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class="mw-page-title-main">Bonneville flood</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lake_bonneville_map.svg/280px-Lake_bonneville_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lake_bonneville_map.svg/420px-Lake_bonneville_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Lake_bonneville_map.svg/560px-Lake_bonneville_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Map of Pleistocene lakes in the Western US, showing the path of the Bonneville Flood along the Snake River</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Bonneville flood</b> was a catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flooding</a> event in the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>, which involved massive amounts of water inundating parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington" title="Eastern Washington">eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington_(U.S._state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington (U.S. state)">Washington</a> along the course of the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River" title="Snake River">Snake River</a>. Unlike the <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a>, which also occurred during the same period in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, the Bonneville flood happened only once. It is believed to be the second-largest flood in known geologic history.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause_and_events">Cause and events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonneville_flood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Cause and events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RedRockPassIdaho071710.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RedRockPassIdaho071710.JPG/220px-RedRockPassIdaho071710.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RedRockPassIdaho071710.JPG/330px-RedRockPassIdaho071710.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/RedRockPassIdaho071710.JPG/440px-RedRockPassIdaho071710.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Red Rock Pass, Idaho.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 14,500 years ago (radiocarbon dating, 17,400 years ago calendar, "calibrated" dating), <a href="/wiki/Pluvial_lake" title="Pluvial lake">pluvial</a> <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bonneville" title="Lake Bonneville">Lake Bonneville</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> reached its highest water level since its formation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lake occupied the present-day basin of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a>, and was far larger, covering about 32,000 square miles (83,000 km<sup>2</sup>). As it rose the lake level caused seepage at, then breached, the ancient level of <a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Rock Pass">Red Rock Pass</a>, a mountain pass at the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Portneuf_River_(Idaho)" title="Portneuf River (Idaho)">Portneuf River</a>, a tributary of the Snake River above present-day <a href="/wiki/American_Falls_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="American Falls Reservoir">American Falls Reservoir</a>. Ancient Red Rock Pass was the site of two <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">alluvial fans</a> descending from opposite sides of the notch, forming a natural dam.<sup id="cite_ref-hugefloods_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hugefloods-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the dam collapsed, it released a 410-foot-high (120 m)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> flood crest down the Portneuf River valley, also spilling into the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Bear_River_(Idaho)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear River (Idaho)">Bear River</a> valley. When it reached the Snake River, it eroded away a <a href="/wiki/Lava_dam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava dam">lava dam</a> that had been at the site of the present-day American Falls, releasing a 40-mile-long (64 km) lake, American Falls Lake, that had formed behind the natural dam.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-overview_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the peak of the flood, approximately 33,000,000 cubic feet per second (930,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s) poured over the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Plain" title="Snake River Plain">Snake River Plain</a> at speeds of up to 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) and deposited hundreds of square miles of sediments eroded from upstream.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flood scoured the 600-foot-deep (180 m) <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Canyon_(Idaho)" title="Snake River Canyon (Idaho)">Snake River Canyon</a> through the underlying <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> soil, creating <a href="/wiki/Shoshone_Falls" title="Shoshone Falls">Shoshone Falls</a> and several other waterfalls along the Snake River. It also carved and increased in size many other tributary canyons, including those of the <a href="/wiki/Bruneau_River" title="Bruneau River">Bruneau River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salmon_Falls_Creek" title="Salmon Falls Creek">Salmon Falls Creek</a>. The flood then entered <a href="/wiki/Hells_Canyon" title="Hells Canyon">Hells Canyon</a>, significantly widening the gorge. Its waters eventually reached the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2020 hypothesis presented evidence that Lake Bonneville achieved a stable outflow for possibly a thousand years leading up to the Bonneville Flood and then a massive, multi-segment earthquake on the <a href="/wiki/Wasatch_Fault" title="Wasatch Fault">Wasatch Fault</a> caused surging and tsunami in Lake Bonneville with a surge wave over 140 feet (43 m) high. This surge carried up into the Cache Valley and resulted in the failure of the natural dam at the Zenda threshold just north of Red Rock Pass.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonneville_flood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melon_gravel_2016-10-13_2303.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Melon_gravel_2016-10-13_2303.jpg/220px-Melon_gravel_2016-10-13_2303.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Melon_gravel_2016-10-13_2303.jpg/330px-Melon_gravel_2016-10-13_2303.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Melon_gravel_2016-10-13_2303.jpg/440px-Melon_gravel_2016-10-13_2303.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Melon Gravel on the Snake River plain at Hagerman, ID.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the peak of the flood lasted a few weeks at most, erosion at Red Rock Pass continued for a few years before water ceased to spill over. The flood drained the top 351 feet (107 m) of Lake Bonneville, which constituted about 1,200 cubic miles (5,000 km<sup>3</sup>) of water, and lowered the lake level to a stage known as the Provo shoreline. The flood transformed the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Plain" title="Snake River Plain">Snake River Plain</a> into a series of <a href="/wiki/Channeled_scablands" class="mw-redirect" title="Channeled scablands">channeled scablands</a> resembling the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Plateau" title="Columbia Plateau">Columbia Plateau</a>. Also left by the flood were the many "melon" boulders distributed throughout the canyons in the Snake River Plain. According to some geologists, the total volume of the Bonneville flood was actually greater than any individual one of the <a href="/wiki/Missoula_Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Missoula Floods">Missoula Floods</a>, although the Missoula floods released more water as a whole,<sup id="cite_ref-hugefloods_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hugefloods-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at least one had a much higher peak flow rate.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of the sediment scoured by the flood was deposited near the mouth of the Snake River. It now lies beneath about 20 layers of Missoula Floods deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-Fost-_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fost--12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonneville_flood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_flood" title="Outburst flood">Outburst flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_flood" title="Altai flood">Altai flood</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bonneville_Flood" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bonneville Flood">Bonneville Flood</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonneville_flood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJarrettMalde1987" class="citation journal cs1">Jarrett, Robert D.; 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