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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_user_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_user_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influences on user experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_user_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Momentary_emotion_or_overall_user_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Momentary_emotion_or_overall_user_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Momentary emotion or overall user experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Momentary_emotion_or_overall_user_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developer_experience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developer_experience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Developer experience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developer_experience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">User experience</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85" title="تجربة المستخدم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجربة المستخدم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Потребителско изживяване – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Потребителско изживяване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Experience" title="User Experience – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="User Experience" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experi%C3%A8ncia_d%27usuari" title="Experiència d'usuari – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Experiència d'usuari" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brugeroplevelse" title="Brugeroplevelse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brugeroplevelse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Experience" title="User Experience – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="User Experience" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasutajakogemus" title="Kasutajakogemus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kasutajakogemus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiencia_de_usuario" title="Experiencia de usuario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Experiencia de usuario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تجربه کاربری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تجربه کاربری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9rience_utilisateur" title="Expérience utilisateur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Expérience utilisateur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90_%EA%B2%BD%ED%97%98" title="사용자 경험 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사용자 경험" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korisni%C4%8Dko_iskustvo" title="Korisničko iskustvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Korisničko iskustvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengalaman_pengguna" title="Pengalaman pengguna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengalaman pengguna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="User experience" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%A9" title="חוויית משתמש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוויית משתמש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Корисничко искуство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Корисничко искуство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebruikerservaring" title="Gebruikerservaring – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gebruikerservaring" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A8%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="ユーザーエクスペリエンス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ユーザーエクスペリエンス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brukeropplevelse" title="Brukeropplevelse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brukeropplevelse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="User experience" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experi%C3%AAncia_do_usu%C3%A1rio" title="Experiência do usuário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Experiência do usuário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Опыт взаимодействия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опыт взаимодействия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience" title="User experience – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="User experience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Корисничко искуство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Корисничко искуство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4ytt%C3%A4j%C3%A4kokemus" title="Käyttäjäkokemus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Käyttäjäkokemus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89" title="ประสบการณ์ผู้ใช้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประสบการณ์ผู้ใช้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullan%C4%B1c%C4%B1_deneyimi" title="Kullanıcı deneyimi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kullanıcı deneyimi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Досвід користування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Досвід користування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A3i_nghi%E1%BB%87m_ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_d%C3%B9ng" title="Trải nghiệm người dùng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trải nghiệm người dùng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E5%AE%B6%E9%AB%94%E9%A9%97" title="用家體驗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="用家體驗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E8%80%85%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" title="使用者經驗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="使用者經驗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1047808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human interaction with a particular product, system or service</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>User experience</b> (<b>UX</b>) is how a user interacts with and experiences a <a href="/wiki/Product_(business)" title="Product (business)">product</a>, <a href="/wiki/System" title="System">system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Service_(business)" title="Service (business)">service</a>. It includes a person's perceptions of <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_use" class="mw-redirect" title="Ease of use">ease of use</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a>. Improving user experience is important to most companies, designers, and creators when creating and refining products because negative user experience can diminish the use of the product and, therefore, any desired positive impacts. Conversely, designing toward <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profitability</a> as a main objective often conflicts with ethical user experience objectives and even causes harm. User experience is <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a>. However, the attributes that make up the user experience are <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">objective</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_experience&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Norman_Group" title="Nielsen Norman Group">Nielsen Norman Group</a>, 'user experience' includes all the aspects of the interaction between the end-user with the company, its services, and its products.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The international standard on <i><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">ergonomics</a> of human-system interaction</i>, <a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">ISO 9241</a>, defines user experience as a "user’s perceptions and responses that result from the use and/or anticipated use of a system, product or service".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the ISO definition, user experience includes all the users' emotions, beliefs, preferences, perceptions, physical and psychological responses, behaviors and accomplishments that occur before, during, and after use. The ISO also lists three factors that influence user experience: the system, the user, and the context of use. </p><p>Note 3 of the standard hints that <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> addresses aspects of user experience, e.g. "usability criteria can be used to assess aspects of user experience". The standard does not go further in clarifying the relation between user experience and usability. Clearly, the two are overlapping concepts, with usability including <a href="/wiki/Pragmaticism" title="Pragmaticism">pragmatic</a> aspects (getting a task done) and user experience focusing on users' feelings stemming both from pragmatic and <a href="/wiki/Hedonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedonic">hedonic</a> aspects of the system. Many practitioners use the terms interchangeably. The term "usability" pre-dates the term "user experience". Part of the reason the terms are often used interchangeably is that, as a practical matter, a user will, at a minimum, require sufficient usability to accomplish a task while the feelings of the user may be less important, even to the user themselves. Since usability is about getting a task done, aspects of user experience like <a href="/wiki/Information_architecture" title="Information architecture">information architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> can help or hinder a user's experience. If a website has "bad" information architecture and a user has a difficult time finding what they are looking for, then a user will not have an effective, efficient, and satisfying search. </p><p>In addition to the <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a> standard, there exist several other definitions for user experience.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them have been studied by various researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_experience&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early developments in user experience can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Machine_Age" title="Machine Age">Machine Age</a> that includes the 19th and early 20th centuries. Inspired by the machine age intellectual framework, a quest for improving assembly processes to increase production efficiency and output led to the development of major technological advancements, such as mass production of high-volume goods on moving assembly lines, high-speed printing press, large hydroelectric power production plants, and radio technology, to name a few. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Winslow_Taylor" title="Frederick Winslow Taylor">Frederick Winslow Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a> were in the forefront of exploring new ways to make human labor more efficient and productive. Taylor's pioneering research into the efficiency of interactions between workers and their tools is the earliest example that resembles today's user experience fundamentals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term <i>user experience</i> was brought to wider knowledge by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Norman">Donald Norman</a> in the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He never intended the term "user experience" to be applied only to the affective aspects of usage. A review of his earlier work<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggests that the term "user experience" was used to signal a shift to include affective factors, along with the pre-requisite behavioral concerns, which had been traditionally considered in the field. Many usability practitioners continue to research and attend to affective factors associated with end-users, and have been doing so for years, long before the term "user experience" was introduced in the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview in 2007, Norman discusses the widespread use of the term "user experience" and its imprecise meaning as a consequence thereof.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several developments affected the rise of interest in the user experience: </p> <ol><li>Recent advances in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">ubiquitous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">social</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tangible_User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangible User Interface">tangible</a> computing technologies have moved <a href="/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-computer interaction">human-computer interaction</a> into practically all areas of human activity. This has led to a shift away from <a href="/wiki/Usability_engineering" title="Usability engineering">usability engineering</a> to a much richer scope of user experience, where users' feelings, motivations, and values are given as much, if not more, attention than efficiency, effectiveness and basic subjective satisfaction (i.e. the three traditional <a href="/wiki/Usability#Metrics" title="Usability">usability metrics</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Website_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Website design">website design</a>, it was important to combine the interests of different stakeholders: <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">branding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visual_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual design">visual design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a>. Marketing and branding people needed to enter the interactive world where usability was important. Usability people needed to take marketing, branding, and aesthetic needs into account when designing websites. User experience provided a platform to cover the interests of all stakeholders: making web sites easy to use, valuable, and effective for visitors. This is why several early user experience publications focus on website user experience.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The field of user experience represents an expansion and extension of the field of usability, to include the <a href="/wiki/Holistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic">holistic</a> perspective of how a person feels about using a system. The focus is on pleasure and value as well as on performance. The exact definition, framework, and elements of user experience are still evolving. </p><p>User experience of an interactive product or a website is usually measured by a number of methods, including questionnaires, focus groups, observed usability tests, user journey mapping and other methods. A freely available questionnaire (available in several languages) is the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development and validation of this questionnaire is described in a computer science essay published in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Higher levels of user experience have been linked to increased effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Digital_health" title="Digital health">digital health</a> interventions targeting improvements in physical activity,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nutrition, mental health and smoking.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a> shows wide use of the term starting in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "He suggested that more follow-up in the field would be welcomed by the user, and would be a means of incorporating the results of user's experience into the design of new machines." Use of the term in relation to computer software also pre-dates <a href="/wiki/Don_Norman" title="Don Norman">Norman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences_on_user_experience">Influences on user experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_experience&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Influences on user experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many factors can influence a user's experience with a system. To address the variety, factors influencing user experience have been classified into three main categories: user's state and previous experience, system properties, and the usage context (situation).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding representative users, working environments, interactions and emotional reactions help in designing the system during <a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Momentary_emotion_or_overall_user_experience">Momentary emotion or overall user experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_experience&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Momentary emotion or overall user experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Single experiences influence the overall user experience:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the experience of a key click affects the experience of typing a text message, the experience of typing a message affects the experience of text messaging, and the experience of text messaging affects the overall user experience with the phone. The overall user experience is not simply a sum of smaller interaction experiences, because some experiences are more salient than others. Overall user experience is also influenced by factors outside the actual interaction episode: <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brand</a>, pricing, friends' opinions, reports in media, etc. </p><p>One branch in <a href="/wiki/User_research" title="User research">user experience research</a> focuses on emotions. This includes momentary experiences during interaction: designing effective interaction and evaluating <a href="/wiki/Emotions" class="mw-redirect" title="Emotions">emotions</a>. Another branch is interested in understanding the long-term relation between user experience and product appreciation. The industry sees good overall user experience with a company's products as critical for securing brand loyalty and enhancing the growth of the customer base. All temporal levels of user experience (momentary, episodic, and long-term) are important, but the methods to <a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">design</a> and <a href="/wiki/User_experience_evaluation" title="User experience evaluation">evaluate</a> these levels can be very different. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developer_experience">Developer experience</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_experience&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Developer experience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">Programming tool</a></div> <p>Developer experience (DX) is a user experience from a developer's point of view. It is defined by the tools, processes, and software that a developer uses when interacting with a product or system while in the process of production of another one, such as in <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DX has had increased attention paid to it especially in businesses who primarily offer <a href="/wiki/Software_as_a_service" title="Software as a service">software as a service</a> to other businesses where ease of use is a key differentiator in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_experience&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_experience_officer" title="Chief experience officer">Chief experience officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_strategy" title="Content strategy">Content strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customer_experience" title="Customer experience">Customer experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expectation_(epistemic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expectation (epistemic)">Expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hick%27s_law" title="Hick's law">Hick's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design_pattern" title="Interaction design pattern">Interaction design pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">Responsive web design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">Usability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-centered_design" title="User-centered design">User-centered design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_design" title="User experience design">User experience design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_experience_evaluation" title="User experience evaluation">User experience evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_research" title="User research">User research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_to_offline" title="Online to offline">Online to offline</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=User_experience&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDonJakob" class="citation web cs1">Don, Norman; Jakob, Nielsen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nngroup.com/articles/definition-user-experience/">"The Definition of User Experience (UX)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Norman_Group" title="Nielsen Norman Group">Nielsen Norman Group</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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