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href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/james-d-wolfensohn-award/">Award for people with MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/evelyn-nicholson-award/">Award for caregivers</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown-submenu" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/?page_id=432">My story of MS</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="3" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/?page_id=432">My story of MS</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/">Access to MS healthcare</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/abdelhakim-janati/">Hanin, Jordan</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/my-story-of-ms/ling-pi/">Ling, Malaysia</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/oumaima-benyaich/">Alexia, Cyprus</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/christelle-taute/">Christelle, South Africa</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/sanae-hazim/">Hao, China</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/my-story-of-ms/sean-hegarty/">Sean, UK</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-21 menu-item-has-children dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <a href="/research/" tabindex="0">Research</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="2" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/">Research</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/advocacy/atlas/">AtlasofMS.org</a> </li> <li class="dropdown-submenu" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/">Key topics in MS research</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="3" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/">Key topics in MS research</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/clinical-trials-and-clinical-developments/">Clinical research and trials</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/epstein-barr-virus-and-ms/">Epstein-Barr virus and MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/ms-registries-putting-people-with-ms-at-the-heart-of-research/">MS registries</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/proms/">Patient Reported Outcomes for MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/research-into-ms-and-quality-of-life/">Quality of life research in MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/progressive-ms/">Research into Progressive MS</a></li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"><a href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/stem-cell-therapy-for-ms/">Stem cell therapy for MS</a></li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class="dropdown-submenu" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/">Awards, grants and fellowships</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="3" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a 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href="https://www.msif.org/catchup-progressivemswebcast/">The Progressive MS Alliance webcasts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </li> <li class=" menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-12347 menu-item-has-children dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" data-toggle="dropdown" tabindex="-1"> <a href="/access-to-ms-healthcare/" tabindex="0">Access & advocacy</a> <div class="dropdown-menu-container" data-level="2" role="menu" aria-hidden="true"> <h3><a href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/">Access & advocacy</a></h3> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/improve-access-to-ms-treatment/">Improve access to MS treatment</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/improve-ms-diagnosis/">Improve MS diagnosis</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" tabindex="-1"> <a 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<div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/">About us</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/who-we-are-and-what-we-do/">Who we are and what we do</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/our-strategy/">Our strategy</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/our-members/">Our members</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/staff/">Our staff</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-children"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-us/governance/" 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class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/">Access & advocacy</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/improve-access-to-ms-treatment/">Improve access to MS treatment</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/improve-ms-diagnosis/">Improve MS diagnosis</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/getting-the-healthcare-i-need/">Getting the healthcare I need</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/get-the-evidence/">Get the evidence</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/how-to-get-started-in-advocacy/">How to get started in advocacy</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/learn-from-others/">Learn from others</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/access-to-ms-healthcare/msifs-work-on-access-to-ms-healthcare/">MSIF work on access</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1488"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-1515"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/charcot-award/">Charcot Award</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/charcot-award/charcot-award-winners/">Charcot Award winners</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1507"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-1515"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/mcdonald-fellowships/">McDonald Fellowships</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/mcdonald-fellowships/mcdonald-fellowship-recipients/">McDonald Fellowship recipients</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1489"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-1515"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/du-pre-grants/">Du Pré Grants</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/du-pre-grants/du-pre-grant-recipients/">Du Pré Grant recipients</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1515"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-21"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/">Awards, grants and fellowships</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-children"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/du-pre-grants/" data-goto-menu="menu-1489">Du Pré Grants</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-children"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/mcdonald-fellowships/" data-goto-menu="menu-1507">McDonald Fellowships</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-children"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/charcot-award/" data-goto-menu="menu-1488">Charcot Award</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/young-investigator-award/">Young Investigator Award</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/awards-grants-and-fellowships/global-ms-research-fellowships/">Global MS research fellowships</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1470"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-21"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/">Key topics in MS research</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/clinical-trials-and-clinical-developments/">Clinical research and trials</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/epstein-barr-virus-and-ms/">Epstein-Barr virus and MS</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/research/challenges-of-ms-research/ms-registries-putting-people-with-ms-at-the-heart-of-research/">MS registries</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a 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class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/james-d-wolfensohn-award/">Award for people with MS</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/james-d-wolfensohn-award/james-d-wolfensohn-award-winners/">James D Wolfensohn Award winners</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1503"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-22"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a 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href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/complementary-and-alternative-therapies/">Complementary and alternative therapies</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/caregivers/">Caregivers</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/rehabilitation/">Rehabilitation</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/family-life/">Family life</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/relationships-and-intimacy/">Relationships and intimacy</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/telling-people-you-have-ms-2/">Telling people you have MS</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/ageing-and-ms/">Ageing and MS</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/ms-and-menopause/">MS and menopause</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/keeping-healthy/">Keeping healthy</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/smoking-and-ms/">Smoking and MS</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/education-and-employment/">Education and employment</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-children"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/international-ms-awards/" data-goto-menu="menu-1503">International MS awards</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-children"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/?page_id=432" data-goto-menu="menu-1353">My story of MS</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mobile-nav-container" id="menu-1340"> <button class="mobile-nav-back" data-goto-menu="menu-479"><span class="mobile-nav-back-content">Back</span></button> <div class="mobile-nav-list-wrapper"> <ul class="mobile-nav-list"> <li class="mobile-nav-item mobile-nav-item-parent"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" 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class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/what-is-ms/">What is MS?</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/epidemiology-of-ms/">Who gets MS?</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor mobile-nav-anchor-active" href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/types-of-ms/">Types of MS</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/childhood-ms/">MS in Children</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/causes/">Causes of MS</a> </div> </li> <li class="mobile-nav-item"> <div class="mobile-nav-actions"> <a class="mobile-nav-anchor" href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/diagnosing-ms/">Diagnosing MS</a> </div> </li> <li 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <header class="page-header"> <div class="container"> <div class="hidden-xs row"> <nav class="col-md-9"> <ul class="breadcrumb"><li><a href="/">Home</a></li><li><a href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/">About MS</a></li><li><span>Types of MS</span></li></ul> </nav> <div class="col-md-3"> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-lg-12"> <h1>Types of MS</h1> <p class="hidden-xs">MS comes in several forms, including clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting MS, secondary progressive MS and primary progressive MS.</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-6"> <p class="last-updated">Last updated: 12th March 2022</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <section class="content col-md-9"> <p>MS comes in several forms, including clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting MS, secondary progressive MS and primary progressive MS.</p> <p>The course of MS is difficult to predict. Some people may feel and seem healthy for many years following diagnosis, while others may be severely debilitated very quickly. Most people fit somewhere between these two extremes. Every individual will experience a different combination of MS <a href="https://www.msif.org/about-ms/symptoms-of-ms/">symptoms</a>, and it is hard to predict how MS will affect a person over their lifetime.</p> <p><strong>Clinically isolated syndrome</strong></p> <p>Clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) is the first episode of neurological symptoms experienced by a person, lasting at least 24 hours. The person may experience a single sign or symptom, or more than one at the same time. It is caused by inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. CIS is an early sign of MS, but not everyone who experiences CIS goes on to develop MS. Researchers don’t yet know why CIS turns into MS for some people but not others. If someone with CIS also has lesions (as seen on a brain MRI scan) that are similar to those seen in MS, then they are at higher risk. Research suggests that early <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/treatments/">treatment</a> of CIS can delay conversion to MS for people at high risk.</p> <p><strong>Relapsing-remitting MS</strong></p> <p>In relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS, sometimes referred to as relapsing MS), people experience attacks or exacerbations of symptoms (‘relapses’), which then fade or disappear (‘remission’). The symptoms may be new, or existing symptoms may become more severe. Relapses can last for varying periods – from a few days up to months – and then the disease may then be inactive for months or years. About 85 per cent of people with MS are initially diagnosed with RRMS.</p> <p>RRMS can be categorised by whether it is <strong>active</strong> or <strong>not active </strong>(someone who has <strong>active MS </strong>experiences relapses and/or evidence of new MRI activity). It can also be classified as <strong>worsening </strong>(a confirmed increase in disability over a specified period of time following a relapse) or <strong>not worsening. </strong></p> <p><strong>Secondary progressive MS</strong></p> <p>Secondary progressive MS (SPMS) is a secondary phase of relapsing MS that may develop years or even decades following diagnosis with relapsing-remitting MS. Most people who have RRMS will transition to SPMS. In SPMS there is progressive worsening of symptoms over time with no definite periods of remission.</p> <p>SPMS can be categorised by whether it is <strong>active</strong> or <strong>not active </strong>(someone who has <strong>active MS </strong>experiences relapses and/or evidence of new MRI activity). It can also be classified as <strong>with progression </strong>(evidence of disease worsening over time, with or without relapses) or <strong>without progression. </strong></p> <p><strong>Primary progressive MS</strong></p> <p>About 10 to 15 per cent of people with MS are diagnosed with primary progressive MS (PPMS). People with PPMS have steadily worsening symptoms and disability from the start, rather than sudden attacks or relapses followed by recovery.</p> <p>PPMS can also be categorised by whether it is <strong>active</strong> or <strong>not active </strong>(someone who has <strong>active MS </strong>experiences relapses and/or evidence of new MRI activity). It can also be classified as <strong>with progression </strong>(evidence of disease worsening over time, with or without relapses) or <strong>without progression.</strong></p> <p><strong>Additional classification of types of MS<br /> </strong></p> <p>For useful descriptions of what <strong>active, worsening and progression</strong> looks like in relapsing-remitting MS, primary and secondary progressive MS, <a href="https://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Types-of-MS">see the graphs on the National MS Society’s web page here</a>. These characterisations are important as they can affect whether a certain type of <a href="https://www.msif.org/living-with-ms/treatments/">treatment</a> will be effective or not.</p> <p><strong>Here’s what our members say about types of MS</strong></p> <p><a href="https://www.msaustralia.org.au/types-of-ms/">MS Australia</a></p> <p><a href="https://mssociety.ca/about-ms/types">MS Society Canada</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Types-of-MS">National MS Society (USA)</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.mssociety.org.uk/about-ms/types-of-ms">UK MS Society</a></p> <p> </p> <div class="image-blocks image-block-2 clearfix"> <div class="image-block"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMDI0IDY4MyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNjgzIiBkYXRhLXU9Imh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3Lm1zaWYub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDE0JTJGMTAlMkZHcmVlY2UtMTctbHIyLmpwZyIgZGF0YS13PSIxMDI0IiBkYXRhLWg9IjY4MyIgZGF0YS1iaXA9IiI+PC9zdmc+" data-spai="1" alt="A Greek woman with MS in a motorised scooter"> <p class="image-caption">Thessaloniki, Greece, 10/2011. Finding an effective MS therapy has been a particular challenge for Vasiliki Garopoulou; every medication she tried has caused intolerable side effects. On average, she has a relapse once per month, many of which land her in hospital for cortisone treatment. Credit: Maximiliano Braun. Published on this website by kind permission of the European Multiple Sclerosis Platform.</p> </div> <div class="image-block"> <img src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB4bWxucz0iaHR0cDovL3d3dy53My5vcmcvMjAwMC9zdmciIHZpZXdCb3g9IjAgMCAxMDI0IDY3NyIgd2lkdGg9IjEwMjQiIGhlaWdodD0iNjc3IiBkYXRhLXU9Imh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGd3d3Lm1zaWYub3JnJTJGd3AtY29udGVudCUyRnVwbG9hZHMlMkYyMDE0JTJGMTAlMkZ3b21hbi1pbi1ob3NwaXRhbC1jb3JyaWRvci1pbi1DaGluYTEuanBnIiBkYXRhLXc9IjEwMjQiIGRhdGEtaD0iNjc3IiBkYXRhLWJpcD0iIj48L3N2Zz4=" data-spai="1" alt="Woman in wheelchair in hospital corridor in China"> <p class="image-caption">"It doesn’t matter that I am in a wheelchair. Life goes on. I have just changed the way I get around." Wu Yanxiao, 28, from Beijing, has had MS for 8 years. Reproduced with the kind permission of Li YouHao,© 2014 Li </p> </div> </div> <div class="page-tags clearfix"> <h4>Page Tags:</h4> <ul class="clearfix"> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/progressive-ms">progressive MS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/clinically-isolated-syndrome">clinically isolated syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/secondary-progressive-ms">secondary progressive MS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/relapsing-ms">relapsing MS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/primary-progressive-ms">primary progressive MS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/relapsing-remitting-ms">relapsing-remitting MS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/types-of-ms">types of MS</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.msif.org/tag/ms-types">MS types</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="sidebar col-md-3"> <div> <section class="widget widget-links"> <header> <h3>Useful Links</h3> </header> <ul class="links"> <li><a href="http://www.msif.org/research/progressive-ms/">More about the International Progressive MS Alliance</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <a href="https://www.msif.org/research/" class="bg-primary-blue block block-simple widget" data-gtm-event="banner"> <div class="block-inner"> <h2>Research</h2> <footer> <span class="btn btn-primary">Learn more</span> </footer> </div> </a> <a href="/donate" class="bg-primary-red block block-simple block-donate widget" data-gtm-event="banner"> <div class="block-inner"> <h2>Make a donation</h2> <footer> <span class="btn btn-primary">Click here</span> </footer> </div> </a> </section> </div> </div> </main> <div id="root-footer"></div> </div> <footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="footer-heading"><a href="/contact-us">Contact us</a></div> <p>MS International Federation<br> 7-14 Great Dover Street<br> London SE1 4YR<br> United Kingdom</p> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="footer-heading">Follow us</div> <p class="hidden-xs">Keep in touch with our work on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube.</p> <ul class="social-links"> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/MSIntFederation" title="Follow us on Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li class="facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Multiple-Sclerosis-International-Federation/110033075774139" title="Like us on Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/MSIFmedia" title="Subscribe to our YouTube channel">YouTube</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <div class="footer-heading">Translate this site</div> <p>Parts of this site are available in Arabic and Spanish. 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