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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Compounds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Compounds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxyanions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxyanions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oxyanions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxyanions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Halide_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Halide_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Halide derivatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Halide_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coordination_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coordination_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Coordination compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coordination_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organometallic_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organometallic_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Organometallic compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organometallic_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alloys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alloys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Alloys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alloys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalysts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalysts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Catalysts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalysts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Other uses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Proposed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Biological role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vanadoenzymes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanadoenzymes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Vanadoenzymes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanadoenzymes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanadium_accumulation_in_tunicates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanadium_accumulation_in_tunicates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Vanadium accumulation in tunicates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanadium_accumulation_in_tunicates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Fungi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Mammals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Vanadium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 151 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" > 151 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%AB%E1%8A%93%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ቫናዲየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቫናዲየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فاناديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاناديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Vanadio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Վանադին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վանադին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vanadiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Vanadiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="भ्यानडियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भ्यानडियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ভ্যানাডিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভ্যানাডিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ванадый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ванадый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ванад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ванад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="वैनेडियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वैनेडियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadyo" title="Banadyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Banadyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཝེ་ནི་ཌིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཝེ་ནི་ཌིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadij" title="Vanadij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vanadij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiom" title="Vanadiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vanadiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vanadi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyo" title="Vanadyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Vanadyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanad" title="Vanad – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vanad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Vanadiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanadiwm" title="Fanadiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fanadiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڤاناديوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤاناديوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%AD%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ވެނޭޑިއަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވެނޭޑިއަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaadium" title="Vanaadium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanaadium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βανάδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βανάδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vanadio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanado" title="Vanado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vanado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadio" title="Banadio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Banadio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85" title="وانادیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وانادیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vanadi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaidiam" title="Vanaidiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Vanaidiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaadjum" title="Vanaadjum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Vanaadjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhanadium" title="Bhanadium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bhanadium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vanadio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="વેનેડિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વેનેડિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Ванад – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ванад" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%82%98%EB%93%90" title="바나듐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바나듐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Վանադիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանադիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="वनेडियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वनेडियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadij" title="Vanadij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vanadij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanado" title="Vanado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vanado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UVathofi" title="UVathofi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UVathofi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanad%C3%ADn" title="Vanadín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vanadín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vanadio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ונדיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ונדיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiyum" title="Vanadiyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vanadiyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanad%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Fanadɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fanadɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ವನಾಡಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವನಾಡಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ვანადიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვანადიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiom" title="Vanadiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Vanadiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vanadi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandel" title="Vandel – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Vandel" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanady%C3%B2m" title="Vanadyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vanadyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanady%C3%BBm" title="Vanadyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Vanadyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C4%81dijs" title="Vanādijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vanādijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadis" title="Vanadis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vanadis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanaddio" title="Vanaddio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vanaddio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrvanadi" title="jinmrvanadi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrvanadi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadio" title="Vanadio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vanadio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1dium" title="Vanádium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vanádium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ванадиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ванадиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadi%C3%B4ma" title="Vanadiôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vanadiôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="വനേഡിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വനേഡിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="व्हेनेडियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हेनेडियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فاناديوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فاناديوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ванади – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Ванади" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ванади – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ванади" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဗနေဒီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗနေဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimapantepoztli" title="Cimapantepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Cimapantepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="भ्यानडियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="भ्यानडियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="バナジウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バナジウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanaadium" title="Wanaadium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wanaadium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vanadi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଭାନାଡ଼ିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାନାଡ଼ିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiy" title="Vanadiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vanadiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਵੈਨੇਡੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈਨੇਡੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="भ्यानडियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="भ्यानडियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ونیڈیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ونیڈیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%94%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဗနဒီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗနဒီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="وانېديوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="وانېديوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vanadi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanad" title="Wanad – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wanad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1dio" title="Vanádio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vanádio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vanadiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanatyu" title="Wanatyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wanatyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="वनडियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वनडियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A0diu" title="Vanàdiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vanàdiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiumi" title="Vanadiumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vanadiumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiu" title="Vanadiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vanadiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van%C3%A1d" title="Vanád – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vanád" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadij" title="Vanadij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vanadij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanadhiyaam" title="Fanadhiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Fanadhiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="ڤانادیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤانادیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ванадијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ванадијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadijum" title="Vanadijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vanadijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Vanadium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadiini" title="Vanadiini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vanadiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadin" title="Vanadin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vanadin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyo" title="Vanadyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Vanadyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="வனேடியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வனேடியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="వెనేడియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెనేడియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="วาเนเดียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วาเนเดียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Ванадий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ванадий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%81%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A5%E1%8E%BB" title="ᏩᏁᏗᎥᎻ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏩᏁᏗᎥᎻ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyum" title="Vanadyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vanadyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Ванадій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ванадій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="وینیڈیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وینیڈیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ۋانادىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋانادىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadii" title="Vanadii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vanadii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadi" title="Vanadi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vanadi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%A9" title="釩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanadyo" title="Vanadyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Vanadyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="וואנאדיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואנאדיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banadiomu" title="Banadiomu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Banadiomu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%A9" title="釩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Vanadium (disambiguation)">Vanadium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 23 (V)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Vanadium, 23V</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/220px-Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/330px-Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/440px-Vanadium_crystal_bar_and_1cm3_cube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4698" data-file-height="3588" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Vanadium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/vəˈneɪdiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">və-NAY-dee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">blue-silver-grey metal</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(V)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>50.9415±0.0001<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>50.942±0.001 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Vanadium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">– ↑ V ↓ <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> ← vanadium → <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">23</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">group 5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">period 4</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#d-block" title="Block (periodic table)">d-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d3 4s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 11, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2183 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (1910 °C, 3470 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3680 K (3407 °C, 6165 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">6.099 g/cm3 <a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">5.5 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21.5 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">444 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.89 J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>2101 </td> <td>2289 </td> <td>2523 </td> <td>2814 </td> <td>3187 </td> <td>3679 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +5 −3,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> −1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> 0,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> +1,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +3,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a> +4<a href="#cite_note-GE28-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.63 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 650.9 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1414 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 2830 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#vanadium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 134 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">153±8 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of vanadium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">cI2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for vanadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 302.72 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.77×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30.7 W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">197 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">paramagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+255.0×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">128 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">47 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">160 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">4560 m/s (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.37 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6.7 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardness_test" title="Vickers hardness test">Vickers hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">628–640 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600–742 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-62-2 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Andrés Manuel del Río">Andrés Manuel del Río</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (1801)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a> (1867)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Named by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Gabriel_Sefstr%C3%B6m" title="Nils Gabriel Sefström">Nils Gabriel Sefström</a> (1830)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium" title="Isotopes of vanadium">Isotopes of vanadium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_vanadium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox vanadium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_vanadium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox vanadium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">48V </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">16 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium-48" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium-48">48Ti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">49V </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">330 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">ε</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium-49" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium-49">49Ti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">50V </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">0.25% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.71×1017 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β+ </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium-50" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium-50">50Ti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">51V </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">99.8% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#99ccff"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vanadium" title="Category:Vanadium">Category: Vanadium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_vanadium" title="Template:Infobox vanadium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_vanadium" title="Template talk:Infobox vanadium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_vanadium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox vanadium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Vanadium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> V and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 23. It is a hard, silvery-grey, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a> <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a>. The elemental metal is rarely found in nature, but once isolated artificially, the formation of an <a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">oxide</a> layer (<a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a>) somewhat stabilizes the free metal against further <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> scientist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Andrés Manuel del Río">Andrés Manuel del Río</a> discovered compounds of vanadium in 1801 by analyzing a new <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-bearing mineral he called "brown lead". Though he initially presumed its qualities were due to the presence of a new element, he was later erroneously convinced by French chemist <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Victor_Collet-Descotils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils">Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils</a> that the element was just <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>. Then in 1830, <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gabriel_Sefstr%C3%B6m" title="Nils Gabriel Sefström">Nils Gabriel Sefström</a> generated <a href="/wiki/Chlorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorides">chlorides</a> of vanadium, thus proving there was a new element, and named it "vanadium" after the Scandinavian goddess of beauty and fertility, <a href="/wiki/Vanad%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadís">Vanadís</a> (Freyja). The name was based on the wide range of colors found in vanadium compounds. Del Río's lead mineral was ultimately named <a href="/wiki/Vanadinite" title="Vanadinite">vanadinite</a> for its vanadium content. In 1867, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a> obtained the pure element. Vanadium occurs naturally in about 65 <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> deposits. It is produced in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> from steel smelter <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a>. Other countries produce it either from <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> directly, flue dust of heavy oil, or as a byproduct of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> mining. It is mainly used to produce specialty <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> such as <a href="/wiki/High-speed_steel" title="High-speed steel">high-speed tool steels</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloys</a>. The most important industrial vanadium compound, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">vanadium pentoxide</a>, is used as a catalyst for the production of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">vanadium redox battery</a> for energy storage may be an important application in the future. Large amounts of vanadium <a href="/wiki/Ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ions">ions</a> are found in a few organisms, possibly as a <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a>. The oxide and some other salts of vanadium have moderate toxicity. Particularly in the ocean, vanadium is used by some life forms as an active center of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_bromoperoxidase" title="Vanadium bromoperoxidase">vanadium bromoperoxidase</a> of some ocean <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Vanadium was <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> in Mexico in 1801 by the Spanish mineralogist <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Andrés Manuel del Río">Andrés Manuel del Río</a>. Del Río extracted the element from a sample of Mexican "brown lead" ore, later named <a href="/wiki/Vanadinite" title="Vanadinite">vanadinite</a>. He found that its salts exhibit a wide variety of colors, and as a result, he named the element panchromium (Greek: παγχρώμιο "all colors"). Later, del Río renamed the element erythronium (Greek: ερυθρός "red") because most of the salts turned red upon heating. In 1805, French chemist <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Victor_Collet-Descotils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils">Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils</a>, backed by del Río's friend Baron <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>, incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was an impure sample of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>. Del Río accepted Collet-Descotils' statement and retracted his claim.<a href="#cite_note-Cintas-9">[9]</a> In 1831 Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gabriel_Sefstr%C3%B6m" title="Nils Gabriel Sefström">Nils Gabriel Sefström</a> rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ores</a>. Later that year, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> confirmed that this element was identical to that found by del Río and hence confirmed del Río's earlier work.<a href="#cite_note-sefs-10">[10]</a> Sefström chose a name beginning with V, which had not yet been assigned to any element. He called the element vanadium after <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Vanadís</a> (another name for the <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a> goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>, whose attributes include beauty and fertility), because of the many beautifully colored <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compounds</a> it produces.<a href="#cite_note-sefs-10">[10]</a> On learning of Wöhler's findings, del Río began to passionately argue that his old claim be recognized, but the element kept the name vanadium.<a href="#cite_note-vanadium3-11">[11]</a> In 1831, the geologist <a href="/wiki/George_William_Featherstonhaugh" title="George William Featherstonhaugh">George William Featherstonhaugh</a> suggested that vanadium should be renamed "rionium" after del Río, but this suggestion was not followed.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1910Ford-T.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg/220px-1910Ford-T.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg/330px-1910Ford-T.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/1910Ford-T.jpg/440px-1910Ford-T.jpg 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Model_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Model T">Model T</a> used vanadium steel in its <a href="/wiki/Chassis" title="Chassis">chassis</a>.</figcaption></figure> As vanadium is usually found combined with other elements, the isolation of vanadium metal was difficult.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 1831, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Berzelius</a> reported the production of the metal, but <a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Henry Enfield Roscoe</a> showed that Berzelius had produced the nitride, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_nitride" title="Vanadium nitride">vanadium nitride</a> (VN). Roscoe eventually produced the metal in 1867 by reduction of <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_chloride" title="Vanadium(II) chloride">vanadium(II) chloride</a>, VCl2, with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roscoe-14">[14]</a> In 1927, pure vanadium was produced by reducing <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_pentoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium pentoxide">vanadium pentoxide</a> with <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marden-15">[15]</a> The first large-scale industrial use of vanadium was in the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> alloy chassis of the <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a>, inspired by French race cars. Vanadium steel allowed reduced weight while increasing <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905).<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> For the first decade of the 20th century, most vanadium ore were mined by the <a href="/wiki/American_Vanadium_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Vanadium Company">American Vanadium Company</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Minas_Ragra" title="Minas Ragra">Minas Ragra</a> in Peru. Later, the demand for uranium rose, leading to increased mining of that metal's ores. One major uranium ore was <a href="/wiki/Carnotite" title="Carnotite">carnotite</a>, which also contains vanadium. Thus, vanadium became available as a by-product of uranium production. Eventually, uranium mining began to supply a large share of the demand for vanadium.<a href="#cite_note-Busch1961-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In 1911, German chemist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wolfgang_Martin_Henze" title="Friedrich Wolfgang Martin Henze">Martin Henze</a> discovered vanadium in the <a href="/wiki/Hemovanadin" title="Hemovanadin">hemovanadin</a> proteins found in <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelomic</a> cells) of <a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">Ascidiacea</a> (sea squirts).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-michibata2002-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium-bar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vanadium-bar.jpg/220px-Vanadium-bar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vanadium-bar.jpg/330px-Vanadium-bar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Vanadium-bar.jpg/440px-Vanadium-bar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Polycrystalline high-purity (99.95%) vanadium cuboids, <a href="/wiki/Electron_beam_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron beam technology">ebeam remelted</a> and macro-etched</figcaption></figure> Vanadium is an average-hard, <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">ductile</a>, steel-blue metal. Vanadium is usually described as "soft", because it is ductile, <a href="/wiki/Malleable" class="mw-redirect" title="Malleable">malleable</a>, and not <a href="/wiki/Brittle" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittle">brittle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Vanadium is harder than most metals and steels (see <a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardnesses of the elements (data page)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron#Mechanical_properties" title="Iron">iron</a>). It has good resistance to <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> and it is stable against <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[23]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidized</a> in air at about 933 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (660 °C, 1220 °F), although an oxide <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a> layer forms even at room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It also reacts with hydrogen peroxide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium" title="Isotopes of vanadium">Isotopes of vanadium</a></div> Naturally occurring vanadium is composed of one stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a>, 51V, and one radioactive isotope, 50V. The latter has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 2.71×1017 years and a natural abundance of 0.25%. 51V has a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_spin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear spin">nuclear spin</a> of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>7⁄2, which is useful for <a href="/wiki/Vanadium-51_nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Vanadium-51 nuclear magnetic resonance">NMR spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rehder-25">[25]</a> Twenty-four artificial <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioisotope">radioisotopes</a> have been characterized, ranging in <a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> from 40 to 65. The most stable of these isotopes are 49V with a half-life of 330 days, and 48V with a half-life of 16.0 days. The remaining <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> isotopes have half-lives shorter than an hour, most below 10 seconds. At least four isotopes have <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">metastable excited states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">Electron capture</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Decay_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Decay mode">decay mode</a> for isotopes lighter than 51V. For the heavier ones, the most common mode is <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-27">[27]</a> The electron capture reactions lead to the formation of element 22 (<a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>) isotopes, while beta decay leads to element 24 (<a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>) isotopes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_compounds" title="Vanadium compounds">Vanadium compounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg/170px-Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg/255px-Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg/340px-Vanadiumoxidationstates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="3005" /></a><figcaption>From left: [V(H2O)6]2+ (lilac), [V(H2O)6]3+ (green), [VO(H2O)5]2+ (blue) and [VO(H2O)5]3+ (yellow)</figcaption></figure> The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation states</a> 2–5. In an <a href="/wiki/Metal_ions_in_aqueous_solution" title="Metal ions in aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>, vanadium forms <a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">metal aquo complexes</a> of which the colors are lilac [V(H2O)6]2+, green [V(H2O)6]3+, blue [VO(H2O)5]2+, yellow-orange oxides [VO(H2O)5]3+, the formula for which depends on pH. Vanadium(II) compounds are reducing agents, and vanadium(V) compounds are oxidizing agents. Vanadium(IV) compounds often exist as <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_ion" title="Vanadyl ion">vanadyl</a> derivatives, which contain the VO2+ center.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_metavanadate" title="Ammonium metavanadate">Ammonium vanadate(V)</a> (NH4VO3) can be successively reduced with elemental <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> to obtain the different colors of vanadium in these four oxidation states. Lower oxidation states occur in compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_hexacarbonyl" title="Vanadium hexacarbonyl">V(CO)6</a>, [V(CO) 6]− and substituted derivatives.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium pentoxide</a> is a commercially important catalyst for the production of sulfuric acid, a reaction that exploits the ability of vanadium oxides to undergo redox reactions.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">vanadium redox battery</a> utilizes all four oxidation states: one electrode uses the +5/+4 couple and the other uses the +3/+2 couple. Conversion of these oxidation states is illustrated by the reduction of a strongly acidic solution of a vanadium(V) compound with zinc dust or amalgam. The initial yellow color characteristic of the pervanadyl ion [VO2(H2O)4]+ is replaced by the blue color of [VO(H2O)5]2+, followed by the green color of [V(H2O)6]3+ and then the violet color of [V(H2O)6]2+.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[23]</a> Another potential vanadium battery based on VB2 uses multiple oxidation state to allow for 11 electrons to be released per VB2, giving it higher energy capacity by order of compared to Li-ion and gasoline per unit volume.<a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[28]</a> VB2 batteries can be further enhanced as air batteries, allowing for even higher energy density and lower weight than lithium battery or gasoline, even though recharging remains a challenge. <a href="#cite_note-:0-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxyanions">Oxyanions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oxyanions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decavanadate_polyhedra.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Decavanadate_polyhedra.png/220px-Decavanadate_polyhedra.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Decavanadate_polyhedra.png/330px-Decavanadate_polyhedra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Decavanadate_polyhedra.png/440px-Decavanadate_polyhedra.png 2x" data-file-width="1929" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Decavanadate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decavanadate">decavanadate</a> structure</figcaption></figure> In an aqueous solution, vanadium(V) forms an extensive family of <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanions</a> as established by <a href="/wiki/Vanadium-51_nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Vanadium-51 nuclear magnetic resonance">51V NMR spectroscopy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rehder-25">[25]</a> The interrelationships in this family are described by the <a href="/wiki/Predominance_diagram" title="Predominance diagram">predominance diagram</a>, which shows at least 11 species, depending on pH and concentration.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The tetrahedral orthovanadate ion, VO3− 4, is the principal species present at pH 12–14. Similar in size and charge to phosphorus(V), vanadium(V) also parallels its chemistry and crystallography. <a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthovanadate" title="Sodium orthovanadate">Orthovanadate</a> VO3− 4 is used in <a href="/wiki/Protein_crystallography" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein crystallography">protein crystallography</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> to study the <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> of phosphate.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Besides that, this anion also has been shown to interact with the activity of some specific enzymes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The tetrathiovanadate [VS4]3− is analogous to the orthovanadate ion.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> At lower pH values, the monomer [HVO4]2− and dimer [V2O7]4− are formed, with the monomer predominant at a vanadium concentration of less than c. 10−2M (pV > 2, where pV is equal to the minus value of the logarithm of the total vanadium concentration/M). The formation of the divanadate ion is analogous to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Dichromate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dichromate">dichromate</a> ion.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> As the pH is reduced, further protonation and condensation to <a href="/wiki/Vanadate" title="Vanadate">polyvanadates</a> occur: at pH 4–6 [H2VO4]− is predominant at pV greater than ca. 4, while at higher concentrations trimers and tetramers are formed.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Between pH 2–4 <a href="/wiki/Decavanadate" class="mw-redirect" title="Decavanadate">decavanadate</a> predominates, its formation from orthovanadate is represented by this condensation reaction: <dl><dd>10 [VO4]3− + 24 H+ → [V10O28]6− + 12 H2O</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium_crystal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vanadium_crystal.jpg/220px-Vanadium_crystal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vanadium_crystal.jpg/330px-Vanadium_crystal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Vanadium_crystal.jpg/440px-Vanadium_crystal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5021" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Vanadium crystal</figcaption></figure> In decavanadate, each V(V) center is surrounded by six oxide <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[23]</a> Vanadic acid, H3VO4, exists only at very low concentrations because protonation of the tetrahedral species [H2VO4]− results in the preferential formation of the octahedral [VO2(H2O)4]+ species.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In strongly acidic solutions, pH < 2, [VO2(H2O)4]+ is the predominant species, while the oxide V2O5 precipitates from solution at high concentrations. The oxide is formally the <a href="/wiki/Acidic_oxide" title="Acidic oxide">acid anhydride</a> of vanadic acid. The structures of many <a href="/wiki/Vanadate" title="Vanadate">vanadate</a> compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VinwaterPourbaixdiagram2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/VinwaterPourbaixdiagram2.svg/220px-VinwaterPourbaixdiagram2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/VinwaterPourbaixdiagram2.svg/330px-VinwaterPourbaixdiagram2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/VinwaterPourbaixdiagram2.svg/440px-VinwaterPourbaixdiagram2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pourbaix_diagram" title="Pourbaix diagram">Pourbaix diagram</a> for vanadium in water, which shows the <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> potentials between various vanadium species in different oxidation states<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> Vanadium(V) forms various peroxo complexes, most notably in the active site of the vanadium-containing <a href="/wiki/Bromoperoxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Bromoperoxidase">bromoperoxidase</a> enzymes. The species VO(O2)(H2O)4+ is stable in acidic solutions. In alkaline solutions, species with 2, 3 and 4 peroxide groups are known; the last forms violet salts with the formula M3V(O2)4 nH2O (M= Li, Na, etc.), in which the vanadium has an 8-coordinate dodecahedral structure.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Halide_derivatives">Halide derivatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Halide derivatives">edit</a>]</div> Twelve binary <a href="/wiki/Halides" class="mw-redirect" title="Halides">halides</a>, compounds with the formula VXn (n=2..5), are known.<a href="#cite_note-G&E989-42">[42]</a> VI4, VCl5, VBr5, and VI5 do not exist or are extremely unstable. In combination with other reagents, <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(IV)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium(IV) chloride">VCl4</a> is used as a catalyst for the polymerization of <a href="/wiki/Diene" title="Diene">dienes</a>. Like all binary halides, those of vanadium are <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acidic</a>, especially those of V(IV) and V(V).<a href="#cite_note-G&E989-42">[42]</a> Many of the halides form octahedral complexes with the formula VXnL6−n (X= halide; L= other ligand). Many vanadium <a href="/wiki/Oxyhalide" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxyhalide">oxyhalides</a> (formula VOmXn) are known.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The oxytrichloride and oxytrifluoride (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium_oxytrichloride" title="Vanadium oxytrichloride">VOCl3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxytrifluoride" title="Vanadium(V) oxytrifluoride">VOF3</a>) are the most widely studied. Akin to POCl3, they are volatile,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> adopt tetrahedral structures in the gas phase, and are Lewis acidic.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coordination_compounds">Coordination compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coordination compounds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadyl-acetylacetonate-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vanadyl-acetylacetonate-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/220px-Vanadyl-acetylacetonate-from-xtal-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vanadyl-acetylacetonate-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/330px-Vanadyl-acetylacetonate-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Vanadyl-acetylacetonate-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/440px-Vanadyl-acetylacetonate-from-xtal-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">ball-and-stick model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_acetylacetonate" title="Vanadyl acetylacetonate">VO(O2C5H7)2</a></figcaption></figure> Complexes of vanadium(II) and (III) are reducing, while those of V(IV) and V(V) are oxidants. The vanadium ion is rather large and some complexes achieve coordination numbers greater than 6, as is the case in [V(CN)7]4−. Oxovanadium(V) also forms 7 coordinate coordination complexes with tetradentate ligands and peroxides and these complexes are used for oxidative brominations and thioether oxidations. The coordination chemistry of V4+ is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadyl">vanadyl</a> center, VO2+, which binds four other ligands strongly and one weakly (the one trans to the vanadyl center). An example is <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_acetylacetonate" title="Vanadyl acetylacetonate">vanadyl acetylacetonate</a> (V(O)(O2C5H7)2). In this complex, the vanadium is 5-coordinate, distorted square pyramidal, meaning that a sixth ligand, such as pyridine, may be attached, though the <a href="/wiki/Association_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Association constant">association constant</a> of this process is small. Many 5-coordinate vanadyl complexes have a trigonal bipyramidal geometry, such as VOCl2(NMe3)2.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The coordination chemistry of V5+ is dominated by the relatively stable dioxovanadium coordination complexes<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> which are often formed by aerial oxidation of the vanadium(IV) precursors indicating the stability of the +5 oxidation state and ease of interconversion between the +4 and +5 states.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organometallic_compounds">Organometallic compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organometallic compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organovanadium_chemistry" title="Organovanadium chemistry">Organovanadium chemistry</a></div> The organometallic chemistry of vanadium is well–developed. <a href="/wiki/Vanadocene_dichloride" title="Vanadocene dichloride">Vanadocene dichloride</a> is a versatile starting reagent and has applications in organic chemistry.<a href="#cite_note-wilkinson-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium carbonyl">Vanadium carbonyl</a>, V(CO)6, is a rare example of a paramagnetic <a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">metal carbonyl</a>. Reduction yields V(CO)− 6 (<a href="/wiki/Isoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoelectronic">isoelectronic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hexacarbonylchromium" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexacarbonylchromium">Cr(CO)6</a>), which may be further reduced with sodium in liquid ammonia to yield V(CO)3− 5 (isoelectronic with Fe(CO)5).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadinite,_goethite(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vanadinite%2C_goethite%282%29.jpg/220px-Vanadinite%2C_goethite%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vanadinite%2C_goethite%282%29.jpg/330px-Vanadinite%2C_goethite%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Vanadinite%2C_goethite%282%29.jpg/440px-Vanadinite%2C_goethite%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vanadinite" title="Vanadinite">Vanadinite</a></figcaption></figure> Metallic vanadium is rare in nature (known as native vanadium),<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> having been found among fumaroles of the <a href="/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_de_Colima" title="Volcán de Colima">Colima Volcano</a>, but vanadium compounds occur naturally in about 65 different <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>. Vanadium began to be used in the manufacture of special steels in 1896. At that time, very few deposits of vanadium ores were known. Between 1899 and 1906, the main deposits exploited were the mines of Santa Marta de los Barros (Badajoz), Spain. <a href="/wiki/Vanadinite" title="Vanadinite">Vanadinite</a> was extracted from these mines.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, a large deposit of vanadium ore was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Minas_Ragra" title="Minas Ragra">Minas Ragra</a> vanadium mine near Junín, <a href="/wiki/Cerro_de_Pasco" title="Cerro de Pasco">Cerro de Pasco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-scielo-57">[57]</a> For several years this <a href="/wiki/Patr%C3%B3nite" title="Patrónite">patrónite</a> (VS4)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> deposit was an economically significant source for vanadium ore. In 1920 roughly two-thirds of the worldwide production was supplied by the mine in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> With the production of uranium in the 1910s and 1920s from <a href="/wiki/Carnotite" title="Carnotite">carnotite</a> (K2(UO2)2(VO4)2·3H2O) vanadium became available as a side product of uranium production. <a href="/wiki/Vanadinite" title="Vanadinite">Vanadinite</a> (Pb5(VO4)3Cl) and other vanadium bearing minerals are only mined in exceptional cases. With the rising demand, much of the world's vanadium production is now sourced from vanadium-bearing <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a> <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> bodies. If this <a href="/wiki/Titanomagnetite" title="Titanomagnetite">titanomagnetite</a> is used to produce iron, most of the vanadium goes to the <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> and is extracted from it.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-scielo-57">[57]</a> Vanadium is mined mostly in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. In 2022 these three countries mined more than 96% of the 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tons</a> of produced vanadium, with China providing 70%.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-61">[61]</a> Fumaroles of Colima are known of being vanadium-rich, depositing other vanadium minerals, that include shcherbinaite (V2O5) and <a href="/wiki/Colimaite" title="Colimaite">colimaite</a> (K3VS4).<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Vanadium is also present in <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a> and deposits of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tar_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tar sand">tar sands</a>. In crude oil, concentrations up to 1200 ppm have been reported. When such oil products are burned, traces of vanadium may cause <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> in engines and boilers.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> An estimated 110,000 tons of vanadium per year are released into the atmosphere by burning <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Black shale">Black shales</a> are also a potential source of vanadium. During WWII some vanadium was extracted from <a href="/wiki/Alum_shale" class="mw-redirect" title="Alum shale">alum shales</a> in the south of Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the universe, the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements#Universe" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">cosmic abundance</a> of vanadium is 0.0001%, making the element nearly as common as <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> or <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dieter-68">[68]</a> Vanadium is the 19th most abundant element in the crust.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> It is detected <a href="/wiki/Optical_spectrometer" title="Optical spectrometer">spectroscopically</a> in light from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and sometimes in the light from other <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_ion" title="Vanadyl ion">vanadyl ion</a> is also abundant in <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a>, having an average concentration of 30 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration#Units" title="Molar concentration">nM</a> (1.5 mg/m3).<a href="#cite_note-Dieter-68">[68]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a> <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a> also contain the ion in high concentrations. For example, springs near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> contain as much as 54 <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a> per <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dieter-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium-production(en).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg/220px-Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg/330px-Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg/440px-Vanadium-production%28en%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Vanadium production trend</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg/220px-Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg/330px-Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg/440px-Vanadium_crystal_vakuum_sublimed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Vacuum sublimed vanadium <a href="/wiki/Dendrite_(crystal)" title="Dendrite (crystal)">dendritic</a> crystals (99.9%)</figcaption></figure> Vanadium metal is obtained by a multistep process that begins with roasting crushed ore with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Na2CO3</a> at about 850 °C to give <a href="/wiki/Sodium_metavanadate" title="Sodium metavanadate">sodium metavanadate</a> (NaVO3). An aqueous extract of this solid is acidified to produce "red cake", a polyvanadate salt, which is reduced with <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> metal. As an alternative for small-scale production, vanadium pentoxide is reduced with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>. Many other methods are also used, in all of which vanadium is produced as a <a href="/wiki/Byproduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Byproduct">byproduct</a> of other processes.<a href="#cite_note-Moskalyk-71">[71]</a> Purification of vanadium is possible by the <a href="/wiki/Crystal_bar_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal bar process">crystal bar process</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Eduard_van_Arkel" title="Anton Eduard van Arkel">Anton Eduard van Arkel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Hendrik_de_Boer" title="Jan Hendrik de Boer">Jan Hendrik de Boer</a> in 1925. It involves the formation of the metal iodide, in this example <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_iodide" title="Vanadium(III) iodide">vanadium(III) iodide</a>, and the subsequent decomposition to yield pure metal:<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <dl><dd>2 V + 3 I2 ⇌ 2 VI3</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FerroVanadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FerroVanadium.jpg/220px-FerroVanadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FerroVanadium.jpg/330px-FerroVanadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/FerroVanadium.jpg/440px-FerroVanadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Ferrovanadium chunks</figcaption></figure> Most vanadium is used as a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> alloy called <a href="/wiki/Ferrovanadium" title="Ferrovanadium">ferrovanadium</a>. Ferrovanadium is produced directly by reducing a mixture of vanadium oxide, iron oxides and iron in an electric furnace. The vanadium ends up in <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">pig iron</a> produced from vanadium-bearing magnetite. Depending on the ore used, the slag contains up to 25% of vanadium.<a href="#cite_note-Moskalyk-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knarre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Knarre.jpg/170px-Knarre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Knarre.jpg/255px-Knarre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Knarre.jpg/340px-Knarre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption>Tool made from vanadium steel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alloys">edit</a>]</div> Approximately 85% of the vanadium produced is used as <a href="/wiki/Ferrovanadium" title="Ferrovanadium">ferrovanadium</a> or as a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> additive.<a href="#cite_note-Moskalyk-71">[71]</a> The considerable increase of strength in steel containing small amounts of vanadium was discovered in the early 20th century. Vanadium forms stable nitrides and carbides, resulting in a significant increase in the strength of steel.<a href="#cite_note-Chandler-73">[73]</a> From that time on, vanadium steel was used for applications in <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axles</a>, bicycle frames, <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshafts</a>, gears, and other critical components. There are two groups of vanadium steel alloys. Vanadium high-carbon steel alloys contain 0.15–0.25% vanadium, and <a href="/wiki/High-speed_steel" title="High-speed steel">high-speed tool steels</a> (HSS) have a vanadium content of 1–5%. For high-speed tool steels, a hardness above <a href="/wiki/Rockwell_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell hardness">HRC</a> 60 can be achieved. HSS steel is used in <a href="/wiki/Surgical_instrument" title="Surgical instrument">surgical instruments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">Powder-metallurgic</a> alloys contain up to 18% percent vanadium. The high content of vanadium carbides in those alloys increases wear resistance significantly. One application for those alloys is tools and knives.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Vanadium stabilizes the beta form of titanium and increases the strength and temperature stability of titanium. Mixed with <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> alloys, it is used in <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a>, high-speed airframes and <a href="/wiki/Dental_implant" title="Dental implant">dental implants</a>. The most common alloy for seamless tubing is <a href="/wiki/Titanium_alloy#Grades_of_titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium alloy">Titanium 3/2.5</a> containing 2.5% vanadium, the titanium alloy of choice in the aerospace, defense, and bicycle industries.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Another common alloy, primarily produced in sheets, is <a href="/wiki/Titanium_6AL-4V" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium 6AL-4V">Titanium 6AL-4V</a>, a titanium alloy with 6% aluminium and 4% vanadium.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Several vanadium alloys show <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> behavior. The first <a href="/wiki/A15_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="A15 phase">A15 phase</a> superconductor was a vanadium compound, V3Si, which was discovered in 1952.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium-gallium" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium-gallium">Vanadium-gallium</a> tape is used in <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconducting</a> magnets (17.5 <a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">teslas</a> or 175,000 <a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>). The structure of the superconducting A15 phase of V3Ga is similar to that of the more common <a href="/wiki/Niobium-tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-tin">Nb3Sn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niobium-titanium" class="mw-redirect" title="Niobium-titanium">Nb3Ti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> It has been found that a small amount, 40 to 270 ppm, of vanadium in <a href="/wiki/Wootz_steel" title="Wootz steel">Wootz steel</a> significantly improved the strength of the product, and gave it the distinctive patterning. The source of the vanadium in the original Wootz steel ingots remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Vanadium can be used as a substitute for molybdenum in armor steel, though the alloy produced is far more brittle and prone to <a href="/wiki/Spalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Spalling">spalling</a> on non-penetrating impacts.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Third Reich was one of the most prominent users of such alloys, in armored vehicles like <a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jagdtiger" title="Jagdtiger">Jagdtiger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalysts">Catalysts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Catalysts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg/170px-Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg/255px-Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg/340px-Vanadium_pentoxide_powder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium(V) oxide</a> is a catalyst in the <a href="/wiki/Contact_process" title="Contact process">contact process</a> for producing sulfuric acid.</figcaption></figure> Vanadium compounds are used extensively as catalysts;<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium pentoxide</a> V2O5, is used as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> in manufacturing sulfuric acid by the <a href="/wiki/Contact_process" title="Contact process">contact process</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In this process <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO 2) is oxidized to the <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_trioxide" title="Sulfur trioxide">trioxide</a> (SO 3):<a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-23">[23]</a> In this <a href="/wiki/Redox_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox reaction">redox reaction</a>, sulfur is oxidized from +4 to +6, and vanadium is reduced from +5 to +4: <dl><dd>V2O5 + SO2 → 2 VO2 + SO3</dd></dl> The catalyst is regenerated by oxidation with air: <dl><dd>4 VO2 + O2 → 2 V2O5</dd></dl> Similar oxidations are used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Maleic_anhydride" title="Maleic anhydride">maleic anhydride</a>: <dl><dd>C4H10 + 3.5 O2 → C4H2O3 + 4 H2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Phthalic_anhydride" title="Phthalic anhydride">Phthalic anhydride</a> and several other bulk organic compounds are produced similarly. These <a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">green chemistry</a> processes convert inexpensive feedstocks to highly functionalized, versatile intermediates.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Vanadium is an important component of mixed metal oxide catalysts used in the oxidation of propane and propylene to <a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">acrolein</a>, acrylic acid or the ammoxidation of propylene to <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">acrylonitrile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other uses">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">vanadium redox battery</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">flow battery</a>, is an electrochemical cell consisting of aqueous vanadium ions in different oxidation states.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-RychcikSkyllas-Kazacos1988-89">[89]</a> Batteries of this type were first proposed in the 1930s and developed commercially from the 1980s onwards. Cells use +5 and +2 formal oxidization state ions. Vanadium redox batteries are used commercially for <a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">grid energy storage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanadate" title="Vanadate">Vanadate</a> can be used for protecting steel against rust and corrosion by <a href="/wiki/Conversion_coating" title="Conversion coating">conversion coating</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Vanadium foil is used in <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(metalworking)" title="Cladding (metalworking)">cladding</a> titanium to steel because it is compatible with both iron and titanium.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The moderate <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">thermal neutron-capture cross-section</a> and the short half-life of the isotopes produced by neutron capture makes vanadium a suitable material for the inner structure of a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion reactor">fusion reactor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Vanadium can be added in small quantities < 5% to <a href="/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium iron phosphate battery">LFP battery</a> cathodes to increase ionic conductivity.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proposed">Proposed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Proposed">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithium_vanadium_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithium vanadium oxide (page does not exist)">Lithium vanadium oxide</a> has been proposed for use as a high energy density anode for <a href="/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery" title="Lithium-ion battery">lithium-ion batteries</a>, at 745 Wh/L when paired with a <a href="/wiki/Lithium_cobalt_oxide" title="Lithium cobalt oxide">lithium cobalt oxide</a> cathode.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium phosphate">Vanadium phosphates</a> have been proposed as the cathode in the <a href="/wiki/Lithium_vanadium_phosphate_battery" title="Lithium vanadium phosphate battery">lithium vanadium phosphate battery</a>, another type of lithium-ion battery.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_role">Biological role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Biological role">edit</a>]</div> Vanadium has a more significant role in marine environments than terrestrial ones.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bluebell_tunicates_Nick_Hobgood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bluebell_tunicates_Nick_Hobgood.jpg/220px-Bluebell_tunicates_Nick_Hobgood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bluebell_tunicates_Nick_Hobgood.jpg/330px-Bluebell_tunicates_Nick_Hobgood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Bluebell_tunicates_Nick_Hobgood.jpg/440px-Bluebell_tunicates_Nick_Hobgood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="1932" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a> such as this bluebell tunicate contain vanadium as <a href="/wiki/Vanabins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanabins">vanabins</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/220px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/330px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg/440px-Amanita_muscaria_3_vliegenzwammen_op_rij.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Amavadin" title="Amavadin">amavadin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanadoenzymes">Vanadoenzymes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vanadoenzymes">edit</a>]</div> Several species of marine <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_bromoperoxidase" title="Vanadium bromoperoxidase">vanadium bromoperoxidase</a> as well as the closely related <a href="/wiki/Chloroperoxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloroperoxidase">chloroperoxidase</a> (which may use a <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> or vanadium cofactor) and <a href="/wiki/Iodoperoxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodoperoxidase">iodoperoxidases</a>. The bromoperoxidase produces an estimated 1–2 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Bromoform" title="Bromoform">bromoform</a> and 56,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/Bromomethane" title="Bromomethane">bromomethane</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Most naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Organobromine_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organobromine compound">organobromine compounds</a> are produced by this enzyme,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> catalyzing the following reaction (R-H is hydrocarbon substrate): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">R-H + Br− + H2O2 → R-Br + H2O + OH−</div> A <a href="/wiki/Vanadium_nitrogenase" title="Vanadium nitrogenase">vanadium nitrogenase</a> is used by some <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen-fixing</a> micro-organisms, such as <a href="/wiki/Azotobacter" title="Azotobacter">Azotobacter</a>. In this role, vanadium serves in place of the more common <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and gives the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenase</a> slightly different properties.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanadium_accumulation_in_tunicates">Vanadium accumulation in tunicates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vanadium accumulation in tunicates">edit</a>]</div> Vanadium is essential to <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicates</a>, where it is stored in the highly acidified <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuoles</a> of certain blood cell types, designated <a href="/wiki/Vanadocyte" title="Vanadocyte">vanadocytes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vanabins" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanabins">Vanabins</a> (vanadium-binding proteins) have been identified in the cytoplasm of such cells. The concentration of vanadium in the blood of <a href="/wiki/Ascidiacea" title="Ascidiacea">ascidian</a> tunicates is as much as ten million times higher[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> than the surrounding seawater, which normally contains 1 to 2 μg/L.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The function of this vanadium concentration system and these vanadium-bearing proteins is still unknown, but the vanadocytes are later deposited just under the outer surface of the tunic, where they may deter <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungi">Fungi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fungi">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Amanita_muscaria" title="Amanita muscaria">Amanita muscaria</a> and related species of macrofungi accumulate vanadium (up to 500 mg/kg in dry weight). Vanadium is present in the <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complex</a> <a href="/wiki/Amavadin" title="Amavadin">amavadin</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> in fungal fruit-bodies. The biological importance of the accumulation is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Toxic or <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidase</a> enzyme functions have been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-da_Silva_Fraústo_2013-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mammals">edit</a>]</div> Deficiencies in vanadium result in reduced growth in rats.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The U.S. Institute of Medicine has not confirmed that vanadium is an essential nutrient for humans, so neither a Recommended Dietary Intake nor an Adequate Intake have been established. Dietary intake is estimated at 6 to 18 μg/day, with less than 5% absorbed. The <a href="/wiki/Tolerable_upper_intake_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerable upper intake level">Tolerable Upper Intake Level</a> (UL) of dietary vanadium, beyond which adverse effects may occur, is set at 1.8 mg/day.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_sulfate" title="Vanadyl sulfate">Vanadyl sulfate</a> as a dietary supplement has been researched as a means of increasing insulin sensitivity or otherwise improving glycemic control in people who are diabetic. Some of the trials had significant treatment effects but were deemed as being of poor study quality. The amounts of vanadium used in these trials (30 to 150 mg) far exceeded the safe upper limit.<a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The conclusion of the systemic review was "There is no rigorous evidence that oral vanadium supplementation improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. The routine use of vanadium for this purpose cannot be recommended."<a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-113">[113]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>, it has been suggested that discrete vanadium accumulations on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> could be a potential microbial <a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">biosignature</a> when used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> and morphology.<a href="#cite_note-Biosignature_Vanadium-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vanadium_Craig-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> All vanadium compounds should be considered toxic.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Tetravalent <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_sulfate" title="Vanadyl sulfate">VOSO4</a> has been reported to be at least 5 times more toxic than trivalent V2O3.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA) has set an exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide dust and 0.1 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide fumes in workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour work week.<a href="#cite_note-OSHA-119">[119]</a> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) has recommended that 35 mg/m3 of vanadium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health, that is, likely to cause permanent health problems or death.<a href="#cite_note-OSHA-119">[119]</a> Vanadium compounds are poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal system. Inhalation of vanadium and vanadium compounds results primarily in adverse effects on the respiratory system.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-ress-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Quantitative data are, however, insufficient to derive a subchronic or chronic inhalation reference dose. Other effects have been reported after oral or inhalation exposures on blood parameters,<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> liver,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> neurological development,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and other organs<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> in rats. There is little evidence that vanadium or vanadium compounds are reproductive toxins or <a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">teratogens</a>. Vanadium pentoxide was reported to be carcinogenic in male rats and in male and female mice by inhalation in an NTP study,<a href="#cite_note-ress-121">[121]</a> although the interpretation of the results has been disputed a few years after the report.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The carcinogenicity of vanadium has not been determined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Vanadium traces in <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuels</a> are the main fuel component in <a href="/wiki/High_temperature_corrosion" class="mw-redirect" title="High temperature corrosion">high temperature corrosion</a>. During combustion, vanadium oxidizes and reacts with sodium and sulfur, yielding <a href="/wiki/Vanadate" title="Vanadate">vanadate</a> compounds with melting points as low as 530 °C (986 °F), which attack the <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation layer</a> on steel and render it susceptible to corrosion. The solid vanadium compounds also abrade engine components.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flow_battery" title="Flow battery">Flow battery</a> – Type of electrochemical cell</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Giant_mine" title="Green Giant mine">Green Giant mine</a> – Vanadium mine in Madagascar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a> – Large scale electricity supply management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_carbide" title="Vanadium carbide">Vanadium carbide</a> – Extremely hard refractory ceramic material</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_redox_battery" title="Vanadium redox battery">Vanadium redox battery</a> – Type of rechargeable flow battery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_tetrachloride" title="Vanadium tetrachloride">Vanadium tetrachloride</a> – Chemical reagent used to produce other vanadium compounds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">Vanadium(V) oxide</a> – Precursor to vanadium alloys and industrial catalyst</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Vanadium_Symposium" title="International Vanadium Symposium">International Vanadium Symposium</a> – Biennial interdisciplinary event</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_cycle" title="Vanadium cycle">Vanadium cycle</a> – Exchange of vanadium between continental crust and seawater</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ciaaw.org/vanadium.htm">"Standard Atomic Weights: Vanadium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Isotopic_Abundances_and_Atomic_Weights" title="Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights">CIAAW</a>. 1977.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Atomic+Weights%3A+Vanadium&rft.pub=CIAAW&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciaaw.org%2Fvanadium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-2"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProhaskaIrrgeherBenefieldBöhlke2022" class="citation journal cs1">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (4 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2019-0603/html">"Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)"</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603">10.1515/pac-2019-0603</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-3075">1365-3075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Standard+atomic+weights+of+the+elements+2021+%28IUPAC+Technical+Report%29&rft.date=2022-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603&rft.issn=1365-3075&rft.aulast=Prohaska&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Irrgeher%2C+Johanna&rft.au=Benefield%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=B%C3%B6hlke%2C+John+K.&rft.au=Chesson%2C+Lesley+A.&rft.au=Coplen%2C+Tyler+B.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Tiping&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Philip+J.+H.&rft.au=Gr%C3%B6ning%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Holden%2C+Norman+E.&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Harro+A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2Fpac-2019-0603%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arblaster_2018_3-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArblaster2018" class="citation book cs1">Arblaster, John W. (2018). Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62708-155-9"><bdi>978-1-62708-155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Values+of+the+Crystallographic+Properties+of+Elements&rft.place=Materials+Park%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=ASM+International&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62708-155-9&rft.aulast=Arblaster&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> V(–3) is known in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>V(CO)3−5; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GE28-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GE28_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=28&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> V(0) is known in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">V(CO)6; see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_E._Ellis2006" class="citation journal cs1">John E. Ellis (2006). "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States". Inorganic Chemistry. 45 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fic052110i">10.1021/ic052110i</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Adventures+with+Substances+Containing+Metals+in+Negative+Oxidation+States&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fic052110i&rft.au=John+E.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast1984" class="citation book cs1">Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0464-4"><bdi>0-8493-0464-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC%2C+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pages=E110&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Company+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8493-0464-4&rft.aulast=Weast&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/23/vanadium">"Vanadium"</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>. Retrieved 5 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Vanadium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsc.org%2Fperiodic-table%2Felement%2F23%2Fvanadium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cintas-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Cintas_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCintas2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cintas, Pedro (12 November 2004). "The Road to Chemical Names and Eponyms: Discovery, Priority, and Credit". 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Microscopy Research and Technique. 56 (6): 421–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjemt.10042">10.1002/jemt.10042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11921344">11921344</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15127292">15127292</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317132408/https://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/files/public/0/22/20141016115442843522/MicroscopResTech_56_421-434_2002.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2020. 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Retrieved 8 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toxicity+Summary+for+Vanadium&rft.pub=Oak+Ridge+National+Laboratory&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Opreskos&rft.aufirst=Dennis+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frais.ornl.gov%2Ftox%2Fprofiles%2Fvanadium_f_V1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodyard2009" class="citation book cs1">Woodyard, Doug (18 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RC_k4q6y-JIC&pg=PA92">Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-094361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-094361-9"><bdi>978-0-08-094361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pounder%27s+Marine+Diesel+Engines+and+Gas+Turbines&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft.isbn=978-0-08-094361-9&rft.aulast=Woodyard&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRC_k4q6y-JIC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenWestbrookShah2003" class="citation book cs1">Totten, George E.; Westbrook, Steven R.; Shah, Rajesh J. (1 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_AkNu-Y1wQC&pg=PA152">Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing</a>. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-2096-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8031-2096-9"><bdi>978-0-8031-2096-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fuels+and+Lubricants+Handbook%3A+Technology%2C+Properties%2C+Performance%2C+and+Testing&rft.pages=152&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8031-2096-9&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rft.au=Westbrook%2C+Steven+R.&rft.au=Shah%2C+Rajesh+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_AkNu-Y1wQC%26pg%3DPA152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlebodnick,_Carla1999" class="citation book cs1">Slebodnick, Carla; et al. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZF5aNOeHd5sC&pg=PA51">"Modeling the Biological Chemistry of Vanadium: Structural and Reactivity Studies Elucidating Biological Function"</a>. In Hill, Hugh A.O.; et al. (eds.). Metal sites in proteins and models: phosphatases, Lewis acids, and vanadium. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65553-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-65553-4"><bdi>978-3-540-65553-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Modeling+the+Biological+Chemistry+of+Vanadium%3A+Structural+and+Reactivity+Studies+Elucidating+Biological+Function&rft.btitle=Metal+sites+in+proteins+and+models%3A+phosphatases%2C+Lewis+acids%2C+and+vanadium&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-3-540-65553-4&rft.au=Slebodnick%2C+Carla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZF5aNOeHd5sC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Vanadium" class="extiw" title="commons:Vanadium">Vanadium</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vanadium" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:vanadium">vanadium</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Vanadium">"Vanadium" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. XXIV (9th ed.). 1888. p. 54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanadium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanadium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/023.htm">Vanadium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vanadium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vanadium_compounds" title="Template:Vanadium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vanadium_compounds" title="Template talk:Vanadium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vanadium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vanadium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vanadium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_compounds" title="Vanadium compounds">Vanadium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanadium(0)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_hexacarbonyl" title="Vanadium hexacarbonyl">V(CO)6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanadium(II)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_fluoride" title="Vanadium(II) fluoride">VF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_bromide" title="Vanadium(II) bromide">VBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_chloride" title="Vanadium(II) chloride">VCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_iodide" title="Vanadium(II) iodide">VI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_oxide" title="Vanadium(II) oxide">VO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium_monosulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium monosulfide (page does not exist)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(II)_sulfate" title="Vanadium(II) sulfate">VSO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanadium(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_bromide" title="Vanadium(III) bromide">VBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_chloride" title="Vanadium(III) chloride">VCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_fluoride" title="Vanadium(III) fluoride">VF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_iodide" title="Vanadium(III) iodide">VI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_nitride" title="Vanadium nitride">VN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_oxide" title="Vanadium(III) oxide">V2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(III)_sulfate" title="Vanadium(III) sulfate">V2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Divanadium_trisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Divanadium trisulfide (page does not exist)">V2S3</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organovanadium(III)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organovanadium(III) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimesitylvanadium" title="Trimesitylvanadium">V(C9H11)3</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanadium(IV)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_carbide" title="Vanadium carbide">VC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(IV)_oxide" title="Vanadium(IV) oxide">VO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_oxydichloride" title="Vanadium oxydichloride">VOCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patr%C3%B3nite" title="Patrónite">V(S2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_tetrachloride" title="Vanadium tetrachloride">VCl4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_tetrafluoride" title="Vanadium tetrafluoride">VF4</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organovanadium(IV) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_acetylacetonate" title="Vanadyl acetylacetonate">VO(C5H7O2)2</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanadyl(IV) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_sulfate" title="Vanadyl sulfate">VOSO4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanadium(V)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxide" title="Vanadium(V) oxide">V2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_oxytrichloride" title="Vanadium oxytrichloride">VOCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_oxytrifluoride" title="Vanadium(V) oxytrifluoride">VOF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_dioxide_fluoride" title="Vanadium dioxide fluoride">VO2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_pentafluoride" title="Vanadium pentafluoride">VF5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium(V)_chloride" title="Vanadium(V) chloride">VCl5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_metavanadate" title="Ammonium metavanadate">NH4VO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadium phosphate">VOPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervanadyl" title="Pervanadyl">VO+2</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vanadyl(V)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vanadyl(V) compounds</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_perchlorate" title="Vanadyl perchlorate">VO(ClO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_nitrate" title="Vanadyl nitrate">VO(NO3)3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q722#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4187375-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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