f8eaba"><tbody><tr><td style="border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#ffffff;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:black;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png/65px-Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png/98px-Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png/130px-Recent_Sea_Level_Rise.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></td><td style="border:0;text-align:left;font-size:10pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:black;vertical-align:middle">這個用戶關注或對<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="環境">環境</a></b>及<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生態學">生態學</a></b>感興趣。</td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2F%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="分类" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB"></span>分类</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:92%"> <div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{"mode":0,"hideprefix":20,"showcount":false,"namespaces":false,"notranslations":false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生態學" data-ct-loaded="1" aria-expanded="true"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:生態學">生態學</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="各地區生態" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B" title="Category:各地區生態">各地區生態</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="各分类单元生态学" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%8D%95%E5%85%83%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:各分类单元生态学">各分类单元生态学</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生态学模板" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Category:生态学模板">生态学模板</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生態學小作品" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Category:生態學小作品">生態學小作品</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生態學度量" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F" title="Category:生態學度量">生態學度量</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="入侵物种" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="Category:入侵物种">入侵物种</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="农村" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91" title="Category:农村">农村</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="Category:外来物种">外来物种</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="寄生虫学" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="指示生物" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="Category:指示生物">指示生物</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="林业" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A" title="Category:林业">林业</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="植物生活型" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:植物生活型">植物生活型</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="植被" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A4%8D%E8%A2%AB" title="Category:植被">植被</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="殺生物劑" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%AE%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%91" title="Category:殺生物劑">殺生物劑</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="水資源" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="Category:水資源">水資源</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="深层生态学" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%B7%B1%E5%B1%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:深层生态学">深层生态学</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="滅絕" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95" title="Category:滅絕">滅絕</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="特有種" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%89%E7%A8%AE" title="Category:特有種">特有種</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="環境" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="Category:環境">環境</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生态学分科" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E7%A7%91" title="Category:生态学分科">生态学分科</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生态学实验" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="Category:生态学实验">生态学实验</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A" title="Category:生态学期刊">生态学期刊</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="Category:生态学术语">生态学术语</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生态学理论" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:生态学理论">生态学理论</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet"></span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="Category:生态实验">生态实验</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生態區域" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F" title="Category:生態區域">生態區域</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生態學家" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:生態學家">生態學家</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生態旅遊" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%97%85%E9%81%8A" title="Category:生態旅遊">生態旅遊</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生物地球化学循环" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="Category:生物地球化学循环">生物地球化学循环</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="生物相" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="Category:生物相">生物相</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="自然保护区" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%8C%BA" title="Category:自然保护区">自然保护区</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="自然保育" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2" title="Category:自然保育">自然保育</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="自然資源" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90" title="Category:自然資源">自然資源</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="超个体" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%B6%85%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" title="Category:超个体">超个体</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div></div></div> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> </div> <div style="float:right; width:100%"> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2Fbasics&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="话题" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E8.AF.9D.E9.A2.98"></span>话题</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:生态系统;zh-tw:生態系;zh-hk:生態系統&#125;-模型" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Template:模型化生态系统"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Template talk:模型化生态系统"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:模型化生态系统"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="-&#123;A&#124;zh-cn:生态系统;zh-tw:生態系;zh-hk:生態系統&#125;-模型" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a>模型</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="营养組成" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%9A" title="營養級">营养</a>組成</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">总论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="非生物因子">非生物因子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非生物压力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abiotic stress"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非生物压力（页面不存在）">非生物压力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abiotic_stress" class="extiw" title="en:Abiotic stress"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abiotic stress</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="行为生态学">行为生态学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="生物地球化学循环">生物地球化学循环</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%87%8F" title="生物量">生物量</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="生物因子">生物因子</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物压力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biotic stress"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物压力（页面不存在）">生物压力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_stress" class="extiw" title="en:Biotic stress"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biotic stress</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%89%BF%E8%BD%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="环境承载力">环境承载力</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="竞争 (生物学)">竞争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="生态系统">生态系统</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态系统生态学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态系统生态学（页面不存在）">生态系统生态学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態系統模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態系統模型（页面不存在）">生態系統模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_model" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem model</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E7%A7%8D" title="关键种">关键物种</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="摄食行为列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of feeding behaviours"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%84%E9%A3%9F%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摄食行为列表（页面不存在）">摄食行为列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" class="extiw" title="en:List of feeding behaviours"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of feeding behaviours</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学代谢学说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metabolic theory of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学代谢学说（页面不存在）">生态学代谢学说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Metabolic theory of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metabolic theory of ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%8A%9B" title="生态生产力">生态生产力</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodWeb_zh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/FoodWeb_zh.jpg/140px-FoodWeb_zh.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/FoodWeb_zh.jpg/210px-FoodWeb_zh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/FoodWeb_zh.jpg/280px-FoodWeb_zh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1388" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">生产者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">自养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化能合成">化能合成</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="化能生物">化能生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基础物种" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foundation species"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基础物种（页面不存在）">基础物种</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_species" class="extiw" title="en:Foundation species"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foundation species</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="混合營養生物">混合营养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%B0%E7%87%9F" title="菌異營">菌異營</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菌根营养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mycotroph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%8C%E6%A0%B9%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菌根营养生物（页面不存在）">菌根营养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycotroph" class="extiw" title="en:Mycotroph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mycotroph</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有机营养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Organotroph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机营养生物（页面不存在）">有机营养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organotroph" class="extiw" title="en:Organotroph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Organotroph</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光能异养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Photoheterotroph"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E8%83%BD%E5%BC%82%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光能异养生物（页面不存在）">光能异养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoheterotroph" class="extiw" title="en:Photoheterotroph"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Photoheterotroph</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光合效率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Photosynthetic efficiency"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光合效率（页面不存在）">光合效率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_efficiency" class="extiw" title="en:Photosynthetic efficiency"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Photosynthetic efficiency</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="光养生物">光养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">基本營養類型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E7%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7" title="初级生产">初级生产</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%85_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="消费者 (生物)">消费者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E7%BA%A7%E6%8E%A0%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85" title="顶级掠食者">顶级掠食者</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食细菌生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bacterivore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食细菌生物（页面不存在）">食细菌生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterivore" class="extiw" title="en:Bacterivore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bacterivore</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="肉食性動物">食肉动物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">化能有机营养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%85%E9%A3%9F" title="觅食">觅食</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%A7%8D%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%8C%96%E7%A7%8D" title="泛化种与特化种">泛化种与特化种</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="集团内捕食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intraguild predation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2%E5%86%85%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集团内捕食（页面不存在）">集团内捕食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraguild_predation" class="extiw" title="en:Intraguild predation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intraguild predation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="植食性动物">食草动物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E7%87%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="異營生物">異營生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="异养营养" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heterotrophic nutrition"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E5%85%BB%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异养营养（页面不存在）">异养营养</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrophic_nutrition" class="extiw" title="en:Heterotrophic nutrition"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heterotrophic nutrition</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="食虫动物">食蟲動物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中间捕食者释放假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mesopredator release hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85%E9%87%8A%E6%94%BE%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中间捕食者释放假说（页面不存在）">中间捕食者释放假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopredator_release_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Mesopredator release hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mesopredator release hypothesis</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%A3%9F%E6%80%A7%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="雜食性動物">雜食動物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最优觅食理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Optimal foraging theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E4%BC%98%E8%A7%85%E9%A3%9F%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最优觅食理论（页面不存在）">最优觅食理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_foraging_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Optimal foraging theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Optimal foraging theory</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F" title="捕食">捕食</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="猎物转换" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prey switching"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%8E%E7%89%A9%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="猎物转换（页面不存在）">猎物转换</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prey_switching" class="extiw" title="en:Prey switching"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prey switching</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E8%80%85" title="分解者">分解者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B" title="基本營養類型">化能有机营养生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%A7%A3%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="分解作用">分解作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%90%E7%94%9F%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="腐生营养">腐生营养</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有機碎屑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Detritus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E7%A2%8E%E5%B1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有機碎屑（页面不存在）">有機碎屑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus" class="extiw" title="en:Detritus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Detritus</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9#生境与生态学" title="微生物">微生物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93" title="噬菌体">噬菌体</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="微生物生態學">微生物生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E7%9F%B3%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="岩石自养生物">岩石自养生物</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无机营养生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lithotrophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无机营养生物（页面不存在）">无机营养生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithotrophy" class="extiw" title="en:Lithotrophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lithotrophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生物合作" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial cooperation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物合作（页面不存在）">微生物合作</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_cooperation" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial cooperation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial cooperation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微食物网" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial food web"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BD%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微食物网（页面不存在）">微食物网</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_food_web" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial food web"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial food web</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生物智能" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial intelligence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物智能（页面不存在）">微生物智能</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_intelligence" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial intelligence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial intelligence</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微食物环" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial loop"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%8E%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微食物环（页面不存在）">微食物环</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_loop" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial loop"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial loop</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%B8%AD" title="微生物席">微生物席</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生物代谢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microbial metabolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生物代谢（页面不存在）">微生物代谢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" class="extiw" title="en:Microbial metabolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microbial metabolism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="噬菌体生态学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phage ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噬菌体生态学（页面不存在）">噬菌体生态学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phage_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Phage ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phage ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="食物網">食物網</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%94%BE%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="生物放大作用">生物放大作用</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="生態效率">生態效率</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%A1%94" title="生態塔">生態塔</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態能量流" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy flow (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態能量流（页面不存在）">能量流</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_flow_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Energy flow (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy flow (ecology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%8F%88" title="食物鏈">食物鏈</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%B4%9A" title="營養級">營養級</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">食物網例子</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B3%89" title="冷泉">冷泉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E7%86%B1%E6%B3%89#生物" title="海底熱泉">海底熱泉</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潮間帶生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Intertidal ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%AE%E9%96%93%E5%B8%B6%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潮間帶生態學（页面不存在）">潮間帶</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Intertidal ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Intertidal ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E8%97%BB%E6%9E%97#生態" title="海藻林">海藻林</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="湖泊生態系統（页面不存在）">湖泊</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E5%89%AF%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E7%92%B0%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北太平洋副熱帶環流（页面不存在）">北太平洋副熱帶環流</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河流生態系統（页面不存在）">河流</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="舊金山河口生態系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%8A%E9%87%91%E5%B1%B1%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="舊金山河口生態系統（页面不存在）">舊金山河口生態系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" class="extiw" title="en:Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土壤食物網" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Soil food web"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B6%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土壤食物網（页面不存在）">土壤食物網</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_food_web" class="extiw" title="en:Soil food web"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Soil food web</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%BD%AE%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%91" class="mw-redirect" title="海潮水坑">海潮水坑</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">過程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascendency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ascendency（页面不存在）">Ascendency</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B4%AF%E7%A9%8D" title="生物累積">生物累積</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%B6%E6%9E%81%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="顶极群落">顶极群落</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89%E6%8E%92%E9%99%A4%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%99" title="竞争排除原则">竞争排除原则</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consumer-resource_systems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consumer-resource systems（页面不存在）">Consumer-resource systems</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copiotroph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copiotroph（页面不存在）">Copiotroph</a>s<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態網絡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological network"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態網絡（页面不存在）">生態網絡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_network" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological network"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological network</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E6%9B%BF" title="演替">演替</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="能質">能質</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能量系統語言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy Systems Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能量系統語言（页面不存在）">能量系統語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Systems_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Energy Systems Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy Systems Language</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=F-ratio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F-ratio（页面不存在）">f-ratio</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="飼料轉化率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feed conversion ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%BC%E6%96%99%E8%BD%89%E5%8C%96%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="飼料轉化率（页面不存在）">飼料轉化率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feed_conversion_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Feed conversion ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feed conversion ratio</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疯狂捕食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feeding frenzy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%AF%E7%8B%82%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疯狂捕食（页面不存在）">疯狂捕食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeding_frenzy" class="extiw" title="en:Feeding frenzy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feeding frenzy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesotrophic_soil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesotrophic soil（页面不存在）">Mesotrophic soil</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="養分循環" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nutrient cycle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A4%8A%E5%88%86%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="養分循環（页面不存在）">養分循環</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" class="extiw" title="en:Nutrient cycle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nutrient cycle</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oligotroph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oligotroph（页面不存在）">Oligotroph</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E6%B8%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" title="浮游生物悖論">浮游生物悖論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="营养级联" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trophic cascade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%BA%A7%E8%81%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="营养级联（页面不存在）">营养级联</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_cascade" class="extiw" title="en:Trophic cascade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trophic cascade</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="营养互利共生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trophic mutualism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="营养互利共生（页面不存在）">营养互利共生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_mutualism" class="extiw" title="en:Trophic mutualism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trophic mutualism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="营养状态指数" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Trophic state index"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A5%E5%85%BB%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="营养状态指数（页面不存在）">营养状态指数</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_state_index" class="extiw" title="en:Trophic state index"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Trophic state index</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">防衞/對抗</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="動物色彩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Animal coloration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動物色彩（页面不存在）">動物色彩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_coloration" class="extiw" title="en:Animal coloration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Animal coloration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%8D%95%E9%A3%9F%E8%80%85%E9%80%82%E5%BA%94" title="反捕食者适应">反捕食者適應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E8%A3%9D" class="mw-disambig" title="偽裝">偽裝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物对食草动物的防御" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plant defense against herbivory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AF%B9%E9%A3%9F%E8%8D%89%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物对食草动物的防御（页面不存在）">植物对食草动物的防御</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory" class="extiw" title="en:Plant defense against herbivory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plant defense against herbivory</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%80%81" title="拟态">拟态</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shoaling_and_schooling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shoaling and schooling（页面不存在）">Predator avoidance in schooling fish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><div id="其他組成" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">其他組成</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="种群生态学">种群生態學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%BA%A6" title="多度">多度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="阿利效应">阿利效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="逆補償作用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Depensation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%86%E8%A3%9C%E5%84%9F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逆補償作用（页面不存在）">逆補償作用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depensation" class="extiw" title="en:Depensation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Depensation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態收益" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological yield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%94%B6%E7%9B%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態收益（页面不存在）">生態收益</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_yield" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological yield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological yield</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F" title="有效種群大小">有效種群大小</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%85%A7%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD" title="種內競爭">種內競爭</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E6%96%AF%E8%B0%9B%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="逻辑斯谛函数">逻辑斯谛函数</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="馬爾薩斯模型">馬爾薩斯模型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="最大持續產量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maximum sustainable yield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E7%94%A2%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最大持續產量（页面不存在）">最大持續產量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" class="extiw" title="en:Maximum sustainable yield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maximum sustainable yield</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="野生動物個體數過剩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Overpopulation in wild animals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E6%95%B8%E9%81%8E%E5%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="野生動物個體數過剩（页面不存在）">野生動物個體數過剩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overpopulation_in_wild_animals" class="extiw" title="en:Overpopulation in wild animals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Overpopulation in wild animals</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="過度開發">過度開發</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群週期" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population cycle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群週期（页面不存在）">種群週期</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_cycle" class="extiw" title="en:Population cycle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population cycle</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群動態" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population dynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群動態（页面不存在）">種群動態</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Population dynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population dynamics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群模型（页面不存在）">種群模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_model" class="extiw" title="en:Population model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population model</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群大小" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population size"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群大小（页面不存在）">種群大小</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_size" class="extiw" title="en:Population size"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population size</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="生態穩定性">生態穩定性</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A2%E5%BE%A9%E5%8A%9B%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="恢復力穩定性">恢復力穩定性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%B5%E6%8A%97%E5%8A%9B%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="抵抗力穩定性">抵抗力穩定性</a>）</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg/140px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg/210px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg/280px-Genomics_GTL_Program_Payoffs_zh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">物種</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%B6%E7%BA%A6" title="密度制约">密度制約</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種多樣性的生態學影響" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological effects of biodiversity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種多樣性的生態學影響（页面不存在）">物種多樣性的生態學影響</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological effects of biodiversity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological effects of biodiversity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態滅絕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological extinction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態滅絕（页面不存在）">生態滅絕</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_extinction" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological extinction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological extinction</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%89%E7%A8%AE" title="特有種">特有種</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E8%88%B0%E7%A7%8D" title="旗舰种">旗艦種</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梯度分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gradient analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梯度分析（页面不存在）">梯度分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradient_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Gradient analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gradient analysis</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8C%87%E6%A8%99" title="生物指標">生物指標</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="外來種">外來種</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="入侵物种">入侵物种</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種多樣性與緯度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種多樣性與緯度（页面不存在）">物種多樣性與緯度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" class="extiw" title="en:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latitudinal gradients in species diversity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E5%8F%AF%E5%AD%98%E6%B4%BB%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="最小可存活种群">最小可存活种群</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="中性理論">中性理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="種群生存力分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Population viability analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%AE%E7%BE%A4%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%98%E5%8A%9B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="種群生存力分析（页面不存在）">種群生存力分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_viability_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Population viability analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Population viability analysis</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="优先效应">優先效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉波波特法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rapoport's rule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉波波特法則（页面不存在）">拉波波特法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapoport%27s_rule" class="extiw" title="en:Rapoport's rule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rapoport's rule</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="物种多样性">物种多样性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种同质性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Species homogeneity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种同质性（页面不存在）">物种同质性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_homogeneity" class="extiw" title="en:Species homogeneity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Species homogeneity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="物种多样性">物種豐富度</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83" title="物种分布">物种分布</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D%E6%9B%B2%E7%B7%9A" title="物種面積曲線">物種面積曲線</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9E%E6%8A%A4%E7%A7%8D" title="伞护种">傘護種</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">種間關係</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="抗生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antibiosis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="抗生（页面不存在）">抗生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiosis" class="extiw" title="en:Antibiosis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antibiosis</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E9%96%93%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" class="mw-redirect" title="種間關係">種間關係</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="偏利共生">偏利共生</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD" title="群落">群落</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E9%97%B4%E7%AB%9E%E4%BA%89" title="种间竞争">种间竞争</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="互利共生">互利共生</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="存儲效應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Storage effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%98%E5%84%B2%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="存儲效應（页面不存在）">存儲效應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Storage effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Storage effect</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%AE%B3%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F" title="片害共生">偏害共生</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空間生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spatial ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空間生態學（页面不存在）">空間生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Spatial ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spatial ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cross-boundary_subsidy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cross-boundary subsidy（页面不存在）">Cross-boundary subsidy</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态梯度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cline (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态梯度（页面不存在）">生态梯度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cline (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cline (biology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E5%B8%A6" title="生态过渡带">生态过渡带</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%9E%8B" title="生态型">生态型</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0_(%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6)" title="干扰 (生态学)">干扰</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E7%BC%98%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="边缘效应">邊緣效應</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" title="福斯特法则">福斯特法則</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%A2%83%E7%A0%B4%E7%A2%8E%E5%8C%96" title="生境破碎化">生境破碎化</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理想自由分佈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ideal free distribution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理想自由分佈（页面不存在）">理想自由分佈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideal_free_distribution" class="extiw" title="en:Ideal free distribution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ideal free distribution</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%A6%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4" title="中度干扰假说">中度干扰假说</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="岛屿生物地理学">岛屿生物地理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%82%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="景观生态学">景观生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%99%AF%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="地景流行病學">景观流行病學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地景湖沼學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Landscape limnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E6%99%AF%E6%B9%96%E6%B2%BC%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地景湖沼學（页面不存在）">景观湖沼學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_limnology" class="extiw" title="en:Landscape limnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Landscape limnology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4" title="集合种群">集合种群</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斑块动态" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patch dynamics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%91%E5%9D%97%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斑块动态（页面不存在）">斑块动态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patch_dynamics" class="extiw" title="en:Patch dynamics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patch dynamics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/R/K%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="R/K选择理论">r/K選擇理論</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90-%E6%B1%87%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81" title="源-汇动态">源-汇动态</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D" title="生态位">生态位</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D" title="生态位">生态位</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%99%B7%E9%98%B1" title="生态陷阱">生态陷阱</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態系統工程師" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecosystem engineer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態系統工程師（页面不存在）">生態系統工程師</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_engineer" class="extiw" title="en:Ecosystem engineer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecosystem engineer</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物种分布建模" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental niche modelling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E5%BB%BA%E6%A8%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物种分布建模（页面不存在）">物种分布建模</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_niche_modelling" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental niche modelling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental niche modelling</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共位群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guild (ecology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E4%BD%8D%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共位群（页面不存在）">共位群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" class="extiw" title="en:Guild (ecology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guild (ecology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%B2%E6%81%AF%E5%9C%B0" title="棲息地">動物棲地</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海洋動物棲地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marine habitats"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E6%A3%B2%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海洋動物棲地（页面不存在）">海洋動物棲地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="extiw" title="en:Marine habitats"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marine habitats</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="極限相似性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Limiting similarity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="極限相似性（页面不存在）">極限相似性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limiting_similarity" class="extiw" title="en:Limiting similarity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Limiting similarity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态位分配模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche apportionment models"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态位分配模型（页面不存在）">生态位分配模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_apportionment_models" class="extiw" title="en:Niche apportionment models"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Niche apportionment models</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態棲位構建" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche construction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A3%B2%E4%BD%8D%E6%A7%8B%E5%BB%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態棲位構建（页面不存在）">生態棲位構建</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_construction" class="extiw" title="en:Niche construction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Niche construction</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態棲位分化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Niche differentiation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%A3%B2%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%86%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態棲位分化（页面不存在）">生態棲位分化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_differentiation" class="extiw" title="en:Niche differentiation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Niche differentiation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非攝食網路" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-trophic networks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%9D%E9%A3%9F%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非攝食網路（页面不存在）">非攝食網絡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-trophic_networks" class="extiw" title="en:Non-trophic networks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-trophic networks</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="组配规则" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Assembly rules"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%84%E9%85%8D%E8%A7%84%E5%88%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="组配规则（页面不存在）">组配规则</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_rules" class="extiw" title="en:Assembly rules"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Assembly rules</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="贝特曼原理">貝特曼原理</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%91%E5%85%89" title="生物发光">生物發光</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態崩潰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological collapse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%B4%A9%E6%BD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態崩潰（页面不存在）">生態崩潰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_collapse" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological collapse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological collapse</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態負債" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological debt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B2%A0%E5%82%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態負債（页面不存在）">生態負債</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_debt" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological debt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological debt</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B5%A4%E5%AD%97" title="生態赤字">生態赤字</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態能量學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological energetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態能量學（页面不存在）">生態能量學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_energetics" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological energetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological energetics</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態指示生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological indicator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態指示生物（页面不存在）">生態指示生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_indicator" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological indicator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological indicator</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%98%88%E5%80%BC" title="生态阈值">生态阈值</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="生态多样性">生態系統多樣性</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%8C%E7%8E%B0" title="涌现">涌现</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E5%82%B5%E5%8B%99" title="滅絕債務">滅絕債務</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E4%BC%AF%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="克莱伯定律">克萊伯定律</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%AF%94%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%80%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8F%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="李比希最低量定律">李比希最低量定律</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="臨界值法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marginal value theorem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%A8%E7%95%8C%E5%80%BC%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="臨界值法則（页面不存在）">臨界值法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marginal_value_theorem" class="extiw" title="en:Marginal value theorem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marginal value theorem</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托森法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thorson's rule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E6%A3%AE%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托森法則（页面不存在）">托森法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" class="extiw" title="en:Thorson's rule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thorson's rule</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="旱生演替系列" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xerosere"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%BC%94%E6%9B%BF%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旱生演替系列（页面不存在）">旱生演替系列</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerosere" class="extiw" title="en:Xerosere"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xerosere</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; width:9.2em;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; width:auto;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E9%80%9F%E7%94%9F%E9%95%BF" title="异速生长">异速生长</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多稳态 (生态学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alternative stable state"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81_(%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多稳态 (生态学)（页面不存在）">多稳态</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_stable_state" class="extiw" title="en:Alternative stable state"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alternative stable state</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="生态平衡">生態平衡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物資訊視覺化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biological data visualization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物資訊視覺化（页面不存在）">生物信息可视化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" class="extiw" title="en:Biological data visualization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biological data visualization</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="構造理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constructal law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A7%8B%E9%80%A0%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="構造理論（页面不存在）">構造理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructal_law" class="extiw" title="en:Constructal law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constructal law</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漸變群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cline (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%B8%E8%AE%8A%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漸變群（页面不存在）">漸變群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cline_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Cline (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cline (biology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="生態經濟學">生態經濟學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="生態足跡">生態足跡</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態預測" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological forecasting"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E9%A0%90%E6%B8%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態預測（页面不存在）">生態預測</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_forecasting" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological forecasting"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological forecasting</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態人文學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological humanities"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態人文學（页面不存在）">生態人文學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_humanities" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological humanities"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological humanities</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态化学计量学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecological stoichiometry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态化学计量学（页面不存在）">生态化学计量学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_stoichiometry" class="extiw" title="en:Ecological stoichiometry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecological stoichiometry</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态通道" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecopath"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态通道（页面不存在）">生态通道</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecopath" class="extiw" title="en:Ecopath"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecopath</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem_based_fisheries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecosystem based fisheries（页面不存在）">Ecosystem based fisheries</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="髓石" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Endolith"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%93%E7%9F%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="髓石（页面不存在）">髓石</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endolith" class="extiw" title="en:Endolith"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Endolith</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="演化生態學">演化生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="功能生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functional ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="功能生態學（页面不存在）">功能生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Functional ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functional ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工業生態學">工業生態學</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宏觀生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Macroecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%80%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宏觀生態學（页面不存在）">宏生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroecology" class="extiw" title="en:Macroecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Macroecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="微生態系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Microecosystem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微生態系統（页面不存在）">微生態系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microecosystem" class="extiw" title="en:Microecosystem"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Microecosystem</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" class="mw-redirect" title="自然環境">自然環境</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系統生態學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Systems ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系統生態學（页面不存在）">系統生態學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:Systems ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Systems ecology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="理論生態學">理論生態學</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2F%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="相关主题" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E4.B8.BB.E9.A2.98"></span>相关主题</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <ul class="related-portals" style="margin: 0; overflow: hidden; list-style: none none;"><li style="margin:0;text-align:center;width:100px;height:130px;float:left"> <div style="height:40px;padding:8px 2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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style="padding:8px"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学">化学</a></b></div> </li><li style="margin:0;text-align:center;width:100px;height:130px;float:left"> <div style="height:40px;padding:8px 2px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/35px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/53px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/71px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div style="padding:8px"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学</a></b></div> </li></ul> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portal%3A%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%2FWikimedia&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="维基媒体计划" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E7.BB.B4.E5.9F.BA.E5.AA.92.E4.BD.93.E8.AE.A1.E5.88.92"></span>维基媒体计划</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r71469208">.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li span{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:6px 4px}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{text-align:center}@media(min-width:360px){.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li{width:33%;min-width:20em;white-space:nowrap;flex:1 0 25%}.mw-parser-output #sister-projects-list li>div:first-child{min-width:50px}}</style> <p>进入以下<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="维基媒体计划">维基媒体计划</a>可获取更多相关信息： </p> <div class="plainlist"> <ul id="sister-projects-list"> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/31px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/47px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/62px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Category:Ecology" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Category:Ecology">维基共享资源</a></span><br />自由的多媒体资料库</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/35px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/53px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/70px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:zh:Special:Search/Ecology">维基教科书</a></span><br />自由的教科书和手册</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/47px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="47" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/71px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/94px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Special:Search/Ecology">维基数据</a></span><br />自由的知识库</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/51px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/77px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/102px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikinews:zh:Special:Search/Ecology">维基新闻</a></span><br />自由的新闻源</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/53px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/70px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:zh:Special:Search/Ecology">维基语录</a></span><br />名人名言的集锦</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/35px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/53px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/70px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikisource:zh:Special:Search/Ecology">维基文库</a></span><br />自由内容的图书馆</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/35px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/53px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/70px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Ecology">维基物种</a></span><br />物种目录</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="41" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/62px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/82px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:zh:Special:Search/Ecology">维基学院</a></span><br />自由的研习社群</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/35px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/53px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/70px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:zh:Special:Search/Ecology">维基导游</a></span><br />自由的旅行指南</div> </li> <li> <div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ecology"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/53px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/70px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div> <div><span><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zh:Special:Search/Ecology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:zh:Special:Search/Ecology">维基词典</a></span><br />多语言字词典</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div></div> <div class="box-header-title-container flex-columns-noflex" style="clear:both;color:white;margin-bottom:0px;border:solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;font-size:100%;background:#aaccff;font-family:sans-serif;padding:.1em;border-width:1px 1px 0;padding-top:.1em;padding-left:.1em;padding-right:.1em;padding-bottom:.1em;moz-border-radius:0;webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0"><div class="plainlinks noprint" style="float:right;margin-bottom:.1em;color:white;font-size:80%"><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3APortals&action=edit"><span style="color:white">编辑</span></a> </div><h2 id="维基主题" style="font-weight:bold;padding:0;margin:0;color:white;font-family:sans-serif;border:none;font-size:100%;padding-bottom:.1em"><span id=".E7.BB.B4.E5.9F.BA.E4.B8.BB.E9.A2.98"></span>维基主题</h2></div><div style="color:black;opacity:1;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:left;padding:1em;background:#f9f9ff;margin:0 0 10px;vertical-align:top;border-top-width:1px;padding-top:.3em;border-radius:0"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="28px_主題首頁" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Portals" title="Template:Portals"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Portals" title="Template talk:Portals"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Portals" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Portals"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="28px_主題首頁" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div style="text-align: center;"> <div style="font-size: larger;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%96%E9%A0%81" title="Portal:首頁">主題首頁</a></b></div> </div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:科學">科學</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:数学">數學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:中国数学史">中國數學史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1" title="Portal:概率与统计">概率与统计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:几何学">几何学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学">化學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:有机化学">有機化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:物理化學">物理化學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:醫學">醫學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85" title="Portal:2019冠状病毒病">2019冠状病毒病</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:神經科學">神經科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8D%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:药学">藥學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:植物">植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:動物">動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%B8%9F" title="Portal:鸟">鳥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B2%93" title="Portal:貓">貓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%8B%97" title="Portal:狗">狗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%81%90%E9%BE%99" title="Portal:恐龙">恐龍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Portal:新陈代谢">新陈代谢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="Portal:真菌">真菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%97%A5%E7%94%A8%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:藥用植物">藥用植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">分子与细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:遗传学">遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="Portal:病毒">病毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%85%A9%E6%A3%B2%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:兩棲爬行動物">兩棲爬行動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8A%82%E8%82%A2%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:节肢动物">節肢動物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D%E4%B8%8E%E6%BF%92%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="Portal:灭绝与濒危物种">灭绝与濒危物种</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%92%8C%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:农业和农学">农业和农学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="Portal:園藝">園藝</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:能源">能源</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="Portal:可持续发展">可持續發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:地球科學">地球科學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83" title="Portal:環境">環境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="Portal:火山">火山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B2%9B%E5%B1%BF" title="Portal:岛屿">岛屿</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:天文学">天文學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="Portal:太空">太空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Portal:恒星">恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Portal:太阳系">太阳系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="Portal:火星">火星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" title="Portal:月球">月球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%97%A5%E9%A3%9F" title="Portal:日食">日食</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_edu_miscellaneous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="Portal:艺术">藝術</a>與<a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="Portal:文化">文化</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="Portal:艺术">艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="Portal:文化">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="Portal:設計">設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A3%B2%E9%A3%9F" title="Portal:飲食">飲食</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="Portal:啤酒">啤酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="Portal:葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="Portal:咖啡">咖啡</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%91%84%E5%BD%B1" title="Portal:摄影">攝影</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A6%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:武術">武術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="Portal:建築">建築</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E7%AD%91" title="Portal:中国建筑">中國建築</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="Portal:音乐">音樂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="Portal:古典音乐">古典音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="Portal:韩国流行音乐">韩国流行音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="Portal:电子音乐">电子音乐</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%88%9E%E8%B9%88" title="Portal:舞蹈">舞蹈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" title="Portal:戏剧">戏剧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="Portal:电影">電影</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%91%E5%83%8F%E7%8D%8E" title="Portal:奧斯卡金像獎">奧斯卡金像獎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%98%9F%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="Portal:星球大战">星球大战</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="Portal:電視">電視</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%87" title="Portal:電視劇">電視劇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%81%87%E9%9D%A2%E9%A8%8E%E5%A3%AB" title="Portal:假面騎士">假面骑士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%98%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="Portal:神秘博士">神秘博士</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%BF%AA%E5%A3%AB%E5%B0%BC" title="Portal:迪士尼">迪士尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="Portal:漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A7%91%E8%88%89" title="Portal:科舉">科舉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="Portal:神話">神話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C" title="Portal:詩歌">詩歌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D" title="Portal:書籍">書籍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:文学">文学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BA%A2%E6%A5%BC%E6%A2%A6" title="Portal:红楼梦">红楼梦</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="Portal:图书馆和博物馆">图书馆和博物馆</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_kuser.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:社會科學">社會科學</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:社会学">社会学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="Portal:政治">政治</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="Portal:美国总统">美国总统</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="Portal:台灣獨立運動">台灣獨立運動</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8" title="Portal:政黨">政黨</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F90%EF%BC%8F%E7%B6%A0%E9%BB%A8" title="Portal:聯盟90／綠黨">聯盟90/綠黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%8A%9B%E9%87%8F" title="Portal:時代力量">時代力量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%80%B2" title="Portal:台灣基進">台灣基進</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E9%BB%A8" title="Portal:中國國民黨">中國國民黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E9%80%B2%E6%AD%A5%E9%BB%A8" title="Portal:民主進步黨">民主進步黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E5%85%9A" title="Portal:中国共产党">中国共产党</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="Portal:国际关系">國際關係</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:联合国">聯合國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F" title="Portal:歐洲聯盟">歐洲聯盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Portal:北大西洋公約組織">北大西洋公約組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="Portal:獨立國家聯合體">獨立國家聯合體</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:经济学">經濟學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%92%B1%E5%B8%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:钱币学">钱币学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:语言学">語言學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:心理学">心理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:人类学">人類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:考古学">考古学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%AB%A5%E8%BB%8D" title="Portal:童軍">童軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="Portal:法律">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E8%88%87%E5%9F%B7%E6%B3%95" title="Portal:警察與執法">警察與執法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B6%88%E9%98%B2" title="Portal:消防">消防</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="Portal:教育">教育</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:大学">大学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%AB%98%E6%A0%A1" title="Portal:中国高校">中国高校</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8D%97%E5%BC%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:南开大学">南开大学</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="Portal:人權">人權</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Portal:社会主义">社会主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="Portal:共產主義">共产主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Portal:无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="Portal:女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Portal:自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="Portal:社會運動">社會運動</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monobook_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monobook_icon.svg/25px-Monobook_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monobook_icon.svg/38px-Monobook_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Monobook_icon.svg/50px-Monobook_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b>人文</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">哲學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:形而上学">形而上学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Portal:语言">語言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" title="Portal:閩南語">閩南語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="Portal:文字">文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:人物">人物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%8F%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF" title="Portal:夏洛克·福尔摩斯">夏洛克·福尔摩斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E5%B7%9D%E6%99%AE" title="Portal:唐納·川普">唐納·川普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%87%91%E5%BA%B8" title="Portal:金庸">金庸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3" title="Portal:习近平">习近平</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" title="Portal:蔡英文">蔡英文</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" title="Portal:社会">社会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%80%A7" title="Portal:性">性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBT" title="Portal:LGBT">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B7%A8%E6%80%A7%E5%88%AB" title="Portal:跨性别">跨性别</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%BA%AB%E5%BF%83%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="Portal:身心障礙">身心障礙</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B0%8E%E7%9B%B2%E7%8A%AC" title="Portal:導盲犬">導盲犬</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86" title="Portal:歧视">歧视</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1" title="Portal:死亡">死亡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%89%B2%E6%83%85" title="Portal:色情">色情</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/25px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/38px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/50px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Portal:宗教">宗教</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="Portal:道教">道教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" title="Portal:犹太教">猶太教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="Portal:基督教">基督教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" title="Portal:天主教">天主教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Portal:加尔文主义">加尔文主义</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="Portal:伊斯兰教">伊斯兰教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Portal:古希臘宗教">古希臘宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A5%9E%E9%81%93" title="Portal:神道">神道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E4%BC%8A%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="Portal:巴哈伊信仰">巴哈伊信仰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA%E5%8A%9F" title="Portal:法輪功">法輪功</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kworldclock.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nuvola_apps_kworldclock.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kworldclock.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nuvola_apps_kworldclock.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kworldclock.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Nuvola_apps_kworldclock.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_kworldclock.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:历史">歷史</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%88%98%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:战国">战国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B1%89%E6%9C%9D" title="Portal:汉朝">漢朝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:三国">三国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="Portal:中国文化遗产">中国文化遗产</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" title="Portal:古羅馬">古羅馬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:拜占庭帝国">拜占庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="Portal:中世纪">中世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7" title="Portal:世界遗产">世界遺產</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="Portal:蘇聯">蘇聯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%9C%E5%BE%B7" title="Portal:东德">东德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" title="Portal:納粹德國">納粹德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%9B%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="Portal:六四事件">六四事件</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluetank.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bluetank.png/25px-Bluetank.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bluetank.png/38px-Bluetank.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bluetank.png/50px-Bluetank.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="237" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="Portal:軍事">军事及战争</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="Portal:軍事">軍事</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B" title="Portal:海军">海军</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="Portal:美國軍事">美國軍事</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%88%B0%E8%BB%8A" title="Portal:戰車">坦克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%88%98%E5%88%97%E8%88%B0" title="Portal:战列舰">战列舰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%81%90%E6%80%96%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="Portal:恐怖主義">恐怖主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="Portal:第一次世界大戰">第一次世界大戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" title="Portal:第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%86%B7%E6%88%98" title="Portal:冷战">冷战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%86%B7%E6%88%B0" title="Portal:第二次冷戰">第二次冷戰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sports_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/25px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/38px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/50px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></a></span> <b>娛樂與<a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="Portal:体育运动">體育</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8A%A8%E6%BC%AB" title="Portal:动漫">動漫</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%86%E5%95%A6A%E5%A4%A2" title="Portal:哆啦A夢">哆啦A夢</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Keroro%E8%BB%8D%E6%9B%B9" title="Portal:Keroro軍曹">Keroro軍曹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%90%8D%E5%81%B5%E6%8E%A2%E6%9F%AF%E5%8D%97" title="Portal:名偵探柯南">名偵探柯南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:GUNDAM" title="Portal:GUNDAM">GUNDAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B0%91%E5%A5%B3%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB" title="Portal:少女漫畫">少女漫畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%90%89%E5%8D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%A4" title="Portal:吉卜力工作室">吉卜力工作室</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="Portal:电子游戏">電子遊戲</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title="Portal:任天堂">任天堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:PlayStation" title="Portal:PlayStation">PlayStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Xbox" title="Portal:Xbox">Xbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%96%E5%98%89" title="Portal:世嘉">世嘉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%B2%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="Portal:史克威尔艾尼克斯">史克威尔艾尼克斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="Portal:我的世界">我的世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8E%9F%E7%A5%9E" title="Portal:原神">原神</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8E%A8%E6%83%B3%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="Portal:推想小說">推想小說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" title="Portal:小說">小說</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="Portal:哈利波特">哈利波特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9A%AE%E5%85%89%E4%B9%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="Portal:暮光之城">暮光之城</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="Portal:体育运动">体育</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" title="Portal:奥运会">奧運會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" title="Portal:亚运会">亚运会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83" title="Portal:足球">足球</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E8%B6%B3%E5%8D%94%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%9B%83" title="Portal:國際足協世界盃">世界盃</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A3%92%E7%90%83" title="Portal:棒球">棒球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%B6%B2%E7%90%83" title="Portal:網球">網球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%B1%83%E7%90%83" title="Portal:籃球">籃球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8D%95%E9%B1%BC" title="Portal:捕鱼">捕鱼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%80%E7%B4%9A%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="Portal:一級方程式">一級方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%BD%E6%AF%9B%E7%90%83" title="Portal:羽毛球">羽毛球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%AB%94%E6%93%8D" title="Portal:體操">体操</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%90%83" title="Portal:橄榄球">橄榄球</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:技術">技術</a></b>与<b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="Portal:工程">工程</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Portal:資訊科技">電腦技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="Portal:電腦程式設計">电脑程序设计</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94" title="Portal:自由軟體">自由軟體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="Portal:软件测试">软件测试</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%B8" title="Portal:電子學">電子學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="Portal:电信">電信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="Portal:无线电">无线电</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:密码学">密码学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%88%AA%E5%A4%A9" title="Portal:航天">航天</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:机器人学">机器人学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:VRMMO" title="Portal:VRMMO">VRMMO</a></li> <li>科技公司 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%AE%E8%BB%9F" title="Portal:微軟">微軟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="Portal:苹果公司">苹果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Google" title="Portal:Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%BC" title="Portal:索尼">索尼</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="Portal:互联网">互联网</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="Portal:维基百科">维基百科</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="Portal:软件">软件</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Linux" title="Portal:Linux">Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Android" title="Portal:Android">Android</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Portal:核技术">核技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:生物技術">生物技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%B5%E4%BF%A1" title="Portal:电信">电信</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinnbild_Radfahrer,_StVO_1992.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sinnbild_Radfahrer%2C_StVO_1992.svg/25px-Sinnbild_Radfahrer%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sinnbild_Radfahrer%2C_StVO_1992.svg/38px-Sinnbild_Radfahrer%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sinnbild_Radfahrer%2C_StVO_1992.svg/50px-Sinnbild_Radfahrer%2C_StVO_1992.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="Portal:交通">交通</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="Portal:中外交通史">中外交通史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="Portal:航空">航空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%85%AC%E8%B7%AF" title="Portal:公路">公路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="Portal:鐵路">铁路</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E8%BD%A8%E9%81%93%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="Portal:城市轨道交通">城市軌道交通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%93%81%E8%B7%AF" title="Portal:中国铁路">中国铁路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF" title="Portal:日本鐵路">日本鐵路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="Portal:香港鐵路運輸">香港鐵路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="Portal:臺灣鐵路運輸">臺灣鐵路運輸</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB" title="Portal:巴士">公共汽车</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A" title="Portal:香港巴士路線">香港巴士路線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%B0%8F%E5%B7%B4%E8%B7%AF%E7%B7%9A" title="Portal:香港小巴路線">香港小巴路線</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E7%B8%BD%E7%AB%99" title="Portal:香港巴士總站">香港巴士總站</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%AC%E4%BA%A4" title="Portal:上海公交">上海公交</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg/25px-Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg/50px-Nuvola_apps_kweather.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="419" data-file-height="419" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1" title="Portal:氣象">氣象</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E6%B4%8B%E9%A2%B1%E9%A2%A8%E5%AD%A3" title="Portal:太平洋颱風季">太平洋颱風季</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%86%B1%E5%B8%B6%E6%B0%A3%E6%97%8B" title="Portal:熱帶氣旋">熱帶氣旋</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> <b>地理</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:地理学">地理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%B0%E5%9C%96" title="Portal:地圖">地圖</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">亚洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">東亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:中国">中国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:中华人民共和国">中华人民共和国</a> <ul><li>省区 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97" title="Portal:河北">河北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B1%B1%E8%A5%BF" title="Portal:山西">山西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B1%9F%E8%8B%8F" title="Portal:江苏">江苏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F" title="Portal:浙江">浙江</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C" title="Portal:山东">山东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%BD" title="Portal:安徽">安徽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA" title="Portal:福建">福建</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97" title="Portal:河南">河南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97" title="Portal:湖北">湖北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97" title="Portal:湖南">湖南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C" title="Portal:广东">广东</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BB%A3%E8%A5%BF" title="Portal:廣西">广西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97" title="Portal:海南">海南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9B%9B%E5%B7%9D" title="Portal:四川">四川</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E" title="Portal:贵州">贵州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97" title="Portal:云南">云南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%98%E8%82%83" title="WikiProject:甘肃">甘肃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" title="Portal:新疆">新疆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF" title="Portal:江西">江西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B4%B5%E5%B7%9E" title="Portal:贵州">贵州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%81%E5%A4%8F" title="Portal:宁夏">宁夏</a></li></ul></li> <li>城市 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" title="Portal:北京">北京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A9%E6%B4%A5" title="Portal:天津">天津</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7" title="Portal:上海">上海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC" title="Portal:南京">南京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8B%8F%E5%B7%9E" title="Portal:苏州">苏州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E" title="Portal:福州">福州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="Portal:广州">广州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89" title="Portal:武汉">武汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" title="Portal:西安">西安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%81%E6%B3%A2" title="Portal:宁波">宁波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9D%92%E5%B2%9B" title="Portal:青岛">青岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86" title="Portal:重庆">重庆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%B0%E5%B7%9E" title="Portal:台州">台州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%83%A0%E5%B7%9E" title="Portal:惠州">惠州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%82%87%E5%BA%86" title="Portal:肇庆">肇庆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%81%E5%BE%B7" title="Portal:宁德">宁德</a></li></ul></li> <li>其他 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="Portal:香港">香港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="Portal:澳門">澳門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97" title="Portal:东北">东北地区</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%BB%A8%E6%B5%B7%E6%96%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="Portal:滨海新区">天津滨海新区</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="Portal:中華民國">中華民國</a> <ul><li>廣域 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="Portal:臺灣">臺灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%A6%8F%E5%BB%BA" title="Portal:福建">福建</a></li></ul></li> <li>縣市 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97" title="Portal:臺北">臺北</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9F%BA%E9%9A%86" title="Portal:基隆">基隆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A1%83%E5%9C%92" title="Portal:桃園">桃園</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E7%AB%B9" title="Portal:新竹">新竹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8B%97%E6%A0%97" title="Portal:苗栗">苗栗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%BA%E4%B8%AD" title="Portal:臺中">臺中</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BD%B0%E5%8C%96" title="Portal:彰化">彰化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8D%97%E6%8A%95" title="Portal:南投">南投</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%9B%B2%E6%9E%97" title="Portal:雲林">雲林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%87%BA%E5%8D%97" title="Portal:臺南">臺南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84" title="Portal:高雄">高雄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%BE%8E%E6%B9%96" title="Portal:澎湖">澎湖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%9C%E8%98%AD" title="Portal:宜蘭">宜蘭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%87%91%E9%96%80" title="Portal:金門">金門</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="Portal:日本">日本</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC" title="Portal:东京">東京</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="Portal:琉球群島">琉球群島</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="Portal:朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:大韩民国">韓國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="Portal:朝鮮民主主義人民共和國">朝鮮</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">東南亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" title="Portal:越南">越南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="Portal:新加坡">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="Portal:马来西亚">馬來西亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B" title="Portal:泰國">泰國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93" title="Portal:菲律賓">菲律賓</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西亞</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="Portal:以色列">以色列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="Portal:伊朗">伊朗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="Portal:土耳其">土耳其</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="Portal:歐洲">歐洲</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">北歐</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8A%AC%E5%85%B0" title="Portal:芬兰">芬兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8" title="Portal:瑞典">瑞典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%B6%E5%AE%9B" title="Portal:立陶宛">立陶宛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西歐</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:德国">德國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:法国">法国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="Portal:荷兰">荷兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6" title="Portal:比利时">比利时</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="Portal:奥地利">奥地利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="Portal:瑞士">瑞士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:英国">英国</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6" title="Portal:倫敦">倫敦</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南歐</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="Portal:義大利">義大利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A2%B5%E8%92%82%E5%B2%A1" title="Portal:梵蒂岡">梵蒂岡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="Portal:希腊">希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="Portal:土耳其">土耳其</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="Portal:西班牙">西班牙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">東歐</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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