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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Non-metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metalloids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metalloids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Metalloids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metalloids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lanthanides_and_actinides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lanthanides_and_actinides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Lanthanides and actinides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lanthanides_and_actinides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanoallotropes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanoallotropes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nanoallotropes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanoallotropes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Allotropy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotroop" title="Allotroop – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Allotroop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A2%D8%B5%D9%84" title="تآصل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تآصل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotrop%C3%ADa" title="Alotropía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alotropía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropiya" title="Allotropiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Allotropiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Алатропія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алатропія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алотропия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алотропия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropske_modifikacije" title="Alotropske modifikacije – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alotropske modifikacije" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C2%B7lotropia" title="Al·lotropia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al·lotropia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alotropie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotrop" title="Alotrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alotrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropi" title="Allotropi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Allotropi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allotropie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotroopia" title="Allotroopia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allotroopia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Αλλότροπα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλλότροπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotrop%C3%ADa" title="Alotropía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alotropía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropo" title="Alotropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alotropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropia" title="Alotropia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alotropia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C)" title="دگرشکلی (شیمی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دگرشکلی (شیمی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allotropie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allatr%C3%B3pacht" title="Allatrópacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Allatrópacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotrop%C3%ADa" title="Alotropía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alotropía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%86%8C%EC%B2%B4" title="동소체 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동소체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ալոտրոպություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալոտրոպություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="अपररूपता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपररूपता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropija" title="Alotropija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alotropija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropi" title="Alotropi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alotropi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lgervi" title="Fjölgervi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjölgervi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropia_(chimica)" title="Allotropia (chimica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allotropia (chimica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלוטרופיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלוטרופיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಿನ್ನವರ್ತನೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಿನ್ನವರ್ತನೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალოტროპია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალოტროპია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллотропия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аллотропия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotwopi" title="Alotwopi – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alotwopi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotrop" title="Alotrop – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alotrop" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллотропия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аллотропия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropija" title="Alotropija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alotropija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Allotropie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropija" title="Alotropija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alotropija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Allotropie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotr%C3%B3pia" title="Allotrópia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Allotrópia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алотропија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алотропија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="രൂപാന്തരങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രൂപാന്തരങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotrop" title="Alotrop – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alotrop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Аллотропи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аллотропи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Allotropie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E4%BD%93" title="同素体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同素体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropi" title="Allotropi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allotropi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropi" title="Allotropi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Allotropi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropia" title="Allotropia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Allotropia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alootroppii" title="Alootroppii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Alootroppii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropiya" title="Allotropiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Allotropiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭਿੰਨਰੂਪਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਿੰਨਰੂਪਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropia" title="Alotropia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alotropia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropia" title="Alotropia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alotropia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropie" title="Alotropie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alotropie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллотропия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аллотропия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="බහුරූපීතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බහුරූපීතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allotropy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropia" title="Alotropia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alotropia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropija" title="Alotropija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alotropija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%8C" title="ئالۆترۆپی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئالۆترۆپی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алотропска модификација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алотропска модификација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alotropska_modifikacija" title="Alotropska modifikacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alotropska modifikacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropia" title="Allotropia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Allotropia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropi" title="Allotropi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allotropi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81" title="தனிமப் புறவேற்றுரு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தனிமப் புறவேற்றுரு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A4" title="భిన్నరూపత – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="భిన్నరూపత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B" title="อัญรูป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัญรูป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллотропия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аллотропия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotrop" title="Allotrop – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Allotrop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Алотропія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алотропія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE" title="آلوٹروپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آلوٹروپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B9_h%C3%ACnh" title="Thù hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thù hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%AB%94" title="同素異構體 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="同素異構體" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="同素异形体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="同素异形体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Xenophagy" title="Xenophagy">Allotrophy</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diamond_and_graphite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diamond_and_graphite.jpg/193px-Diamond_and_graphite.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diamond_and_graphite.jpg/290px-Diamond_and_graphite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Diamond_and_graphite.jpg/386px-Diamond_and_graphite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in crystalline structure.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Allotropy</b> or <b>allotropism</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i>ἄλλος<i> (allos)</i> 'other' and <i> </i>τρόπος<i> (tropos)</i> 'manner, form') is the property of some <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a>, known as <b>allotropes</b> of the elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element: the <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> of the element are <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">bonded</a> together in different manners.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">allotropes of carbon</a> include <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> (the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">cubic lattice</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral_molecular_geometry" title="Tetrahedral molecular geometry">tetrahedra</a>), <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a <a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_lattice" title="Hexagonal lattice">hexagonal lattice</a>), <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a> (single sheets of graphite), and <a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">fullerenes</a> (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations). </p><p>The term <i>allotropy</i> is used for elements only, not for <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a>. The more general term, used for any compound, is <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorphism</a>, although its use is usually restricted to solid materials such as crystals. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same physical <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">phase</a> (the state of matter, such as a <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>). The differences between these states of matter would not alone constitute examples of allotropy. Allotropes of chemical elements are frequently referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorphs</a></i> or as <i><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">phases</a></i> of the element. </p><p>For some elements, allotropes have different molecular formulae or different crystalline structures, as well as a difference in physical phase; for example, two <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">allotropes of oxygen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">dioxygen</a>, O<sub>2</sub>, and <a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">ozone</a>, O<sub>3</sub>) can both exist in the solid, liquid and gaseous states. Other elements do not maintain distinct allotropes in different physical phases; for example, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> has <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">numerous solid allotropes</a>, which all revert to the same P<sub>4</sub> form when melted to the liquid state. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of allotropy was originally proposed in 1840 by the Swedish scientist Baron <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> (1779–1848).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is derived from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <i> </i>άλλοτροπἱα<i> (allotropia)</i> 'variability, changeableness'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Avogadro%27s_law" title="Avogadro's law">Avogadro's hypothesis</a> in 1860, it was understood that elements could exist as polyatomic molecules, and two allotropes of oxygen were recognized as O<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>3</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, it was recognized that other cases such as carbon were due to differences in crystal structure. </p><p>By 1912, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a> noted that the allotropy of elements is just a special case of the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">polymorphism</a> known for compounds, and proposed that the terms allotrope and allotropy be abandoned and replaced by polymorph and polymorphism.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many other chemists have repeated this advice, <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> and most chemistry texts still favour the usage of allotrope and allotropy for elements only.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_in_properties_of_an_element's_allotropes"><span id="Differences_in_properties_of_an_element.27s_allotropes"></span>Differences in properties of an element's allotropes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Differences in properties of an element's allotropes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allotropes are different structural forms of the same element and can exhibit quite different physical properties and chemical behaviours. The change between allotropic forms is triggered by the same forces that affect other structures, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">light</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. Therefore, the stability of the particular allotropes depends on particular conditions. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> changes from a <a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">body-centered cubic</a> structure (<a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">ferrite</a>) to a <a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">face-centered cubic</a> structure (<a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">austenite</a>) above 906 °C, and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> undergoes a modification known as <a href="/wiki/Tin_pest" title="Tin pest">tin pest</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metallic</a> form to a <a href="/wiki/Semimetal" title="Semimetal">semimetallic</a> form below 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). As an example of allotropes having different chemical behaviour, ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) is a much stronger oxidizing agent than dioxygen (O<sub>2</sub>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_allotropes">List of allotropes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of allotropes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically, elements capable of variable <a href="/wiki/Coordination_number" title="Coordination number">coordination number</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation states">oxidation states</a> tend to exhibit greater numbers of allotropic forms. Another contributing factor is the ability of an element to <a href="/wiki/Catenation" title="Catenation">catenate</a>. </p><p>Examples of allotropes include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-metals">Non-metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element </th> <th>Allotropes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a> – an extremely hard, transparent crystal, with the carbon atoms arranged in a tetrahedral lattice. A poor electrical conductor. An excellent thermal conductor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonsdaleite" title="Lonsdaleite">Lonsdaleite</a> – also called hexagonal diamond.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a> – is the basic structural element of other allotropes, nanotubes, charcoal, and fullerenes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Q-carbon">Q-carbon</a> – a ferromagnetic, tough, and brilliant crystal structure that is harder and brighter than diamonds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Allotropy#Dubious" title="Talk:Allotropy">discuss</a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a> – a semimetallic, soft, black, flaky solid, a good electrical conductor. The C atoms are bonded in flat hexagonal lattices (<a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>), which are then layered in sheets.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_acetylenic_carbon" title="Linear acetylenic carbon">Linear acetylenic carbon</a> (carbyne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_carbon" title="Amorphous carbon">Amorphous carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene" title="Fullerene">Fullerenes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">buckminsterfullerene</a>, also known as "buckyballs", such as C<sub>60</sub>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_nanotube" title="Carbon nanotube">Carbon nanotubes</a> – allotropes having a cylindrical nanostructure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon#Schwarzites" title="Allotropes of carbon">Schwarzites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclocarbon" title="Cyclocarbon">Cyclocarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassy_carbon" title="Glassy carbon">Glassy carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdense_carbon_allotropes" title="Superdense carbon allotropes">Superdense carbon allotropes</a> – proposed allotropes</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Dinitrogen</a> – by far the most common and stable form of nitrogen, found in the air.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexazine" title="Hexazine">Hexazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaazacubane" title="Octaazacubane">Octaazacubane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranitrogen" title="Tetranitrogen">Tetranitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitrogen" title="Trinitrogen">Trinitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen#Crystal_structure" title="Solid nitrogen">Solid nitrogen</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus" title="White phosphorus">White phosphorus</a> – crystalline solid of tetraphosphorus (P<sub>4</sub>) molecules</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">Red phosphorus</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amorphous_solid" title="Amorphous solid">amorphous</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymeric</a> solid</li> <li>Scarlet phosphorus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#Violet_or_Hittorf's_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">Violet phosphorus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Monoclinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoclinic">monoclinic</a> crystalline structure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_phosphorus#Black_phosphorus" title="Allotropes of phosphorus">Black phosphorus</a> – semiconductor, analogous to graphite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphorus" title="Diphosphorus">Diphosphorus</a> – gaseous form composed of P<sub>2</sub> molecules, stable between 1200 °C and 2000 °C; created e.g. by dissociation of P<sub>4</sub> molecules of white phosphorus at around 827 °C</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_oxygen" title="Allotropes of oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen#Allotropes" title="Oxygen">Dioxygen</a>, O<sub>2</sub> – colorless (faint blue liquid and solid)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a>, O<sub>3</sub> – blue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxygen" title="Tetraoxygen">Tetraoxygen</a>, O<sub>4</sub> – <a href="/wiki/Metastability" title="Metastability">metastable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaoxygen" title="Octaoxygen">Octaoxygen</a>, O<sub>8</sub> – red</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_sulfur" title="Allotropes of sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Cyclo-Pentasulfur, Cyclo-S<sub>5</sub></li> <li>Cyclo-Hexasulfur, Cyclo-S<sub>6</sub></li> <li>Cyclo-Heptasulfur, Cyclo-S<sub>7</sub></li> <li>Cyclo-Octasulfur, Cyclo-S<sub>8</sub></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium#Characteristics" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>"Red selenium", cyclo-Se<sub>8</sub></li> <li>Gray selenium, polymeric Se</li> <li>Black selenium, irregular polymeric rings up to 1000 atoms long</li> <li>Monoclinic selenium, dark red transparent crystals</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen" title="Spin isomers of hydrogen">Spin isomers of hydrogen</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>The spin isomers of H<sub>2</sub> have sometimes been described as allotropes, notably by the committee which awarded the 1932 Nobel prize to <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> for quantum mechanics and singled out the "allotropic forms of hydrogen" as its most notable application.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metalloids">Metalloids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Metalloids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element </th> <th>Allotropes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_boron" title="Allotropes of boron">Boron</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Amorphous boron – brown powder – B<sub>12</sub> regular icosahedra</li> <li>α-rhombohedral boron</li> <li>β-rhombohedral boron</li> <li>γ-orthorhombic boron</li> <li>α-tetragonal boron</li> <li>β-tetragonal boron</li> <li>High-pressure superconducting phase</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_silicon" title="Allotropes of silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_silicon" title="Amorphous silicon">Amorphous silicon</a></li> <li>α-silicon, a semiconductor, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">diamond cubic</a> structure</li> <li>β-silicon - metallic, with the BCC similar to <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> and beta-<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (High Pressure Phase)</li> <li>Q-Silicon - a ferromagnetic (Similar to Q-Carbon) and highly conductive phase of silicon (similar to graphite) <sup id="cite_ref-google_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Silicene, buckled planar single layer Silicon, similar to Graphene</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium#Characteristics" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amorphous_Germanium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amorphous Germanium (page does not exist)">Amorphous Germanium</a></li> <li>α-germanium – semimetallic element or semiconductor, with the same structure as diamond (similar chemical properties with sulfur and silicon)</li> <li>β-germanium – metallic, with the same structure as beta-tin</li> <li>Germanene – Buckled planar Germanium, similar to graphene</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_arsenic" title="Allotropes of arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Yellow arsenic – molecular non-metallic As<sub>4</sub>, with the same structure as white phosphorus (Similar chemical properties with nitrogen and phosphorus)</li> <li>Gray arsenic, polymeric As (metallic, though heavily anisotropic) (similar to aluminum and antimony in chemical properties)</li> <li>Black arsenic – molecular and non-metallic, with the same structure as red phosphorus</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony#Characteristics" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Blue-white antimony – stable form (metallic), with the same structure as gray arsenic (similar to arsenic in chemical properties)</li> <li>Black antimony (non-metallic and amorphous, only stable as a thin layer)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium#Characteristics" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td> <ul><li>Amorphous tellurium – gray-black or brown powder<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crystalline tellurium – hexagonal crystalline structure (metalloid) (similar chemical properties with selenium)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metals">Metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the metallic elements that occur in nature in significant quantities (56 up to U, without Tc and Pm), almost half (27) are allotropic at ambient pressure: Li, Be, Na, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co, Sr, Y, Zr, Sn, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Yb, Hf, Tl, Th, Pa and U. Some <a href="/wiki/Phase_transition" title="Phase transition">phase transitions</a> between allotropic forms of technologically relevant metals are those of Ti at 882 °C, Fe at 912 °C and 1394 °C, Co at 422 °C, Zr at 863 °C, Sn at 13 °C and U at 668 °C and 776 °C. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Element </th> <th>Phase name(s) </th> <th>Space group </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> </th> <th>Structure type </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="8"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">α-Li </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">hR9 </td> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">α-Sm</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">Forms below 70 K.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen;"> <td>β-Li </td> <td>Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cI2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td>Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cF4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td>Forms above 7GPa </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>hR1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">α-Hg</a> </td> <td>An intermediate phase formed ~40GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanfland2000_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanfland2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>I<span style="text-decoration:overline;">4</span>3d </td> <td>cI16 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 40GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanfland2000_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanfland2000-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oC88 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms between 60 and 70 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oC40 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms between 70 and 95 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oC24 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 95 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">α-Be </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">hP2 </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:pink;|"> <td>β-Be </td> <td>Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cI2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td>Forms above 1255 °C. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">α-Na </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">R<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">hR9 </td> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">α-Sm</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">Forms below 20 K. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen;|"> <td>β-Na </td> <td>Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cI2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td>Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cF4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td>Forms at room temperature above 65 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>I<span style="text-decoration:overline;">4</span>3d </td> <td>cI16 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms at room temperature, 108GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>Pnma </td> <td>oP8 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese_phosphide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese phosphide (page does not exist)">MnP</a> </td> <td>Forms at room temperature, 119GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tI19* </td> <td> </td> <td>A host-guest structure that forms above between 125 and 180 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>hP4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 180 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">hP2 </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cI2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td>Forms above 50 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">α-Al </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">cF4 </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td>β-Al </td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc </td> <td>hP2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td>Forms above 20.5 GPa. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">cI2 </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cF4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td>Forms above 11.7 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>I4/mcm </td> <td>tI19* </td> <td> </td> <td>A host-guest structure that forms at about 20 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc </td> <td>hP4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickeline" title="Nickeline">NiAs</a> </td> <td>Forms above 25 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>Pnma </td> <td>oP8 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese_phosphide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese phosphide (page does not exist)">MnP</a> </td> <td>Forms above 58GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>I4<sub>1</sub>/amd </td> <td>tI4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 112 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td>Cmca </td> <td>oC16 </td> <td> </td> <td>Formas above 112 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">α-Fe, <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_iron" title="Allotropes of iron">ferrite</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">cI2 </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">Body-centered cubic</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Stable at room temperature and pressure. <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">Ferromagnetic</a> at T<770 °C, <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> from T=770–912 °C. </td></tr> <tr style="background:pink;|"> <td>γ-iron, <a href="/wiki/Austenite" title="Austenite">austenite</a> </td> <td>Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cF4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Face-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Face-centered cubic">Face-centered cubic</a> </td> <td>Stable from 912 to 1,394 °C. </td></tr> <tr style="background:pink;|"> <td>δ-iron </td> <td>Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cI2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Body-centered_cubic" class="mw-redirect" title="Body-centered cubic">Body-centered cubic</a> </td> <td>Stable from 1,394 – 1,538 °C, same structure as α-Fe. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td>ε-iron, <a href="/wiki/Hexaferrum" title="Hexaferrum">Hexaferrum</a> </td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc </td> <td>hP2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexagonal_close-packed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexagonal close-packed">Hexagonal close-packed</a> </td> <td>Stable at high pressures. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">α-Cobalt </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres#Simple_hcp_lattice" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal-close packed</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Forms below 450 °C. </td></tr> <tr style="background:pink;|"> <td>β-Cobalt </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres#Simple_ccp_lattice" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">face centered cubic</a> </td> <td>Forms above 450 °C. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td>ε-Cobalt </td> <td>P4<sub>1</sub>32 </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">primitive cubic</a> </td> <td>Forms from thermal decomposition of [Co<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>8</sub>]. Nanoallotrope. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">α-Rb </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">cI2 </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>cF4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 7 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oC52 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 13 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tI19* </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 17 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tI4 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 20 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>oC16 </td> <td> </td> <td>Forms above 48 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Degtyareva2014_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Degtyareva2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Tin#Allotropes" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">α-tin, <a href="/wiki/Gray_tin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray tin">gray tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_pest" title="Tin pest">tin pest</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">Fd<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">cF8 </td> <td style="background:lightblue;"><a href="/wiki/Diamond_cubic" title="Diamond cubic">d-C</a> </td> <td style="background:lightblue;">Stable below 13.2 °C. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightgreen;|"> <td>β-tin, <a href="/wiki/White_tin" title="White tin">white tin</a> </td> <td>I4<sub>1</sub>/amd </td> <td>tI4 </td> <td>β-Sn </td> <td>Stable at room temperature and pressure. </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td>γ-tin, rhombic tin </td> <td>I4/mmm </td> <td>tI2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td>Forms above 10 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Deffrennes2022_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deffrennes2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td>γ'-Sn </td> <td>Immm </td> <td>oI2 </td> <td>MoPt<sub>2</sub> </td> <td>Forms above 30 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Deffrennes2022_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deffrennes2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td>σ-Sn, γ"-Sn </td> <td>Im<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m </td> <td>cI2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td>Forms above 41 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Deffrennes2022_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deffrennes2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms at very high pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightyellow;|"> <td>δ-Sn </td> <td>P6<sub>3</sub>/mmc </td> <td>hP2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td>Forms above 157 GPa.<sup id="cite_ref-Deffrennes2022_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deffrennes2022-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stanene" title="Stanene">Stanene</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;">α-Polonium </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">simple cubic</a> </td> <td style="background:lightgreen;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>β-Polonium </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhombohedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhombohedral">rhombohedral</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="Lightgreen"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:lightgreen;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Most stable structure under standard conditions.<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="Lightblue"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:lightblue;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Structures stable below room temperature.<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="Pink"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:pink;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Structures stable above room temperature.<br /> <span style="display:inline-block;border:1.62px solid black;vertical-align:text-top;" title="Lightyellow"><span class="mw-no-invert" style="display:block;padding:0;width:1em;height:1em;background:lightyellow;color:inherit;"> </span></span> Structures stable above atmospheric pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lanthanides_and_actinides">Lanthanides and actinides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lanthanides and actinides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actinide_phases.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinide_phases.svg/250px-Actinide_phases.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinide_phases.svg/375px-Actinide_phases.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Actinide_phases.svg/500px-Actinide_phases.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Phase diagram of the actinide elements.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerium#Characteristics" title="Cerium">Cerium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samarium#Physical_properties" title="Samarium">samarium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium#Characteristics" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium#Characteristics" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> have three allotropes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium#Characteristics" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium#Characteristics" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium#Characteristics" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terbium#Characteristics" title="Terbium">terbium</a> have two allotropes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_plutonium" title="Allotropes of plutonium">Plutonium</a> has six distinct solid allotropes under "normal" pressures. Their densities vary within a ratio of some 4:3, which vastly complicates all kinds of work with the metal (particularly casting, machining, and storage). A seventh plutonium allotrope exists at very high pressures. The <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium</a> metals Np, Am, and Cm are also allotropic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethium#Properties" title="Promethium">Promethium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> have three allotropes each.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nanoallotropes">Nanoallotropes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nanoallotropes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, the concept of nanoallotropy was proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nanoallotropes, or allotropes of <a href="/wiki/Nanomaterials" title="Nanomaterials">nanomaterials</a>, are nanoporous materials that have the same chemical composition (e.g., Au), but differ in their architecture at the nanoscale (that is, on a scale 10 to 100 times the dimensions of individual atoms).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such nanoallotropes may help create ultra-small electronic devices and find other industrial applications.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different nanoscale architectures translate into different properties, as was demonstrated for <a href="/wiki/Surface-enhanced_Raman_scattering" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface-enhanced Raman scattering">surface-enhanced Raman scattering</a> performed on several different nanoallotropes of gold.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-step method for generating nanoallotropes was also created.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">Isomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphism (materials science)">Polymorphism (materials science)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/IUPAC_books#Gold_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC books">Compendium of Chemical Terminology</a></i>, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/A00243.html">Allotrope</a>". <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1351%2Fgoldbook.A00243">10.1351/goldbook.A00243</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzelius1841" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berzelius, Jac. (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433009789326&view=1up&seq=176"><i>Årsberättelse om Framstegen i Fysik och Kemi afgifven den 31 Mars 1840. Första delen</i></a> [<i>Annual Report on Progress in Physics and Chemistry submitted March 31, 1840. First part.</i>] (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden: P.A. Norstedt & Söner. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%85rsber%C3%A4ttelse+om+Framstegen+i+Fysik+och+Kemi+afgifven+den+31+Mars+1840.+F%C3%B6rsta+delen.&rft.place=Stockholm%2C+Sweden&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=P.A.+Norstedt+%26+S%C3%B6ner&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Berzelius&rft.aufirst=Jac.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433009789326%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 14: <i>"Om det ock passar väl för att uttrycka förhållandet emellan myrsyrad ethyloxid och ättiksyrad methyloxid, så är det icke passande för de olika tillstånd hos de enkla kropparne, hvari dessa blifva af skiljaktiga egenskaper, och torde för dem böra ersättas af en bättre vald benämning, t. ex. </i>Allotropi<i> (af </i>αλλότροπος<i>, som betyder: af olika beskaffenhet) eller </i>allotropiskt tillstånd<i>."</i> (If it [i.e., the word <i>isomer</i>] is also well suited to express the relation between formic acid ethyl oxide [i.e., ethyl formate] and acetic acid methyloxide [i.e., methyl acetate], then it [i.e., the word <i>isomers</i>] is not suitable for different conditions of simple substances, where these [substances] transform to have different properties, and [therefore the word <i>isomers</i>] should be replaced, in their case, by a better chosen name; for example, <i>Allotropy</i> (from <i>αλλότροπος</i>, which means: of different nature) or <i>allotropic condition</i>.)</li> <li>Republished in German: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerzeliusWöhler1841" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berzelius, Jacob; Wöhler, F. (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d000120766&view=1up&seq=189">"Jahres-Bericht über die Fortschritte der physischen Wissenschaften"</a> [Annual Report on Progress of the Physical Sciences]. <i>Jahres Bericht Über die Fortschritte der Physischen Wissenschaften</i> (in German). <b>20</b>. Tübingen, (Germany): Laupp'schen Buchhandlung: 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahres+Bericht+%C3%9Cber+die+Fortschritte+der+Physischen+Wissenschaften&rft.atitle=Jahres-Bericht+%C3%BCber+die+Fortschritte+der+physischen+Wissenschaften&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Berzelius&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=W%C3%B6hler%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d000120766%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 13: <i>"Wenn es sich auch noch gut eignet, um das Verhältniss zwischen ameisensaurem Äthyloxyd und essigsaurem Methyloxyd auszudrücken, so ist es nicht passend für ungleiche Zustände bei Körpern, in welchen diese verschiedene Eigenschaften annehmen, und dürfte für diese durch eine besser gewählte Benennung zu ersetzen sein, z. B. durch </i>Allotropie<i> (von </i>αλλότροπος<i>, welches bedeutet: von ungleicher Beschaffenheit), oder durch </i>allotropischen Zustand<i>."</i> (Even if it [i.e., the word <i>isomer</i>] is still well suited to express the relation between ethyl formate and methyl acetate, then it is not appropriate for the distinct conditions in the case of substances where these [substances] assume different properties, and for these, [the word <i>isomer</i>] may be replaced with a better chosen designation, e.g., with <i>Allotropy</i> (from <i>αλλότροπος</i>, which means: of distinct character), or with <i>allotropic condition</i>.)</li> <li>Merriam-Webster online dictionary: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allotropy">Allotropy</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Jensen" title="William B. Jensen">Jensen, W. B.</a> (2006), "The Origin of the Term Allotrope", <i>J. Chem. Educ.</i>, <b>83</b> (6): 838–39, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JChEd..83..838J">2006JChEd..83..838J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed083p838">10.1021/ed083p838</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Chem.+Educ.&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Term+Allotrope&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=838-39&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed083p838&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JChEd..83..838J&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"allotropy", <i>A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles</i>, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, 1888, p. 238</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=allotropy&rft.btitle=A+New+English+Dictionary+on+Historical+Principles&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstwaldTaylor1912" class="citation book cs1">Ostwald, Wilhelm; Taylor, W.W. (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1w1DAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA104"><i>Outlines of General Chemistry</i></a> (3rd ed.). London, England: Macmillan and Co., Ltd. p. 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+of+General+Chemistry&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=104&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Ostwald&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Taylor%2C+W.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1w1DAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 104: "Substances are known which exist not only in two, but even in three, four or five different solid forms; no limitation to the number is known to exist. Such substances are called polymorphous. The name allotropy is commonly employed in the same connexion, especially when the substance is an element. There is no real reason for making this distinction, and it is preferable to allow the second less common name to die out."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen 2006, citing Addison, W. E. The Allotropy of the Elements (Elsevier 1964) that many have repeated this advice.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1932/heisenberg-facts.html">Werner Heisenberg – Facts</a> Nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newatlas.com/materials/q-silicon-magnetic-spintronic-quantum-computers/">"Meet Q-silicon, a new magnetic material for spintronic quantum computers"</a>. <i>New Atlas</i>. July 4, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Atlas&rft.atitle=Meet+Q-silicon%2C+a+new+magnetic+material+for+spintronic+quantum+computers&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewatlas.com%2Fmaterials%2Fq-silicon-magnetic-spintronic-quantum-computers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj,_G." class="citation book cs1">Raj, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0uwDTrxyaB8C&pg=PA1327"><i>Advanced Inorganic Chemistry Vol-1</i></a>. Krishna Prakashan. p. 1327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788187224037" title="Special:BookSources/9788187224037"><bdi>9788187224037</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Inorganic+Chemistry+Vol-1&rft.pages=1327&rft.pub=Krishna+Prakashan&rft.isbn=9788187224037&rft.au=Raj%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0uwDTrxyaB8C%26pg%3DPA1327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverhauser1984" class="citation journal cs1">Overhauser, A. W. (1984-07-02). "Crystal Structure of Lithium at 4.2 K". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>53</b> (1). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://israelbds.org/materials-that-dont-exist-in-nature-might-lead-to-new-fabrication-techniques/">the original</a> on 2017-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=israelbds.org&rft.atitle=Materials+That+Don%27t+Exist+in+Nature+Might+Lead+to+New+Fabrication+Techniques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisraelbds.org%2Fmaterials-that-dont-exist-in-nature-might-lead-to-new-fabrication-techniques%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allotropy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Allotropy">"Allotropy" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allotropy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allotropy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allotropy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Allotropy">Allotropy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNigel_Bunce_and_Jim_Hunt" class="citation web cs1">Nigel Bunce and Jim Hunt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080131061355/http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/summer/scor/articles/scor40.htm">"The Science Corner: Allotropes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/summer/scor/articles/scor40.htm">the original</a> on January 31, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+Corner%3A+Allotropes&rft.au=Nigel+Bunce+and+Jim+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.uoguelph.ca%2Fsummer%2Fscor%2Farticles%2Fscor40.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllotropy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemistryexplained.com/A-Ar/Allotropes.html">Allotropes – Chemistry Encyclopedia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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