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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Canada-wide</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Canada-wide-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Canada-wide subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Canada-wide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Divisions_by_religion_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divisions_by_religion_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Divisions by religion and language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divisions_by_religion_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Length_of_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Length_of_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Length of study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Length_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Authorities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Primary and secondary education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tertiary education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tertiary education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tertiary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocational" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocational"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vocational</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocational-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Private schools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Private_schools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Private schools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Private_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Private universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Religious schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Levels in education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levels_in_education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Levels in education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levels_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grade_structure_by_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grade_structure_by_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Grade structure by province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grade_structure_by_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_and_territorial_departments_and_ministries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_and_territorial_departments_and_ministries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Provincial and territorial departments and ministries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_and_territorial_departments_and_ministries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="التعليم في كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التعليم في كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schulsystem_in_Kanada" title="Schulsystem in Kanada – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schulsystem in Kanada" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B4_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="آموزش در کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آموزش در کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_%C3%A9ducatif_au_Canada" title="Système éducatif au Canada – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système éducatif au Canada" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_di_Kanada" title="Pendidikan di Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendidikan di Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കാനഡയിലെ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസസമ്പ്രദായം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാനഡയിലെ വിദ്യാഭ്യാസസമ്പ്രദായം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendidikan_di_Kanada" title="Pendidikan di Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendidikan di Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_no_Canad%C3%A1" title="Educação no Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Educação no Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bia_%C3%AEn_Canada" title="Educația în Canada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Educația în Canada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%95_%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="خوێندن لە کەنەدا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێندن لە کەنەدا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulutus_Kanadassa" title="Koulutus Kanadassa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koulutus Kanadassa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Education in Canada</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_education_symbol_(unofficial).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canadian_education_symbol_%28unofficial%29.png/130px-Canadian_education_symbol_%28unofficial%29.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canadian_education_symbol_%28unofficial%29.png/195px-Canadian_education_symbol_%28unofficial%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Canadian_education_symbol_%28unofficial%29.png/260px-Canadian_education_symbol_%28unofficial%29.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Educational oversight</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Provincial & Territorial<br />Ministers of Education:</th><td class="infobox-data"><br /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List of Ministers</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">AB</a>: <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Nicolaides" title="Demetrios Nicolaides">Demetrios Nicolaides</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">BC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Beare" title="Lisa Beare">Lisa Beare</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">MB</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nello_Altomare" title="Nello Altomare">Nello Altomare</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">NB</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claire_Johnson" title="Claire Johnson">Claire Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a>: <a href="/wiki/Krista_Lynn_Howell" class="mw-redirect" title="Krista Lynn Howell">Krista Lynn Howell</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">NS</a>: <a href="/wiki/Becky_Druhan" title="Becky Druhan">Becky Druhan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NWT</a>: <a href="/wiki/Caitlin_Cleveland" title="Caitlin Cleveland">Caitlin Cleveland</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pam_Gross" title="Pam Gross">Pam Gross</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">ON</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jill_Dunlop" title="Jill Dunlop">Jill Dunlop</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PEI</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rob_Lantz" title="Rob Lantz">Rob Lantz</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">QC</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Drainville" title="Bernard Drainville">Bernard Drainville</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">SK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Everett_Hindley" title="Everett Hindley">Everett Hindley</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jeanie_McLean" title="Jeanie McLean">Jeanie McLean</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">National education budget (2016)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">6.0% of GDP<sup>‡</sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">General details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_French" title="Canadian French">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">System type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Provincially controlled</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Literacy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Male</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Female</th><td class="infobox-data">99%<sup id="cite_ref-factbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ccccff">Attainment</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">93%<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Post-secondary diploma</a></th><td class="infobox-data">68%<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align: left;background:#e6e6ff;">‡ Includes Elementary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Education in Canada</b> is for the most part provided <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">publicly</a>, funded and overseen by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">local governments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education in Canada is generally divided into <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>, followed by secondary education and post-secondary. Education in both English and French is available in most places across Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada has a large number of universities, almost all of which are publicly funded.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established in 1663, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a></span></span> is the oldest post-secondary institution in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-BlakeKeshen2017p249_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlakeKeshen2017p249-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest university is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> with over 85,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four universities are regularly ranked among the top 100 world-wide, namely University of Toronto, <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a>, with a total of <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada" title="Rankings of universities in Canada">18 universities ranked</a> in the top 500 worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2022 report by the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a>, Canada is the most educated country in the world;<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_2022_n626_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022_n626-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OECD_2023_t514_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD_2023_t514-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the country ranks first worldwide in the percentage of adults having <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a>, with over 57 percent of Canadian adults having attained at least an undergraduate college or university degree.<sup id="cite_ref-Education_c106_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Education_c106-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada spends an average of about 5.3 percent of its GDP on education.<sup id="cite_ref-TheGlobalEconomy.com_1971_w626_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGlobalEconomy.com_1971_w626-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$20,000</span> per student).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, 89 percent of adults aged 25 to 64 have earned the equivalent of a high-school degree, compared to an OECD average of 75 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-OECD_2023_t514_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OECD_2023_t514-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">mandatory education</a> age ranges between 5–7 to 16–18 years,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just over 60,000 children are <a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_Canada" title="Homeschooling in Canada">homeschooled in the country</a> as of 2016. The <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> indicates Canadian students perform well above the OECD average, particularly in mathematics, science, and reading,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ranking the overall knowledge and skills of Canadian 15-year-olds as the sixth-best in the world, although these scores have been declining in recent years. Canada is a well-performing OECD country in reading literacy, mathematics, and science, with the average student scoring 523.7, compared with the OECD average of 493 in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_agencies">Assessment agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Assessment agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Canadian Education Statistics Council (CESC) works in collaboration with provincial and territorial departments that are responsible for education and training, on the Pan-Canadian Education Indicators Program (PCEIP). The CESC includes both the <a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_associations_and_organizations_in_Canada#Council_of_Ministers_of_Education,_Canada_(CMEC)" title="List of higher education associations and organizations in Canada">Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC)</a> and Statistics Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-CMEC_Overview_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMEC_Overview-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CESC submits an annual report, <i>Education Indicators in Canada: An International Perspective</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-StatsCan_CMEC_Edu_2019Ind_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatsCan_CMEC_Edu_2019Ind-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StatsCan_CMEC_EduInd_2018_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatsCan_CMEC_EduInd_2018-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "supports the comparison of educational systems in Canada's provinces and territories with member [OECD] countries".<sup id="cite_ref-CMEC_Overview_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMEC_Overview-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) coordinates the <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a> (PISA) that is intended to evaluate educational systems—OECD members and non-OECD members—by measuring 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance on mathematics, science, and reading.<sup id="cite_ref-PISA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PISA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PISA_RIF_2015_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PISA_RIF_2015-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PISA_CA_SP_2018_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PISA_CA_SP_2018-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada-wide">Canada-wide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canada-wide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The federal government's responsibilities in education are limited to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Military_Colleges" title="Canadian Military Colleges">Canadian Military Colleges</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coast_Guard_College" title="Canadian Coast Guard College">Canadian Coast Guard College</a>, and funding the education of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">indigenous peoples</a>; all other matters of education in Canada fall under provincial responsibility. As such, there is much variation in the management of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> from province to province. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Train-classroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Train-classroom.jpg/200px-Train-classroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Train-classroom.jpg/300px-Train-classroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Train-classroom.jpg/400px-Train-classroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="459" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>1950 Canadian School Train. Pupils attend classes at <a href="/wiki/Nemegos,_Ontario" title="Nemegos, Ontario">Nemegos</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chapleau,_Ontario" title="Chapleau, Ontario">Chapleau, Ontario</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2016, 8.5% of men and 5.4% of women aged 25 to 34 had less than a secondary school diploma (340,000 young Canadians).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many places, publicly funded secondary school courses are offered to the adult population. The ratio of secondary school graduates versus non diploma-holders is changing rapidly, partly due to changes in the labour market that require people to have a secondary school diploma and, in many cases, a university degree. Nonetheless, in 2010, 51% of Canadians had completed a tertiary education, the highest rate in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of schools, 67%, are co-educational. </p><p>Canada spends about 5.2% of its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> on education in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldBank_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldBank-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country invests heavily in tertiary education (more than US$20,000 per student).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent reports suggest tuition fee increases across all provinces ranging from a low of .3% in Ontario to a high of 5.7% in Alberta due to a provide-wide restructuring of fees.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Section_Twenty-three_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Section Twenty-three of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">section 23</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a></i>, education in both <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> has been available in most places across Canada (if the population of children speaking the minority language justifies it). French Second Language education/French Immersion is available to anglophone students across Canada. English Second Language education/English Immersion is also available in Quebec's French language schools. </p><p>According to an announcement of Canadian Minister of Citizenship and Immigration, Canada is introducing a new, fast-track system to let foreign students and graduates with Canadian work experience become permanent eligible residents in Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most schools have introduced one or more initiatives such as programs in Native studies, <a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">antiracism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Aboriginal</a> cultures and crafts; visits by elders and other community members; and content in areas like indigenous languages, Aboriginal spirituality, indigenous knowledge of nature, and tours to indigenous heritage sites.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these classes are offered, most appear to be limited by the area or region in which students reside. "The curriculum is designed to elicit development and quality of people's cognition through the guiding of accommodations of individuals to their natural environment and their changing social order"<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subjects that typically get assessed (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Language_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Language arts">language arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>) assume greater importance than non-assessed subjects (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, visual arts, and physical education) or facets of the curriculum (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">reading</a> and writing versus <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speaking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Listening" title="Listening">listening</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars view academics as a form of "soft power" helping to educate and to create positive attitudes,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although there is criticism that educators are merely telling students what to think, instead of how to think for themselves, and using up a large proportion of classroom time in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_promotion" title="Social promotion">Social promotion</a> policies, <a href="/wiki/Grade_inflation" title="Grade inflation">grade inflation</a>, lack of <a href="/wiki/Corrective_feedback" title="Corrective feedback">corrective feedback</a> for students, <a href="/wiki/Teaching_method" title="Teaching method">teaching methods</a> that slow the development of <a href="/wiki/Soft_skills" title="Soft skills">soft skills</a> compared to past decades, <a href="/wiki/Reform_mathematics" title="Reform mathematics">reform mathematics</a>, and the failure to objectively track student progress have also forced secondary schools and colleges to lower their academic standards.<sup id="cite_ref-huffingtonpost_Bassiri_20170616_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-huffingtonpost_Bassiri_20170616-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a November 2011 <i>Maclean's</i> opinion piece, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alberta" title="Education in Alberta">Alberta's education system</a> provides better results compared to other provinces, partially because of Alberta's rigorous "provincial standardized exams".<sup id="cite_ref-macleans_Dehaas_20111128_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macleans_Dehaas_20111128-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2011 study by the University of Saskatchewan, Albertans have higher grades in university due to the comprehensive education compared to other provinces. Grades are also notably boosted when applying for many universities in Canada to entice Albertan students to go to those universities, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-macleans_Dehaas_20111128_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macleans_Dehaas_20111128-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also explains why the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a> is quite competitive when applying with an out-of-province education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions_by_religion_and_language">Divisions by religion and language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Divisions by religion and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Every_Canadian_Needs_A_Copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Every_Canadian_Needs_A_Copy.jpg/220px-Every_Canadian_Needs_A_Copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Every_Canadian_Needs_A_Copy.jpg/330px-Every_Canadian_Needs_A_Copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Every_Canadian_Needs_A_Copy.jpg/440px-Every_Canadian_Needs_A_Copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> includes provisions that guarantee English and French <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> schools, and reaffirms the pre-existing right of <a href="/wiki/Separate_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate schools">separate schools</a> where applicable.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Constitution of Canada provides constitutional protections for some types of publicly funded religious-based and language-based school systems. </p><p>Section 93 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">Constitution Act, 1867</a></i> contains a guarantee for publicly funded religious-based <a href="/wiki/Separate_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Separate schools">separate schools</a>, provided the separate schools were established by law prior to the province joining Confederation. Court cases have established that this provision did not apply to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, since those provinces did not provide a legal guarantee for separate schools prior to Confederation.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The provision did originally apply to <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, since these provinces did have pre-existing separate schools. This constitutional provision was repealed for Quebec by a constitutional amendment in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for Newfoundland and Labrador in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutional provision continues to apply to Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. There is a similar federal statutory provision that applies to the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>. The issue of separate schools is also addressed in <a href="/wiki/Section_29_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 29 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 29</a> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i>, which reaffirms the rights of separate schools found in the <i>Constitution Act, 1867</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Section_23_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Section 23 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Section 23</a>(1)(b) of the <i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i> guarantees the right of citizens who were educated in the minority language in a particular province to have their children educated in the minority language in publicly funded schools.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this guarantee means that there are publicly funded English schools in Quebec, and publicly funded French schools in the other provinces and the territories. </p><p>Quebec students must attend a French school up until the end of secondary school unless one of their parents qualifies as a rights-holder under s. 23(1)(b) of the Charter.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ontario, French-language schools automatically admit students recognized under section 23 of the <i>Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</i> and may admit non-francophone students through the board's admissions committee consisting of the school principal, a school superintendent, and a teacher. </p><p>An example of how schools can be divided by language and religion is visible in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, which has four public school boards operating in the city. They include two English <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> school boards, the separate <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Catholic_District_School_Board" title="Toronto Catholic District School Board">Toronto Catholic District School Board</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secular_education" title="Secular education">secular</a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto_District_School_Board" title="Toronto District School Board">Toronto District School Board</a>; and two French boards, the separate <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_catholique_MonAvenir" title="Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir">Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir</a> and secular <a href="/wiki/Conseil_scolaire_Viamonde" title="Conseil scolaire Viamonde">Conseil scolaire Viamonde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Length_of_study">Length of study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Length of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As education is a provincial matter, the length of study varies depending on the province, although the majority of public early childhood, elementary, and secondary education programs in Canada begin in kindergarten (age five typically by 31 December of that school year) and end after Grade 12 (age 17 by 31 December). After completion of a secondary school diploma, students may go on to post-secondary studies. </p><p>Exceptions to the aforementioned length of study include the provinces of Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec, as well as the Northwest Territories. As opposed to the other provinces, the Kindergarten programs in the Northwest Territories, Nova Scotia, Ontario, and Quebec consist of two years, with the first year open to students age four by 31 December. Ontario established its Junior Kindergarten program in the early 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-jkhis_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jkhis-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Government of Nova Scotia">Government of Nova Scotia</a> announced an expansion of its Pre-Primary program to be made available throughout the province by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-nshis_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nshis-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Implementation of Junior Kindergarten began in the Northwest Territories during the 2017–18 school year, an expansion of an earlier pilot project in several smaller communities in the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-nwjk_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwjk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Quebec" title="Government of Quebec">Government of Quebec</a> announced the creation of kindergarten classes for four-year-olds in the province's elementary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The length of study at the secondary level also differs in Quebec, with the final grade of secondary schools in the province being Grade 11/<i>Secondaire V</i>. </p><p>Conversely, in Ontario, a student may choose to lengthen their period of study in a secondary school for an additional number of years, colloquially referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Victory_lap_(academia)" title="Victory lap (academia)">victory lap</a>. From 1989 to 2003, secondary education in Ontario formally included a fifth year (intended for students preparing for post-secondary education), known as the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Academic_Credit" title="Ontario Academic Credit">Ontario Academic Credit</a> (age 18 by 31 December). Prior to 1989 Ontario secondary schools included Grade 13 (leading to the Secondary School Honours Graduation Diploma). Although OAC was phased out in 2003, a study in 2010 published by academics with <a href="/wiki/Lakehead_University" title="Lakehead University">Lakehead University</a> noted that the province was only partially successful in its efforts, with a significant minority of students opting to take a fifth year.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 14 per cent of students in Ontario opted to take a fifth year as late as 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-ontbudg_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontbudg-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2013, the Government of Ontario introduced a 34-credit threshold (30 credits is required for the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Secondary_School_Diploma" title="Ontario Secondary School Diploma">Ontario Secondary School Diploma</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an effort to limit the length of study for its secondary school students and reduce the financial burden from students returning for a fifth year.<sup id="cite_ref-ontbudg_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontbudg-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A "resident pupil" of Ontario has the right to attend a public secondary school until they've received their 34th-course credit, attended the school for seven years, or are age 20 and have not been in a school in the last four years, after which the secondary school reserves the right to refuse further admission to the student.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the period of study in Canada begins as early as four years old, the age where a child's attendance becomes mandatory varies among the provinces and territories, ranging from ages five to seven.<sup id="cite_ref-compra_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compra-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Children who turn five by 31 December are required to begin schooling in British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Yukon;<sup id="cite_ref-compra_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compra-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although parents are able to apply for a deferment. In Alberta, Newfoundland and Labrador, the Northwest Territories, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, and Quebec, a child is required to attend school at the age of six. Manitoba and Saskatchewan are the only provinces where the minimum compulsory attendance age is seven. Attendance in school is compulsory up to the age of 16 in all provinces except Manitoba, New Brunswick, and Ontario, where attendance is compulsory until the student turns 18,<sup id="cite_ref-com1_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com1-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-com2_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com2-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-com3_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-com3-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as soon as a secondary school diploma has been achieved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authorities">Authorities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normally, for each type of publicly funded school (such as Public English or Public French), the province is divided into districts (or divisions). For each district, board members (trustees) are elected only by its supporters within the district (voters receive a ballot for just one of the boards in their area). Normally, all publicly funded schools are under the authority of their local district school board. These school boards would follow a common curriculum set up by the province the board resides in. Only <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> allows public <a href="/wiki/Alberta_charter_schools" title="Alberta charter schools">charter schools</a>, which are independent of any district board. Instead, they each have their own board, which reports directly to the province.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Canada" title="History of education in Canada">History of education in Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate education">intermediate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> combined are sometimes referred to as K-12 (Kindergarten through Grade 12). Secondary schooling, known as high school, <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">collegiate institute</a>, <i>école secondaire</i> or secondary school, consists of different grades depending on the province in which one resides. Furthermore, grade structure may vary within a province or even within a school division; as to whether or not they operate middle or junior high schools. </p><p>Kindergarten programs are available for children in all provinces in Canada and are typically offered as one-year programs for students who turn five in that year. However, the provinces of Nova Scotia, the Northwest Territories, Ontario, and Quebec operate two-year kindergarten programs, with the first year beginning at the age of four. The names of these programs, provincial funding, and the number of hours provided varies. For example, the Department of Education in Nova Scotia refers to Kindergarten as Grade Primary.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Full-day kindergarten programs are offered in all provinces except <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>. Students in the Prairie provinces are not required by statute to attend kindergarten. As a result, kindergarten often is not available in smaller towns. </p><p>Since the 1940s, Ontario's kindergarten program has consisted of two years: junior kindergarten for four–five-year-olds and senior kindergarten for five–six-year-olds. At Francophone schools in Ontario, these programs are called <i>Maternelle</i> and <i>Jardin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, Nova Scotia began to implement a kindergarten program (pre-primary, starting at age four), with provincial-wide service available since 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-nsjk_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsjk-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Northwest Territories introduced its junior kindergarten program throughout the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-nwjk_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwjk-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quebec offers subsidized preschool programs and introduced an early kindergarten program for children from low-income families in 2013. </p><p>Grade 12 presently serves as the final grade in all provincial secondary curriculums, except Quebec, whose secondary schools ends after Secondary V/Grade 11 (age 16 by September 30, Quebec cut off date is earlier); after which students who wish to pursue further studies may attend a post-secondary institution. Quebec is currently the only province where it treats Grade 12 as a part of the tertiary level of education. Grade 11 also served as the end of secondary education in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, until the province implemented Grade 12 in 1983. Conversely, from 1921 to 2003, Ontario's secondary curriculum lasted a year longer, with secondary schooling ending after <a href="/wiki/Grade_13" class="mw-redirect" title="Grade 13">Grade 13</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ontario_Academic_Credit" title="Ontario Academic Credit">Ontario Academic Credit</a> (OAC). Grade 13 was reformed into OAC in 1988, and was offered in secondary schools until 2003, after which the grade was discontinued. A number of Canadian secondary schools offer the <a href="/wiki/IB_Diploma_Programme" title="IB Diploma Programme">International Baccalaureate</a> Program (IB) and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> (AP) program. These courses prepare students for first-year university learning and can be used to replace or supplement existing courses in the curriculum. Many universities and colleges across <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> offer advanced credits to students who excel in International Baccalaureate and Advanced Placement courses. </p><p>Students may continue to receive publicly funded secondary schooling until the ages of 19 to 21 (the cut-off age for secondary school varies between provinces). Depending on the province, those who are the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">age of majority</a> may continue to attend a standard secondary school, or may be required to attend an <a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">adult high school</a>. </p><p>Students of secondary school age who have received long-term suspensions or have been expelled, or are otherwise unable or unwilling to attend conventional schools may be offered alternative learning options to complete their secondary education, such as drop-in programs, night school, or distance/online classes. An increasing number of <a href="/wiki/International_students_in_Canada" title="International students in Canada">international students</a> are attending pre-tertiary courses at Canadian secondary schools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tertiary_education">Tertiary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tertiary education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/U15_Group_of_Canadian_Research_Universities" title="U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities">U15 Group of Canadian Research Universities</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Canada" title="List of universities in Canada">List of universities in Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Canada" title="List of colleges in Canada">List of colleges in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Educationincanada-eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Educationincanada-eng.png/290px-Educationincanada-eng.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Educationincanada-eng.png/435px-Educationincanada-eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Educationincanada-eng.png/580px-Educationincanada-eng.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> Canada by province and territory, showing the percentage of the population aged 25 to 64 who had a bachelor's degree or higher, and the percentage point change from 2016 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_Canada_2022_i032_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada_2022_i032-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Post-secondary education in Canada is provided by universities (research universities, undergraduate universities, and university colleges) and vocational institutions (vocational colleges, career colleges, community colleges, institutes of technology or science, colleges of applied arts or applied technology, and in Quebec, collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Universities offer bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees as well as post-graduate certificates and diplomas while vocational institutions issue diplomas, associate degrees, certificates, and apprenticeships.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vocational institutions offer career-focused training that is often practical where these institutions train their graduates to work as semi-professionals in various fields such as the skilled trades and technical careers and for workers in support roles in professions such as engineering, information technology, accountancy, business administration, health care, architecture, and law.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> University colleges and vocational institutions also offer degree programs where a student can take courses and receive credit that can be transferred to a university.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly all post-secondary institutions in Canada have the authority to confer academic credentials (i.e., diplomas or degrees). Generally speaking, universities confer degrees (e.g., bachelor's, master's, professional or doctorate degrees) while <a href="/wiki/College_(Canada)" title="College (Canada)">colleges</a>, which typically offer vocationally oriented programs, confer diplomas, associate degrees, and certificates. However, some colleges offer applied arts degrees that lead to or are equivalent to degrees from a university. Private career colleges are overseen by legislative acts for each province. For example, in British Columbia training providers will be registered and accredited with the (PCTIA) Private Career Training Institutions Agency regulated under the <i>Private Career Training Institutions Act</i> (SBC 2003)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each province has its own equivalent agency. Unlike the United States, there is no "accreditation body" that oversees the universities in Canada. Universities in Canada have degree-granting authority via an Act or Ministerial Consent from the Ministry of Education of the particular province. Tertiary and post-secondary education in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. Those governments provide the majority of funding to their public post-secondary institutions, with the remainder of funding coming from tuition fees, the federal government, and research grants. Compared to other countries in the past, Canada has had the highest tertiary school enrolment as a percentage of their graduating population.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University">University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Largest_share_of_college_or_university_graduates_in_the_G7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Largest_share_of_college_or_university_graduates_in_the_G7.png/290px-Largest_share_of_college_or_university_graduates_in_the_G7.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Largest_share_of_college_or_university_graduates_in_the_G7.png/435px-Largest_share_of_college_or_university_graduates_in_the_G7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Largest_share_of_college_or_university_graduates_in_the_G7.png/580px-Largest_share_of_college_or_university_graduates_in_the_G7.png 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Largest share of college or university graduates in the G7</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional path to Canadian higher education is typically through university, as it is by far the most prestigious form of higher education in the country. There is no universally prescribed set definition to what constitutes a "university" in Canada as they come in various forms that serve the different educational needs of various Canadians. Each province has its own legislative meaning of the term but universities do intersect in terms of the types of degrees that they offer, research, competitiveness, location, and global institutional reputation. Canadian universities require students' senior secondary school transcript along with an application for admission. <a href="/wiki/University_and_college_admission#Canada" title="University and college admission">Admissions criteria</a> to a university in Canada involve the grades earned in core senior secondary school courses taken, and an admission GPA based on their senior secondary school courses calculated in the form of a percentage. Applications for admission outline additional academic and extra-curricular achievements that cannot be expressed through a student's secondary school transcript. In the case of more prestigious and selective university programs, an essay, statement of intent, or personal statement of experience must be submitted directly to the university. In addition, letters of reference, examples of extracurricular activities, volunteering and community service endeavors, athletic participation, student awards, and scholarships are also required for acceptance to some of Canada's most prestigious university programs. Generally, Canadian universities base admission with great weight emphasized around a student's academic performance in core senior secondary school courses taken during their grade 11 and 12 years as a measure of <a href="/wiki/Academic_rigor" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic rigor">academic rigor</a> in addition to assessing a prospective students capability to challenge themselves as predictors of future academic performance at the university level. In addition, most universities in Canada also denote a standardized <a href="/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a> or an admission average cutoff. This admissions cut off is established based on the competitiveness of applicants applying to individual programs offered at specific universities. A typical competitive program at an esteemed Canadian university could have an admissions cutoff of 90 per cent or higher, while mid-tier universities have programs that maintain cut-offs around 80 per cent. Lower tier and lesser-known Canadian universities with more liberal application processes could have admission cut offs as low as 65 to 70 per cent. </p><p>Among the country's most prominent institutions are research universities that are domestically and internationally ranked such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of universities across Canada include denomination universities (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Redeemer University College">Redeemer University College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkville_University" title="Yorkville University">Yorkville University</a>), undergraduate universities (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacEwan_University" title="MacEwan University">MacEwan University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Vincent_University" title="Mount Saint Vincent University">Mount Saint Vincent University</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winnipeg" title="University of Winnipeg">University of Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier_University" title="Wilfrid Laurier University">Wilfrid Laurier University</a>), liberal arts colleges (e.g., <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lethbridge" title="University of Lethbridge">University of Lethbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop%27s_University" title="Bishop's University">Bishop's University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_University" title="Nipissing University">Nipissing University</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_University_(New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Thomas University (New Brunswick)">St. Thomas University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western University</a>), art schools (<a href="/wiki/Alberta_University_of_the_Arts" title="Alberta University of the Arts">Alberta University of the Arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emily_Carr_University_of_Art_and_Design" title="Emily Carr University of Art and Design">Emily Carr University of Art and Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/LaSalle_College_Vancouver" title="LaSalle College Vancouver">LaSalle College Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia College of Art and Design">Nova Scotia College of Art and Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontario College of Art and Design">Ontario College of Art and Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_College_of_Art_and_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Vancouver College of Art and Design">Vancouver College of Art and Design</a>), online universities with distance education (<a href="/wiki/Athabasca_University" title="Athabasca University">Athabasca University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fredericton" title="University of Fredericton">University of Fredericton</a>), and military schools (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada" title="Royal Military College of Canada">Royal Military College of Canada</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">military academy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a>, a full degree-granting university, and the only federal institution in Canada with degree-granting powers) as well as institutions that serve people in more rural and remote parts of the country such as <a href="/wiki/Brandon_University" title="Brandon University">Brandon University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Roads_University" title="Royal Roads University">Royal Roads University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Rivers_University" title="Thompson Rivers University">Thompson Rivers University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_British_Columbia" title="University of Northern British Columbia">University of Northern British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="University of Prince Edward Island">University of Prince Edward Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Fraser_Valley" title="University of the Fraser Valley">University of the Fraser Valley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island_University" title="Vancouver Island University">Vancouver Island University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of universities in Canada is internationally recognized and is home to some of the top universities in the world making it a global leader in scientific and technological research and adducing the delivery of higher education to promising Canadian students and prospective international students around the world. <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Canada" title="Rankings of universities in Canada">Canadian universities have placed in several international post-secondary rankings</a>, with the <i><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a></i> including 30 Canadian universities in its 2025 rankings, <i><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a></i> including 31 Canadian universities in their 2023 rankings, and the <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_University_Ranking" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking">U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking</a></i> including 39 Canadian universities in its 2023 rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocational">Vocational</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocational"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vocational education in Canada is delivered through <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational</a> <a href="/wiki/College_(Canada)" title="College (Canada)">colleges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school#Canada" title="Vocational school">career colleges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_college#Canada" title="Community college">community colleges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology#Canada" title="Institute of technology">institutes of technology or science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">technical schools</a>, colleges of applied arts or applied technology, and in Quebec through collèges d’enseignement général et professionnel. Though it is cheaper in terms of tuition, less competitive to get into, and not as prestigious as going to a four-year university, vocational schools adduce another post-secondary option for students seeking to enter higher education. Admissions to vocational schools in Canada have requirements that are less stringent than a university and vary more significantly but, unlike universities, qualifications and entrance standards into vocational institutions are more lax as they do not delineate admission cut-offs so as long as students meet the minimum average requirements and possess the prerequisite courses, they can gain admission to most vocational institutions across the country. Many vocational institutes such as <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_College" title="George Brown College">George Brown College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_College" title="Mohawk College">Mohawk College</a> accept a very high proportion of students with averages above 70 per cent, although they may place no limiting minimum for acceptance, and consequently take students with averages below 60 per cent. </p><p>The typical Canadian vocational institute is analogous to that of an American <a href="/wiki/Junior_college#United_States" title="Junior college">junior college</a> or <a href="/wiki/Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">community college</a> where they offer specialized vocational oriented certifications in an area of training. However, there are some institutions in Canada that offer both <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational training</a> as well as a limited number of 4-year undergraduate university degrees such as <a href="/wiki/Seneca_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca College">Seneca College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheridan_College" title="Sheridan College">Sheridan College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centennial_College_(Canada)" title="Centennial College (Canada)">Centennial College of Applied Arts and Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University" title="Kwantlen Polytechnic University">Kwantlen Polytechnic University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island_University" title="Vancouver Island University">Vancouver Island University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Rivers_University" title="Thompson Rivers University">Thompson Rivers University</a>. There are over 200 community colleges in Canada. They are often found in remote and rural parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/College_(Canada)" title="College (Canada)">Post-secondary vocational institutions in Canada</a> offer apprenticeships, certificates, diplomas, and associate degrees. These are programs that offer specialized vocational education in specific employment fields related to the <a href="/wiki/Skilled_trades" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilled trades">skilled trades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">technical</a> careers which generally last two years.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In studying at a <a href="/wiki/Vocational-technical_school" title="Vocational-technical school">vocational school</a>, a student can take the necessary courses needed to earn a certification that will allow for entry into jobs (such as becoming a <a href="/wiki/Beautician" class="mw-redirect" title="Beautician">beautician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Licensed_practical_nurse" title="Licensed practical nurse">licensed practical nurse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drafter" title="Drafter">drafter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_developer" title="Web developer">web developer</a>, computer network support specialist, <a href="/wiki/Paralegal" title="Paralegal">paralegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">medical laboratory technician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_technologist" title="Cardiovascular technologist">cardiovascular technologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optician" title="Optician">optician</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sonographer" title="Sonographer">diagnostic medical sonographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_assistant" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare assistant">healthcare assistant</a> etc.) requiring some level of tertiary education but not a full four-year university degree. After graduating from a vocational institution, some students continue their education by transferring to a university to complete a bachelor's degree, while others choose to enter the workforce. <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship#Canada" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeships</a> are another form of post-secondary vocational education training in Canada, as students combine in-class instruction of theoretical principles with practical workforce training for careers related to the skilled trades. In addition, a series of exams have to be passed before the student is certified as a <a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">journeyperson</a>. Skilled trades programs in Canada typically take four years to complete and, once the final level is successfully finished, the person is conferred a trades certificate and can become eligible to work anywhere in the country, provided they pass a series of tests known as the <a href="/wiki/Interprovincial_Standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Interprovincial Standards">Red Seal</a> exams.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Private_schools">Private schools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Private schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About 6% of Canadian grade ten students are in <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a>, most of which are in Quebec. A Statistics Canada study from 2015 found that these students tend to have higher test scores and future educational attainment than their public school counterparts. Rather than enjoying superior resources and educational practices, the most likely explanation for this discrepancy is the higher expectation of success that students experience from their parents, teachers, and fellow students.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_universities">Private universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Private universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past, private universities in Canada maintained a religious history or foundation. However, since 1999, the Province of New Brunswick passed the <i>Degree Granting Act</i><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing private universities to operate in the Province.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.UniversityFredericton.ca">University of Fredericton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608100808/http://www.universityfredericton.ca/">Archived</a> June 8, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> is the newest university to receive designation in New Brunswick. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Western_University" title="Trinity Western University">Trinity Western University</a>, in Langley British Columbia, was founded in 1962 as a junior college and received full accreditation in 1985. In 2002, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quest_University" title="Quest University">Quest University</a> became the first privately funded <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> university without a denominational affiliation (although it is not the first private liberal arts university). Many provinces, including Ontario and Alberta, have passed legislation allowing private degree-granting institutions (not necessarily universities) to operate there. </p><p>Many Canadians remain polarized on the issue of permitting private universities into the Canadian market. On the one hand, Canada's top universities find it difficult to compete with the private American powerhouses because of funding, but, on the other hand, the fact that the price of private universities tends to exclude those who cannot pay that much for their education could prevent a significant portion of Canada's population from being able to attend these schools. </p><p>In addition to the issue of access, some Canadians take issue with protections instituted within the <i><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></i> as ruled by the Supreme Court of Canada in 2001 and consistent with federal and provincial law that (private) faith-based universities in Canada based on the long-established principles of freedom of conscience and religion can exempt themselves from more recent human rights legislation when they insist in their "community covenant" code signed by staff, faculty and students that they act in accordance with the faith of the school. The covenant may require restraint from those acts considered in contradiction with the tenets of their faith such as homosexual relationships, sex outside marriage or more broadly abstain from consuming alcohol on campus or viewing pornography.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, private-Christian based schools do not preclude homosexual or lesbian students from attending.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some faith-based universities have been known to fire staff and faculty which refused to adhere or whose actions were in opposition with the tenets of the faith, although in some provinces, their dismissals have been successfully challenged in court based on the circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_schools">Religious schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Religious schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each province deals differently with private religious schools. In Ontario, the Catholic system continues to be fully publicly funded while other faiths are not. Ontario has several private Islamic, Christian and Jewish schools all funded through tuition fees. Since the Catholic schools system is entrenched in the constitution, the Supreme Court has ruled that this system is constitutional. However, the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Committee">Human Rights Committee</a> has ruled that Ontario's system is discriminatory, suggesting that Ontario either fund no faith-based schools, or all of them.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 the government of <a href="/wiki/Mike_Harris" title="Mike Harris">Mike Harris</a> introduced a controversial program to partially fund all private schools, but this was criticized for undermining the public education system and the program was eliminated after the Liberals won the 2003 provincial election. </p><p>In other provinces, privately operated religious schools are funded. In British Columbia the government pays independent schools that meet rigorous provincial standards up to 50% of the per-student operating cost of public schools. The province has a number of Sikh, Hindu, Christian, and Islamic schools. Alberta also has a network of <a href="/wiki/Alberta_charter_schools" title="Alberta charter schools">charter schools</a>, which are fully funded schools offering distinct approaches to education within the public school system. Alberta charter schools are not private and the province does not grant charters to religious schools. These schools have to follow the provincial curriculum and meet all standards but are given considerable freedom in other areas. In all other provinces, private religious schools receive some funding, but not as much as the public system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_in_education">Levels in education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Levels in education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the education system in Canada is managed by the varying provincial governments in Canada, the way the educational stages are grouped and named may differ from each region, or even between districts and individual schools. The ages are the age of the students when they end the school year in June. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood education</a> <ul><li>CPE Pre-school (French: <i>Garderie</i> or <i>Jardin</i>), Pre-Kindergarten, Pre-Primary or Junior Kindergarten (JK, ages 3–5 average age 4) (Nova Scotia and Ontario)<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grade Primary, Senior Kindergarten or Kindergarten (French: <i>Maternelle)</i> (SK, ages 4–6 average age 5)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary education">Elementary education</a> <ul><li>Grade 1 (ages 5–7, average age 6), they start in the calendar year when they turn 6 (For example, someone born in July would be the average and be 6 all of grade 1, while someone born in December will be 5 when they start grade 1 and turn 6 during grade 1 and be one of the youngest while someone born in January will start grade 1 at age 6 and turn 7 during grade 1 and be one of the oldest.)</li> <li>Grade 2 (ages 6–8 average age 7),</li> <li>Grade 3 (ages 7–9 average age 8)</li> <li>Grade 4 (ages 8–10 average age 9)</li> <li>Grade 5 (ages 9–11 average age 10 )</li> <li>Grade 6 (ages 10–12 average age 11)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate education">Intermediate education</a> <ul><li>Grade 7 (ages 11–13 average age 12) (Secondary School starts here in Quebec)</li> <li>Grade 8 (ages 12–14 average age 13) (in some parts of B.C. high school starts in Grade 8)</li> <li>Grade 9 (ages 13–15 average age 14)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary education</a> <ul><li>Grade 10 (ages 14–16 average age 15)</li> <li>Grade 11 (ages 15–17 average age 16) (Secondary education in Quebec stops here)</li> <li>Grade 12 (ages 16–18 average age 17)<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary education</a> <ul><li>College: In Canada, the term college usually refers to a community college or a technical, applied arts, or applied science school. These are post-secondary institutions granting <a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">certificates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomas">diplomas</a> and, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor's degrees">bachelor's degrees</a>. In Quebec, a diploma is also required from a college (CEGEP) to attend university and take the following forms: <ul><li>Pre-university program, two years (typically Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, or Arts)</li> <li>Professional program, three years (e.g. Paralegal, Dental Hygienist, Nursing, etc.)</li></ul></li> <li>University: A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees in a variety of subjects. A university provides undergraduate (bachelor's degree), graduate (master's degree), and postgraduate (Ph.D.) education.</li> <li>Graduate (or postgraduate) <ul><li>One or two years leading to a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>.</li> <li>Three or more years leading to a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral degree</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grade_structure_by_province">Grade structure by province</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Grade structure by province"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following table shows how grades are organized in various provinces. Often, there will be exceptions within each province, both with terminology for groups, and which grades apply to each group. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta"><img alt="Alberta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Alberta.svg/46px-Flag_of_Alberta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206053830/http://www.education.alberta.ca/media/832568/guidetoed.pdf">source</a>) </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="7">Elementary </td> <td colspan="3">Junior High </td> <td colspan="3">Senior High </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia"><img alt="British Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg/46px-Flag_of_British_Columbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmec.ca/docs/transferguide/2008-09-transfer-guide-bc.pdf">source</a>) </td> <td colspan="1">  </td> <td colspan="4">Primary </td> <td colspan="6">Intermediate </td> <td colspan="3">Secondary </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba"><img alt="Manitoba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="5">Early Years </td> <td colspan="4">Middle Years </td> <td colspan="4">Senior Years </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick"><img alt="New Brunswick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Brunswick.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020312071021/http://www.gnb.ca/0000/anglophone-e.asp">source</a>) </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="6">Elementary </td> <td colspan="3">Middle School </td> <td colspan="4">High School </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef;"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador"><img alt="Newfoundland and Labrador" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg/46px-Flag_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227065324/http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/sp/pcdbgl.htm">source</a>) </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="3">Primary </td> <td colspan="3">Elementary </td> <td colspan="3">Junior High </td> <td colspan="3">Senior High </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">Level I (10) </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">Level II (11) </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">Level III (12) </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories"><img alt="Northwest Territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northwest_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a><br /> <p>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en/services/junior-kindergartenkindergarten">source</a>) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en/services/resources-current-education-staff/nwt-jk-12-school-handbook">source</a>) </p> </td> <td colspan="8">Elementary </td> <td colspan="3">Junior High </td> <td colspan="3">Senior High </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Junior Kindergarten </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia"><img alt="Nova Scotia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nova_Scotia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050530210529/http://www.ednet.ns.ca/pdfdocs/psp/psp_03_04_full.pdf">source</a>) </td> <td colspan="8">Elementary </td> <td colspan="3">Junior High </td> <td colspan="3">Senior High </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pre-Primary </td> <td>Primary </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef;"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario"><img alt="Ontario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Ontario.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ontario.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td colspan="10">Elementary </td> <td colspan="4">Secondary </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Junior Kindergarten / <i>Maternelle</i> </td> <td>Senior Kindergarten / <i>Jardin</i> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island"><img alt="Prince Edward Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/22px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/34px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg/44px-Flag_of_Prince_Edward_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1751" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">PEI</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030416190708/http://www.edu.pe.ca/curriculum/default.asp">source</a>) </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="6">Elementary </td> <td colspan="3">Intermediate School </td> <td colspan="3">Senior High </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef;"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec"><img alt="Quebec" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> </td> <td colspan="2">  </td> <td colspan="6">Primary School </td> <td colspan="5">Secondary School </td> <td colspan="3">College </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Garderie</i>/<i>Pre-Maternelle</i> </td> <td><i>Maternelle</i> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">7 (Sec I) </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">8 (Sec II) </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">9 (Sec III) </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">10 (Sec IV) </td> <td nowrap="nowrap">11 (Sec V) </td> <td>first </td> <td>second </td> <td>third </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan"><img alt="Saskatchewan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Saskatchewan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="496" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/branches/curr/index.shtml">source</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>) </td> <td>  </td> <td colspan="9">Elementary Level </td> <td colspan="4">Secondary Level </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr style="background: #efefef"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon"><img alt="Yukon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Yukon.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yukon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a><br />(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080111055329/http://www.education.gov.yk.ca/psb/curriculum.html">source</a>) </td> <td colspan="1">  </td> <td colspan="8">Elementary </td> <td colspan="3">Junior Secondary </td> <td colspan="2">Senior Secondary </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>  </td> <td>Kindergarten </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td colspan="2">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li>In British Columbia some schools may group together the higher Elementary and lower Secondary Grades. These schools are referred to as Middle Schools or Jr. Secondary Schools. Some Elementary Schools consist solely of grades K–5. Likewise, some Secondary Schools may only have grades 11 and 12. In addition, some school districts including <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_School_Board" title="Vancouver School Board">Vancouver</a> may use just elementary (K–7) and secondary (8–12) schools. British Columbia informally subcategorizes the Elementary level into "Primary" (K–3) and "Intermediate" (4–6 or 7).</li> <li>In Ontario, the terms used in French schooling consist of <i>Maternelle</i> in regard to Junior Kindergarten and <i>Jardin</i> in regard to Kindergarten. This differs from Quebec's <i>Maternelle</i>, which is the equivalent of Ontario's Kindergarten.</li> <li>In Manitoba, grade 9 to grade 12 was for a short time referred to as Senior 1 to Senior 4.</li> <li>In Newfoundland and Labrador, Level IV is used to collect missed grades that prevented a student from getting their graduation.</li> <li>In Nova Scotia the terms for groups, and grades they apply to varies significantly throughout the province. A common, but not universal, organization is shown.</li> <li>In Quebec college is two or three years, depending on what a student selects, based usually on what their post-secondary plans are. College in Quebec overlaps what other provinces consider the boundary between secondary education (high school) and post-secondary education (college and university). E.g. "Sec I" = "Secondary Year One" = "Grade 7"</li> <li>In Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, schools are now set up as elementary schools with grades K-5, middle schools with grades 6–8, and high schools with grades 9–12; however, high school graduation requirements only include courses taken in grades 10–12.</li> <li>In Saskatchewan Elementary school is most often from K–8 and high school from 9–12. High school graduation requirements only taken grades 10–12 and require 24 credits to graduate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provincial_and_territorial_departments_and_ministries">Provincial and territorial departments and ministries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Provincial and territorial departments and ministries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Provincial and territorial departments and ministries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Provincial Education<sup>(Wikipedia)</sup> </th> <th>Provincial Department Or Ministry<sup>(External Link)</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alberta" title="Education in Alberta">Education in Alberta</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.alberta.ca">Alberta Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_British_Columbia#Education_in_British_Columbia" title="Outline of British Columbia">Education in British Columbia</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.bc.ca/bced/">Ministry of Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Education_(Manitoba)" title="Minister of Education (Manitoba)">Education in Manitoba</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/">Ministry of Education and Early Childhood Learning</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_and_Early_Childhood_Development_(New_Brunswick)" title="Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (New Brunswick)">Education in New Brunswick</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/en/departments/education.html">Ministry of Education</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.gnb.ca/content/gnb/fr/ministeres/education.html">Ministère de l'Éducation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="List of school districts in Newfoundland and Labrador">Education in Newfoundland and Labrador</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/">Ministry of Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northwest_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Northwest Territories">Education in Northwest Territories</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ece.gov.nt.ca/en">Department of Education, Culture and Employment</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia Department of Education">Education in Nova Scotia</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ednet.ns.ca/">Department of Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Nunavut" title="List of schools in Nunavut">Education in Nunavut</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110118232352/http://www.edu.gov.nu.ca/apps/authoring/dspPage.aspx?page=home">Department of Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Ontario)" title="Ministry of Education (Ontario)">Education in Ontario</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu.gov.on.ca">Ministry of Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Prince_Edward_Island#Education_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Outline of Prince Edward Island">Education in Prince Edward Island</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.pe.ca/education/index.php3">Department of Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Quebec" title="Education in Quebec">Education in Quebec</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mels.gouv.qc.ca/">Ministère de l'Éducation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saskatchewan" title="Education in Saskatchewan">Education in Saskatchewan</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saskatchewan.ca/residents/education-and-learning">Ministry of Education</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Yukon#Education_in_Yukon" title="Outline of Yukon">Education in Yukon</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gov.yk.ca/">Department of Education, Culture and Employment</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_Canada" title="Academic grading in Canada">Academic grading in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Language_Benchmarks" title="Canadian Language Benchmarks">Canadian Language Benchmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling_in_Canada" title="Homeschooling in Canada">Homeschooling in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_education_in_Canada" title="Indigenous education in Canada">Indigenous education in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_Canada" title="International students in Canada">International students in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-accredited_schools_abroad" title="List of Canada-accredited schools abroad">List of Canada-accredited schools abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_Canada" title="List of colleges in Canada">List of colleges in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Canada" title="List of school districts in Canada">List of school districts in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Canada" title="List of universities in Canada">List of universities in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_Canada" title="Lists of schools in Canada">Lists of schools in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_educational_resources_in_Canada" title="Open educational resources in Canada">Open educational resources in Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exemptions to the credit threshold exists, which includes students with special education needs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Ontario, a student may take up additional years of secondary education, commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Victory_lap_(academia)" title="Victory lap (academia)">victory lap</a>. A "resident pupil" of Ontario may attend a public secondary school until they've received their 34th course credit, or have attended the institution for seven years, after which, the school reserves the right to refuse further admission. "Victory lappers" are typically grouped as a part of the Grade 12 student population, and make up an average of 4% of all students enrolled in Ontario secondary schools each year.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alberta.ca/minister-of-education">"Minister of Education"</a>. Alberta.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+of+Education&rft.pub=Alberta.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alberta.ca%2Fminister-of-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.bc.ca/bced/minister.html">"Minister of Education — Province of British Columbia"</a>. Government of British Columbia<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Canada+%E2%80%94+Society+%E2%80%94+Learning+Resources+%E2%80%94+Provincial-Territorial+Ministries&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2002-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanada.gc.ca%2Facanada%2FViewCategory.htm%3Flang%3Deng%26font%3D0%26categoryId%3D88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Canada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Axelrod, Paul. <i>The Promise of Schooling: Education in Canada, 1800–1914</i> (1997)</li> <li>Burke, Sara Z., and Patrice Milewski, eds. <i>Schooling in Transition: Readings in Canadian History of Education</i> (2012) 24 articles by experts</li> <li>Di Mascio, Anthony. <i>The Idea of Popular Schooling in Upper Canada: Print Culture, Public Discourse, and the Demand for Education</i> (McGill-Queen's University Press; 2012) 248 pages; building a common system of schooling in the late-18th and early 19th centuries.</li> <li>Foght, H.W. ed. <i>Comparative education</i> (1918), compares United States, England, Germany, France, Canada, and Denmark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.81866">online</a></li> <li>Gidney, R.D. and W.P.J. Millar. <i>How Schools Worked: Public Education in English Canada, 1900–1940</i> (2011) 552pp; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mqup.mcgill.ca/book.php?bookid=2858">additional details</a></li> <li>Harris, Robin S. <i>A history of higher education in Canada, 1663–1960</i> (1976)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bruno-Jofré, Rosa. "History of education in Canada: historiographic 'turns' and widening horizons". <i>Paedagogica Historica</i> (2014), Vol. 50 Issue 6, pp 774–785</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Education_in_Canada" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Education in Canada">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Education_in_Canada" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Education in Canada">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statcan.gc.ca/eng/subjects-start/education_training_and_learning">Education data from Statistics Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a></b> <br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces<br />and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Provinces</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Territories</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></b><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(west to east)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Topics</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Canada" title="Disability in Canada">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b>Lists</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols44" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><b><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Encyclopedia" title="The Canadian Encyclopedia">The Canadian Encyclopedia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)373" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topic" title="Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topic" title="Template talk:Canada topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_Canada_(by_province_or_territory)373" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Education in Canada</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province or territory</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Alberta" title="Education in Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_British_Columbia" title="Education in British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_Brunswick" title="Education in New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Newfoundland and Labrador (page does not exist)">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nova_Scotia" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ontario" title="Education in Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Prince_Edward_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Prince Edward Island (page does not exist)">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Quebec" title="Education in Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saskatchewan" title="Education in Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Education in the Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Nunavut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Nunavut (page does not exist)">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Yukon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Yukon (page does not exist)">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_the_Americas413" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americas_topic" title="Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americas_topic" title="Template talk:Americas topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americas_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americas topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_the_Americas413" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Education in the Americas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in the Americas">Sovereign<br />states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Education in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Argentina" title="Education in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Bahamas" title="Education in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Barbados" title="Education in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Belize" title="Education in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bolivia" title="Education in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Chile" title="Education in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Colombia" title="Education in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Costa_Rica" title="Education in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Cuba" title="Education in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Dominica" title="Education in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Ecuador" title="Education in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_El_Salvador" title="Education in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Grenada" title="Education in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guatemala" title="Education in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guyana" title="Education in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Honduras" title="Education in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Jamaica" title="Education in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Mexico" title="Education in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Nicaragua" title="Education in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Panama" title="Education in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Paraguay" title="Education in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Peru" title="Education in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Education in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Education in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Suriname" title="Education in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Education in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Uruguay" title="Education in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Venezuela" title="Education in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Anguilla" title="Education in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Aruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Education in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Education in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Education in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_French_Guiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greenland" title="Education in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Guadeloupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Montserrat" title="Education in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Education in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (page does not exist)">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_North_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in North America (page does not exist)">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Central_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Education in Central America (page does not 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