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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications - Anton A. 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Until recently, communication between people was more or less limited by geographic proximity. Today, thanks to ongoing innovations in telecommunications, we live in an Information Age where distance has ceased to be an obstacle to the sharing of ideas. The Worldwide History of Telecommunications is the first comprehensive history ever written on the subject, covering every aspect of telecommunications from a global perspective. In clear, easy-to-understand language, the author presents telecommunications as a uniquely human achievement, dependent on the contributions of many ingenious inventors, discoverers, physicists, and engineers over a period spanning more than two centuries. From the crude signaling methods employed in antiquity all the way to today’s digital era, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications features complete and fascinating coverage of the groundbreaking innovations that have served to make telecommunications the largest industry on earth, including: Optical telegraphy Electrical telegraphy via wires and cables Telephony and telephone switching Radio transmission technologies Cryptography Coaxial and optical fiber networks Telex and telefax Multimedia applications Broad in scope, yet clear and logical in its presentation, this groundbreaking book will serve as an invaluable resource for anyone involved or merely curious about the ever evolving field of telecommunications. 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Until recently, communication between people was more or less limited by geographic proximity. Today, thanks to ongoing innovations in telecommunications, we live in an Information Age where distance has ceased to be an obstacle to the sharing of ideas. The Worldwide History of Telecommunications is the first comprehensive history ever written on the subject, covering every aspect of telecommunications from a global perspective. In clear, easy-to-understand language, the author presents telecommunications as a uniquely human achievement, dependent on the contributions of many ingenious inventors, discoverers, physicists, and engineers over a period spanning more than two centuries. From the crude signaling methods employed in antiquity all the way to today’s digital era, The Worldwide History of Telecommunications features complete and fascinating coverage of the groundbreaking innovations that have served to make telecommunications the largest industry on earth, including: Optical telegraphy Electrical telegraphy via wires and cables Telephony and telephone switching Radio transmission technologies Cryptography Coaxial and optical fiber networks Telex and telefax Multimedia applications Broad in scope, yet clear and logical in its presentation, this groundbreaking book will serve as an invaluable resource for anyone involved or merely curious about the ever evolving field of telecommunications. AAP-PSP 2003 Award Winner for excellence in the discipline of the \"History of Science\"","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DSnjGRDVIUL4C%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26dq%3DThe%2BWorldwide%2BHistory%2Bof%2BTelecommunications%26redir_esc%3Dy%26hl%3Den\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PP1","src":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PP1\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=3\u0026hl=en\u0026sig=ACfU3U0-6YqVGbbJ75cOyGyeoRluka6LmQ","highlights":[{"X":261,"Y":370,"W":71,"H":29},{"X":77,"Y":421,"W":439,"H":55},{"X":176,"Y":503,"W":248,"H":46},{"X":272,"Y":575,"W":55,"H":31},{"X":11,"Y":652,"W":562,"H":42}],"flags":32,"order":0,"uf":"https://books.google.com.sg/books_feedback?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026spid=AFLRE72vTlBWyVg98euvfqKF1CZwXaxyHzJIxmSfZPb6uzIQA8oYxzc\u0026ftype=0","vq":"The Worldwide History of Telecommunications","snippet_src":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PP1\u0026img=1\u0026pgis=1\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications\u0026sig=ACfU3U3tUQF4HhEeTGhjY5yeaaHnHtLjmQ\u0026edge=0"},{"pid":"PR3","src":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PR3\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=3\u0026hl=en\u0026sig=ACfU3U1mZIfpe3IS2_4iZapbSDnLmPLsNA"},{"pid":"PR4","src":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PR4\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=3\u0026hl=en\u0026sig=ACfU3U2vc-O3rgsTuBsStLPvs6u9QHUBxw"},{"pid":"PR5","src":"https://books.google.com.sg/books/content?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PR5\u0026img=1\u0026zoom=3\u0026hl=en\u0026sig=ACfU3U0tkkBOqArg_5_erBOk6t4nr3S1sg"}]},null,{"number_of_results":85,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PR4","page_number":"iv","snippet_text":"... Telecommunications , International Telecommunication Union , Geneva , 1990 , p . 39. ) Copyright © 2003 by John ... \u003cb\u003eThe worldwide history of telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e / Anton A. Huurdeman . p . cm . \u0026quot; A Wiley - Interscience publication\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PR4\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications"},{"page_id":"PR12","page_number":"xii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , 537 32.4.4 Personal Access Communications System , 539 32.5 International Mobile \u003cb\u003eTelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e System , 540 33 Telephony and Deregulation 33.1 \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Deregulation and Liberalization , 546 33.2\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PR12\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications"},{"page_id":"PR15","page_number":"xv","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e . The \u003cb\u003ehistory\u003c/b\u003e of the devel- opment of \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e is therefore not only of technical interest but also of general cultural importance . The beginning of modern \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e in the nineteenth century is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA3","page_number":"3","snippet_text":"Anton A. Huurdeman. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 DEFINITION OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Telecommunication is a technology that ... \u003cb\u003eThe Worldwide History of Telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , By Anton A. Huurdeman ISBN 0-471-20505-2 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA5","page_number":"5","snippet_text":"Anton A. Huurdeman. TECHNOLOGY BOX 1.1 Definitions of \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e The International \u003cb\u003eTelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e Union ( ITU ) officially recognized the term \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e in 1932 and defined it as : \u0026quot; any telegraph or telephone com\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA7","page_number":"7","snippet_text":"Anton A. Huurdeman. 1.2 \u003cb\u003eTELECOMMUNICATIONS\u003c/b\u003e TREE The evolution of \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e from optical telegraphy ( also called semaphore communication ) to multimedia in its various stages can be visualized in a \u003cb\u003etelecom\u003c/b\u003e- munications tree\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e began in the 1960s . The development of very high frequency ... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e , and in 36 countries there are more mobile than fixed telephones . The convergence of communications and computers ( C \u0026amp; C \u003cb\u003eTELECOMMUNICATIONS\u003c/b\u003e TREE 9."},{"page_id":"PA10","page_number":"10","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e interactive information exchange , tele working / medicine / banking / learning / shopping / booking ... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e experienced tremendous progress . Especially in the last 100 years , with the application of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe worldwide\u003c/b\u003e competition for the best technology , the writing telegraph of Morse proved its supe- riority and found \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e use . Morse became an internationally respected tele- communications expert . To celebrate his eightieth\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eThe Worldwide History of Telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , By Anton A. Huurdeman ISBN 0-471-20505-2 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons , Inc. warning of the approach of the Spanish Armada . Many 14 Evolution of Telecommunications Up to 1800\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first telegraph engineers . The Chappe brothers were ordered to construct on a turnkey basis at a ... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e began on August 15 , 1794 . A further triumph came on September 1 , 1794 , when 20 hours before\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA107","page_number":"107","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e cannot be covered within the scope of this book in the same detail as has been described for the United States , Canada , and Great Britain , instead , a country - by - country chronological summary of major achievements is\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e with radio - relay equipment to be powered exclusively by solar energy was opened between Alice Springs and Tennant Creek . The system was later extended along the overland line up ... \u003cb\u003eWORLDWIDE\u003c/b\u003e Indo-European Telegraph Line,"},{"page_id":"PA126","page_number":"126","snippet_text":"... - XI of 1989 , showed a photograph of another pole ( with the inscription \u0026quot; Siemens Patent London \u0026quot; ) still in use in Gagra at that time . The first message was sent on April 12 , 1870. 126 ELECTRICAL TELEGRAPH SYSTEMS \u003cb\u003eWORLDWIDE\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA145","page_number":"145","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eHistorical\u003c/b\u003e Photographs , NT Print Management , Alice Springs , Northern Territory , Australia , 1999 . Oslin , George P. , The Story of \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , Mercer University Press , Macon , GA , 1992 . Seeleman , Claus , Das Post und\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e oldest place of \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e equip- ment production . Antoine Breguet presented his telephone to ... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e longest tradition of industrial production of \u003cb\u003etelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e equipment , starting in the watch\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA180","page_number":"180","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e Union , Geneva , 1990 , p . 39. ) See insert for a color representation of this figure ... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e companies with \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e operations evolved from the modest Bell companies of the 1880s . In the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA181","page_number":"181","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e largest multinational \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e company , IT \u0026amp; T ( International Telephone \u0026amp; Telegraph Company , named ITT since 1958 ) , which , however , on January 1 , 1987 collapsed like a supernova and disappeared , giving\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA185","page_number":"185","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe World\u003c/b\u003e , written by P. J. Povey and R. A. J. Earl , once curators of the British Museum , and published by the IEE in 1988 , shows far over 100 of such rare and unusual telephones of outstanding design . 15 From the selection of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA186","page_number":"186","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , Mercer University Press , Macon , GA , 1992 . Povey , P. J. , and R. A. J. Earl , Vintage Telephones of \u003cb\u003ethe World\u003c/b\u003e , IEE \u003cb\u003eHistory\u003c/b\u003e of Technology Series 8 , Peter Peregrinus , London , 1988 . Siemens , Georg , Der Weg\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA192","page_number":"192","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e , for the education of female telephone operators . Out of about 17,000 applicants annually , fewer than 2000 were accepted and given one year of training , usually followed by employment . Marriage was a valid reason for\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA195","page_number":"195","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e , or as reported by the Chicago Herald , \u0026quot; the first telephone exchange without a single petticoat . \u0026quot; The first exchange was manufactured with 80 selectors , for 80 telephone sub- scribers , and each selector had 100\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA229","page_number":"229","snippet_text":"... the World . At that time , 10 million telephones were in use worldwide . The AT \u0026amp; T \u0026quot; statistics \u0026quot; became an ... \u003cb\u003eThe Worldwide History of Telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , By Anton A. Huurdeman ISBN 0-471-20505-2 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA240","page_number":"240","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Transmission Systems , Artech House , Norwood , MA , 1997 ; with permission of Artech House Books , 1997 . nately , \u003cb\u003ehistory\u003c/b\u003e relates that none of these remained in operation for longer than several weeks . The first\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA248","page_number":"248","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ea worldwide\u003c/b\u003e wave of telephone switching auto- mation began . The four major suppliers of telephone switching ... \u003cb\u003etelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e systems interface was still in its infancy , the company that obtained the order for the first\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA291","page_number":"291","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ea world- wide telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e operator to a global carrier focused on the business mar- ket . It has four main operating units : global markets , network operations and carrier services , Cable \u0026amp; Wireless United States , and Cable\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA292","page_number":"292","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e Union , Geneva , 1965 . Nesper , Eugen , Die drahtlose Telegraphie , Verlag von Julius Springer , Berlin , 1905 . Oslin , George P. , The Story of \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , Mercer University Press , Macon , GA , 1992\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA296","page_number":"296","snippet_text":""},{"page_id":"PA300","page_number":"300","snippet_text":"... telecommunication in the 1920s . Teleprinters became commonplace in the offices of companies and governmental ... \u003cb\u003eThe Worldwide History of Telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , By Anton A. Huurdeman ISBN 0-471-20505-2 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA327","page_number":"327","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e longest carrier telephone cable in service . The route of this line is shown in Figure 20.10 , which also shows the first submarine telegraph cable in 1871 , the first o / w telephone line in 1888 , and the first optical\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA343","page_number":"343","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first commercial radio - relay equipment , was amplitude- modulated ( AM ) using a klystron producing 1 ... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e ) in the U.K. and Le Matériel Télé- phonique ( LMT , now integrated into Alcatel Telspace ) in France\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA346","page_number":"346","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eThe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first radio- relay link , which connected continental France with Corsica and covered 205 km , went into operation in August 1947. Despite the distance , there was almost a direct line of sight , as the station on the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA347","page_number":"347","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ehistorical\u003c/b\u003e agreement made in 1925 , when AT \u0026amp; T agreed to limit its activities to North America , with IT \u0026amp; T to be active in the rest of \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e . Bell Labs started a two - year propagation study in 1938 over a 62 - km experimental\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA349","page_number":"349","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e application in the second half of the twentieth century , as described in Chapter 25 . REFERENCES Books ... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , Mercer University Press , Macon , GA , 1992 . Articles Budischin , F. , Rückschau über den\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA368","page_number":"368","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e systems : • Arpanet became the Internet ( Section 34.4 ) , currently the fastest - growing tele- communications service , with over 360 million users . • Frequency hopping and spread - spectrum coded signal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA376","page_number":"376","snippet_text":"... for the 11 - GHz bands ) . 377 \u003cb\u003eThe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first commonly planned multinational radio - relay 376 RADIO - RELAY NETWORKS Radio-Relay Systems \u003cb\u003eWorldwide\u003c/b\u003e, Radio-Relay Systems in North America, Radio-Relay Systems in Latin America,"},{"page_id":"PA377","page_number":"377","snippet_text":"... propagation conditions above the sea. Figure 25.5 Radio - relay repeater station on Mount Culiacan , Mexico . ( Courtesy of Alcatel SEL . ) Figure 25.6 Typical radio - relay repeater station in Central. RADIO - RELAY SYSTEMS \u003cb\u003eWORLDWIDE\u003c/b\u003e 377."},{"page_id":"PA386","page_number":"386","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e at all , were pro- vided with open - wire lines or , even less reliable , with HF radio . The cost of the civil works involved for the installation of cable systems make them too expensive to serve a few scattered\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA405","page_number":"405","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e without submarine tele- phone cable . This changed one year later when \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e longest submarine coaxial Marseilles Palermo Alexandria H G Terrestrial cable F Suez E D Jeddah Section ABCDEFGH Length Channels ( km ) 4 kHz\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA417","page_number":"417","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , International \u003cb\u003eTelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e Union , Geneva , 1990 , p . 85. ) of 54 m ( Figure 27.3 ) ... \u003cb\u003eThe worldwide\u003c/b\u003e deployment of Earth stations in the first 25 years is summarized in Table 27.1 . Figure 27.5 shows the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA428","page_number":"428","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworld- wide\u003c/b\u003e service could start in January 1969. At the end of the twentieth century , Intelsat had a ... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e ( LMGT ) . The name Comsat was retained for the non - US operations . LMGT announced in December\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA430","page_number":"430","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e largest VSAT company . It served mainly North America , but in 2000 it acquired Columbia Communications Corpo- ration , with \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e coverage . 26 AsiaSat AsiaSat , founded in 1988 with headquarters in Hong Kong , was the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA443","page_number":"443","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Transmission Systems , Artech House , Norwood , MA , 1997 . Michaelis , Anthony R. , From Semaphore to Satellite , International \u003cb\u003eTelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e Union , Geneva , 1965 . Oslin , George P. , The Story of\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PA443\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications"},{"page_id":"PA446","page_number":"446","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first patents for optical fiber transmission . He obtained German patent DBP 1254.513 for a ... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Transmission Systems , Artech House , Norwood , MA , 1997 ; with permission of Artech House Books\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA455","page_number":"455","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e , CNET , was the first to demonstrate transmission of 1 Tbps of data across an optical fiber cable 1000 km ... \u003cb\u003ethe worldwide\u003c/b\u003e 8 In the Alcatel \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Review for the third quarter of 2001 , Alcatel reported having\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA456","page_number":"456","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e largest manufacturer of optical fiber cable , with a global workforce of 40,000 and factories in the United States , Australia , Germany , the U.K. , and Vietnam . 28.2 TERRESTRIAL OPTICAL FIBER CABLE SYSTEMS Murray Ramsey\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA459","page_number":"459","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e services an all- dielectric fiber optical cable ( ADFOC ) was also developed , made entirely of electri- cally nonconductive material to enable installation in the immediate vicinity of high - voltage lines . This\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA461","page_number":"461","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe worldwide\u003c/b\u003e liberation of \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e services , laid transatlantic cables as fol- lows : • C \u0026amp; W laid PTAT ... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e laid Flag Atlantic - 1 , with a capacity of 2.4 Tbps in 2001 . Furthermore , C \u0026amp; W is building the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA466","page_number":"466","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e IP - based core network connecting 200 cities in 27 countries across the Americas , Asia , and Europe via ... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e operators during the Africa \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e exhibition in Cairo . Africa ONE would be a 32,000 - km\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA467","page_number":"467","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e , requiring massive bandwidth connectivity to the United States but also on the European , Asian , and Latin Amer- ican routes , caused a veritable boom in submarine cabling toward the end of the twentieth century . Whereas in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA469","page_number":"469","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eThe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e longest repeaterless route , at a length of 309 km , operated at 622 Mbps in 1995. It was laid between ... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e U.K. 80 C \u0026amp; W U.K. 72 Sprint United States 61 Telefonica Spain 56 Belgacom Belgium 51 Singtel Singapore\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA472","page_number":"472","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eWorldwide\u003c/b\u003e Testing of FITL Solutions The use of optical fiber cable for the local loop drew great interest ... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e New Zealand made its first tests in 1989 and connected 100 subscribers in a combined FTTC / FTTH test in 1993\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA475","page_number":"475","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eThe worldwide\u003c/b\u003e tests showed that cost parity with conventional copper access under favorable conditions would be ... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e infrastructure was installed within four years , including FTTC and FTTB , for some 1.2 million\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA490","page_number":"490","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first public time - division switch , precisely 50 years after the first British automatic telephone ... \u003cb\u003eTélécommunications\u003c/b\u003e ) was founded in 1944 , inspired by Bell Labs and by GPO\u0026#39;s laboratories at Dollis Hill in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA505","page_number":"505","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e a transition from analog to digital . Installed analog equipment might still be used for another 20 to 30 ... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e Review , No. 2 of 1982 , under the title \u0026quot; Information Network System : Infrastructure for an Advanced\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA527","page_number":"527","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Transmission Systems , Artech House , Norwood , MA , 1997 ; with permission of Artech House ... \u003cb\u003ethe worldwide\u003c/b\u003e 490 million cellular subscribers by year - end 1999. One year later there were 740 million subscribers\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA534","page_number":"534","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e Equipment Co. ( ZTE ) developed \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e first handsets with interstan- dard SIM cards for global roaming in CDMA and GSM networks . 32.3.3 Personal Digital Cellular System The \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Council of the Japanese\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA535","page_number":"535","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e net- works in which person - to - person communication is possible under a single national --and eventually , \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e personal telephone number independent of home or office . In a PCN , in order to offer personal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA544","page_number":"544","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e operators from the second half of 2000. Considered positively , this might force operators to acceler- ate implementation of the new networks even more in order to achieve a satisfactory return on investments . 28 A\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PA544\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications"},{"page_id":"PA546","page_number":"546","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e , of which almost 60 % were in the United States . Reconstruction of the \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e infrastructure ... \u003cb\u003eHistory of Telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , By Anton A. Huurdeman ISBN 0-471-20505-2 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA549","page_number":"549","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ea worldwide\u003c/b\u003e reshuffling of the \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e market occurred , with over 500 mergers and acquisitions , with the purpose of enlarging geographical coverage and service diversification . More than one - third of these mergers and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA551","page_number":"551","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e 99 in Geneva on October 9 , 1999 : \u0026quot; A quarter of all countries have not yet achieved even a basic level of access to \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e ( at a teledensity of 1 ) , and half \u003cb\u003ethe world\u0026#39;s\u003c/b\u003e people have never made or received a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA555","page_number":"555","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e top 10 \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e companies . Despite all efforts , however , AT \u0026amp; T had to cut the dividend ( by 83 % ) in the year 2000 for its 4 million shareholders for the first time in the company\u0026#39;s over - 100 - year his- tory\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA556","page_number":"556","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e operators formed an alliance named Stentor in 1992. Each company still operated on an exclusive basis in its geographic region , and Stentor was to provide national operational support to its members . Further changes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA558","page_number":"558","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e- munications Limited ( BTL ) . BTL was privatized in 1989 , when British \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e bought a 25 % share . This was the first \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e privatization in Central America and , after Chile , the second in Latin America . In\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA559","page_number":"559","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e , British \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e Source : Latin America and Mexico : a change in focus , \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , March 2000 , pp . 51-54 , 64 . \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e Megatel Intelig 1969 and 1973 it also took over international long - distance services as the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA561","page_number":"561","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e , Italian STET , J. P. Morgan , and Perez Com- pany ) , later named \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e Argentina . The two companies increased the teledensity from 10.7 to 21 in 2000. They lost their monopoly in November 2000 , when eight additional\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA563","page_number":"563","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e Italia , through STET International , obtained 50 % of the shares by investing the counter value in ... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e in Africa , Tam Tam to Internet , published in 1998 with forewords by Nelson Mandela , and Kofi\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA564","page_number":"564","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eWorldwide\u003c/b\u003e Total 1957 0.5 0.8 0.2 1.5 1.4 1976 1.1 2.1 1.4 4.6 1.2 1990 3.2 3.3 2.4 8.9 1.7 1997 7.5 4.7 3.3 15.5 1.9 2000 10.1 4.9 4.6 19.6 2.0 Source : Archiv für deutsche Postgeschichte , Vol . 1 , 1977 ; ITU , \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA565","page_number":"565","snippet_text":"Anton A. Huurdeman. International \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , even African intrastate communication , is still routed mainly ... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e Organization ( Arento ) , in five - year plans beginning in 1981 , increased the number of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA568","page_number":"568","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eWorldwide\u003c/b\u003e Total 1957 \u0026lt; 0.3 3.5 \u0026gt; 2.2 5.1 4.7 1976 \u0026lt; 0.3 43.2 \u0026gt; 16.1 59.6 15.7 1990 6.9 55.3 43.9 106.1 20.4 1997 ... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Indicators , 2000 ; Sie- mens , International \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e Statistics , 1977 , 1992 , and 1998\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA569","page_number":"569","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e development , the \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Regulatory Authority of India ( TRAI ) , established in 1997 ... \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e . Licenses are for 20 years and include 15 % revenue sharing with the government . To improve the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA571","page_number":"571","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e corporations ( and their independence from the postal services and other financial and administrative constraints experienced by most national \u003cb\u003etelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e administrations ) resulted in a tremendous development\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA572","page_number":"572","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e bastion , on February 1999 , when the Japanese telecommuni- cations market , representing about 65 % of the total Asian \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e mar- ket , was opened for competition . In July 2000 , NTT reduced\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA573","page_number":"573","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e networks in \u003cb\u003ethe world\u003c/b\u003e . The national operator , Singapore \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Ltd. ( SingTel ) , was partially privatized in 1993. In 1999 , the National Computer Board and the Tele- communication Authority of Singapore\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA576","page_number":"576","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e operators and \u003cb\u003etelecommunication\u003c/b\u003e equipment manufacturers faced a tremendous task to modernize the \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e infrastructure and to extend its capacity to meet the increased demand . To obtain access to state\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA590","page_number":"590","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Indicators Update of January 2001 , state that in the developed countries almost a third of the ... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e distribution of the 366,611,200 Internet users and the 106,710,508 Internet hosts by year - end 2000\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA595","page_number":"595","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e information , the finest Southeast Asian architecture , and an international multicultural population in a ... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e International , December 1997 , p . 62 . Cederquist , Lars , IP upgrade , On - The New\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PA595\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications"},{"page_id":"PA597","page_number":"597","snippet_text":"... the world . \u0026quot; The language question arose again and was solved in such a way that now , in alphabetical order ... \u003cb\u003eThe Worldwide History of Telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , By Anton A. Huurdeman ISBN 0-471-20505-2 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA599","page_number":"599","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e exhibitions in Geneva at four - year intervals as showcases of the state of the art and future trends . Those \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e exhibitions became the most influential gathering of \u003cb\u003etelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e profes- sionals \u003cb\u003eworldwide\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA601","page_number":"601","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eThe Worldwide History of Telecommunications\u003c/b\u003e , By Anton A. Huurdeman ISBN 0-471-20505-2 Copyright © 2003 John Wiley \u0026amp; Sons , Inc. Year 1837 Telecommunications Event 1839 1844 1847 1851 1852 1854 601 APPENDICES A Chronology of the Major\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA604","page_number":"604","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecommunications\u003c/b\u003e Event The last optical telegraph line closes on Curaçao . Four - channel multiplex is used on Baltimore - Pittsburgh line . U.K. - Australia radio - telegraphy is made over 17,700 km . Heinrich G. Barkhausen proposes\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA632","page_number":"632","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e , 472 Swiss PTT , 475 Swisscom , 575 TAS , Singapore , 573 Tata Teleservices , India , 569 TCNZ , New Zealand , 577 TdP , Peru , 561 Teishinsho , Japan , 279 Telautograph Co. , U.S. , 152 Telcel , Switzerland , 567 Telco Norte\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PA632\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications"},{"page_id":"PA633","page_number":"633","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eTelecom\u003c/b\u003e , 458 ZTE , China , 534 PART III SUBJECTS @ symbol , 584 7 * -unit code , 301 ABC pointer telegraph , 70 ABC ... \u003cb\u003ethe World\u003c/b\u003e , 229 Atlantic Crossing - 1 , 465 ATM , 507 Audion , 226 , 277 Autographic telegraph , 151\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C\u0026pg=PA633\u0026dq=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications"}],"search_query_escaped":"The Worldwide History of Telecommunications"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>