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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PS/2_portables,_laptops_and_notebooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PS/2_portables,_laptops_and_notebooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>PS/2 portables, laptops and notebooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PS/2_portables,_laptops_and_notebooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-6152_Academic_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#6152_Academic_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>6152 Academic System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-6152_Academic_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_System/2" title="Personal System/2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" title="IBM Personal System/2 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="IBM Personal System/2" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PS/2" title="IBM PS/2 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="IBM PS/2" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"PS/2" redirects here. For the video game console, see <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>. For the keyboard and mouse connectors introduced with this system, see <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/PS2_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="PS2 (disambiguation)">PS2 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct vevent"><caption class="infobox-title fn summary">Personal System/2</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PS-2_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/IBM_PS-2_wordmark.svg/110px-IBM_PS-2_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/IBM_PS-2_wordmark.svg/165px-IBM_PS-2_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/IBM_PS-2_wordmark.svg/220px-IBM_PS-2_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="938" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Personal_System_2_Series_of_Computers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Personal_System_2_Series_of_Computers.png/220px-Personal_System_2_Series_of_Computers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Personal_System_2_Series_of_Computers.png/330px-Personal_System_2_Series_of_Computers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Personal_System_2_Series_of_Computers.png/440px-Personal_System_2_Series_of_Computers.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="531" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">An assortment of PS/2s in various form factors<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Also known as</span></th><td class="infobox-data">PS/2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">International Business Machines Corporation</a> (IBM)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data">IBM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Personal computers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Release date</th><td class="infobox-data">April 2, 1987<span class="noprint">; 37 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987-04-02</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discontinued</th><td class="infobox-data">July 1995</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>3.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a></li><li>5.25-inch floppy disks <span style="font-size:85%;">(optional, external drive)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 2.0x">Windows 2.0x</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 3.1x">Windows 3.1x</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.1" title="Windows NT 3.1">Windows NT 3.1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_3.5" title="Windows NT 3.5">Windows NT 3.5</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various; see <a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">list of models</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Graphics</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Power</th><td class="infobox-data">120/240 VAC ～ <span style="font-size:85%;">(desktops)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">Personal Computer AT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">PS/ValuePoint</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(desktops)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(portables)</span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/1" title="IBM PS/1">PS/1</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Personal System/2</b> or <b>PS/2</b> is <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s second generation<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>. Released in 1987, it officially replaced the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">XT</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer/AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer/AT">AT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">PC Convertible</a> in IBM's lineup. Many of the PS/2's innovations, such as the <a href="/wiki/16550_UART" title="16550 UART">16550 UART</a> (serial port), 1440 KB 3.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> format, 72-pin <a href="/wiki/SIMM" title="SIMM">SIMMs</a>, <a href="#Keyboard/mouse">PS/2 port</a>, and <a href="#Graphics">VGA video standard</a>, went on to become standards in the broader PC market.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PS/2 line was created by IBM partly in an attempt to recapture control of the PC market by introducing the advanced yet <a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel architecture</a> (MCA) on higher-end models. These models were in the strange position of being incompatible with the hardware standards previously established by IBM and adopted in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> industry. Most major PC manufacturers balked at IBM's licensing terms for MCA-compatible hardware, particularly the per-machine royalties. The <a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a> operating system was announced at the same time as the PS/2 line and was intended to be the primary operating system for models with <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> or later processors. However, at the time of the first shipments, only <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a> 3.3 was available. OS/2 1.0 (text-mode only) and Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">Windows 2.0</a> became available several months later. IBM also released <a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a> PS/2, a <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">UNIX</a> operating system for PS/2 models with <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 386</a> or later processors. </p><p>IBM's initial PS/2 computers were popular with target market corporate buyers, and by September 1988, IBM reported that it had sold 3 million PS/2 machines in the past 18 months. However, the PS/2 was unsuccessful in the consumer market since IBM failed to establish a link in the consumer's mind between the PS/2 MicroChannel architecture and the immature OS/2 1.x operating system (the more capable OS/2 version 2.0 was not released until 1992) to justify the PS/2's price premium, in contrast to rival <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatibles</a> that stuck with industry-wide standard hardware while running <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1992, <i><a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i> stated that "IBM lost control of its own market and became a minor player with its own technology."<sup id="cite_ref-borrell199205_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borrell199205-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM officially retired the PS/2 line in July 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-discontinued_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discontinued-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right;clear:both;"> <caption>Predecessors to the PS/2 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM Personal Computer</a></td> <td>1981 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">IBM Personal Computer XT</a></td> <td>1983 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">IBM Portable Personal Computer</a></td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">IBM PCjr</a></td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer/AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer/AT">IBM Personal Computer/AT</a></td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">IBM PC Convertible</a></td> <td>1986 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT#IBM_XT_286" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">IBM Personal Computer XT 286</a></td> <td>1986 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>IBM's PS/2 was designed to remain software compatible with their PC/AT/XT line of computers upon which the large <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">PC clone</a> market was built, but the hardware was quite different. PS/2 had two <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOSes</a>: one named ABIOS (Advanced BIOS) which provided a new <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> interface and was used by OS/2, and CBIOS (Compatible BIOS) which was included to be software compatible with the PC/XT/AT. CBIOS was so compatible that it even included <a href="/wiki/Cassette_BASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassette BASIC">Cassette BASIC</a>. While IBM did not publish the BIOS source code, it did promise to publish BIOS <a href="/wiki/Entry_point" title="Entry point">entry points</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byte198706_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198706-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micro_Channel_architecture">Micro Channel architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Micro Channel architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel architecture</a></div> <p>With certain models to the IBM PS/2 line, <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel Architecture</a> (MCA) was also introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-byte198706_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198706-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MCA was conceptually similar to the channel architecture of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a> mainframes. MCA was technically superior to <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> and allowed for higher-speed communications within the system. The majority of MCA's features would be seen in later buses with the exception of: streaming-data procedure, channel-check reporting, error logging<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and internal bus-level video pass-through for devices like the <a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a>. Transfer speeds were on par with the much later <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> standard. MCA allowed one-to-one, card-to-card, and multi-card to processor simultaneous transaction management which is a feature of the <a href="/wiki/PCI-X" title="PCI-X">PCI-X</a> bus format. </p><p>Bus mastering capability, bus arbitration, and a primitive form of <a href="/wiki/Plug_and_play" title="Plug and play">plug-and-play</a> management of hardware were all benefits of MCA. Gilbert Held in his 2000 book <i>Server Management</i> observes: "MCA used an early (and user-hostile) version of what we know now as 'Plug-N′-Play', requiring a special setup disk for each machine and each card."<sup id="cite_ref-Held2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Held2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MCA never gained wide acceptance outside of the PS/2. </p><p>When setting up the card with its disk, all choices for interrupts and other changes were accomplished automatically by the PC reading the old configuration from the floppy disk. This made necessary changes, then recorded the new configuration to the floppy disk. This meant that the user must keep that same floppy disk matched to that particular PC. For a small organization with a few PCs, this was annoying, but less expensive and time-consuming than bringing in a PC technician to do installation. But for large organizations with hundreds or even thousands of PCs, permanently matching each PC with its own floppy disk was a logistical nightmare. Without the original, (and correctly updated) floppy disk, no changes could be made to the PC's cards. </p><p>In addition to the technical setup, legally, royalties were required for each MCA-compatible machine sold. There was nothing unique in IBM insisting on payment of royalties on the use of its patents applied to Micro Channel-based machines. Up until that time, some companies had failed to pay IBM for the use of its patents on the earlier generation of Personal Computer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboard/mouse"><span id="Keyboard.2Fmouse"></span>Keyboard/mouse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Keyboard/mouse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Layout">Layout</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Layout"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The PS/2 IBM <a href="/wiki/Model_M_keyboard" title="Model M keyboard">Model M keyboard</a> used the same 101-key layout of the previous <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC/AT" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC/AT">IBM PC/AT</a> Extended keyboard, itself derived from the original <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">IBM PC keyboard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-byte198706_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198706-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European variants had 102 keys with the addition of an extra key to the right of the left Shift key. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interface">Interface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PS2_hiiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IBM_PS2_hiiri.jpg/170px-IBM_PS2_hiiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IBM_PS2_hiiri.jpg/255px-IBM_PS2_hiiri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/IBM_PS2_hiiri.jpg/340px-IBM_PS2_hiiri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>The original IBM PS/2 mouse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ps-2-ports.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ps-2-ports.jpg/220px-Ps-2-ports.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ps-2-ports.jpg/330px-Ps-2-ports.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ps-2-ports.jpg/440px-Ps-2-ports.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>PS/2 connection ports (later colored purple for keyboard and green for mouse, according to <a href="/wiki/PC_97" class="mw-redirect" title="PC 97">PC 97</a>) were once commonly used for connecting input devices.</figcaption></figure> <p>PS/2 systems introduced a new specification for the <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> interfaces, which are still in use today (though increasingly supplanted by <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> devices) and are thus called "PS/2" interfaces. The PS/2 keyboard interface, inspired by Apple's ADB interface, was electronically identical to the long-established <a href="/wiki/AT_Keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="AT Keyboard">AT</a> interface, but the cable connector was changed from the 5-pin <a href="/wiki/DIN_connector" title="DIN connector">DIN connector</a> to the smaller 6-pin <a href="/wiki/Mini-DIN_connector" title="Mini-DIN connector">mini-DIN</a> interface. The same connector and a similar synchronous serial interface was used for the PS/2 mouse port. </p><p>The initial desktop <i><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">Model 50</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">Model 70</a></i> also featured a new cableless internal design, based on use of interposer circuit boards to link the internal drives to the planar (motherboard). Additionally, these machines could be largely disassembled and reassembled for service without tools. </p><p>Additionally, the PS/2 introduced a new software data area known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extended_BIOS_Data_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extended BIOS Data Area (page does not exist)">Extended BIOS Data Area</a> (EBDA). Its primary use was to add a new buffer area for the dedicated mouse port. This also required making a change to the "traditional" <a href="/w/index.php?title=BIOS_Data_Area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BIOS Data Area (page does not exist)">BIOS Data Area</a> (BDA) which was then required to point to the base address of the EBDA. </p><p>Another new PS/2 innovation was the introduction of bidirectional <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel ports</a> which, in addition to their traditional use for connecting a printer, could now function as a high-speed data transfer interface. This allowed the use of new hardware such as parallel port <a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">scanners</a>, CD-ROM drives, and also enhanced the capabilities of printers by allowing them to communicate with the host PC and send back signals instead of simply being a passive output device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Graphics">Graphics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Graphics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the initial range of PS/2 models were equipped with a new <a href="/wiki/Frame_buffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame buffer">frame buffer</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a>, or VGA for short. This effectively replaced the previous <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">EGA</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-byte198706_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198706-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VGA increased graphics memory to 256 KB and provided for resolutions of 640×480 with 16 colors, and <span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> with 256 colors. VGA also provided a palette of <a href="/wiki/List_of_monochrome_and_RGB_color_formats#18-bit_RGB" title="List of monochrome and RGB color formats">262,144 colors</a> (as opposed to the EGA palette of 64 colors). The <a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">XGA</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_display_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer display standard">computer display standards</a> were also introduced on the PS/2 line. </p><p>Key monitors and their maximum resolutions: </p> <ul><li>8504: 12″, <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 60 Hz <a href="/wiki/Non-interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interlaced">non-interlaced</a>, 1991, monochrome</li> <li>8507: 19″, <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span>, 43.5 Hz <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a>, 1988, monochrome</li> <li>8511: 14″, <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 60 Hz <a href="/wiki/Non-interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interlaced">non-interlaced</a>, 1987</li> <li>8512: 14″, <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 60 Hz <a href="/wiki/Non-interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interlaced">non-interlaced</a>, 1987</li> <li>8513: 12″, <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 60 Hz <a href="/wiki/Non-interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interlaced">non-interlaced</a>, 1987</li> <li>8514: 16″, <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span>, 43.5 Hz <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a>, 1987</li> <li>8515: 14″, <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span>, 43.5 Hz <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a>, 1991</li> <li>8516: 14″, <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span>, 43.5 Hz <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a>, 1991</li> <li>8518: 14″, <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, 75 Hz <a href="/wiki/Non-interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interlaced">non-interlaced</a>, 1992</li> <li>9515: 14″, <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span>, 43.5 Hz <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a>, 1992</li> <li>9517: 16″, <span class="nowrap">1280 × 1024</span>, 53 Hz <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a>, 1991</li> <li>9518: 14″, <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, <a href="/wiki/Non-interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interlaced">non-interlaced</a>, 1992</li> <li>38F4737: 10", <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, <a href="/wiki/Non-interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-interlaced">non-interlaced</a>, 1989, amber monochrome plasma screen; this display was exclusive to models P70 and P75</li></ul> <p>In truth, all XGA <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span> monitors are multimode, as XGA works as an add-on card to a built-in VGA and transparently passes the VGA signal through when not operating in a high-resolution mode. All of the listed 85xx displays can therefore sync 640×480 at 60 Hz (or <span class="nowrap">720 × 400</span> at 70 Hz) in addition to any higher mode they may also be capable of. This however is not true of the 95xx models (and some unlisted 85xx's), which are specialist workstation displays designed for use with the XGA-2 or Image Adapter/A cards, and whose fixed frequencies all exceed that of basic VGA – the lowest of their commonly available modes instead being <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> at 75 Hz, if not something much higher still. It is also worth noting that these were still merely dual- or "multiple-frequency" monitors, not variable-frequency (also known as multisync); in particular, despite running happily at <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>, <span class="nowrap">720 × 400</span> and <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span>, an (e.g.) 8514 cannot sync the otherwise common intermediate <span class="nowrap">800 × 600</span> SVGA resolution, even at the relatively low 50 to 56 Hz refresh rates initially used. </p><p>Although the design of these adapters did not become an industry standard as VGA did, their <span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span> pixel resolution was subsequently widely adopted as a standard by other manufacturers, and XGA became a synonym for this screen resolution. The only exceptions were the bottom-rung 8086-based Model 25 and 30, which had a cut-down version of VGA referred to as <a href="/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">MCGA</a>; the 286 models came with VGA. This supported CGA graphics modes, VGA <span class="nowrap">320 × 200</span> 256 color and <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span> monochrome mode, but not EGA or color <span class="nowrap">640 × 480</span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MCA_IBM_XGA-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCA_IBM_XGA-2.jpg/220px-MCA_IBM_XGA-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCA_IBM_XGA-2.jpg/330px-MCA_IBM_XGA-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MCA_IBM_XGA-2.jpg/440px-MCA_IBM_XGA-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>MCA IBM XGA-2 graphics card</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="VGA_video_connector">VGA video connector</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: VGA video connector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the new PS/2 graphics systems (whether MCGA, VGA, 8514, or later XGA) used a 15-pin <a href="/wiki/D-sub" class="mw-redirect" title="D-sub">D-sub</a> connector for video out. This used analog RGB signals, rather than four or six digital color signals as on previous CGA and EGA monitors. The digital signals limited the color gamut to a fixed 16- or 64-color palette with no room for expansion. In contrast, any color depth (bits per primary) can be encoded into the analog RGB signals so the color gamut can be increased arbitrarily by using wider (more bits per sample) <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">DACs</a> and a more sensitive monitor. The connector was also compatible with analog grayscale displays. Unlike earlier systems such as <a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">MDA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Graphics_Card" title="Hercules Graphics Card">Hercules</a>, this was transparent to software, so all programs supporting the new standards could run unmodified whichever type of display was attached. On the other hand, whether the display was color or monochrome was undetectable to software, so selection between application displays optimized for color or monochrome, in applications that supported both, required user intervention. These grayscale displays were relatively inexpensive during the first few years the PS/2 was available, and they were very commonly purchased with lower-end models. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA connector</a> became the de facto standard for connecting monitors and projectors on both PC and non-PC hardware over the course of the early 1990s, replacing a variety of earlier connectors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage">Storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_70,_riser_for_floppy_and_hard_drive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_70%2C_riser_for_floppy_and_hard_drive.jpg/220px-IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_70%2C_riser_for_floppy_and_hard_drive.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_70%2C_riser_for_floppy_and_hard_drive.jpg/330px-IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_70%2C_riser_for_floppy_and_hard_drive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_70%2C_riser_for_floppy_and_hard_drive.jpg/440px-IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_70%2C_riser_for_floppy_and_hard_drive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Some PS/2 models used a quick-attachment socket on the back of the floppy drive which is incompatible with a standard 5.25" floppy connector.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_55_SX,_hard_drive_bus_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_55_SX%2C_hard_drive_bus_closeup.jpg/220px-IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_55_SX%2C_hard_drive_bus_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_55_SX%2C_hard_drive_bus_closeup.jpg/330px-IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_55_SX%2C_hard_drive_bus_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_55_SX%2C_hard_drive_bus_closeup.jpg/440px-IBM_PS2_MCA_Model_55_SX%2C_hard_drive_bus_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Close-up of unusual 72-pin MCA internal hard drive connector</figcaption></figure> <p>Apple had first popularized the 3.5" floppy on the Macintosh line and IBM brought them to the PC in 1986 with the <a href="/wiki/PC_Convertible" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Convertible">PC Convertible</a>. In addition, they could be had as an optional feature on the XT and AT. The PS/2 line used entirely 3.5" drives which assisted in their quick adoption by the industry, although the lack of 5.25" drive bays in the computers created problems later on in the 1990s as they could not accommodate internal CD-ROM drives. In addition, the lack of built-in 5.25" floppy drives meant that PS/2 users could not immediately run the large body of existing IBM-compatible software.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However IBM made available optional external 5.25" drives, with internal adapters for the early PS/2 models, to enable data transfer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_3.5-inch_DD_and_HD_diskettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IBM_3.5-inch_DD_and_HD_diskettes.jpg/220px-IBM_3.5-inch_DD_and_HD_diskettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IBM_3.5-inch_DD_and_HD_diskettes.jpg/330px-IBM_3.5-inch_DD_and_HD_diskettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/IBM_3.5-inch_DD_and_HD_diskettes.jpg/440px-IBM_3.5-inch_DD_and_HD_diskettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption>3.5" DD and HD floppies</figcaption></figure> <p>In the initial lineup, IBM used 720 KB double density (DD) capacity drives on the 8086-based models and 1440 KB high density (HD) on the 80286-based and higher models. By the end of the PS/2 line they had moved to a somewhat standardized capacity of 2880 KB. </p><p>The PS/2 floppy drives lacked a capacity detector. 1440 KB floppies had a hole so that drives could distinguish them from 720 KB floppies, preventing users from formatting the smaller capacity disks to the higher capacity (doing so would work, but with a higher tendency of data loss). Clone manufacturers implemented the hole detection, but IBM did not. As a result of this a 720 KB floppy could be formatted to 1440 KB in a PS/2, but the resulting floppy would only be readable by a PS/2 machine.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PS/2s primarily used <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi" title="Mitsubishi">Mitsubishi</a> floppy drives and did not use a separate Molex power connector; the data cable also contained the power supply lines. As the hardware aged the drives often malfunctioned due to bad quality <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The PS/2 used several different types of internal hard drives. Early models used <a href="/wiki/Modified_Frequency_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Frequency Modulation">MFM</a> or <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a> drives. Some desktop models used combo power/data cables similar to the floppy drives. Later models used <a href="/w/index.php?title=DBA_ESDI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DBA ESDI (page does not exist)">DBA ESDI</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parallel_SCSI" title="Parallel SCSI">Parallel SCSI</a>. Typically, desktop PS/2 models only permitted use of one hard drive inside the computer case. Additional storage could be attached externally using the optional SCSI interface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Later PS/2 models introduced the <a href="/wiki/SIMM#72-pin_SIMMs" title="SIMM">72-pin SIMM</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> standard for <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a> modules by the mid-1990s in mid-to-late <a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">486</a> and nearly all <a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Pentium</a> desktop systems. The 72-pin SIMMs were 32/36 bits wide and replaced the old <a href="/wiki/SIMM#30-pin_SIMMs" title="SIMM">30-pin SIMM</a> (8/9-bit) standard. The older SIMMs were much less convenient because they had to be installed in sets of two or four to match the width of the CPU's 16-bit (Intel 80286 and <a href="/wiki/I386#The_80386SX_variant" title="I386">80386SX</a>) or 32-bit (80386 and <a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">80486</a>) data bus, and would have been extremely inconvenient to use in Pentium systems (which featured a 64-bit memory bus). The 72-pin SIMMs were also made with greater capacities (starting at 1 MB and ultimately reaching 128 MB, instead of 256 KB to 16 MB (and usually no more than 4 MB) for 30-pin) and in a more finely graduated range (powers of 2, instead of powers of 4). </p><p>Many PS/2 models also used proprietary IBM SIMMs and could not be fitted with commonly available types. However industry standard SIMMs could be modified to work in PS/2 machines if the SIMM-presence and SIMM-type detection bridges, or associated contacts, were correctly rewired.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models">Models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">List of IBM PS/2 models</a></div> <p>At launch, the PS/2 family comprised the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">Model 30</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">60</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">80</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-byte198706_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198706-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">Model 25</a> was launched a few months later. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="65" data-mwtitle="IBM_Personal_System2_Intel_286_computer.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:IBM_Personal_System2_Intel_286_computer.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/IBM_Personal_System2_Intel_286_computer.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/IBM_Personal_System2_Intel_286_computer.ogg/IBM_Personal_System2_Intel_286_computer.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption>IBM Personal System/2 <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30_286" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30 286">Model 30 286</a>. <a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">Power-on self-test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrapping (computing)">bootstrapping</a>, power-off</figcaption></figure> <p>The PS/2 Models 25 and 30 (IBM 8525 and 8530, respectively) were the lowest-end models in the lineup and meant to replace the IBM PC and XT. Model 25s came with either an 8086 CPU running at 8 MHz, 512 KB of RAM, and 720 KB floppy disks, or 80286 CPU. The 8086s had ISA expansion slots and a built-in MCGA monitor, which could be either color or monochrome, while the 80286 models came with VGA monitor and ISA expansion slots. A cut-down Model M keyboard with no numeric keypad was standard, with the normal keyboard being an extra-cost option. There was a very rare later model called the PS/2 Model 25-SX which sported either a 16 MHz or 20 MHz 386 CPU, up to 12 MB of memory, IDE hard drive, VGA Monitor and 16 bit ISA slots making it the highest available model 25 available denoted by model number 8525-L41. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25-sx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/25-sx.jpg/220px-25-sx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/25-sx.jpg/330px-25-sx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/25-sx.jpg/440px-25-sx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2763" data-file-height="1554" /></a><figcaption>Case badge on a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">Model 25 SX</a> (8525-L41)</figcaption></figure><p> The Model 30 had either an 8086 or 286 CPU and sported the full 101-key keyboard and standalone monitor along with three 8-bit ISA expansion slots. 8086 models had 720 KB floppies while 286 models had 1440 KB ones. Both the Model 25 and 30 could have an optional 20 MB <a href="/wiki/ST-506" class="mw-redirect" title="ST-506">ST-506</a> hard disk (which in the Model 25 took the place of the second floppy drive if so equipped and used a proprietary 3.5" form factor). 286-based Model 30s are otherwise a full AT-class machine and support up to 4 MB of RAM. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Personal_System_2_Model_25.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Personal_System_2_Model_25.png/170px-Personal_System_2_Model_25.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Personal_System_2_Model_25.png/255px-Personal_System_2_Model_25.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Personal_System_2_Model_25.png/340px-Personal_System_2_Model_25.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>IBM Personal System/2 <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">Model 25</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Later ISA PS/2 models comprised the <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">Model 30 286</a> (a Model 30 with an <a href="/wiki/Intel_286" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 286">Intel 286</a> CPU), <i>Model 35</i> (IBM 8535) and <i>Model 40</i> (IBM 8540) with <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 386SX</a> or IBM <a href="/wiki/386SLC" class="mw-redirect" title="386SLC">386SLC</a> processors. </p><p>The higher-numbered models (above 50) were equipped with the Micro Channel bus and mostly <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Small_Disk_Interface" title="Enhanced Small Disk Interface">ESDI</a> or <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a> (models 60-041 and 80-041 had <a href="/wiki/Modified_Frequency_Modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Modified Frequency Modulation">MFM</a> hard drives). PS/2 <i>Models 50</i> (IBM 8550) and <i>60</i> (IBM 8560) used the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 286</a> processor, the PS/2 <i><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">Models 70 386</a></i> (IBM 8570) and <i>80</i> used the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">386DX</a>, while the mid-range PS/2 <i><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">Model 55 SX</a></i> (IBM 8555–081) and used the 16/32-bit 386SX processor. The <i>Model 50</i> was revised to the <i><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50_Z" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50 Z">Model 50 Z</a></i> still with 10 MHz 80286 processor, but with memory run at zero wait state, and a switch to ESDI hard drives. Later <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70_486" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70 486">Model 70 486</a> and 80 variants (B-xx) also used 25 MHz <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">Intel 486</a> processors, in a complex called the Power Platform. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DeuxPS2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DeuxPS2.jpg/170px-DeuxPS2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DeuxPS2.jpg/255px-DeuxPS2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/DeuxPS2.jpg/340px-DeuxPS2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The externally very similar <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">Models 60</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">80</a> next to each other</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_Model70_80386.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/IBM_Model70_80386.JPG/220px-IBM_Model70_80386.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/IBM_Model70_80386.JPG/330px-IBM_Model70_80386.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/IBM_Model70_80386.JPG/440px-IBM_Model70_80386.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>IBM Model 70 (case open over case closed)</figcaption></figure> <p>The PS/2 <i>Models 90</i> (IBM 8590/9590) and <i>95</i> (IBM 8595/9595/9595A) used Processor Complex <a href="/wiki/Daughterboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughterboard">daughterboards</a> holding the <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>, memory controller, MCA interface, and other system components. The available Processor Complex options ranged from the 20 MHz <a href="/wiki/Intel_80486" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80486">Intel 486</a> to the 90 MHz <a href="/wiki/Intel_P5" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel P5">Pentium</a> and were fully interchangeable. The IBM <i>PC Server 500</i>, which has a motherboard identical to the 9595A, also uses Processor Complexes. </p><p>Other later Micro Channel PS/2 models included the Model <i>65SX</i> with a 16 MHz 386SX; various <i>Model 53</i> (IBM 9553), <i>56</i> (IBM 8556) and <i>57</i> (IBM 8557) variants with 386SX, 386SLC or 486SLC2 processors; the <i>Models 76</i> and <i>77</i> (IBM 9576/9577) with 486SX or 486DX2 processors respectively; and the 486-based <i>Model 85</i> (IBM 9585). </p><p>The IBM <i><a href="/wiki/PS/2E" class="mw-redirect" title="PS/2E">PS/2E</a></i> (IBM 9533) was the first <a href="/wiki/Energy_Star" title="Energy Star">Energy Star</a> compliant personal computer. It had a 50 MHz <a href="/wiki/IBM_486SLC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 486SLC">IBM 486SLC</a> processor, an <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> bus, four <a href="/wiki/PC_card" class="mw-redirect" title="PC card">PC card</a> slots, and an <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Technology Attachment">IDE</a> hard drive interface. The environmentally friendly PC borrowed many components from the <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a> line and was composed of recycled plastics, designed to be easily recycled at the end of its life, and used very little power. </p><p>The IBM PS/2 <i><b>Server</b> 195</i> and <i>295</i> (IBM 8600) were 486-based dual-bus MCA network <a href="/wiki/Server_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Server computer">servers</a> supporting <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_multiprocessing" title="Asymmetric multiprocessing">asymmetric multiprocessing</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Parallan_Computer" title="Parallan Computer">Parallan Computer Inc</a>. </p><p>The IBM <i>PC Server 720</i> (IBM 8642) was the largest MCA-based server made by IBM, although it was not, strictly speaking, a PS/2 model. It could be fitted with up to six Intel Pentium processors interconnected by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Corollary_C-bus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corollary C-bus (page does not exist)">Corollary C-bus</a> and up to eighteen SCSI hard disks. This model was equipped with seven combination MCA/<a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> slots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PS/2_portables,_laptops_and_notebooks"><span id="PS.2F2_portables.2C_laptops_and_notebooks"></span>PS/2 portables, laptops and notebooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: PS/2 portables, laptops and notebooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">IBM PS/2 portable computers</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note_and_PS/note" title="IBM PS/2 Note and PS/note">IBM PS/2 Note and PS/note</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PS2_N33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IBM_PS2_N33.jpg/220px-IBM_PS2_N33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IBM_PS2_N33.jpg/330px-IBM_PS2_N33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/IBM_PS2_N33.jpg/440px-IBM_PS2_N33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>PS/2 N33SX laptop (1992)</figcaption></figure> <p>IBM also produced several <b>portable and <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> PS/2s</b>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_L40_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX">Model L40</a></i> (ISA-bus 386SX), <i>N33</i> (IBM's first notebook-format computer from year 1991, Model 8533, 386SX), <i>N51</i> (386SX/SLC), <i>P70</i> (386DX) and <i>P75</i> (486DX2). </p><p>The IBM <i>ThinkPad 700C</i>, aside from being labeled "700C PS/2" on the case, featured MCA and a 486SLC CPU. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="6152_Academic_System">6152 Academic System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 6152 Academic System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/IBM_ROMP" title="IBM ROMP">IBM ROMP</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">IBM RT PC</a></div> <p>The 6152 Academic System was a <a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">workstation computer</a> developed by IBM's Academic Information Systems (ACIS) division for the university market introduced in February 1988. The 6152 was based on the PS/2 Model 60, adding a RISC Adapter Card on the <a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Micro Channel">Micro Channel</a> bus. This card was a co-processor that enabled the 6152 to run <a href="/wiki/IBM_ROMP" title="IBM ROMP">ROMP</a> software compiled for IBM's <a href="/wiki/Academic_Operating_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Operating System">Academic Operating System</a> (AOS), a version of <a href="/wiki/BSD_UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD UNIX">BSD UNIX</a> for the ROMP that was only available to select colleges and universities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RISC Adapter Card contained the ROMP-C microprocessor (an enhanced version of the ROMP that first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC" title="IBM RT PC">IBM RT PC</a> workstations), a <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a> (the ROMP had <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_unit" title="Floating-point unit">floating-point</a> <a href="/wiki/Coprocessor" title="Coprocessor">coprocessor</a>, and up to 8<span class="nowrap"> </span>MB of memory for use by the ROMP.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6152 was the first computer to use the ROMP-C, which would later be introduced in new RT PC models.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBM_PS_2_in_use_-_late_1980s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IBM_PS_2_in_use_-_late_1980s.jpg/220px-IBM_PS_2_in_use_-_late_1980s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IBM_PS_2_in_use_-_late_1980s.jpg/330px-IBM_PS_2_in_use_-_late_1980s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/IBM_PS_2_in_use_-_late_1980s.jpg/440px-IBM_PS_2_in_use_-_late_1980s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="3167" /></a><figcaption>An IBM PS/2 in use in an office, probably late 1980s</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 1980s, IBM's advertising of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">original PC</a> and its other product lines had frequently used the likeness of <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>. For the PS/2, however, IBM augmented this character with the following jingle: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>How ya gonna do it?<br /> PS/2 it!<br /> It's as easy as IBM. (Or, "The solution is IBM.") </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Another campaign featured actors from the television show <i><a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a></i> playing the staff of a contemporary (i.e. late-1980s) business in roles reminiscent of their characters' roles from the series. Harry Morgan, Larry Linville, William Christopher, Wayne Rogers, Gary Burghoff, Jamie Farr, and Loretta Swit were in from the beginning, whereas Alan Alda joined the campaign later.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The profound lack of success of these advertising campaigns led, in part, to IBM's termination of its relationships with its global <a href="/wiki/Advertising_agency" title="Advertising agency">advertising agencies</a>; these accounts were reported by <a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)"><i>Wired</i></a> magazine to have been worth over $500 million a year, and the largest such account review in the history of business.<sup id="cite_ref-Advert_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Advert-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sales">Sales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overall, the PS/2 line was largely unsuccessful with the consumer market, even though the PC-based Models 30 and 25 were an attempt to address that. With what was widely seen as a technically competent but <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">cynical</a> attempt to gain undisputed control of the market, IBM unleashed an industry backlash, which went on to standardize VESA, EISA and PCI. In large part, IBM failed to establish a link in the consumer's mind between the PS/2 MicroChannel architecture and the immature OS/2 1.x operating system; the more capable OS/2 version 2.0 was not released until 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The firm suffered massive financial losses for the remainder of the 1980s, forfeiting its previously unquestioned position as the industry leader, and eventually lost its status as the largest manufacturer of personal computers, first to <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>. From a high of 10,000 employees in Boca Raton before the PS/2 came out, only seven years later, IBM had $600 million in unsold inventory and was laying off staff by the thousands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the failure of the PS/2 line to establish a new standard, IBM was forced to revert to building ISA PCs—following the industry it had once led—with the low-end <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/1" title="IBM PS/1">PS/1</a> line and later with the more compatible <a href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">PS/ValuePoint</a> lines. </p><p>Still, the PS/2 platform experienced some success in the corporate sector where the reliability, ease of maintenance and strong corporate support from IBM offset the rather daunting cost of the machines. Also, many people still lived with the motto "<a href="/wiki/Nobody_ever_got_fired_for_buying_an_IBM" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobody ever got fired for buying an IBM">Nobody ever got fired for buying an IBM</a>". In the mid-range desktop market, the models 55SX and later 56SX were the leading sellers for almost their entire lifetimes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later PS/2 models saw a production life span that took them into the late 1990s, within a few years of IBM selling off the division. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Timeline of the IBM Personal Computer <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Timeline_of_the_IBM_Personal_Computer" title="Template:Timeline of the IBM Personal Computer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Timeline_of_the_IBM_Personal_Computer" title="Template talk:Timeline of the IBM Personal Computer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_the_IBM_Personal_Computer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of the IBM Personal Computer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_203na3nfq7791c8r7gdva9f89dv346n"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkCentre" coords="696,266,793,286" title="IBM ThinkCentre" alt="IBM ThinkCentre" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_NetVista" coords="629,246,709,267" title="IBM NetVista" alt="IBM NetVista" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Palm_Top_PC_110" coords="516,226,636,247" title="IBM Palm Top PC 110" alt="IBM Palm Top PC 110" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Series" coords="494,207,580,227" title="IBM PC Series" alt="IBM PC Series" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" coords="492,187,561,207" title="IBM Aptiva" alt="IBM Aptiva" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PS/ValuePoint" coords="445,167,553,188" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint" alt="IBM PS/ValuePoint" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/ThinkPad" coords="445,147,525,168" title="ThinkPad" alt="ThinkPad" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/EduQuest" coords="432,127,513,148" title="EduQuest" alt="EduQuest" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PS/note" coords="430,108,505,128" title="IBM PS/note" alt="IBM PS/note" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" coords="426,88,490,109" title="Ambra Computer Corporation" alt="Ambra Computer Corporation" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PCradio" coords="424,68,499,89" title="IBM PCradio" alt="IBM PCradio" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PS/1" coords="377,48,436,69" title="IBM PS/1" alt="IBM PS/1" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55" coords="310,29,374,49" title="IBM PS/55" alt="IBM PS/55" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2" coords="310,9,368,30" title="IBM PS/2" alt="IBM PS/2" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT_286" coords="296,325,465,346" title="IBM Personal Computer XT 286" alt="IBM Personal Computer XT 286" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" coords="285,305,399,326" title="IBM PC Convertible" alt="IBM PC Convertible" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_JX" coords="250,286,298,306" title="IBM JX" alt="IBM JX" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT/370" coords="249,266,418,286" title="IBM Personal Computer AT/370" alt="IBM Personal Computer AT/370" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" coords="245,246,393,267" title="IBM Personal Computer AT" alt="IBM Personal Computer AT" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Industrial_Computer" coords="238,226,380,247" title="IBM Industrial Computer" alt="IBM Industrial Computer" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" coords="234,207,293,227" title="IBM PCjr" alt="IBM PCjr" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" coords="232,187,413,207" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer" alt="IBM Portable Personal Computer" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT/370" coords="224,167,393,188" title="IBM Personal Computer XT/370" alt="IBM Personal Computer XT/370" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_3270_PC" coords="224,147,299,168" title="IBM 3270 PC" alt="IBM 3270 PC" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" coords="210,127,357,148" title="IBM Personal Computer XT" alt="IBM Personal Computer XT" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_5550" coords="210,108,268,128" title="IBM 5550" alt="IBM 5550" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" coords="172,88,302,109" title="IBM Personal Computer" alt="IBM Personal Computer" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster" coords="157,68,304,89" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster" alt="IBM System/23 Datamaster" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_5120" coords="132,48,190,69" title="IBM 5120" alt="IBM 5120" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_5110" coords="83,29,141,49" title="IBM 5110" alt="IBM 5110" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/IBM_5100" coords="26,9,84,30" title="IBM 5100" alt="IBM 5100" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_203na3nfq7791c8r7gdva9f89dv346n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/203na3nfq7791c8r7gdva9f89dv346n.png" /></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">Asterisk (*) denotes a model released in Japan only </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From left to right: a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Server" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Server">Server 95</a>, a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">Model 80</a>, a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">Model 25</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_E" title="IBM PS/2 E">PS/2 E</a> on top of a Model 56 and a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30_286" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30 286">Model 30 286</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTooley1995" class="citation book cs1">Tooley, Mike (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QX_NCgAAQBAJ"><i>PC-based Instrumentation and Control</i></a>. Elsevier. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080938271" title="Special:BookSources/9780080938271"><bdi>9780080938271</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425164211/https://books.google.com/books?id=QX_NCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-21</span></span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PC-based+Instrumentation+and+Control&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780080938271&rft.aulast=Tooley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQX_NCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1988" class="citation web cs1">Clancy, Heather (June 2, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/02/IBM-adds-to-second-generation-of-personal-computers/7134581227200/">"IBM adds to second generation of personal computers"</a>. UPI. p. 219. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221030516/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/06/02/IBM-adds-to-second-generation-of-personal-computers/7134581227200/">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+adds+to+second+generation+of+personal+computers&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=UPI&rft.date=1988-06-02&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1988%2F06%2F02%2FIBM-adds-to-second-generation-of-personal-computers%2F7134581227200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029050152/http://www.nj7p.org/Computers/IBM%20PC/work/PS2_HI.pdf"><i>IBM Personal System/2 Hardware Interface Technical Reference</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM. May 1988. 68X2330. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nj7p.org/Computers/IBM%20PC/work/PS2_HI.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+Personal+System%2F2+Hardware+Interface+Technical+Reference&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=1988-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nj7p.org%2FComputers%2FIBM%2520PC%2Fwork%2FPS2_HI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcamafia.de/pdf/pdfref.htm">"PS/2 Reference Manuals"</a>. <i>MCA Mafia</i>. 2006-03-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161103035051/http://www.mcamafia.de/pdf/pdfref.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MCA+Mafia&rft.atitle=PS%2F2+Reference+Manuals&rft.date=2006-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcamafia.de%2Fpdf%2Fpdfref.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2012" class="citation magazine cs1">McCracken, Harry (2 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techland.time.com/2012/04/02/25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system/2/">"25 Years of IBM's OS/2: The Strange Days and Surprising Afterlife of a Legendary Operating System"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930084010/http://techland.time.com/2012/04/02/25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span> – via techland.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=25+Years+of+IBM%27s+OS%2F2%3A+The+Strange+Days+and+Surprising+Afterlife+of+a+Legendary+Operating+System&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechland.time.com%2F2012%2F04%2F02%2F25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-borrell199205-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-borrell199205_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrell1992" class="citation magazine cs1">Borrell, Jerry (May 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MacWorld_9205_May_1992#page/n21/mode/2up">"Opening Pandora's Box"</a>. <i>Macworld</i>. pp. 21–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macworld&rft.atitle=Opening+Pandora%27s+Box&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1992-05&rft.aulast=Borrell&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMacWorld_9205_May_1992%23page%2Fn21%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-discontinued-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-discontinued_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1995" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Jai (April 10, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oToEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3">"MCA, PS/2 bite the dust; OS/2 to follow?"</a>. <i>InfoWorld</i>. <b>17</b> (15): 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109224853/https://books.google.com/books?id=oToEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=MCA%2C+PS%2F2+bite+the+dust%3B+OS%2F2+to+follow%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1995-04-10&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Jai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoToEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte198706-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-byte198706_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byte198706_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byte198706_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byte198706_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-byte198706_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBYTE_editorial_staff1987" class="citation news cs1">BYTE editorial staff (June 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1987-06/1987_06_BYTE_12-06_CAD_Mice_12-MHz_ATs_IBM_PS2_Family#page/n131/mode/2up">"The IBM PS/2 Computers"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. p. 100<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+IBM+PS%2F2+Computers&rft.pages=100&rft.date=1987-06&rft.au=BYTE+editorial+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1987-06%2F1987_06_BYTE_12-06_CAD_Mice_12-MHz_ATs_IBM_PS2_Family%23page%2Fn131%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcamafia.de/pdf/server_hmm_s30h2501_01.pdf">"Hardware Maintenance Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mcamafia.de</i>. March 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230425135058/http://www.mcamafia.de/pdf/server_hmm_s30h2501_01.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mcamafia.de&rft.atitle=Hardware+Maintenance+Manual&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcamafia.de%2Fpdf%2Fserver_hmm_s30h2501_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Held2000-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Held2000_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert_Held2000" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert Held (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9q-i_HGtAAC&pg=PA199"><i>Server Management</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3106-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-3106-5"><bdi>978-1-4200-3106-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Server+Management&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4200-3106-5&rft.au=Gilbert+Held&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9q-i_HGtAAC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJim_Porter1998" class="citation web cs1">Jim Porter (1998-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328044723/http://www.disktrend.com/pdf/portrpkg.pdf">"100th Anniversary Conference: Magnetic Recording and Information Storage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. disktrend.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.disktrend.com/pdf/portrpkg.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=100th+Anniversary+Conference%3A+Magnetic+Recording+and+Information+Storage&rft.pub=disktrend.com&rft.date=1998-12-14&rft.au=Jim+Porter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.disktrend.com%2Fpdf%2Fportrpkg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhland" class="citation web cs1">Ohland, Louis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohlandl.ipv7.net/floppy/floppy.html#Format_720K_On_144MB">"floppy"</a>. <i>ohlandl.ipv7.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723160004/http://ohlandl.ipv7.net/floppy/floppy.html#Format_720K_On_144MB">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ohlandl.ipv7.net&rft.atitle=floppy&rft.aulast=Ohland&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohlandl.ipv7.net%2Ffloppy%2Ffloppy.html%23Format_720K_On_144MB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcworld.com/article/258989/the_ibm_ps_2_25_years_of_pc_history.html">"The IBM PS/2: 25 Years of PC History"</a>. <i>PCWorld</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004213847/https://www.pcworld.com/article/258989/the_ibm_ps_2_25_years_of_pc_history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PCWorld&rft.atitle=The+IBM+PS%2F2%3A+25+Years+of+PC+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F258989%2Fthe_ibm_ps_2_25_years_of_pc_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaPlante1988" class="citation magazine cs1">LaPlante, Alice (1988-02-08). "Workstation Merges PS/2, RT Technology". <i>InfoWorld</i>. Vol. 10, no. 6. pp. 1, 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoWorld&rft.atitle=Workstation+Merges+PS%2F2%2C+RT+Technology&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1%2C+81&rft.date=1988-02-08&rft.aulast=LaPlante&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>IBM Academic System 6152: Quick Reference and Reference Diskette</i>. January 1988. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+Academic+System+6152%3A+Quick+Reference+and+Reference+Diskette&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1988-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_University_of_Michigan_Computing_Centerc._1988" class="citation magazine cs1">The University of Michigan Computing Center (c. 1988). "UNIX Notes". <i>U-M Computing News</i>. Vol. 3. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U-M+Computing+News&rft.atitle=UNIX+Notes&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=19&rft.au=The+University+of+Michigan+Computing+Center&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150528034318/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7Dqe4GQtjI">"M*A*S*H Cast Commercials - IMB PS/2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7Dqe4GQtjI">the original</a> on 2015-05-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=M%2AA%2AS%2AH+Cast+Commercials+-+IMB+PS%2F2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Df7Dqe4GQtjI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Advert-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Advert_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wired</i>, Issue 3.08, August 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2012" class="citation magazine cs1">McCracken, Harry (2 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techland.time.com/2012/04/02/25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system/2/">"25 Years of IBM's OS/2: The Strange Days and Surprising Afterlife of a Legendary Operating System"</a>. <i>Time</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150930084010/http://techland.time.com/2012/04/02/25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system/2/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2015</span> – via techland.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=25+Years+of+IBM%27s+OS%2F2%3A+The+Strange+Days+and+Surprising+Afterlife+of+a+Legendary+Operating+System&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechland.time.com%2F2012%2F04%2F02%2F25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107023344/http://www.bocahistory.org/our-history-ibm/">"IBM in Boca Raton | First Personal Computer | Companies in Boca Raton"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bocahistory.org/our-history-ibm/">the original</a> on 2017-11-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+in+Boca+Raton+%26%23124%3B+First+Personal+Computer+%26%23124%3B+Companies+in+Boca+Raton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bocahistory.org%2Four-history-ibm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayan1994" class="citation news cs1">Vijayan, Jaikumar (August 1, 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEU4Qex5594C&pg=PA4">"IBM cuts PC force, kills Ambra Corp"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. Vol. 28, no. 31. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231109224854/https://books.google.com/books?id=mEU4Qex5594C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=IBM+cuts+PC+force%2C+kills+Ambra+Corp.&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1994-08-01&rft.aulast=Vijayan&rft.aufirst=Jaikumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEU4Qex5594C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIBM+PS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burton, Greg. <i>IBM PC and PS/2 pocket reference</i>. NDD (the old dealer channel), 1991.</li> <li>Byers, T.J. <i>IBM PS/2: A Reference Guide</i>. Intertext Publications, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-009525-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-009525-6">0-07-009525-6</a>.</li> <li>Dalton, Richard and Mueller, Scott. <i>IBM PS/2 Handbook </i>. Que Publications, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88022-334-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88022-334-0">0-88022-334-0</a>.</li> <li>Held, Gilbert. <i>IBM PS/2: User's Reference Manual</i>. John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-62150-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-62150-1">0-471-62150-1</a>.</li> <li>Hoskins, Jim. <i>IBM PS/2</i>. John Wiley & Sons Inc., fifth revised edition, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-55195-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-55195-3">0-471-55195-3</a>.</li> <li>Leghart, Paul M. <i>The IBM PS/2 in-depth report</i>. Pachogue, NY: Computer Technology Research Corporation, 1988.</li> <li>Newcom, Kerry. <i>A Closer Look at IBM PS/2 Microchannel Architecture</i>. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.</li> <li>Norton, Peter. <i>Inside the IBM PC and PS/2</i>. Brady Publishing, fourth edition 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-465634-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-465634-2">0-13-465634-2</a>.</li> <li><i>Outside the IBM PC and PS/2: Access to New Technology</i>. Brady Publishing, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-643586-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-643586-6">0-13-643586-6</a>.</li> <li>Shanley, Tom. <i>IBM PS/2 from the Inside Out</i>. Addison-Wesley, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-57056-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-57056-4">0-201-57056-4</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_PS/2&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:IBM_Personal_System/2" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:IBM Personal System/2">IBM Personal System/2</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://retropc.org/index.html?action=w_podrazdela&id_podrazdel=145&id_soderjanie=91">IBM Type 8530</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenovo.com/psref/pdf/ps2book.pdf">IBM PS/2 Personal Systems Reference Guide</a> 1992 - 1995</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computercraft.com/docs/ps2sect.shtml">Computercraft - The PS/2 Resource Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ardent-tool.com/">Ardent Tool of Capitalism - covers all PS/2 models and adapters</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinouts.ws/ps-2-keyboard-pinout.html">PS/2 keyboard pinout</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810162125/http://www.computer-engineering.org/">PS/2 Mouse/Keyboard Interfacing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived August 10, 2015)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IBMPerso1987">Computer Chronicles episode on the PS/2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hpholm.dk/L40SX.html">IBM PS/2 L40 SX (8543)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IBM_personal_computers" title="Template talk:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IBM_personal_computers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IBM personal computers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="IBM_personal_computers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> personal computers</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_IBM_PC_on_the_personal_computer_market" title="Influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market">Influence on the PC market</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_the_IBM_PC_business_by_Lenovo" title="Acquisition of the IBM PC business by Lenovo">PC business acquisition by Lenovo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop<br />and all-in-one</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5120" title="IBM 5120">5120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System/23_Datamaster" title="IBM System/23 Datamaster">DataMaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">PC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_Personal_Computer_models" title="List of IBM Personal Computer models">list of models</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT" title="IBM Personal Computer XT">PC XT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">XT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_3270_PC" title="IBM 3270 PC">3270 PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_XT_286" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal Computer XT 286">XT 286</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_JX" title="IBM JX">JX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCjr" title="IBM PCjr">PCjr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer_AT" title="IBM Personal Computer AT">PC AT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">AT/370</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC-based_IBM_mainframe-compatible_systems" title="PC-based IBM mainframe-compatible systems">3270 AT</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5550" title="IBM 5550">5550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Industrial_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Industrial Computer">Industrial Computer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">PS/2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_IBM_PS/2_models" title="List of IBM PS/2 models">list of models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_25" title="IBM PS/2 Model 25">25 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_30" title="IBM PS/2 Model 30">30 286</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_50" title="IBM PS/2 Model 50">50 Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_55_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model 55 SX">55 LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_60" title="IBM PS/2 Model 60">65 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 386</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_70" title="IBM PS/2 Model 70">70 486</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_E" title="IBM PS/2 E">E</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55" title="IBM PS/55">PS/55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/V" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/V">PS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/1" title="IBM PS/1">PS/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EduQuest" title="EduQuest">EduQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/ValuePoint" title="IBM PS/ValuePoint">ValuePoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambra_Computer_Corporation" title="Ambra Computer Corporation">Ambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Series" title="IBM PC Series">PC Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_NetVista" title="IBM NetVista">NetVista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre" title="ThinkCentre">ThinkCentre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_A_series" title="ThinkCentre A series">A series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkCentre_M_series" title="ThinkCentre M series">M series</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portable</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5100" title="IBM 5100">5100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5110" title="IBM 5110">5110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Portable_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Portable Personal Computer">Portable PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">PS/2 portables</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_portable_computers" title="IBM PS/2 portable computers">P75</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laptop</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">pre-ThinkPad</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_Convertible" title="IBM PC Convertible">Convertible</a></li> <li>PS/2 Laptop <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_L40_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model L40 SX">L40 SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_CL57_SX" title="IBM PS/2 Model CL57 SX">CL57 SX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note_and_PS/note" title="IBM PS/2 Note and PS/note">PS/2 Note and PS/note</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N33SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N33SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N45SL" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N45SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SX" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#N51SLC" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">N51SLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Note#Model_425/425C" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PS/2 Note">Model 425/425C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/55_Note" title="IBM PS/55 Note">PS/55 Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PCradio" title="IBM PCradio">PCradio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad" title="ThinkPad">ThinkPad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_220" title="IBM ThinkPad 220">220</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_230" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 230">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_235" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 235">235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">240</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_300" title="IBM ThinkPad 300">300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_310" title="IBM ThinkPad 310">310</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_350" title="IBM ThinkPad 350">350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_360" title="IBM ThinkPad 360">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_365" title="IBM ThinkPad 365">365</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_380" title="IBM ThinkPad 380">380</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_390" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 390">390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_500" title="IBM ThinkPad 500">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_550BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">550BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_NoteJet#IBM_ThinkPad_555BJ" title="Canon NoteJet">555BJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_560" title="IBM ThinkPad 560">560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_570" title="IBM ThinkPad 570">570</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_600" title="IBM ThinkPad 600">600</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7<i>xx</i> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_700" title="IBM ThinkPad 700">700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_701" title="IBM ThinkPad 701">701 "Butterfly"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_750" title="IBM ThinkPad 750">750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_755" title="IBM ThinkPad 755">755</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_760" title="IBM ThinkPad 760">760</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_765" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad 765">765</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_770" title="IBM ThinkPad 770">770</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">821</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">860</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;vertical-align:top;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_G_series" title="ThinkPad G series">G50</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T_series" title="ThinkPad T series">T series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T20" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T20">T20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T21" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T21">T21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T22" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T22">T22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T23" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM ThinkPad T23">T23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T30" title="IBM ThinkPad T30">T30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T40" title="IBM ThinkPad T40">T40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T41" title="IBM ThinkPad T41">T41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T42" title="IBM ThinkPad T42">T42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_T43" title="IBM ThinkPad T43">T43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T60" title="ThinkPad T60">T60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_T61" title="ThinkPad T61">T61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_A_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad A series">A series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A20m</li> <li>A21m</li> <li>A22m</li> <li>A22e</li> <li>A20p</li> <li>A21p</li> <li>A22p</li> <li>A30</li> <li>A31</li> <li>A30p</li> <li>A31p</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_X40" title="IBM ThinkPad X40">X40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X60t</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_X_series" title="ThinkPad X series">X61t</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_R_series" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad R series">R61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_TransNote" title="IBM ThinkPad TransNote">TransNote</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Handheld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Palm_Top_PC_110" title="IBM Palm Top PC 110">Palm Top PC 110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad" title="IBM WorkPad">WorkPad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WorkPad_Z50" title="IBM WorkPad Z50">Z50</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Leapfrog" title="IBM Leapfrog">Leapfrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_Power_Series#Power_Series_600" title="IBM ThinkPad Power Series">Power Series 600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_240#Transmeta_Crusoe" title="IBM ThinkPad 240">ThinkPad 240 with Transmeta Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_WatchPad" title="IBM WatchPad">WatchPad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Monochrome_Display_Adapter" title="IBM Monochrome Display Adapter">Monochrome Display Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Graphics_Adapter" title="Color Graphics Adapter">Color Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Graphics_Adapter" title="Enhanced Graphics Adapter">Enhanced Graphics Adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Graphics_Controller" title="Professional Graphics Controller">Professional Graphics Controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Color_Graphics_Array" title="Multi-Color Graphics Array">Multi-Color Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">Video Graphics Array</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_8514" title="IBM 8514">IBM 8514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Graphics_Array" title="Extended Graphics Array">Extended Graphics Array</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-off" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_5151" title="IBM 5151">IBM 5151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_BASIC" title="IBM BASIC">IBM BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC%E2%80%93compatible" title="IBM PC–compatible">IBM PC–compatible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">Industry Standard Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_IntelliStation" title="IBM IntelliStation">IntelliStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_keyboard" title="IBM PC keyboard">Keyboards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_F_keyboard" title="Model F keyboard">Model F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_M_keyboard" title="Model M keyboard">Model M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture" title="Micro Channel architecture">Micro Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Music_Feature_Card" title="IBM Music Feature Card">Music Feature Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwave" title="Mwave">Mwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_4694" title="IBM 4694">SurePOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_UltraBay" title="ThinkPad UltraBay">UltraBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThinkLight" title="ThinkLight">ThinkLight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q284518#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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