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<div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-应用案例" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#应用案例"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>应用案例</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-应用案例-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关应用案例子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-应用案例-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-农业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#农业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>农业</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-农业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水和卫生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水和卫生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>水和卫生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水和卫生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-交通运输" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#交通运输"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>交通运输</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-交通运输-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-食物制作与储藏" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#食物制作与储藏"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>食物制作与储藏</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-食物制作与储藏-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-争议" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#争议"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>争议</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-争议-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">适用技术</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。20种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toepaslike_tegnologie" title="Toepaslike tegnologie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toepaslike tegnologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnoloch%C3%ADa_adecuada" title="Tecnolochía adecuada – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tecnolochía adecuada" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9" title="تقانة ملائمة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقانة ملائمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_adequada" title="Tecnologia adequada – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tecnologia adequada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angepasste_Technologie" title="Angepasste Technologie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Angepasste Technologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Appropriate technology" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADa_adecuada" title="Tecnología adecuada – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tecnología adecuada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologie_interm%C3%A9diaire" title="Technologie intermédiaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Technologie intermédiaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolox%C3%ADa_adecuada" title="Tecnoloxía adecuada – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tecnoloxía adecuada" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94" title="טכנולוגיה ראויה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טכנולוגיה ראויה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उपयुक्त तकनीकी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपयुक्त तकनीकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megfelel%C5%91_technol%C3%B3gia" title="Megfelelő technológia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Megfelelő technológia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_tepat_guna" title="Teknologi tepat guna – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Teknologi tepat guna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_appropriata" title="Tecnologia appropriata – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tecnologia appropriata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%AD%A3%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="適正技術 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="適正技術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%81%EC%A0%95%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="적정기술 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="적정기술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologia_apropriada" title="Tecnologia apropriada – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tecnologia apropriada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Упрощённые технологии – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Упрощённые технологии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உகந்த தொழில்நுட்பம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உகந்த தொழில்நுட்பம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%DA%BA_%D9%B9%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="موزوں ٹیکنالوجی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="موزوں ٹیکنالوجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q537823#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><p><b>适用技术</b>（英語：<span lang="en">appropriate technology</span>）是一个意识形态的运动，原来被称为<b>中间技术</b>。适用技术在不同的领域有不同的微妙定义，但是它们基本上都指一些小规模的、劳动密集型的、高能效的、环境友好的、本地控制的技术<sup id="cite_ref-BrownU_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownU-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。定语“中间的”表示，在不考虑社会政治因素的情况下，相对于最先进的技术来说，这类技术在技术方面是比较低级的，但是又比传统的技术多了一些现代化的因素<sup id="cite_ref-Akubue_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akubue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>资本密集型技术从<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="工业化国家">工业化国家</a>向<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" title="发展中国家">发展中国家</a>转移的过程中，会带来许多严重的困境。而适用技术作为后发工业化国家避免资本密集型技术的替代方案之一，有时就被宣传为“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E4%B8%BA%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以人为本（页面不存在）">以人为本</a>”的典型<sup id="cite_ref-Akubue_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akubue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Todaro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Todaro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。对于<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="第三世界">第三世界</a>的这些国家来说，“适用的”技术能够解决农村人口的脱贫问题，避免依赖西方发展模式的科学技术<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgstock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>的精神领袖<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="圣雄甘地">甘地</a>往往被认为是适用技术运动之父，但是甘地本人并没有为这一概念命名。甘地提倡小型的、本地的、主要基于乡村的技术，以帮助印度的乡村自力更生。他反对那些仅仅使极少数人得益的技术，因为其后果是纵容企业以大多数人失业为代价来获取利润。<sup id="cite_ref-Akubue_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akubue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>甘地在1925年建立了“全印度纺织工人联合会”（All-India Spinners Association），并在1935年组建“全印度乡村工业联合会”（All-India Village Industries Association）。这两个组织都关注那些基于乡村的技术，与日后的适用技术运动相当接近。最早提出“中间技术”一词的经济学家<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="恩斯特·弗里德里希·舒马赫">恩斯特·弗里德里希·舒马赫</a>，正是在对印度和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸">缅甸</a>等发展中国家的研究过程中，逐渐明晰了适用技术的基本原则。 </p><p>雷迪（A. K. N. Reddy）指出，以印度为例，适用技术的开发必须基于下述事实：80%的人住在农村，60%的人平均每天支出低于1印度卢比，0.2亿人失业，2亿人半失业（不充分就业）。他为适用技术给出的目标是：在农村地区创造就业，使小生产单元在农村散布，生产各种各样的廉价商品。为此，适用技术应当具有十个倾向<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ol><li>少依赖资本，多增加就业；</li> <li>小规模，例如村舍级别的；</li> <li>生产大众消费品，而不是私人奢侈品；</li> <li>对技能要求低，或者修改自传统技艺；</li> <li>多使用本地原料（例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E6%A6%88%E7%A7%91" title="棕榈科">棕</a>毛、竹子、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%94%97" title="甘蔗">甘蔗</a>渣）；</li> <li>节能；</li> <li>采用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD" title="太阳能">阳光</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="风能">风力</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="沼气">沼气</a>等本地可获得的能源，因为农村往往缺乏输电线等基础设施；</li> <li>在分散的小型工厂里面生产出大量产品，用到的设备不需要复杂的控制或精巧的维修；</li> <li>与农村形成互相支持的共生关系，而不是破坏或依赖的寄生关系；</li> <li>基于理性的持久利用，而不是任意蹂躏环境。</li></ol> <p>中国的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C" title="毛泽东">毛泽东</a>时代曾经在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">人民公社</a>实施过类似于适用技术的发展政策，但是根本思路上与改良主义的乡村建设派并不相同。毛泽东在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="论十大关系">论十大关系</a>》之后，于1958年提出了一整套“两条腿走路”的方针，包括工业和农业并举、重工业和轻工业并举等思想。<sup id="cite_ref-Akubue_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akubue-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同时，红军游击队内部的劳动密集型的小型流动生产单位，也贡献了相应的经验。<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgstock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RachelAndMachine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RachelAndMachine.jpg/300px-RachelAndMachine.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/RachelAndMachine.jpg/450px-RachelAndMachine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/RachelAndMachine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE" title="乌干达">乌干达</a>使用的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="通用花生剥壳机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Universal Nut Sheller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E5%89%A5%E5%A3%B3%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="通用花生剥壳机（页面不存在）">通用花生剥壳机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Nut_Sheller" class="extiw" title="en:Universal Nut Sheller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Universal Nut Sheller</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>，就是适用技术的一个例子。</figcaption></figure> <p>在世界范围内，许多国际机构和政府部门充当过适用技术的主要支持者。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="美洲開發銀行">美洲開發銀行</a>在1976年创办了“中间技术应用委员会”（Committee for the Application of Intermediate Technology），<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>在1977年创立了“卫生适用技术项目”（Appropriate Technology for Health Program）。<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>当前，适用技术运动逐步正在走向衰落。但是，适用技术的许多基本理念已经用“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">可持续发展</a>”的名义重新流行起来了，新的宗旨是呼吁选择使用那些满足人类需要的技术，同时为下一代保护生态环境。<sup id="cite_ref-worldbank1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldbank1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1983年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">经济合作与发展组织</a>对适用技术组织进行了广泛的调查，并以〈适用技术的世界〉（<i>The World of Appropriate Technology</i>）为名发布了调查结果。它把适用技术定义为具有如下特征的技术：“工作场所的单位投资成本低，单位产量的资金投资少，组织架构简单，高度适应特定的社会或文化环境，节约利用自然资源，最终产品的价格低，或者具有很大的就业潜力”。<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>如今，它的网站把“统计学词汇表”当中“适用技术”的词条<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="重定向">重定向</a>到了“环境友好型技术”。<sup id="cite_ref-OECD2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>的“<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%8A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国经济及社会理事会">经济与社会</a>发展索引”（<i>Index to Economic and Social Development</i>）也把“适用技术”的条目重定向到了“可持续发展”。 <sup id="cite_ref-UNdefinition_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNdefinition-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="应用案例"><span id=".E5.BA.94.E7.94.A8.E6.A1.88.E4.BE.8B"></span>应用案例</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：应用案例"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="农业"><span id=".E5.86.9C.E4.B8.9A"></span>农业</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：农业"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E6%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="沼气">沼气</a></div> <p>本地生产<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E6%96%99" title="肥料">肥料</a>的传统途径是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E8%82%A5" title="堆肥">堆肥</a>和沼气厂，两者都是适用技术。从20世纪40年代开始，印度已经发展出了基于牛粪的沼气厂，利用率比直接把牛粪当燃料或肥料更大，还有其他方面的好处（见下表<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <center> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>从煤当中年产23万吨<br />合成氮肥的大型工厂</th> <th>每天通过厌氧微生物发酵出<br />5千立方英尺有机肥的农村沼气厂 </th></tr> <tr> <td>工厂数量</td> <td>1</td> <td>26150<br />（每个厂年产8.8吨，分散在使用肥料的农村） </td></tr> <tr> <td>资金成本</td> <td>12亿印度卢比<br />（而且进口原油价格<br />有可能快速上涨）</td> <td>10.7亿印度卢比<br />（每个厂4.1万印度卢比，<br />节省了运输、市场和广告开支） </td></tr> <tr> <td>所需的外汇</td> <td>6亿印度卢比</td> <td>零 </td></tr> <tr> <td>流动资产与销售收入比<br />（每吨氮肥4350印度卢比）</td> <td>1.20</td> <td>1.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>雇员人数</td> <td>1000</td> <td>130750（每个厂5人） </td></tr> <tr> <td>能耗</td> <td>每年费电1亿度</td> <td>每年发电635亿度 </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <p>可是，再小的沼气厂也需要两头牛来提供牛粪，并要求大量资金，只有富裕的农场主才会去用。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>并且，印度的牛羊和沼气肥料技术都是私人所有的，牲畜的主人也是沼气厂的主人。由于厂主和地主们把牛粪都收集起来，这种适用技术反而使穷人的生活水平下降了。<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgstock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1966年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="世界銀行集團">世界银行</a>向印度提供农业贷款的条件，是要求印度政府完全改变既定政策，允许外国控制沼气厂并为它们提供垄断市场，从美国支配的油田购买石油原料。当沼气厂掌握在资本主义制度国家的大型企业手中时，这种早已困难重重的“适用技术”就进一步加剧了社会危机。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%8A%A0%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="班加罗尔">班加罗尔</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" title="印度科學理工學院">印度科学理工学院</a>可持续技术中心（缩写ASTRA是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>的“武器”之义）的创始人雷迪（A. K. N. Reddy）评价说，原本免费的牛粪获得了交换价值，无地农民就很难在路上捡到随处洒落的牛粪了。农民也无力购买沼气，这使得他们彻底失去了所有的燃料。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献：<b><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E8%A7%A3%E5%86%B3%E5%86%9C%E6%9D%91%E7%83%A7%E6%9F%B4%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA" class="extiw" title="s:中共中央、国务院关于解决农村烧柴问题的指示">中共中央、国务院关于解决农村烧柴问题的指示</a></b></div></div> </div> <p>然而在中国，普及和推广的沼气技术却使得集体中的每个人都获得了不同程度的受益，这与科学技术的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%AC%E7%A4%BE" title="人民公社">社会背景</a>有关。<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgstock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水和卫生"><span id=".E6.B0.B4.E5.92.8C.E5.8D.AB.E7.94.9F"></span>水和卫生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：水和卫生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在适用技术中，如果制造肥皂所用的油是本地生产的，价钱将比那些在全国打广告的品牌肥皂便宜一半。可是这种肥皂却没有本地市场——因为买得起肥皂的人把肥皂当成奢侈品，情愿去买那些昂贵的品牌香皂。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="交通运输"><span id=".E4.BA.A4.E9.80.9A.E8.BF.90.E8.BE.93"></span>交通运输</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：交通运输"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>印度的1千3百万辆牛车是农村地区主要的交通工具。1976年12月23日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A1%E5%A3%AB%E9%80%9A" title="凡士通">凡士通</a>印度分公司的工厂主管弗吉斯博士（George T. Verghese）为牛车发布了带有两个硬质橡胶轮胎的钢制轮子，能够使运载能力提高50%。凡士通还特别提到说，轮胎将有助于减少碎石路面的损坏。不过，这种钢制轮子的价格高达1824<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%A2%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="印度卢比">印度卢比</a>，而传统的木制轮子只有1150印度卢比。如果牛车被现代化了，贫农的状况就会严重恶化，农村里面制作轮子的人也将失业。在此之前，许多人早就给牛车的车轴改装上了橡胶轮胎，<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E7%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E8%BC%AA%E8%83%8E" title="登祿普輪胎">邓禄普</a>也已经在出售牛车的充气轮胎。弗吉斯承认，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="跨国公司">跨国公司</a>当时才引进这项“旧的”适用技术，是因为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%A9%A1%E8%83%B6" title="天然橡胶">天然橡胶</a>市场持续饱和，牛车的橡胶轮胎将为过剩的橡胶提供销路。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="食物制作与储藏"><span id=".E9.A3.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.88.B6.E4.BD.9C.E4.B8.8E.E5.82.A8.E8.97.8F"></span>食物制作与储藏</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：食物制作与储藏"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>印度过去的金属制品工艺很发达，但是在印度独立以后的20世纪60年代早期，传统的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%93%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="黄铜">黄铜</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%94%88%E9%92%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="不锈钢">不锈钢</a>器具越来越昂贵，许多人改用<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">铝</a>。铝片很容易通过手工或简易机械来切割和塑形，是理想的小型工业。铝盘子主要卖给农村当地的工人。每投资8000印度卢比（<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%8E%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="英鎊">£</a>530），就能产生5份工作，这使政府获得了相当多的支持。可是，印度第二大实业家族<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝拉家族" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Birla family"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝拉家族（页面不存在）">贝拉家族</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birla_family" class="extiw" title="en:Birla family"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Birla family</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>是铝的供应厂商，它在其中看到了潜在的市场。它使用的阳极电镀铝比小型铝业出产的铝多了一层光泽，在六个月以内用锃亮的铝盘摧毁了铝器皿的小型工业。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>印度的大多数食用油来自本地生长的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E6%B2%B9" title="花生油">花生</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%9C%E7%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="菜籽油">芥菜籽</a>等种子，传统上由当地的榨油<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6#分工" title="种姓制度">种姓</a>（英語：<span lang="en">Teli</span>）负责。使用的是大的杵臼装置（ghani）<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，两只小公牛像拉磨一样使杵旋转，来碾碎种子。残渣（油饼）还含有12%的油，被用来喂牲口。拥有政治权力的中介商总是控制了油料和食用油，他们囤积油并操纵市场，导致价格剧烈波动。20世纪50年代，油的出口政策推高了价格，能够榨得更多油的工艺随之产生。大型压碾机使油饼中只剩下6%的油，再由溶剂<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%83%E5%8F%96" title="萃取">萃取</a>技术把这6%的油都提取出来。本地的榨油人竞争不过他们，在60年代普遍失业，而穷人也失去了一种便宜的牲畜饲料。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土布和乡村工业委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khadi and Village Industries Commission"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%B8%83%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%A1%E6%9D%91%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土布和乡村工业委员会（页面不存在）">土布和乡村工业委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi_and_Village_Industries_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:Khadi and Village Industries Commission"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khadi and Village Industries Commission</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>开发了一种电动ghani设备，可以调节压榨的压力，使油饼中只剩下9%的油。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="印度管理研究所">印度管理研究所</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E7%8F%AD%E5%8A%A0%E7%BE%85%E7%88%BE%E5%88%86%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="印度管理研究所班加羅爾分校">班加罗尔分校</a>的一项研究考虑到创造就业和食物生产方面的好处，而强烈支持电ghani。可是，资本增殖的需求是每天用90万印度卢比生产出2.5吨油，所以资本将从三种系统中选择出利润最大的去处。榨油厂只需要14人，电ghani需要210人，牛ghani需要264人；榨油厂为每个雇工支付35700印度卢比，电ghani是1572印度卢比，牛ghani是1435印度卢比。最终，榨油厂给资本带来13%的回报，电ghani是7%，牛ghani是2%。于是，钱只会提供给一个榨油厂，通常并不会流向88个牛ghani和42个电ghani。只有油料种植者才会组成<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%A4%BE" title="合作社">合作社</a>去用电ghani来榨自己的油料，把利润从油料加工者手中拿过来。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>印度的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国家研究开发公司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Research Development Corporation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国家研究开发公司（页面不存在）">国家研究开发公司</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Development_Corporation" class="extiw" title="en:National Research Development Corporation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Research Development Corporation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（NRDC）是把国有技术卖给私人公司的英国政府部门，它在自己的期刊《发明情报》（<i>Invention Intelligence</i>）中专门谈到，“群众技术”要减少不平等，升级而不是取代传统技术和技艺，使用可再生的本地原材料，实现废物和副产品的利用和循环。它宣称：适用技术就是让让生产技术和生产过程服从社会需求，在组织和管理上把上下游联合成生产系统。<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>NRDC的一项技术是从<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85%E6%A8%B9" title="娑羅樹">娑羅樹</a>种子里面提取油，由于其含油量较低，不能仅仅通过碾压来获取。于是，现代的溶剂萃取厂与娑罗树种植者之间的中介商获得了大部分利润：他们用1印度卢比买入种子，就能把加工出的油以12印度卢比卖出。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>NRDC的另一项技术是从花生中分离出蛋白质，由<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94" title="迈索尔">迈索尔</a>的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中央食品技术研究所" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Central Food Technological Research Institute"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中央食品技术研究所（页面不存在）">中央食品技术研究所</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Food_Technological_Research_Institute" class="extiw" title="en:Central Food Technological Research Institute"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Central Food Technological Research Institute</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>开发。NRDC为印度第一大实业家族<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%A1%94%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F" title="塔塔家族">塔塔家族</a>建于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%B9%B0" title="孟买">孟买</a>的试验厂筹措资金。可是，塔塔把这种工艺用于昂贵的蛋白质饮品Milpro，只在城市销售，贫农根本买不起。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="争议"><span id=".E4.BA.89.E8.AE.AE"></span>争议</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：争议"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>雷迪（A. K. N. Reddy）认为，“适用技术”一词有歧义：在一个贫富分化的社会中，究竟什么技术是“适用”的，要看对于什么人群而言。适用技术即使具有中等的规模和资本密集程度，也仍然可能为富人的利益服务。技术在政治和经济的意义上并不是价值中性的、超阶级的工具元素，而是为了满足某些社会集团和统治阶级的利益需求，并对技术的使用者发生主动的引导作用。例如，印度的贫困就有其技术根源，采用这些技术而不是那些技术，都是为了维持精英的存在，并巩固和增进其利益。印度社会的二元分化严重：10%的上层精英（包括工厂主、商人、封建地主、政客、官僚、公务员、富农、科学家和工程师等专家、高级白领）消费了24%的财富，而60%的下层人民只消费了37%，5%的富人的总消费量（364亿印度卢比）比30%的穷人还多（350亿印度卢比）。这一困境的重要原因就在于，印度有丰富的人力且缺乏资本，那么少量资本就倾向于集中到城市的少数大工厂和相关行业部门，远离农村经济。结果是，西方发达国家通过4500多个国外合作协议引入了资本密集型技术和能源密集型技术，印度独立后的工业化过程也强烈依赖它们。其特征表现为减少劳动力、供应市场、鼓励个人消费、提高自动化程度、奢侈品的精巧程度和范围扩大。只要社会结构不变，那么这些模式特征也不会因为技术革新而消失。即使是技术的独立自主和本土化发展的呼声，也仅仅反映了国外的卖方公司和国内的买办受益人之间在利润瓜分上的冲突。<sup id="cite_ref-Reddy_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reddy-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>汉隆（Joseph Hanlon）考察了适用技术的产生背景。英国殖民者把<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="英属印度">印度</a>当成原料输出地和工业产品输入地。这引发了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="印度独立运动">独立运动</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E9%9B%84%E7%94%98%E5%9C%B0" title="圣雄甘地">甘地</a>要求去中心化的纺织品生产，因为机器仅仅是在帮助少数人骑在多数饥民的背上。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="印度共和國">印度</a>独立以后的三十年间，曾经是外国援助机构所钟爱的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E#獨立至1991年" title="印度经济">经济瘫痪</a>国家。然而，70年代的印度却变成了工业上的净出口国，食物和外汇都是过剩的。繁荣背后，却有40%的人缺乏食物。食物的相对过剩仅仅是因为国内市场的农民穷得买不起，于是被工厂主用于出口。究其原因，一方面，针对社会危机，印度政府转向了60%的人所居住的农村，去扶持低价建材、新型纤维、另类动物饲料等适用技术。政府专门为小型生产部门保留了177个项目，让设备投资不到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%8E%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="英鎊">£</a>67000的农村小工业在贷款和原料配给上获得一定的优先权，解决了两千万人的就业，并设立<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="土布和乡村工业委员会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khadi and Village Industries Commission"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%9F%E5%B8%83%E5%92%8C%E4%B9%A1%E6%9D%91%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="土布和乡村工业委员会（页面不存在）">土布和乡村工业委员会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khadi_and_Village_Industries_Commission" class="extiw" title="en:Khadi and Village Industries Commission"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khadi and Village Industries Commission</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>来保障失业人群的生活。同时，印度仍然欢迎外国的技术和投资。虽然<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2#殖民地时期" class="mw-redirect" title="印度歷史">殖民者</a>丧失了统治权，可是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="跨国公司">跨国公司</a>依然通过技术垄断或企业所有权控制了印度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E#工业" title="印度经济">工业</a>，并使之高度集中于城市、使用尽可能少的劳动力。例如，颜色鲜艳的塑料桶代替了本地陶工做的罐子，<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%B0%AF%E4%B9%99%E7%83%AF" title="聚氯乙烯">PVC</a>塑料鞋代替了制革匠的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BE%BF%E9%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度便鞋（页面不存在）">印度便鞋</a>，机器制成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="合成纤维">合成纤维</a>服装代替了手工制成的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%9C%9F%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度土布（页面不存在）">印度土布</a>。塑料鞋的价格尽管是皮革鞋的一半，却不适合炎热的天气，也不便于修补。两者的总花费其实差不多，农村没有真正受益，也没有提供工作岗位或减少不平等。塑料鞋只是靠广告才变得流行，却严重地打击了制革匠。可见，印度并不缺乏适用技术，问题在于技术并没有服从社会需求。技术的更替取决于大型企业的偏好，同一批剥削阶级依然能够使用新技术来继续剥削，这归根到底是关于生产与分配方式的控制权的社会政治问题。<sup id="cite_ref-Hanlon_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>哈里森（Paul Harrison）认为，适用技术运动实质上反而加重了第三世界国家对发达国家的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E9%99%84%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6)" title="依附理论 (国际政治经济学)">依附</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="世界体系理论">从属</a>程度。<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>布里奇斯托克（Martin Bridgstock）也评价说，如果资本主义的政府始终代表着极少数富人的根本利益，那么收入的再分配在政治上必定难以推行，失业问题的产生和适用技术的边缘化就不可避免。<sup id="cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bridgstock-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-BrownU-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrownU_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hazeltine, B.; Bull, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0123351901">Appropriate Technology: Tools, Choices, and Implications</a>. New York: Academic Press. 1999: 3. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-12-335190-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-12-335190-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-12-335190-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.au=Bull%2C+C.&rft.au=Hazeltine%2C+B.&rft.btitle=Appropriate+Technology%3A+Tools%2C+Choices%2C+and+Implications&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-12-335190-1&rft.pages=3&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2F0123351901&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akubue-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akubue_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akubue_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akubue_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akubue_2-3"><sup><b>2.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Akubue, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224173628/https://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/Winter-Spring-2000/akabue.html">Appropriate Technology for Socioeconomic Development in Third World Countries</a>. The Journal of Technology Studies. 2000, <b>26</b> (1): 33–43 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [March 2011]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/JOTS/Winter-Spring-2000/akabue.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-02-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=Appropriate+Technology+for+Socioeconomic+Development+in+Third+World+Countries&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Akubue&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Technology+Studies&rft.pages=33-43&rft.volume=26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.lib.vt.edu%2Fejournals%2FJOTS%2FWinter-Spring-2000%2Fakabue.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Todaro-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Todaro_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Todaro, M.; Smith, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0201770512">Economic Development</a>. Boston: Addison Wesley. 2003: 252–254. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-273-65549-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-273-65549-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-273-65549-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.au=Smith%2C+S.&rft.au=Todaro%2C+M.&rft.btitle=Economic+Development&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-273-65549-3&rft.pages=252-254&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2F0201770512&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bridgstock-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bridgstock_4-4"><sup><b>4.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">(澳)布里奇斯托克（Martin Bridgstock）. 科学技术与社会导论. 清华新人文丛书：科学人文系列. 由刘立翻译. 北京: 清华大学出版社. 2005年12月: 289–294, 305–306. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7302120781" title="Special:网络书源/7302120781"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7302120781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.au=%28%E6%BE%B3%29%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%EF%BC%88Martin+Bridgstock%EF%BC%89&rft.btitle=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AF%BC%E8%AE%BA&rft.date=2005-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7302120781&rft.pages=289-294%2C+305-306&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.series=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%9B%E4%B9%A6%EF%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reddy-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reddy_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reddy_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reddy_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Reddy, Amulya Kumar N. Alternative Technologies: A Viewpoint from India. Social Studies of Science. Aug 1975, <b>5</b> (3): 331–342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=Alternative+Technologies%3A+A+Viewpoint+from+India&rft.aufirst=Amulya+Kumar+N.&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.date=1975-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Social+Studies+of+Science&rft.pages=331-342&rft.volume=5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OECD_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jequier, N.; Blanc, G. The World of Appropriate Technology. Paris: Development Center of the <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">OECD</a>. 1983: 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.au=Blanc%2C+G.&rft.au=Jequier%2C+N.&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Appropriate+Technology&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=9&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Development+Center+of+the+OECD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">World Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/sd.html">What is Sustainable Development?</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-04-24</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110506000538/http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/sd.html">存档</a>于2011-05-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.au=World+Bank&rft.btitle=What+is+Sustainable+Development%3F&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fdepweb%2Fenglish%2Fsd.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OECD2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OECD2_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="经济合作与发展组织">OECD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309093253/https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=122">Appropriate Technology</a>. Glossary of Statistical Terms. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-04-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=122">原始内容</a>存档于2021-03-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=Appropriate+Technology&rft.au=OECD&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+Statistical+Terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Fglossary%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D122&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNdefinition-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNdefinition_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109005956/https://www.un.org/esa/subindex/wd15.htm">Appropriate Technology</a>. Index to Economic and Social Development. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-04-24</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/subindex/wd15.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021-01-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=Appropriate+Technology&rft.au=United+Nations&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index+to+Economic+and+Social+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fsubindex%2Fwd15.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanlon-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-3"><sup><b>10.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-4"><sup><b>10.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-5"><sup><b>10.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-6"><sup><b>10.6</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-7"><sup><b>10.7</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hanlon_10-8"><sup><b>10.8</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hanlon, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com.hk/books?id=wvUrHv3P3KcC">India: back to the villages - Does Appropriate Technology walk on plastic sandals?</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA" title="新科學人">New Scientist</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德商业资讯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reed Business Information"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德商业资讯（页面不存在）">Reed Business Information</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Business_Information" class="extiw" title="en:Reed Business Information"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reed Business Information</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>). 1977-05-26, <b>74</b> (1053): 467–469 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-17</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0262-4079</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=India%3A+back+to+the+villages+-+Does+Appropriate+Technology+walk+on+plastic+sandals%3F&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.aulast=Hanlon&rft.date=1977-05-26&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft.issue=1053&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.pages=467-469&rft.volume=74&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.hk%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwvUrHv3P3KcC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Achaya, K.T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130415/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t4660t/t4660t0b.htm">Ghani: A traditional method of oil processing in India</a>. Food, Nutrition and Agriculture - 11 - Edible fats and oils. <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国粮食及农业组织">粮食及农业组织</a>. 1994 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-22</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4660T/t4660t0b.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2018-09-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=Ghani%3A+A+traditional+method+of+oil+processing+in+India&rft.aufirst=K.T.&rft.aulast=Achaya&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food%2C+Nutrition+and+Agriculture+-+11+-+Edible+fats+and+oils&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2FT4660T%2Ft4660t0b.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Dr. Y. Nayudamma. Technology for the Masses. Invention Intelligence (New Delhi, India: National Research Development Corporation of India). January–February 1977, <b>12</b> (1 & 2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=Technology+for+the+Masses&rft.au=Dr.+Y.+Nayudamma&rft.date=1977-01%2F1977-02&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.jtitle=Invention+Intelligence&rft.volume=12&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140930124212/http://books.google.com/books?id=9iF_j-z4P_AC">Self-sufficiency or naked exploitation? (Feedback in the Third World)</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA" title="新科學人">New Scientist</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里德商业资讯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reed Business Information"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E8%B5%84%E8%AE%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里德商业资讯（页面不存在）">Reed Business Information</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Business_Information" class="extiw" title="en:Reed Business Information"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reed Business Information</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>). 1977-03-10, <b>73</b> (1042): 591 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-22</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0262-4079</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=9iF_j-z4P_AC">原始内容</a>存档于2014-09-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.atitle=Self-sufficiency+or+naked+exploitation%3F+%28Feedback+in+the+Third+World%29&rft.date=1977-03-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft.issue=1042&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.pages=591&rft.volume=73&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iF_j-z4P_AC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harrison, Paul. The Third World Tomorrow. Harmondsworth: Penguin. 1983: 154–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.btitle=The+Third+World+Tomorrow&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=154-155&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="維基學院">維基學院</a>中的相關研究或學習資源：<b><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Topic:Self-sufficiency" class="extiw" title="v:Topic:Self-sufficiency">适用技术</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="維基學院">維基學院</a>中的相關研究或學習資源：<b><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Environmental_community_building" class="extiw" title="v:Environmental community building">适用技术</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="維基學院">維基學院</a>中的相關研究或學習資源：<b><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology_designs" class="extiw" title="v:Appropriate technology designs">适用技术</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appropedia.org/">Appropedia – The Sustainability Wiki</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070201041601/http://www.appropedia.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – 可持续技术的World Wide Wiki（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.appropedia.org/Portal:Appropriate_technology">（[//web.archive.org/web/20210422154434/http://www.appropedia.org/Portal:Appropriate_technology 页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）适用技术主题]]）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akvopedia.org">Akvopedia — 地表水和公共卫生知识资源</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140830161852/http://www.akvopedia.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095524/http://www.engr.psu.edu/IJSLE/index.htm">International Journal for Service Learning in Engineering（IJSLE）</a> – 经过同行评议的半年刊线上杂志，涉及适用技术和可持续技术以及相关领域。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grat.at">GrAT – 适用技术中心</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210506123404/http://www.grat.at/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="奧地利共和國">奧地利</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E4%B9%9F%E7%B4%8D" title="維也納">維也納</a>研究和开发适用技术的科学协会</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aprovecho.net">AproveEcho</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210224231751/http://www.aprovecho.net/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – 关注适用技术生活的环境教育中心</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apptechdesign.org">适用技术合作社</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210227005938/http://www.apptechdesign.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – 设计和传播适用技术的非营利机构</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wholeearth.com">全球目录：工具和理念</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090106171959/http://www.wholeearth.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-development/sustainable-design/sustainability-in-the-desert/">中东可持续化设计的回顾</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120730124742/http://www.carboun.com/sustainable-development/sustainable-design/sustainability-in-the-desert/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%82%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/langzh-32px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/langzh-48px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/langzh-64px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="Portal:可持续发展">可持续发展主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" 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class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of sustainability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of sustainability</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續性相關文章索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of sustainability articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%96%87%E7%AB%A0%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續性相關文章索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of sustainability articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of sustainability articles</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">原則與概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%B8%96" title="人類世">人類世</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地球系統治理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Earth system governance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球系統治理（页面不存在）">地球系統治理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_governance" class="extiw" title="en:Earth system governance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Earth system governance</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96" title="生態現代化">生態現代化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86" title="环境治理">環境治理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="环境保护主义">環境保護主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E7%81%BD%E9%9B%A3%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="全球災難危機">全球災難危機</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%B0%8D%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" title="人類對環境的影響">人類對環境的影響</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%99%90%E5%BA%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="地球限度理論">地球限度理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7" title="可持續性">可持續性</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="管理責任" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stewardship"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E8%B2%AC%E4%BB%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="管理責任（页面不存在）">管理責任</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship" class="extiw" title="en:Stewardship"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stewardship</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">可持續發展</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" title="綠色生活">綠色生活</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%8F%8B%E5%96%84" title="環境友善">環境友善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86" title="環境倫理">環境倫理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%B4%84%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%88%87%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="里約環境與發展宣言">里約環境與發展宣言</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="消費">消費</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人為化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anthropization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E7%82%BA%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人為化（页面不存在）">人為化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropization" class="extiw" title="en:Anthropization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anthropization</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反消費主義">反消費主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="循環經濟">循環經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%B6%85%E8%BD%BD%E6%97%A5" title="地球超载日">地球超载日</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="生態足跡">生態足跡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%AF%E7%9F%A5%E6%B6%88%E8%B4%B9" title="良知消费">良知消费</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="個體可持續性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Micro-sustainability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%8B%E9%AB%94%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="個體可持續性（页面不存在）">個體可持續性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-sustainability" class="extiw" title="en:Micro-sustainability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Micro-sustainability</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%B6%88%E8%80%97" title="過度消耗">過度消耗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" title="簡單生活">簡單生活</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="穩態經濟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Steady-state economy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%A9%E6%85%8B%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穩態經濟（页面不存在）">穩態經濟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-state_economy" class="extiw" title="en:Steady-state economy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Steady-state economy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續性廣告" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability advertising"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續性廣告（页面不存在）">可持續性廣告</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability advertising"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability advertising</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續性品牌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability brand"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%93%81%E7%89%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續性品牌（页面不存在）">可持續性品牌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_brand" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability brand"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability brand</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續行銷短視" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability marketing myopia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E8%A1%8C%E9%8A%B7%E7%9F%AD%E8%A6%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續行銷短視（页面不存在）">可持續行銷短視</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability marketing myopia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability marketing myopia</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續消費" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable consumption"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續消費（页面不存在）">可持續消費</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable consumption"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable consumption</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對可持續性全面改變的抗拒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E5%85%A8%E9%9D%A2%E6%94%B9%E8%AE%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%97%E6%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對可持續性全面改變的抗拒（页面不存在）">對可持續性全面改變的抗拒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability and systemic change resistance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability and systemic change resistance</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%B0%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87" title="公地悲劇">公地悲劇</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="世界人口">世界人口</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="生育控制">生育控制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%BD%AC%E5%9E%8B" title="人口转型">人口轉型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="计划生育">计划生育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="人口控制">人口控制</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續人口" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable population"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續人口（页面不存在）">可持續人口</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_population" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable population"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable population</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性教育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Women's education"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性教育（页面不存在）">女性教育</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_education" class="extiw" title="en:Women's education"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Women's education</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E9%81%8E%E5%A4%9A" title="人口過多">人口過多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E4%B8%8D%E8%B6%B3" title="人口不足">人口不足</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">科技</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">適用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="環境科技">環境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="自然建築">自然建築</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="生物安全">生物安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%80%95%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="瀕危物種">瀕危物種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="全新世滅絕事件">全新世滅絕事件</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="入侵物种">入侵物种</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">能源</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="碳足跡">碳足跡</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氣候變化減緩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Climate change mitigation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%B8%9B%E7%B7%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氣候變化減緩（页面不存在）">氣候變化減緩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" class="extiw" title="en:Climate change mitigation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Climate change mitigation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E7%B4%84%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="節約能源">節約能源</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源下降" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy descent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源下降（页面不存在）">能源下降</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_descent" class="extiw" title="en:Energy descent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy descent</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="能源效率">能源效率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%A3%E5%8C%96" title="電氣化">電氣化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E6%9D%83%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="排放权交易">排放权交易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E6%B7%98%E6%B1%B0" title="化石燃料淘汰">化石燃料淘汰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%A1%B6%E7%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="哈伯特顶点">哈伯特頂點</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源貧困" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy poverty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E8%B2%A7%E5%9B%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源貧困（页面不存在）">能源貧困</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_poverty" class="extiw" title="en:Energy poverty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy poverty</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反彈效應（節能）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rebound effect (conservation)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%BD%88%E6%95%88%E6%87%89%EF%BC%88%E7%AF%80%E8%83%BD%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反彈效應（節能）（页面不存在）">反彈效應（節能）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebound_effect_(conservation)" class="extiw" title="en:Rebound effect (conservation)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rebound effect (conservation)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="生物燃料">生質燃料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可持續能源">可持續能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽能">太陽能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A8%E8%83%BD" title="風能">風能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E8%83%BD" title="海洋能">海洋能</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續食物系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable food system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續食物系統（页面不存在）">食物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable food system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable food system</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公民農業" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Civic agriculture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公民農業（页面不存在）">公民農業</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_agriculture" class="extiw" title="en:Civic agriculture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Civic agriculture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E5%8D%94%E5%8A%9B%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="社區協力農業">社區協力農業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D" title="森林園藝">森林園藝</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食物景觀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foodscaping"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食物景觀（页面不存在）">食物景觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foodscaping" class="extiw" title="en:Foodscaping"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foodscaping</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本土糧食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Local food"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本土糧食（页面不存在）">本土糧食</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_food" class="extiw" title="en:Local food"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Local food</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%B8%E9%96%80" title="樸門">樸門</a></li> <li>* <a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8" title="粮食安全">粮食安全</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="永續農業">永續農業</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="永續漁業" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable fishery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永續漁業（页面不存在）">永續漁業</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable fishery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable fishery</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="城市園藝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Urban horticulture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="城市園藝（页面不存在）">城市園藝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_horticulture" class="extiw" title="en:Urban horticulture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Urban horticulture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%AC%E8%8F%9C%E7%AE%B1%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="蔬菜箱方案">蔬菜箱方案</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">水</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E6%B0%B4" title="節水">節水</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水資源缺乏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Water scarcity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%BC%BA%E4%B9%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水資源缺乏（页面不存在）">水資源缺乏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_scarcity" class="extiw" title="en:Water scarcity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Water scarcity</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%81%E6%B0%B4%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87" title="省水效率">省水效率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%B6%B3%E8%B7%A1" title="水足跡">水足跡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%B0%B4" title="中水">中水</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續環境設施" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable sanitation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續環境設施（页面不存在）">可持續環境設施</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable sanitation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable sanitation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E6%B0%B4" title="節水">節水</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" title="材料">材料</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="工業生態學">工業生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6" title="資源回收">資源回收</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9E%83%E5%9C%BE" title="垃圾">垃圾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B6%E5%BB%A2%E6%A3%84" title="零廢棄">零廢棄</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">應用</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有機運動" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Organic movement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有機運動（页面不存在）">有機運動</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_movement" class="extiw" title="en:Organic movement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Organic movement</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續廣告" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable advertising"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%BB%A3%E5%91%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續廣告（页面不存在）">廣告</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable advertising"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable advertising</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續建築（页面不存在）">建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable architecture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續藝術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續藝術（页面不存在）">藝術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_art" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable art</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續性事業" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable business"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%8B%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續性事業（页面不存在）">事業</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_business" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable business"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable business</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="生态城市">可持續城市</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北美大學可持續性課程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="North American collegiate sustainability programs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北美大學可持續性課程（页面不存在）">大學課程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_collegiate_sustainability_programs" class="extiw" title="en:North American collegiate sustainability programs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">North American collegiate sustainability programs</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續社區計畫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable community plan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E7%A4%BE%E5%8D%80%E8%A8%88%E7%95%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續社區計畫（页面不存在）">可持續社區計畫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_community_plan" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable community plan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable community plan</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（英國）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="永續設計">設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%9D%91" title="生態村">生態村</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" title="可持续发展">可持續發展</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續時尚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable fashion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%99%82%E5%B0%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續時尚（页面不存在）">時尚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable fashion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable fashion</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續園藝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable gardening"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%9C%92%E8%97%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續園藝（页面不存在）">園藝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable gardening"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable gardening</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="地质公园">地質公園</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E8%90%A5%E9%94%80" title="绿色营销">綠色营销</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續工業" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable industries"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續工業（页面不存在）">工業</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_industries" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable industries"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable industries</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續景觀建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable landscape architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續景觀建築（页面不存在）">景觀建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable landscape architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable landscape architecture</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E7%94%9F%E6%B4%BB" title="綠色生活">生活</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="低影響開發（英國）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Low-impact_development_(UK)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8E%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%EF%BC%88%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="低影響開發（英國）（页面不存在）">低影響開發</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" class="extiw" title="en:Low-impact development (UK)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Low-impact_development_(UK)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續市場" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable market"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續市場（页面不存在）">可持續市場</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable market"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable market</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續性組織" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability organizations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續性組織（页面不存在）">組織</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability organizations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability organizations</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續包裝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable packaging"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%8C%85%E8%A3%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續包裝（页面不存在）">包裝</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable packaging"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable packaging</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續性採購" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable procurement"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%8E%A1%E8%B3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續性採購（页面不存在）">採購</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable procurement"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable procurement</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="空間可持續性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Space sustainability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="空間可持續性（页面不存在）">空間</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_sustainability" class="extiw" title="en:Space sustainability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Space sustainability</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E6%97%85%E6%B8%B8" title="可持续旅游">旅遊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="可持续交通系统">交通</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續城市排水系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable urban drainage systems"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E6%8E%92%E6%B0%B4%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續城市排水系統（页面不存在）">城市排水系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable urban drainage systems"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable urban drainage systems</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續城市基礎建設" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable urban infrastructure"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E5%BB%BA%E8%A8%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續城市基礎建設（页面不存在）">城市基礎建設</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable urban infrastructure"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable urban infrastructure</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新都市主義">新都市主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">管理</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續性與環境管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability and environmental management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續性與環境管理（页面不存在）">環境</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability and environmental management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability and environmental management</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="漁業管理">漁業</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續森林管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable forest management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續森林管理（页面不存在）">森林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable forest management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable forest management</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="景觀規模保育" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Landscape-scale conservation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AF%E8%A7%80%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="景觀規模保育（页面不存在）">景觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape-scale_conservation" class="extiw" title="en:Landscape-scale conservation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Landscape-scale conservation</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持續材料管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable materials management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持續材料管理（页面不存在）">材料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable materials management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable materials management</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="自然資源管理">自然資源</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地球管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Planetary management"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球管理（页面不存在）">地球</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_management" class="extiw" title="en:Planetary management"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Planetary management</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93%E7%89%A9%E6%8E%92%E6%94%BE%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="污染物排放控制">污染物</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食塑生物" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plastivore"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%A1%91%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食塑生物（页面不存在）">食塑生物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastivore" class="extiw" title="en:Plastivore"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plastivore</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%B3%87%E6%BA%90%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="環境資源管理">環境資源管理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">條約與<br />會議</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="聯合國人類環境會議">聯合國人類環境會議</a>（1972年）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="布倫特蘭委員會">布倫特蘭委員會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AA%E6%9D%A5" title="我们共同的未来">我們共同的未來</a>，即布倫特蘭委員會報告 (1987年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0%E6%9C%83" title="地球高峰會">地球高峰會</a>(1992年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%B4%84%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E8%88%87%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80" title="里約環境與發展宣言">里約環境與發展宣言</a> (1992年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/21%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E8%AD%B0%E7%A8%8B" title="21世紀議程">21世紀議程</a>(1992年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7%E5%85%AC%E7%B4%84" title="生物多樣性公約">生物多樣性公約</a> (1992年)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國際人口和發展會議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Conference on Population and Development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%92%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國際人口和發展會議（页面不存在）">國際人口和發展會議</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" class="extiw" title="en:International Conference on Population and Development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International Conference on Population and Development</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>（1994年）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="里斯本原則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lisbon Principles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="里斯本原則（页面不存在）">里斯本原則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" class="extiw" title="en:Lisbon Principles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lisbon Principles</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (1997年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B0%E5%AE%9A%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="京都議定書">京都議定書</a> (1997年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%AE%AA%E7%AB%A0" title="地球宪章">地球憲章</a> (2000年)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聯合國千年宣言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United Nations Millennium Declaration"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%8D%83%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%A3%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯合國千年宣言（页面不存在）">聯合國千年宣言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" class="extiw" title="en:United Nations Millennium Declaration"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United Nations Millennium Declaration</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (2000年)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="世界高峰會2002年" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Earth Summit 2002"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%AB%98%E5%B3%B0%E6%9C%832002%E5%B9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界高峰會2002年（页面不存在）">世界高峰會2002年</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" class="extiw" title="en:Earth Summit 2002"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Earth Summit 2002</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (2002年)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聯合國可持續發展會議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯合國可持續發展會議（页面不存在）">聯合國可持續發展會議</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" class="extiw" title="en:United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (2012年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87" title="可持续发展目标">可持續發展目標</a> (2015年)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%8D%94%E5%AE%9A" title="巴黎協定">巴黎協定</a> (2015年)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聯合國海洋會議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="United Nations Ocean Conference"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯合國海洋會議（页面不存在）">聯合國海洋會議</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Ocean_Conference" class="extiw" title="en:United Nations Ocean Conference"><span lang="en" dir="auto">United Nations Ocean Conference</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> (2017年)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7" title="Category:可持續性">分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="列表级条目"><img alt="列表级条目" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="相關列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title=":Category:Sustainability lists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相關列表（页面不存在）">相關列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Sustainability lists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">:Category:Sustainability lists</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></b></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="永續性科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永續性科學（页面不存在）">永續性科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_science" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability science</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></b></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="永續性研究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainability studies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E6%80%A7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="永續性研究（页面不存在）">永續性研究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability_studies" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainability studies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainability studies</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="技术" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 臺 mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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title="醫學">醫</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="藥理學">藥</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%B7%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="護理學">護理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="化学工程">化学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學技術（页面不存在）">化學技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="化学信息学">化学信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%AA%A2%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學檢驗（页面不存在）">化學檢驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生化工程">生化工程</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生化技術（页面不存在）">生化技術</a></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="農業">農業</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="農業工程">農業工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="食品工程">食品工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="食品技术">食品技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%94%A2%E9%A4%8A%E6%AE%96" title="水產養殖">水產養殖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="漁業">水產學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="營養學">營養學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食品微生物學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Food microbiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食品微生物學（页面不存在）">食品微生物學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" class="extiw" title="en:Food microbiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Food microbiology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遺傳利用限制技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Genetic use restriction technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%94%A8%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遺傳利用限制技術（页面不存在）">遺傳利用限制技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic use restriction technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Genetic use restriction technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="環境科技">環境科技</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="綠色建築">綠色建築</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="可再生能源">可再生能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="永續設計">永續設計</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="环境工程">環境工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="生態工程">生態工程</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潔淨科技" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Clean technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%94%E6%B7%A8%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潔淨科技（页面不存在）">潔淨科技</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Clean technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Clean technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生態技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ecotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生態技術（页面不存在）">生態技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:Ecotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ecotechnology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="環境工程科學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Environmental engineering science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="環境工程科學（页面不存在）">環境工程科學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" class="extiw" title="en:Environmental engineering science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Environmental engineering science</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="教育科技">教育技術學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="教育科技">教育技術學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="線上學習">線上學習</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="教育軟體" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Educational software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教育軟體（页面不存在）">教育軟體</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" class="extiw" title="en:Educational software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Educational software</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="虛擬校園" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Virtual campus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虛擬校園（页面不存在）">虛擬校園</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" class="extiw" title="en:Virtual campus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Virtual campus</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="應用科學">應用科學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="光学工程">光学工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="光學">光學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="聲學">聲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="力學">力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AD%A6" title="热学">熱學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="電學">電學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁學">電磁學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="纳米技术">纳米技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="微技术">微技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體物理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="環境科學">環境科學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6" title="考古学">考古学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B" title="軍事">軍事</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%B8%8E%E8%A3%85%E5%A4%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="军事技术与装备列表">軍事技術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍事通信" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military communications"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍事通信（页面不存在）">軍事通信</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" class="extiw" title="en:Military communications"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military communications</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%88%E8%97%A5" title="彈藥">彈藥</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E5%BC%B9" title="炸弹">炸弹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0" title="電子作戰">電子作戰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E5%8F%AF%E5%81%B5%E6%B8%AC%E6%80%A7%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="低可偵測性技術">低可偵測性技術</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B5" title="工兵">工兵</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6" title="机器人学">機器人學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="机械电子学">機械電子學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="系统工程">系统工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質組學">蛋白質組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="聚合物工程">聚合物工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%9E%8D%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="金融科技">金融科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%87%E7%9F%BF%E4%B8%9A" title="采矿业">采矿业</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">組件</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E%E8%A8%AD%E6%96%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="基礎設施">基礎設施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="發明">發明</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E6%98%8E%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="发明年表">發明年表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="知識">知識</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="機器">機器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%83%BD" title="技能">技能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="工藝">工藝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7" title="工具">工具</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2" title="技术史">技术史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史前技术纲要" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of prehistoric technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%BA%B2%E8%A6%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史前技术纲要（页面不存在）">史前技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of prehistoric technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of prehistoric technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="新石器革命">新石器革命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古代技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代技術（页面不存在）">古代技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中世紀技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medieval technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中世紀技術（页面不存在）">中世紀技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Medieval technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medieval technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文藝復興技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Renaissance technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興技術（页面不存在）">文藝復興技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Renaissance technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Renaissance technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第一次工业革命">第一次工业革命</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="噴氣時代" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jet Age"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%B4%E6%B0%A3%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噴氣時代（页面不存在）">噴氣時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" class="extiw" title="en:Jet Age"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jet Age</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第二次工业革命">第二次工业革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%E5%8C%96%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="數字化革命">第三次工業革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="信息时代">信息时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="第四次工業革命">第四次工業革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" title="互聯網泡沫">互聯網泡沫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="破壞性創新">破壞性創新</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="共享經濟">共享經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF%E6%9C%8D%E5%8B%99" title="社交網路服務">社交網路服務</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%9B%B6%E5%94%AE" title="新零售">新零售</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O2O" title="O2O">O2O</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">信息技术教育</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92" title="線上學習">線上學習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A7%84%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%80%E6%94%BE%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%AF%BE%E5%A0%82" title="大规模开放在线课堂">大规模开放在线课堂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%B7%A5%E7%A7%91" title="理工科">STEM教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="Category:資訊科技教育">Category:資訊科技教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技術理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theories of technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術理論（页面不存在）">理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Theories of technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theories of technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><br />和概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技術倫理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethics of technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技術倫理（页面不存在）">技術倫理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Ethics of technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethics of technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84" title="技术的社会建构">技术的社会建构</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%A2%E5%A1%91" title="技術的社會形塑">技術的社會形塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA" title="技术决定论">技术决定论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E4%B8%AD%E7%AB%8B%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="技術中立原則">技術中立原則</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超人类主义">超人类主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="技术接受模型">技术接受模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%93%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB" title="专家统治">专家统治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%A5%87%E7%82%B9" title="技术奇点">技术奇点</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%88%90%E7%86%9F%E5%BA%A6%E6%9B%B2%E7%BA%BF" title="技术成熟度曲线">技术成熟度曲线</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技术类别" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q112057532"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E7%B1%BB%E5%88%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="技术类别（页面不存在）">技术类别</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">維基數據</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112057532" class="extiw" title="d:Q112057532"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q112057532</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="軍民兩用技術" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dual-use technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%8D%E6%B0%91%E5%85%A9%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="軍民兩用技術（页面不存在）">軍民兩用技術</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Dual-use technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dual-use technology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="高科技">高科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E5%A3%9E%E6%80%A7%E5%89%B5%E6%96%B0" title="破壞性創新">破壞性創新</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">适用技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="通用技术">通用技术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="关键技术" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Schlüsseltechnologie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E9%94%AE%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关键技术（页面不存在）">关键技术</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schl%C3%BCsseltechnologie" class="extiw" title="de:Schlüsseltechnologie"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Schlüsseltechnologie</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="技术融合">技术融合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC" title="研究開發">研究開發</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F" title="技術生命週期">技術生命週期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="新兴技术">新兴技术</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="新興技術列表">列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%BE%BE%E8%82%96%E5%A4%AB%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="卡尔达肖夫指数">卡尔达肖夫指数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="Category:各国科技">Category:各国科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="Category:科技公司">Category:科技公司</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E8%80%85" title="技术传播者">技术传播者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="技术新闻学">技术新闻学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" title="Portal:技術">技術主題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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