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aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In-flight_operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In-flight_operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In-flight operation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In-flight_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stukragomkering_(lugvaart)" title="Stukragomkering (lugvaart) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stukragomkering (lugvaart)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%B9" title="عاكس الدفع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عاكس الدفع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversi%C3%B3_d%27impuls" title="Inversió d'impuls – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inversió d'impuls" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obrace%C4%8D_tahu" title="Obraceč tahu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obraceč tahu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_reverser" title="Thrust reverser – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thrust reverser" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schubumkehr" title="Schubumkehr – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schubumkehr" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empuje_inverso" title="Empuje inverso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Empuje inverso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="معکوس‌سازی رانش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="معکوس‌سازی رانش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_de_pouss%C3%A9e" title="Inversion de poussée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inversion de poussée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daya_dorong_terbalik" title="Daya dorong terbalik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daya dorong terbalik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversori_di_spinta" title="Inversori di spinta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Inversori di spinta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%93%D7%97%D7%A3" title="היפוך דחף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היפוך דחף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sug%C3%A1rf%C3%A9k" title="Sugárfék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sugárfék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straalomkering" title="Straalomkering – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Straalomkering" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%86%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%9B%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="逆推力装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="逆推力装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odwracacz_ci%C4%85gu" title="Odwracacz ciągu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Odwracacz ciągu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversor_de_empuxo" title="Reversor de empuxo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reversor de empuxo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Реверс тяги – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Реверс тяги" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra%C4%8Dalnik_potiska" title="Obračalnik potiska – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obračalnik potiska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogaal-celinta_matoorka" title="Rogaal-celinta matoorka – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rogaal-celinta matoorka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suihkujarru" title="Suihkujarru – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suihkujarru" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversering" title="Reversering – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Reversering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ters_itme" title="Ters itme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ters itme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81_%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Реверс тяги – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Реверс тяги" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_th%E1%BB%95i_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c" title="Hệ thống thổi ngược – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống thổi ngược" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%8F%8D%E5%90%91%E5%99%A8" title="推力反向器 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="推力反向器" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q732673#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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</div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A6-EDW_A380_Emirates_engine_cu_b_%288079823886%29.jpg/220px-A6-EDW_A380_Emirates_engine_cu_b_%288079823886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A6-EDW_A380_Emirates_engine_cu_b_%288079823886%29.jpg/330px-A6-EDW_A380_Emirates_engine_cu_b_%288079823886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/A6-EDW_A380_Emirates_engine_cu_b_%288079823886%29.jpg/440px-A6-EDW_A380_Emirates_engine_cu_b_%288079823886%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A380" title="Airbus A380">Airbus A380</a> deploying thrust reverser while landing, blowing water from the wet surface and making the reversed air flow observable.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Thrust reversal</b>, also called <b>reverse thrust</b>, is the temporary diversion of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft engine</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> for it to act against the forward travel of the aircraft, providing <a href="/wiki/Deceleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Deceleration">deceleration</a>. Thrust reverser systems are featured on many <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> to help slow down just after touch-down, reducing wear on the brakes and enabling shorter landing distances. Such devices affect the aircraft significantly and are considered important for safe operations by <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>. There have been accidents involving thrust reversal systems, including fatal ones. </p><p>Reverse thrust is also available on many <a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller (aircraft)">propeller-driven aircraft</a> through reversing the <a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">controllable-pitch propellers</a> to a negative angle. The equivalent concept for a ship is called <a href="/wiki/Astern_propulsion" title="Astern propulsion">astern propulsion</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle_and_uses">Principle and uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principle and uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolls_Royce_RB.199_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rolls_Royce_RB.199_2.jpg/250px-Rolls_Royce_RB.199_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rolls_Royce_RB.199_2.jpg/330px-Rolls_Royce_RB.199_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rolls_Royce_RB.199_2.jpg/500px-Rolls_Royce_RB.199_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption>Half-deployed <a href="/wiki/Target-type_thrust_reversal" title="Target-type thrust reversal">target-type</a> reverser of a <a href="/wiki/Turbo-Union_RB199" title="Turbo-Union RB199">RB.199</a> engine for the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>, one of very few fighter aircraft with thrust reversal</figcaption></figure> <p>A landing roll consists of touchdown, bringing the aircraft to taxi speed, and eventually to a complete stop. However, most commercial jet engines continue to produce thrust in the forward direction, even when idle, acting against the deceleration of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brakes of the <a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">landing gear</a> of most modern aircraft are sufficient in normal circumstances to stop the aircraft by themselves, but for safety purposes, and to reduce the stress on the brakes,<sup id="cite_ref-Croucher2004_JAR_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croucher2004_JAR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another deceleration method can be beneficial. In scenarios involving bad weather, where factors like snow or rain on the runway reduce the effectiveness of the brakes, and in emergencies like <a href="/wiki/Rejected_takeoff" title="Rejected takeoff">rejected takeoffs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this need is more pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-Soares2011_Gas_turbines_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soares2011_Gas_turbines-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A simple and effective method is to reverse the direction of the exhaust stream of the jet engine and use the power of the engine itself to decelerate. Ideally, the reversed exhaust stream would be directed straight forward.<sup id="cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, for <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic">aerodynamic</a> reasons, this is not possible, and a 135° angle is taken, resulting in less effectiveness than would otherwise be possible. Thrust reversal can also be used in flight to reduce airspeed, though this is not common with modern aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three common types of thrust reversing systems used on jet engines: the target, clam-shell, and cold stream systems. Some propeller-driven aircraft equipped with <a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">variable-pitch propellers</a> can reverse thrust by changing the <a href="/wiki/Pitch_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch plane">pitch</a> of their propeller blades. Most commercial jetliners have such devices, and it also has applications in military aviation.<sup id="cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_systems">Types of systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small aircraft typically do not have thrust reversal systems, except in specialized applications. On the other hand, large aircraft (those weighing more than 12,500 lb) almost always have the ability to reverse thrust. <a href="/wiki/Reciprocating_engine" title="Reciprocating engine">Reciprocating engine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> and jet aircraft can all be designed to include thrust reversal systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propeller-driven_aircraft">Propeller-driven aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Propeller-driven aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_060403-N-0499M-151_A_Sailor_performs_maintenance_to_an_E-2C_Hawkeye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/US_Navy_060403-N-0499M-151_A_Sailor_performs_maintenance_to_an_E-2C_Hawkeye.jpg/220px-US_Navy_060403-N-0499M-151_A_Sailor_performs_maintenance_to_an_E-2C_Hawkeye.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/US_Navy_060403-N-0499M-151_A_Sailor_performs_maintenance_to_an_E-2C_Hawkeye.jpg/330px-US_Navy_060403-N-0499M-151_A_Sailor_performs_maintenance_to_an_E-2C_Hawkeye.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/US_Navy_060403-N-0499M-151_A_Sailor_performs_maintenance_to_an_E-2C_Hawkeye.jpg/440px-US_Navy_060403-N-0499M-151_A_Sailor_performs_maintenance_to_an_E-2C_Hawkeye.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Variable-pitch propellers of an <a href="/wiki/Grumman_E-2_Hawkeye" title="Grumman E-2 Hawkeye">Grumman E-2C Hawkeye</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Propeller-driven aircraft generate reverse thrust by changing the angle of their <a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">controllable-pitch propellers</a> so that the propellers direct their thrust forward. This reverse thrust feature became available with the development of controllable-pitch propellers, which change the angle of the propeller blades to make efficient use of engine power over a wide range of conditions. Reverse thrust is created when the propeller pitch angle is reduced from fine to negative. This is called the beta position.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While piston-engine aircraft tend not to have reverse thrust, <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> aircraft generally do.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/PAC_P-750_XSTOL" title="PAC P-750 XSTOL">PAC P-750 XSTOL</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cessna_208_Caravan" title="Cessna 208 Caravan">Cessna 208 Caravan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pilatus_PC-6_Porter" title="Pilatus PC-6 Porter">Pilatus PC-6 Porter</a>. </p><p>One special application of reverse thrust comes in its use on multi-engine <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>. These aircraft, when landing on water, have no conventional braking method and must rely on <a href="/wiki/Zigzag" title="Zigzag">slaloming</a> and/or reverse thrust, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">drag</a> of the water in order to slow or stop. In addition, reverse thrust is often necessary for maneuvering on the water, where it is used to make tight turns or even propel the aircraft in reverse, maneuvers which may prove necessary for leaving a dock or beach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jet_aircraft">Jet aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jet aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv/220px-seek%3D3.5-JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv/JT15D_Thrust_Reverser_Functional_Test.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>A target-type thrust reverser being deployed on a Cessna Citation.</figcaption></figure> <p>On aircraft using jet engines, thrust reversal is accomplished by causing the <a href="/wiki/Jet_blast" title="Jet blast">jet blast</a> to flow forward. The engine does not run or rotate in reverse; instead, thrust reversing devices are used to block the blast and redirect it forward. High <a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">bypass ratio engines</a> usually reverse thrust by changing the direction of only the fan airflow, since the majority of thrust is generated by this section, as opposed to the core. There are three jet engine thrust reversal systems in common use:<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External_types">External types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Target-type_thrust_reversal" title="Target-type thrust reversal">Target-type thrust reversal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klm_f100_ph-kle_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Klm_f100_ph-kle_arp.jpg/250px-Klm_f100_ph-kle_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Klm_f100_ph-kle_arp.jpg/330px-Klm_f100_ph-kle_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Klm_f100_ph-kle_arp.jpg/500px-Klm_f100_ph-kle_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2213" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption>Target 'bucket' thrust reverser deployed on the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RB.183_Tay" title="Rolls-Royce RB.183 Tay">Rolls Royce Tay</a> engines of a <a href="/wiki/Fokker_100" title="Fokker 100">Fokker 100</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The target thrust reverser uses a pair of <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulically</a> operated <i>bucket</i> or <i>clamshell</i> type doors to reverse the hot gas stream.<sup id="cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For forward thrust, these doors form the propelling nozzle of the engine. In the original implementation of this system on the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and still common today, two reverser buckets were hinged so when deployed they block the rearward flow of the exhaust and redirect it with a forward component. This type of reverser is visible at the rear of the engine during deployment.<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_types">Internal types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Internal types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VC10_Aircraft_at_an_Airfield_in_the_Middle_East_MOD_45150451.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VC10_Aircraft_at_an_Airfield_in_the_Middle_East_MOD_45150451.jpg/220px-VC10_Aircraft_at_an_Airfield_in_the_Middle_East_MOD_45150451.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VC10_Aircraft_at_an_Airfield_in_the_Middle_East_MOD_45150451.jpg/330px-VC10_Aircraft_at_an_Airfield_in_the_Middle_East_MOD_45150451.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/VC10_Aircraft_at_an_Airfield_in_the_Middle_East_MOD_45150451.jpg/440px-VC10_Aircraft_at_an_Airfield_in_the_Middle_East_MOD_45150451.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2335" /></a><figcaption>Clamshell outlet grating open (outboard engine) on a <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Conway" title="Rolls-Royce Conway">Rolls-Royce Conway</a> turbofan of a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Vickers_VC10" title="Vickers VC10">Vickers VC-10</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerial_refueling" title="Aerial refueling">tanker</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Internal thrust reversers use deflector doors inside the engine shroud to redirect airflow through openings in the side of the nacelle.<sup id="cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> and mixed-flow bypass turbofan engines, one type uses <a href="/wiki/Pneumatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumatic">pneumatically</a> operated <i>clamshell</i> deflectors to redirect engine exhaust.<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reverser ducts may be fitted with cascade vanes to further redirect the airflow forward.<sup id="cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A330_(Aeroflot)_Sheremetyevo_(5369213039).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Airbus_A330_%28Aeroflot%29_Sheremetyevo_%285369213039%29.jpg/220px-Airbus_A330_%28Aeroflot%29_Sheremetyevo_%285369213039%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Airbus_A330_%28Aeroflot%29_Sheremetyevo_%285369213039%29.jpg/330px-Airbus_A330_%28Aeroflot%29_Sheremetyevo_%285369213039%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Airbus_A330_%28Aeroflot%29_Sheremetyevo_%285369213039%29.jpg/440px-Airbus_A330_%28Aeroflot%29_Sheremetyevo_%285369213039%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Clamshell-type thrust reversers deployed on the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Trent_700" title="Rolls-Royce Trent 700">Rolls-Royce Trent 700</a> engine of an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a>. The redirected thrust blows water from the wet surface, making the air flow observable.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PH-BVC_KLM_(3701878334).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PH-BVC_KLM_%283701878334%29.jpg/220px-PH-BVC_KLM_%283701878334%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PH-BVC_KLM_%283701878334%29.jpg/330px-PH-BVC_KLM_%283701878334%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PH-BVC_KLM_%283701878334%29.jpg/440px-PH-BVC_KLM_%283701878334%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Cold-stream type thrust reverser being deployed on a Boeing 777-300</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast to the two types used on turbojet and low-bypass turbofan engines, many high-bypass turbofan engines use a <i>cold-stream</i> reverser. This design places the deflector doors in the <a href="/wiki/Bypass_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Bypass duct">bypass duct</a> to redirect only the portion of the airflow from the engine's fan section that bypasses the <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Soares2011_Gas_turbines_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soares2011_Gas_turbines-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Engines such as the A320 and A340 versions of the <a href="/wiki/CFM_International_CFM56" title="CFM International CFM56">CFM56</a> direct the airflow forward with a <i>pivoting-door</i> reverser similar to the internal clamshell used in some turbojets.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Cascade</i> reversers use a vane cascade that is uncovered by a sleeve around the perimeter of the engine <a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">nacelle</a> that slides aft by means of an air motor. During normal operation, the reverse thrust vanes are blocked. On selection, the system folds the doors to block off the cold stream final <a href="/wiki/Nozzle" title="Nozzle">nozzle</a> and redirect this airflow to the cascade vanes.<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In cold-stream reversers, the exhaust from the combustion chamber continues to generate forward thrust, making this design less effective.<sup id="cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also redirect core exhaust flow if equipped with a hot stream spoiler.<sup id="cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cold stream cascade system is known for structural integrity, reliability and versatility, but can be heavy and difficult to integrate into nacelles housing large engines.<sup id="cite_ref-AsburyYetter2000_NASA_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsburyYetter2000_NASA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thrust_levers_of_a_Boeing_747-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thrust_levers_of_a_Boeing_747-8.jpg/220px-Thrust_levers_of_a_Boeing_747-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thrust_levers_of_a_Boeing_747-8.jpg/330px-Thrust_levers_of_a_Boeing_747-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Thrust_levers_of_a_Boeing_747-8.jpg/440px-Thrust_levers_of_a_Boeing_747-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Reverse thrust levers forward of the main levers, seen on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-8" title="Boeing 747-8">Boeing 747-8</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In most cockpit setups, reverse thrust is set when the thrust levers are on idle by pulling them farther back.<sup id="cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reverse thrust is typically applied immediately after touchdown, often along with <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">spoilers</a>, to improve deceleration early in the landing roll when residual <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamic_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerodynamic lift">aerodynamic lift</a> and high speed limit the effectiveness of the brakes located on the landing gear. Reverse thrust is always selected manually, either using levers attached to the <a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">thrust levers</a> or moving the thrust levers into a reverse thrust 'gate'. </p><p>The early deceleration provided by reverse thrust can reduce landing roll by a quarter or more.<sup id="cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regulations dictate, however, that an aircraft must be able to land on a runway without the use of thrust reversal in order to be certified to land there as part of <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">scheduled airline</a> service. </p><p>Once the aircraft's speed has slowed, reverse thrust is shut down to prevent the reversed airflow from throwing debris in front of the engine intakes where it can be ingested, causing <a href="/wiki/Foreign_object_damage" title="Foreign object damage">foreign object damage</a>. If circumstances require it, reverse thrust can be used all the way to a stop, or even to provide thrust to push the aircraft backward, though <a href="/wiki/Pushback_(aviation)" title="Pushback (aviation)">aircraft tugs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Towbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Towbar">towbars</a> are more commonly used for that purpose. When reverse thrust is used to push an aircraft back from the gate, the maneuver is called a <a href="/wiki/Powerback" title="Powerback">powerback</a>. Some manufacturers warn against the use of this procedure during icy conditions as using reverse thrust on snow- or slush-covered ground can cause slush, water, and runway deicers to become airborne and adhere to wing surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the full power of reverse thrust is not desirable, thrust reverse can be operated with the throttle set at less than full power, even down to idle power, which reduces stress and wear on engine components. Reverse thrust is sometimes selected on idling engines to eliminate residual thrust, in particular in icy or slick conditions, or when the engines' <a href="/wiki/Jet_blast" title="Jet blast">jet blast</a> could cause damage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In-flight_operation">In-flight operation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In-flight operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C17_Reverse_Thrust.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/C17_Reverse_Thrust.JPG/250px-C17_Reverse_Thrust.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/C17_Reverse_Thrust.JPG/330px-C17_Reverse_Thrust.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/C17_Reverse_Thrust.JPG/500px-C17_Reverse_Thrust.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="2023" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortex</a> made visible as powerback is used on a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17 Globemaster III</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Some aircraft, notably some Russian and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet aircraft">Soviet aircraft</a>, are able to safely use reverse thrust in flight, though the majority of these are propeller-driven. Many commercial aircraft, however, cannot. In-flight use of reverse thrust has several advantages. It allows for rapid deceleration, enabling quick changes of speed. It also prevents the speed build-up normally associated with steep dives, allowing for rapid loss of <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a>, which can be especially useful in hostile environments such as combat zones, and when making steep approaches to land.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a> series of airliners has been certified for in-flight reverse thrust since service entry in 1959. Safe and effective for facilitating quick descents at acceptable speeds, it nonetheless produced significant aircraft buffeting, so actual use was less common on passenger flights and more common on cargo and ferry flights, where passenger comfort is not a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">Hawker Siddeley Trident</a>, a 120- to 180-seat airliner, was capable of descending at up to 10,000 ft/min (3,050 m/min) by use of reverse thrust, though this capability was rarely used. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde</a> supersonic airliner could use reverse thrust in the air to increase the rate of descent. Only the inboard engines were used, and the engines were placed in reverse idle only in <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsonic flight">subsonic flight</a> and when the aircraft was below 30,000 ft (9,100 m) in altitude. This would increase the rate of descent to around 10,000 ft/min (3,000 m/min).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17 Globemaster III</a> is one of the few modern aircraft that uses reverse thrust in flight. The Boeing-manufactured aircraft is capable of in-flight deployment of reverse thrust on all four engines to facilitate steep <a href="/wiki/Tactical_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical descent">tactical descents</a> up to 15,000 ft/min (4,600 m/min) into combat environments (a descent rate of just over 170 mph, or 274 km/h). The <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">Lockheed C-5 Galaxy</a>, introduced in 1969, also has in-flight reverse capability, although on the inboard engines only.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen">Saab 37 Viggen</a> (retired in November 2005) also had the ability to use reverse thrust both before landing, to shorten the needed runway, and taxiing after landing, allowing many Swedish roads to double as <a href="/wiki/Highway_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway strip">wartime runways</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Training_Aircraft" title="Shuttle Training Aircraft">Shuttle Training Aircraft</a>, a highly modified <a href="/wiki/Grumman_Gulfstream_II" title="Grumman Gulfstream II">Grumman Gulfstream II</a>, used reverse thrust in flight to help simulate <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> aerodynamics so astronauts could practice landings. A similar technique was employed on a modified <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tupolev Tu-154</a> which simulated the Russian <a href="/wiki/Buran_(spacecraft)" title="Buran (spacecraft)">Buran</a> space shuttle.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Airlines_N928AN_wet_landing_at_Tampa_International_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/American_Airlines_N928AN_wet_landing_at_Tampa_International_Airport.jpg/220px-American_Airlines_N928AN_wet_landing_at_Tampa_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/American_Airlines_N928AN_wet_landing_at_Tampa_International_Airport.jpg/330px-American_Airlines_N928AN_wet_landing_at_Tampa_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/American_Airlines_N928AN_wet_landing_at_Tampa_International_Airport.jpg/440px-American_Airlines_N928AN_wet_landing_at_Tampa_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737_Next_Generation" title="Boeing 737 Next Generation">Boeing 737-800</a> thrust-reversing on a wet runway.</figcaption></figure> <p>The amount of thrust and <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a> generated are proportional to the speed of the aircraft, making reverse thrust more effective at high speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Croucher2004_JAR_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croucher2004_JAR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (February 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> For maximum effectiveness, it should be applied quickly after touchdown.<sup id="cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If activated at low speeds, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_object_damage" title="Foreign object damage">foreign object damage</a> is possible. There is some danger of an aircraft with thrust reversers applied momentarily leaving the ground again due to both the effect of the reverse thrust and the nose-up pitch effect from the <a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Air brake (aircraft)">spoilers</a>. For aircraft susceptible to such an occurrence, pilots must take care to achieve a firm position on the ground before applying reverse thrust.<sup id="cite_ref-Croucher2004_JAR_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croucher2004_JAR-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If applied before the nose-wheel is in contact with the ground, there is a chance of asymmetric deployment causing an uncontrollable <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_principal_axes#Vertical_axis_(yaw)" title="Aircraft principal axes">yaw</a> towards the side of higher thrust, as steering the aircraft with the nose wheel is the only way to maintain control of the direction of travel in this situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reverse thrust mode is used only for a fraction of aircraft operating time but affects it greatly in terms of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft designer">design</a>, weight, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance" title="Aircraft maintenance">maintenance</a>, performance, and cost. Penalties are significant but necessary since it provides stopping force for added safety margins, directional control during landing rolls, and aids in rejected take-offs and ground operations on contaminated runways where normal braking effectiveness is diminished. Airlines consider thrust reverser systems a vital part of reaching a maximum level of <a href="/wiki/Airplane_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Airplane safety">aircraft operating safety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AsburyYetter2000_NASA_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsburyYetter2000_NASA-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_accidents_and_incidents">Related accidents and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related accidents and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In-flight deployment of reverse thrust has directly contributed to the crashes of several transport-type aircraft: </p> <ul><li>On 4 July 1966 an Air New Zealand Douglas DC-8-52 with the registration <a href="/wiki/1966_Air_New_Zealand_DC-8_crash" title="1966 Air New Zealand DC-8 crash">ZK-NZB</a> crashed on takeoff on a routine training flight from Auckland International Airport due to reverse thrust applied during a simulated failure of the no. 4 engine on takeoff. The crash killed 2 of the 5 crew on board. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 11 February 1978, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Western_Airlines_Flight_314" title="Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314">Pacific Western Airlines Flight 314</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-200">Boeing 737-200</a>, crashed while executing a rejected landing at <a href="/wiki/Cranbrook_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranbrook Airport">Cranbrook Airport</a>. The left thrust reverser had not properly stowed; it deployed during the climbout, causing the aircraft to roll to the left and strike the ground. Out of 44 passengers and 5 crew members, only 6 passengers and a flight attendant survived.</li> <li>On 9 February 1982, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines_Flight_350" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Airlines Flight 350">Japan Airlines Flight 350</a> crashed 1,000 feet (300 m) short of the runway at <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Tokyo Haneda Airport</a> following the intentional deployment of reverse thrust on two of the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a>'s four engines by the mentally unstable captain, resulting in 24 passenger deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 29 August 1990, a United States Air Force <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-5_Galaxy" title="Lockheed C-5 Galaxy">Lockheed C-5 Galaxy</a> crashed shortly after take-off from <a href="/wiki/Ramstein_Air_Base" title="Ramstein Air Base">Ramstein Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. As the aircraft started to climb off the runway, one of the thrust reversers suddenly deployed. This resulted in loss of control of the aircraft and the subsequent crash. Of the 17 people on board, 4 survived the crash.</li> <li>On 26 May 1991, <a href="/wiki/Lauda_Air_Flight_004" title="Lauda Air Flight 004">Lauda Air Flight 004</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767-300ER</a>, had an uncommanded deployment of the left engine's thrust reverser, which caused the airliner to go into a rapid dive and break up in mid-air.<sup id="cite_ref-Tailstrike_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tailstrike-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 213 passengers and 10 crew were killed.</li> <li>On 31 October 1996, <a href="/wiki/TAM_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas_Flight_402" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM Linhas Aéreas Flight 402">TAM Linhas Aéreas Flight 402</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fokker_100" title="Fokker 100">Fokker 100</a>, crashed shortly after take-off from <a href="/wiki/Congonhas-S%C3%A3o_Paulo_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Congonhas-São Paulo International Airport">Congonhas-São Paulo International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, striking two apartment buildings and several houses. All 90 passengers and 6 crew members as well as 3 people on the ground died in the crash. The crash was attributed to the un-commanded deployment of a faulty thrust reverser on the right engine shortly after take-off.</li> <li>On 10 February 2004, <a href="/wiki/Kish_Air_Flight_7170" title="Kish Air Flight 7170">Kish Air Flight 7170</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fokker_50" title="Fokker 50">Fokker 50</a>, crashed while on approach to <a href="/wiki/Sharjah_International_Airport" title="Sharjah International Airport">Sharjah International Airport</a>. A total of 43 out of the 46 passengers and crew on board were killed. Investigators determined that the pilots had prematurely set the propellers to reverse thrust mode, causing them to lose control of the aircraft.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_vectoring" title="Thrust vectoring">Thrust vectoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">Vertical take-off and landing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Airplane_handbook2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Airplane_handbook2011_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Aviation_Administration2011" class="citation book cs1">Federal Aviation Administration (1 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zd5pt-nu6HUC&pg=PT635"><i>Airplane Flying Handbook:Faa-h-8083-3a</i></a>. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">635–</span>638. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-338-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-338-0"><bdi>978-1-61608-338-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airplane+Flying+Handbook%3AFaa-h-8083-3a&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E635-%3C%2Fspan%3E638&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-338-0&rft.au=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZd5pt-nu6HUC%26pg%3DPT635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croucher2004_JAR-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Croucher2004_JAR_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croucher2004_JAR_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Croucher2004_JAR_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Croucher2004" class="citation book cs1">Phil Croucher (1 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KY-MBUeQoZEC&pg=SA3-PA23"><i>JAR Professional Pilot Studies</i></a>. Lulu.com. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9681928-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9681928-2-5"><bdi>978-0-9681928-2-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JAR+Professional+Pilot+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-9681928-2-5&rft.au=Phil+Croucher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKY-MBUeQoZEC%26pg%3DSA3-PA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (June 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/expressjet/how-to-handle-an-engine-failure-on-takeoff-v1-in-a-jet/">"How Jet Crews Make Their Go/No-Go Decision During Takeoff"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617004621/https://www.boldmethod.com/blog/expressjet/how-to-handle-an-engine-failure-on-takeoff-v1-in-a-jet/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Jet+Crews+Make+Their+Go%2FNo-Go+Decision+During+Takeoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boldmethod.com%2Fblog%2Fexpressjet%2Fhow-to-handle-an-engine-failure-on-takeoff-v1-in-a-jet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soares2011_Gas_turbines-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Soares2011_Gas_turbines_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Soares2011_Gas_turbines_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClaire_Soares2011" class="citation book cs1">Claire Soares (1 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rTPZp1YCQBkC&pg=PA315"><i>Gas Turbines: A Handbook of Air, Land and Sea Applications</i></a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. <span class="nowrap">315–</span>319, 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055584-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055584-3"><bdi>978-0-08-055584-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908042140/https://books.google.com/books?id=rTPZp1YCQBkC&pg=PA315#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gas+Turbines%3A+A+Handbook+of+Air%2C+Land+and+Sea+Applications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E319%2C+359&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-08-055584-3&rft.au=Claire+Soares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrTPZp1YCQBkC%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacIsaacLangton2011_Propulsion_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernie_MacIsaacRoy_Langton2011" class="citation book cs1">Bernie MacIsaac; Roy Langton (6 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cCd_-bNmtmcC&pg=PA152"><i>Gas Turbine Propulsion Systems</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06563-1"><bdi>978-0-470-06563-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908042237/https://books.google.com/books?id=cCd_-bNmtmcC&pg=PA152#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gas+Turbine+Propulsion+Systems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06563-1&rft.au=Bernie+MacIsaac&rft.au=Roy+Langton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcCd_-bNmtmcC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purdue-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purdue_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/~propulsi/propulsion/jets/basics/reverse.html">"Thrust Reversing"</a>. Purdue AAE Propulsion. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190313163405/https://engineering.purdue.edu/~propulsi/propulsion/jets/basics/reverse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thrust+Reversing&rft.pub=Purdue+AAE+Propulsion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fengineering.purdue.edu%2F~propulsi%2Fpropulsion%2Fjets%2Fbasics%2Freverse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/march/pilot/turbine-reverse-thrust">"Reverse thrust: Stopping with style"</a>. 3 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908042114/https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/march/pilot/turbine-reverse-thrust">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reverse+thrust%3A+Stopping+with+style&rft.date=2017-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aopa.org%2Fnews-and-media%2Fall-news%2F2017%2Fmarch%2Fpilot%2Fturbine-reverse-thrust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAA: Airplane Flying Handbook (FAA-H-8083-3B) Chapter 14: Transition to Turbopropeller-Powered Airplanes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aerospace.co.nz/aircraft/p-750-xstol/specifications">"P-750 XSTOL Specifications"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P-750+XSTOL+Specifications&rft.pub=Pacific+Aerospace&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerospace.co.nz%2Faircraft%2Fp-750-xstol%2Fspecifications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zSADAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA24">"Boeing's Jet Stratoliner."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240908042237/https://books.google.com/books?id=zSADAAAAMBAJ&pg=-PA24#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 2024-09-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Popular Science</i>, July 1954, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinke-Diesinger2008" class="citation book cs1">Linke-Diesinger, Andreas (2008). "Chapter 8: Thrust Reverser Systems". <i>Systems of Commercial Turbofan Engines: An Introduction to Systems Functions</i>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-73619-6_8">10.1007/978-3-540-73619-6_8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73618-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-73618-9"><bdi>978-3-540-73618-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+Thrust+Reverser+Systems&rft.btitle=Systems+of+Commercial+Turbofan+Engines%3A+An+Introduction+to+Systems+Functions&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-73619-6_8&rft.isbn=978-3-540-73618-9&rft.aulast=Linke-Diesinger&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsburyYetter2000_NASA-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AsburyYetter2000_NASA_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AsburyYetter2000_NASA_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScott_C._AsburyJeffrey_A._Yetter2000" class="citation book cs1">Scott C. Asbury; Jeffrey A. Yetter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5znGWg08V7oC"><i>Static Performance of Six Innovative Thrust Reverser Concepts for Subsonic Transport Applications: Summary of the NASA Langley Innovative Thrust Reverser Test Program</i></a>. Diane Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9643-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-9643-4"><bdi>978-1-4289-9643-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jalopnik.com&rft.atitle=What+It%27s+Like+To+Fly+America%27s+Biggest+Jet%2C+The+Gargantuan+C-5+Galaxy&rft.date=2015-08-31&rft.aulast=Rogoway&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoxtrotalpha.jalopnik.com%2Fwhat-it-is-like-to-fly-the-americas-biggest-jet-the-ga-1727650088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660704-0">"ASN Aircraft accident Douglas DC-8-52 ZK-NZB Auckland International Airport (AKL)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710004626/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19660704-0">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Douglas+DC-8-52+ZK-NZB+Auckland+International+Airport+%28AKL%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19660704-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502052155/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date=02091982&reg=JA8061&airline=Japan+Air+Lines">"Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 02091982"</a>. <i>airdisaster.com</i>. Archived from the original on 2 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airdisaster.com&rft.atitle=Accident+Database%3A+Accident+Synopsis+02091982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airdisaster.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fview_details.cgi%3Fdate%3D02091982%26reg%3DJA8061%26airline%3DJapan%2BAir%2BLines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stokes, Henry Scott. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9803E2DF1F38F937A25751C0A964948260">Cockpit Fight Reported on Jet That Crashed in Tokyo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080502142505/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9803E2DF1F38F937A25751C0A964948260">Archived</a> 2008-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 14 February 1982. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Troubled+Pilot&rft.date=1982-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C922801%2C00.html%3Fiid%3Dchix-sphere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tailstrike-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tailstrike_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tailstrike.com/260591.htm">"26 May 1991 – Lauda 004"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26+May+1991+%E2%80%93+Lauda+004&rft.pub=Tailstrike.com%3A+Cockpit+Voice+Recorder+Database&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tailstrike.com%2F260591.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThrust+reversal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thrust_reversal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Template:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_gas_turbine_engine_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft gas turbine engine components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jet_engines_and_aircraft_gas_turbines283" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">Jet engines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbines</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Jet_propulsion" title="Jet propulsion">jet propulsion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_turborocket" title="Air turborocket">Air turborocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsejet" title="Pulsejet">Pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Valveless_pulsejet" title="Valveless pulsejet">Valveless pulsejet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gluhareff_Pressure_Jet" title="Gluhareff Pressure Jet">Gluhareff Pressure Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_detonation_engine" title="Pulse detonation engine">Pulse detonation engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propfan" title="Propfan">Propfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">Turbofan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">Turbojet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">Turboprop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turboshaft" title="Turboshaft">Turboshaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramjet" title="Ramjet">Ramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramjet" title="Scramjet">Scramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcramjet" title="Shcramjet">Shcramjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_detonation_engine" title="Rotating detonation engine">Rotating detonation engine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical<br /> components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_drive" title="Accessory drive">Accessory drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Components_of_jet_engines#Air_intakes" title="Components of jet engines">Air intake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">Afterburner (reheat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_compressor" title="Axial compressor">Axial compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">Centrifugal compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustor" title="Combustor">Combustor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant_speed_drive" title="Constant speed drive">Constant speed drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeller" title="Impeller">Impeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nose_bullet" title="Nose bullet">Nose bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propelling_nozzle" title="Propelling nozzle">Propelling nozzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbine_blade" title="Turbine blade">Turbine blade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_starting" title="Aircraft engine starting">Aircraft engine starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brayton_cycle" title="Brayton cycle">Brayton cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">Bypass ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">Compressor stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine_pressure_ratio" title="Engine pressure ratio">Engine pressure ratio (EPR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flameout" title="Flameout">Flameout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_engine_performance" title="Jet engine performance">Jet engine performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overall_pressure_ratio" title="Overall pressure ratio">Overall pressure ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propulsive_efficiency" title="Propulsive efficiency">Propulsive efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust lapse">Thrust lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_specific_fuel_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust specific fuel consumption">Thrust specific fuel consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_to_weight_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrust to weight ratio">Thrust to weight ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_cycle_engine" title="Variable cycle engine">Variable cycle engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_restart" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill restart">Windmill restart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Propeller (aeronautics)">Propellers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Propeller governor">Propeller governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller_speed_reduction_unit" title="Propeller speed reduction unit">Propeller speed reduction unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autofeather" title="Autofeather">Autofeather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_pitch" title="Blade pitch">Blade pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constant-speed_propeller" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant-speed propeller">Constant-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers" title="Contra-rotating propellers">Contra-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-rotating_propellers" title="Counter-rotating propellers">Counter-rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprotor" title="Proprotor">Proprotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_propeller" title="Scimitar propeller">Scimitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-pitch_propeller_(aeronautics)" title="Variable-pitch propeller (aeronautics)">Variable-pitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engine<br /> instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_centralised_aircraft_monitor" title="Electronic centralised aircraft monitor">Electronic centralised aircraft monitor (ECAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_data_recorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight data recorder">Flight data recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine_controls" title="Aircraft engine controls">Engine controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">Full Authority Digital Engine/Electronics (FADEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thrust reversal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">Fuel</a> and induction<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_holder" title="Flame holder">Flame holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-start_system" title="Air-start system">Air-start system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit (APU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aircraft_components_and_systems469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_components" title="Template talk:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aircraft_components_and_systems469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">Aircraft</a> components and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_systems" title="Aircraft systems">systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airframe" title="Airframe">Airframe</a> structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aft_pressure_bulkhead" title="Aft pressure bulkhead">Aft pressure bulkhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane strut">Cabane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_canopy" title="Aircraft canopy">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crack_arrestor" title="Crack arrestor">Crack arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruciform_tail" title="Cruciform tail">Cruciform tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_dope" title="Aircraft dope">Dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">Empennage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fabric_covering" title="Aircraft fabric covering">Fabric covering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fairing" title="Aircraft fairing">Fairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_wires" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying wires">Flying wires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former" title="Former">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">Fuselage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">Hardpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplane_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Interplane strut">Interplane strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Jury strut">Jury strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">Leading edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lift_strut" class="mw-redirect" title="Lift strut">Lift strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longeron" title="Longeron">Longeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">Nacelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_(aeronautics)" title="Rib (aeronautics)">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spar_(aeronautics)" title="Spar (aeronautics)">Spar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilizer_(aeronautics)" title="Stabilizer (aeronautics)">Stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stressed_skin" title="Stressed skin">Stressed skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">Strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-tail" title="T-tail">T-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">Tailplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">Trailing edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail#Variations" title="Twin tail">Triple tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_tail" title="Twin tail">Twin tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-tail" title="V-tail">V-tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">Vertical stabilizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_root" title="Wing root">Wing root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_tip" title="Wing tip">Wing tip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingbox" title="Wingbox">Wingbox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">Flight controls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Aileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_brake_(aeronautics)" title="Air brake (aeronautics)">Airbrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system#Artificial_feel_devices" title="Aircraft flight control system">Artificial feel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autopilot" title="Autopilot">Autopilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">Canard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_stick" title="Centre stick">Centre stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deceleron" title="Deceleron">Deceleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dive_brake" title="Dive brake">Dive brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_control_(aviation)" title="Dual control (aviation)">Dual control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro-hydraulic_actuator" title="Electro-hydraulic actuator">Electro-hydraulic actuator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_(aeronautics)" title="Elevator (aeronautics)">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevon" title="Elevon">Elevon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaperon" title="Flaperon">Flaperon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_control_modes" title="Flight control modes">Flight control modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly-by-wire" title="Fly-by-wire">Fly-by-wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust_lock" title="Gust lock">Gust lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOTAS" title="HOTAS">HOTAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#Aircraft_rudders" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder_pedal" title="Rudder pedal">Rudder pedals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_tab" title="Servo tab">Servo tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-stick" title="Side-stick">Side-stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoileron" title="Spoileron">Spoileron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilator" title="Stabilator">Stabilator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_pusher" title="Stick pusher">Stick pusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_shaker" title="Stick shaker">Stick shaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_tab" title="Trim tab">Trim tab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_warping" title="Wing warping">Wing warping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_damper" title="Yaw damper">Yaw damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoke_(aeronautics)" title="Yoke (aeronautics)">Yoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamic</a> and <a href="/wiki/High-lift_device" title="High-lift device">high-lift</a><br />devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_X-53_Active_Aeroelastic_Wing" title="Boeing X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing">Active Aeroelastic Wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_compliant_wing" title="Adaptive compliant wing">Adaptive compliant wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-shock_body" title="Anti-shock body">Anti-shock body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">Blown flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_wing" title="Channel wing">Channel wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">Dog-tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag-reducing_aerospike" title="Drag-reducing aerospike">Drag-reducing aerospike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">Flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouge_flap" title="Gouge flap">Gouge flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_flap" title="Gurney flap">Gurney flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krueger_flap" title="Krueger flap">Krueger flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_cuff" title="Leading-edge cuff">Leading-edge cuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_droop_flap" title="Leading-edge droop flap">Leading-edge droop flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">LEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slat" title="Leading-edge slat">Slats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_slot" title="Leading-edge slot">Slot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stall_strips" title="Stall strips">Stall strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake_(aeronautics)" title="Strake (aeronautics)">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortilon" title="Vortilon">Vortilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">Winglet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">Avionic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flight_instruments" title="Flight instruments">flight<br />instrument</a> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_collision_avoidance_system" title="Airborne collision avoidance system">ACAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_boom" title="Air data boom">Air data boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_data_computer" title="Air data computer">Air data computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_periscope" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft periscope">Aircraft periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspeed_indicator" title="Airspeed indicator">Airspeed indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altimeter" title="Altimeter">Altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciator_panel" title="Annunciator panel">Annunciator panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrodome_(aeronautics)" title="Astrodome (aeronautics)">Astrodome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attitude_indicator" title="Attitude indicator">Attitude indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Course_deviation_indicator" title="Course deviation indicator">Course deviation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_flight_instrument_system" title="Electronic flight instrument system">EFIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-indicating_and_crew-alerting_system" title="Engine-indicating and crew-alerting system">EICAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_management_system" title="Flight management system">Flight management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">Glass cockpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">Head-up display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heading_indicator" title="Heading indicator">Heading indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_situation_indicator" title="Horizontal situation indicator">Horizontal situation indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">INS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_standby_instrument_system" title="Integrated standby instrument system">ISIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-function_display" title="Multi-function display">Multi-function display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitot%E2%80%93static_system" title="Pitot–static system">Pitot–static system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">Radar altimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_collision_avoidance_system" title="Traffic collision avoidance system">TCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transponder_(aeronautics)" title="Transponder (aeronautics)">Transponder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn_and_slip_indicator" title="Turn and slip indicator">Turn and slip indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variometer" title="Variometer">Variometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaw_string" title="Yaw string">Yaw string</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_engine" title="Aircraft engine">Propulsion</a> controls,<br /> devices and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_fuel_system" title="Aircraft fuel system">fuel systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autothrottle" title="Autothrottle">Autothrottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_tank" title="Drop tank">Drop tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FADEC" title="FADEC">FADEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank#Aircraft" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascolator" title="Gascolator">Gascolator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone" title="Inlet cone">Inlet cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intake_ramp" title="Intake ramp">Intake ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_cowling" title="NACA cowling">NACA cowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NACA_duct" title="NACA duct">NACA duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sealing_fuel_tank" title="Self-sealing fuel tank">Self-sealing fuel tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">Splitter plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">Throttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrust_lever" title="Thrust lever">Thrust lever</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thrust reversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townend_ring" title="Townend ring">Townend ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_emergency_power" title="War emergency power">War emergency power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_wing" title="Wet wing">Wet wing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arresting_gear" title="Arresting gear">arresting gear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_tire" title="Aircraft tire">Aircraft tire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailhook" title="Tailhook">Arrestor hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobrake" title="Autobrake">Autobrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_landing_gear" title="Conventional landing gear">Conventional landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drogue_parachute" title="Drogue parachute">Drogue parachute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear" title="Landing gear">Landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_gear_extender" title="Landing gear extender">Landing gear extender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleo_strut" title="Oleo strut">Oleo strut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricycle_landing_gear" title="Tricycle landing gear">Tricycle landing gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_tire" title="Tundra tire">Tundra tire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Escape systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejection_seat" title="Ejection seat">Ejection seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_crew_capsule" title="Escape crew capsule">Escape crew capsule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_power_unit" title="Auxiliary power unit">Auxiliary power unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_air" title="Bleed air">Bleed air system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deicing_boot" title="Deicing boot">Deicing boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_oxygen_system" title="Emergency oxygen system">Emergency oxygen system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_control_system" title="Environmental control system">Environmental control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fluid#Aircraft_hydraulic_systems" title="Hydraulic fluid">Hydraulic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_protection_system" title="Ice protection system">Ice protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_lights" title="Landing lights">Landing lights</a></li> 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