CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135d0d6a9eafd83',cH: 'E5YG9o.pxklAEmPoQfdXUpgBSY6p5vC.ZKyMvQIjG8U-1739795710-1.2.1.1-_mU6r1YOiXYDn_UlPlerH1nbLo42p6PG0G2N6rOy4JzRTYBmuUlGqf0f3T6d2cnp',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=beekeeping&__cf_chl_tk=wNZEJjzc92pAwOTKXVuFiQzwP3Lsnn4sM.bUa9jEtHw-1739795710-1.0.1.1-OJIl7iubqCFNWWeacT7Z1lYRXcfo5S1Y5au7gjOWGzI",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739795710',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=beekeeping&__cf_chl_f_tk=wNZEJjzc92pAwOTKXVuFiQzwP3Lsnn4sM.bUa9jEtHw-1739795710-1.0.1.1-OJIl7iubqCFNWWeacT7Z1lYRXcfo5S1Y5au7gjOWGzI",md: "ELQtY_XT8fqOezgP2GomQomWAhqUmvWqxSz4rzkhF_4-1739795710-1.2.1.1-P4WyXMqc1g.SGD1XKtKWuFg3chbFLIDS6QtymiT0q9QqJO79k3uZj8n4rTpfKVHVrcHqj_yorSPGBxDOkiMEy0ZAAoX1shTL8tGcbxZUSu2ZUvbad1aHaV7XKd9tP9owgwU2S5Rsu9Sx.4jXSnL04Af7i9bG_PwI6VSDbbXrYMLa..qJXO5Q6KzVEn8qC.E05MT_VRDJ4qfpHaYfQTa6ND.VfM8cCoels136FSaref6EtPEjDaAPXQ5Dbj563VOMuw.rpiF_2oR0xsLmAcdgX20sstPg_w3JPkv.PcHR3IUonnFogvxNjwtdimt5QJYPV1V7nNijvFu7MLHhsgl7bknEMTGFZQrBNJHOhiKGqcI8HuD1HRaxqzcXY5RD_H2V92ZsrRNa3lqx557AVum3hKuhgzE11TaXljX93CRjXGECVyqyqUiIbCWSKvm9X_Lqu1TTIkNsCDME0aZvU9SOW91kz9K4jv5ae_oaaFVa5iukJvZVma8oqmTJ204OS8p7CqOvTqUhDlX5kCel3JYwE5K1kOLcFtDWo.y1lQ11sP4_pvnzWBVfPFJ5QaHHc1biuWbTwlHz4Ck0YgS9_5u5Hxedj3.QoUUbKWaRNLZ_64lweJSDOfV_45GXQ25SpNiXrl0vkRulreTpgfK48oZjnezEbMgm4qKQZM1zCkXRVOUtCPLoWbSdZjTGzwwZVNhPHm_7DgdxBSWdSP6cmOjbK92oJv6G2R0fZFvUg47S9iMIJ54JrmeeUmn9BWzPOIB94WSVnHwz7txv2DErKI4DA7N8ymQtL8mZ7MFC.eECpXB3QMnDqMajbPxiMmnSltMECjFjgBJpzrZT.0jcCS0xtWd93BoNncTGIW75C9M8dAUZo6hF6XOxMOIoyh1TmE6micEpKmVrS8y1rL1Kg8XZ1Uwdj9q6SXDftSc.1j7Daeb4atcz6emg_g0eXfKae_P9ku1tyzQHR12k6A_G.ZKvlngHpsyktcUjZWyASdq8pNV2UthWbYc3UNGRf4wI.bsqR3BgzoM6luqX8tQ_T6LQ1UbzNZ6_jZe.gtQMGWSUVtRQ1WVbVIWPM4niYtxGarCB_xzjlM9jgtqR.dHBqbeiYDpG2IcrGWsOcO3eLfLkyUJS0gS26Vi2RYC1CQCPg2Ij1uVOF8c4eJ3jAJ2BakS0r2126OMK9oeWQnyJCzKfXZ744q9zlDufwPlQ6VLY1hcUg4dSqRrh2lHbzlJNGJflTDcpm.xkB81JVH.8fp1Vvkqsj5RMRQ.o0rt4DjkUNHmfrUn5C.JNokLyjD8NfD2V8BqDyr3nmFr6aIeLS6jl97KNQG.O5oraA_InlZsnGRk9tCh.zMHNI_JvkL21jICik.JjvyCxgemxhFfVNLCUGOzOUDkkFzgFR8jo2nJdY48zV42kC7xmV2J44mFc.dPJBnbOaAZ2aPlKVlkzxr_hRDB1ZcFIKVBMW6WnUaE1N6HvbvS1hKyKddO00X6rQJvSq7_VC5vHQbwWwFqIvMKrHzfyJ1P3ctjYnskoQDdOVnnbMAPrma5o5NHGpCESKsJi2lFEUgVkFBSRcmPDBlhwasJy4Pb1XglbpG0rvBq6iCwrKQJvjluDca0ZbGrPtpTrd84lnlgvEa.I.oirNyVxvHWrKek7GD_qF587VqeO3kLEZS83GCaJ.ygEG8fDHMLdXey3Fd.3WBOOd6y22ntr4bTw1XJP.B_3ezKd.YLdAHHeIeX18.ENoChKD_PDTdEufod.vszGJoxIvqGT1paSnFX3gV3o1mP_nhZi.feJtdc7A3CD9HEgFFJi0KfpYpU7hWigQsrtF.G7YC9uxcxkDG8aN.FklTfSpmEMFEDO0vhZBTOUVAeGcPb0EE_VVKbUpZk_W1JoZTQeBue6PzTtAcD.9bI9UuqoarHad.dGG5T45HHfDdMY9pKhZfGG.Qi68Q",mdrd: "0zy9OM1ATv3bHcaaOkhNwE.bP82OpqFEWQieOsN6jpQ-1739795710-1.2.1.1-Lc2bSupVnW6PwH7BX1ffLEnrzaNKKYk5ouDQA.UaE0lMVmYzctFjwepxbVgBat6NnYOeFc0a5vsO0RGJqLxv33JIVD1y_1UPqMSaUQyc.lksx2EK8eAsABg_.AszsqXTP_CV9.FUHgxsiRKXMsEJ5jT_Cf9F2uyyp2kZodnxiVE4MTMru7sWe4I_Eq3P_w_1fEKc3jqq93_wxyMMMzqFszEy6ZEEw32Gop8WH8ZqLvfWWAKAxNx3AYSwTodqwpN._biT5oe5wkaWy1PXtHk2hBGJSxkhQI.aaUiE_UNpCuUXlF4_bc1l83ck__hJc22w45xt09mkEM9imSpwMj00I9oBn3phQ.Wxq59bJ2U4rrQypyb52sYcE7tEpYX1sXAuwCU8DEct1y9GGW1FL6SP1Y5YHw.vMtk92cttm1AjnCTUdB9HfcScqxZlSfDZQb2Wy_VdoeRjqGWCzhKJdvXWe0_W0cRIHhW8AofQpDhXRyjHtCWLPiOqd0D5Dz9kSzklv8Mi.bFskFGATURM8tKbBgs6kpoMzi4gxj3yI6Jxn176S6nNNAU3J_3iuOvXky0GHiw6rEDOjfBb.s51JcEzy_Ga8R.bmYzSu24up3uDBpfBPQf7xR0vYwn00v9JJaULJ9EjQeoZlTyPnl1ijvPs7JEg8OaR8htou_KnSpAmtGjwalH_BvY8iDHe6r.clpHHK2zOSb7Z8nycN9AEXN24MDtSvgb7mT1nP0LKubXjJ6IjUWQfvyXEUB9EXB4VU47_CI5VWFsxtfiNwvpqpbP61xaUOOqOXickoXl3_MohfVpO6uIpXY_Bkk9wdb1xrr3SHQR8v_Zf5bLzDt4RNx9wTvsIVuPps8RyCqDTuG7ecF8kpbQQm_tC_yRbkw9j5kV7v1AqUFZyTuz4G34g4KKqkUvlnxd3aUoG.AJHbNOYDmsXGQ.KWEHySeIyREjkd64bfL0tZDXg3lWNNp04PWxhYesXFJChGOEOBYgH40S81NFBz6FEyOpbhThPYm2BEz_Cl2A2Fr9sZQJpValhqhcUoCvUXiv2RpoDcayDHQ47wVY3ZHlBJtUMHVzWtS.hZtKK46GoZRfbUh.O4dgVUrSutndgkoVUyf.asYQQ.qYrU1W8e1QOkfOpA1WxsV3gIY1ZLDn7PavveY3fHT1SohOEDWy0ZnvIfRtGpTdPwtjQoFeXsNYaxLt56633pBpVEeHi8lTxnCmhH.2J4RE90GSC0rqRSgMdxeDp5o5bSBLl6fFeWl1TZiL0If08_j7kwsxnZoexwH7romyDbCj4kpYWckL2Y6WrzLM4lYhB7sBNzoqESwwLYHT2.yDmwSbfYOu0XLQDw58P5fLik_j8SeiZJdQs3rrgCRhnsL3Y2GCIFx86SCkkz4UJt_SleiTwCNcUX2C1n_3xhnEJiyXDTfNjiWjjd9lmlCj5wPtiEQLcawFcq1RbD8m2QxqRzyUEcrUa5kuTbHr9oORnAoTauGuoqb3Ytyx7.LvRteEB4ppHN1LrkFVEJZ5pliaJJgJ0iGjOkGLNJGHtIlw.66qEvVxEg6kA0esREKrrUZ_iP4MvLnMMvnFKfT3NjoEoGvIgoQ6XHNNoTQAKLb68TtFgHwKNl_FT.m0oGJK8W7TInqpB0av2RsKNHaIdhnNkCpccvUo1G_ZVc4BqP.9sQ0UFpce0xm1s1JdhDE2gxio8Y5BP5qLyw0k82JgnFjiFTYjlM1PyErLDxJsrmNG.ygI7MZlz9zcEccGQVC_rDUNH7aO2tYg1bt3JwLDEoSM3tRYo_Q1TkSlItsoDtWz.ZUR7o1hoz3slt_sNBK9w1nU9Ex9u8Utf3yNva9_96usdz4GUk.BxMZYqT0lPOvVQ6q.6vGo.KgT8OEbD5QB.9gowVKrKz4vEd9ut7TFk520noptL1oB.CGj9HHRTnWvEl_eLbPQ8px.eVrZU37KWf.r_.2n9mEuqU6msuE2AnLsEUgcXK37JruiTkh52d_ZxqE5umYkWsA"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135d0d6a9eafd83';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=beekeeping&__cf_chl_rt_tk=wNZEJjzc92pAwOTKXVuFiQzwP3Lsnn4sM.bUa9jEtHw-1739795710-1.0.1.1-OJIl7iubqCFNWWeacT7Z1lYRXcfo5S1Y5au7gjOWGzI" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>