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class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Maira du Plessis</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Maira" data-follow-user-id="233946070" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="233946070"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">9</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">6</p></div></a><div class="js-mentions-count-container" style="display: none;"><a href="/MairaduPlessis/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data"></p></div></a></div><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://harvard.academia.edu/StevenPinker"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Steven Pinker" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/12758/4264/18675036/s200_steven.pinker.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/StevenPinker">Steven Pinker</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Harvard University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://wellesley.academia.edu/AlejandraOsorio"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Alejandra B Osorio" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != 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class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Göttingen</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://bgu.academia.edu/BoazHuss"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Boaz Huss" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/354229/94863/35983932/s200_boaz.huss.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://bgu.academia.edu/BoazHuss">Boaz Huss</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Ben Gurion University of the Negev</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="233946070">View All (8)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="233946070" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chakras-1"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis","location":"/MairaduPlessis","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/MairaduPlessis","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Chakras"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-51cde727-4ee2-4726-8823-e2e2bec086e8"></div> <div 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id="Pill-react-component-0396e1de-d716-45be-8217-804cad9b74bb"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Maira du Plessis</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="122631881"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/122631881/A_comprehensive_review_of_current_knowledge_on_penile_squamous_cell_carcinoma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive review of current knowledge on penile squamous cell carcinoma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117260432/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/122631881/A_comprehensive_review_of_current_knowledge_on_penile_squamous_cell_carcinoma">A comprehensive review of current knowledge on penile squamous cell carcinoma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Frontiers in oncology</span><span>, May 22, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neoplasm of the penis is relatively rare in most regions representing 0-2% of cancers worldwide. ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neoplasm of the penis is relatively rare in most regions representing 0-2% of cancers worldwide. While the penis can be affected by sarcomas, basal cell carcinomas or even melanoma, Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PSCC) represents approximately 95% of all penile neoplasms. Despite its rarity and most common presentation at later decades of life most individuals diagnosed with PSCC are faced with significant decrease in quality of life. The prevalence and incidence vary among different regions and populations, but a common trend is for diagnosis to occur late (stage 4). Underdeveloped countries are traditionally reported to have higher incidence rates; however, rates may vary significantly between urban and rural areas even in developed countries. Age adjusted rates are on the rise in some countries that used to have incidence rates of 1:100 000 or less. The list of associated risk factors is long and includes among others, lack of neonatal circumcision, poor genital hygiene, socioeconomic status, history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). Many risk factors are widely debated among experts however HPV and PeIN are indisputable risk factors, and both also form part of the classification system for PSCC. Both conditions may have occurred in the past or be present at the time of diagnosis and identifying them plays a major role in management strategies. For such a rare condition PSCC can present in many different forms clinically making diagnosis no easy feat. Diagnosis of PSCC is done through clinical examination, including lymph node palpation, followed by a biopsy, which is essential for the classification. Lymph node involvement is a common finding at first presentation and investigation of spread to deep nodes is important and can be done with the aid of PET-CT. Treatment options for PSCC include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgical removal of the tumor is considered the most effective however can lead to severe decrease of quality of life. Chemotherapy is used in the case of fixed or bulky lymph nodes, where surgery is not indicated, and for distant metastasis. Radiation therapy is particularly effective in the case of HPV-positive PSCC.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="912bb17af7840465364246a7bc325c15" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117260432,"asset_id":122631881,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117260432/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122631881"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122631881"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122631881; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112718020"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718020/Preliminary_results_on_a_study_to_locate_the_pterygopalatine_fossa_using_mathematical_formulae"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary results on a study to locate the pterygopalatine fossa using mathematical formulae" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109861407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718020/Preliminary_results_on_a_study_to_locate_the_pterygopalatine_fossa_using_mathematical_formulae">Preliminary results on a study to locate the pterygopalatine fossa using mathematical formulae</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Oct 21, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Blocking the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) has been shown to be effective in treati...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Blocking the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) has been shown to be effective in treating most orofacial pain including that associated with trigeminal neuralgia. However, the technique is not widely used, and we propose it to be due to the vague descriptions of the techniques in the literature. The aim of this study was therefore to achieve an alternative method of locating the PPF. One hundred and sixty skulls from the department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, were used. Distinct landmarks (both anthropometric and clinical) accompanied by existing and new anthropometric measurements were used to define the location of the PPF. Regression analysis was used to measure the reliability of predicting the location of the PPF. From the results, two mathematical formulae were devised (one for each side). These formulae were tested on 47 cadavers by inserting a needle at the calculated points after which the areas where dissected to determine whether or not the needle had entered the PPF. Our results showed an accuracy of 65.2% on the right and 54.4% on the left. In conclusion, improvement in the accuracy of the technique could aid in the management of various pain disorders as well as pain management during surgery.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1ce7749264bca4a33cfc5d5677d3942" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109861407,"asset_id":112718020,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109861407/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112718020"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112718020"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112718020; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588966"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588966/The_Evolution_of_Corpus_Callosotomy_for_Epilepsy_Management"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Evolution of Corpus Callosotomy for Epilepsy Management" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931008/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588966/The_Evolution_of_Corpus_Callosotomy_for_Epilepsy_Management">The Evolution of Corpus Callosotomy for Epilepsy Management</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Neurosurgery</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4025c4df4211dccfbc2b22c80620d5f7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931008,"asset_id":108588966,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931008/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588966"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588966]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588966; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588966']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588965"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588965/A_review_of_the_anatomy_and_clinical_significance_of_adrenal_veins"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931011/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588965/A_review_of_the_anatomy_and_clinical_significance_of_adrenal_veins">A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Apr 15, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be awa...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be aware of when performing adrenalectomies. The adrenal veins originate during the formation of the prerenal inferior vena cava (IVC) and are remnants of the caudal portion of the subcardinal veins, cranial to the subcardinal sinus in the embryo. The many communications between the posterior cardinal, supracardinal, and subcardinal veins of the primordial venous system provide an explanation for the variable anatomy. Most commonly, one central vein drains each adrenal gland. The long left adrenal vein joins the inferior phrenic vein and drains into the left renal vein, while the short right adrenal vein drains immediately into the IVC. Multiple variations exist bilaterally and may pose the risk of surgical complications. Due to the potential for collaterals and accessory adrenal vessels, great caution must be taken during an adrenalectomy. Adrenal venous sampling, the gold standard in diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism, also requires the clinician to have a thorough knowledge of the adrenal vein anatomy to avoid iatrogenic injury. The adrenal vein acts as an important conduit in portosystemic shunts, thus the nature of the anatomy and hypercoagulable states pose the risk of thrombosis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b974dae2991bf890cb85d2889797c019" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931011,"asset_id":108588965,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931011/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588965"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588965"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588965; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588965]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588965]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588965; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588965']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588964"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588964/Incidence_and_5_year_survival_rate_for_head_and_neck_cancers_in_Grenada_compared_to_the_African_American_population_over_the_period_1991_2010"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Incidence and 5-year survival rate for head and neck cancers in Grenada compared to the African American population over the period 1991–2010" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931009/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588964/Incidence_and_5_year_survival_rate_for_head_and_neck_cancers_in_Grenada_compared_to_the_African_American_population_over_the_period_1991_2010">Incidence and 5-year survival rate for head and neck cancers in Grenada compared to the African American population over the period 1991–2010</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cancer Causes & Control</span><span>, Jul 31, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Very little data exist on the incidence and burden of cancer in the individual Caribbean countrie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Very little data exist on the incidence and burden of cancer in the individual Caribbean countries. Some data are available for larger areas, reported under a bigger geographical region; Latin America and the Caribbean, but many of the individual countries are not included. One of the main reasons is a lack of official cancer registries. Data are usually collected from hospital records or private physician records, and since it is not in an official registry, these data are not always accessible for inclusion in databases such as SEER and GLOBOCAN. Grenada is one of the countries that currently does not have a registry. Our aim is to report on the incidence for head and neck cancer with subcategories; hypopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, and larynx from data collected by the sole ear nose and throat specialist over a 20-year period. The age adjusted incidence per 100,000 for these cancers, whether combined or individually, is lower than that of similar populations. The incidence in males is only slightly higher than those reported in some parts of Africa. In females, only Eastern Africa is reported to have a lower incidence than that found in our study. While the incidence of oral cancers is lower than that of African Americans, the survival rate is comparable. Socioeconomic status, lack of infrastructure, and advanced stage at diagnosis appear to be closely related to the survival rate. Incidence reports suggest that incidence of head and neck cancers in individuals of African descent is lower than other populations. It is therefore not surprising that the incidence in Grenada is relatively low, although the incidence may be underestimated.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a214835fed1d42c0a81ddd545053eca9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931009,"asset_id":108588964,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931009/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588964"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588964"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588964; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588964]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588964]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588964; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588964']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588963"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588963/Cardiac_ultrasound_An_Anatomical_and_Clinical_Review"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Cardiac ultrasound: An Anatomical and Clinical Review" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931007/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588963/Cardiac_ultrasound_An_Anatomical_and_Clinical_Review">Cardiac ultrasound: An Anatomical and Clinical Review</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Translational Research in Anatomy</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the ad...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b937cbf7ccee19fbf2f03563677830af" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931007,"asset_id":108588963,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931007/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588963"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588963"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588963; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588962"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588962/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_2_Aorticorenal_ganglia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 2: Aorticorenal ganglia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588962/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_2_Aorticorenal_ganglia">A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 2: Aorticorenal ganglia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Aug 2, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Investigation into reports of pain treatment for abdominal cancer and abdominal pain syndromes re...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Investigation into reports of pain treatment for abdominal cancer and abdominal pain syndromes revealed the lack of human studies on some of the abdominal sympathetic ganglia. Recent studies on renal artery denervation therapy as treatment for resistant hypertension has made the aorticorenal ganglia of particular importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, morphology, interconnections, and histological nature of aorticorenal ganglia. We dissected nine abdominal cavities and harvested 37 aorticorenal ganglia. Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Masson&#39;s staining techniques were used to study the histological structure. Additionally, ganglia harvested from five individuals were stained with immunohistochemical techniques to test for tyrosine hydroxylase activity. All aorticorenal ganglia were located in proximity to the renal artery, and the majority were close to the vessel origin. Identification of multiple aorticorenal ganglia was the norm, and ranged from 2 to 4 on the left and 1 to 3 on the right. While the pattern of aorticorenal ganglia seemed to be unique in each individual case, the interconnections between these and other ganglia were vast. The aorticorenal ganglia shared direct connections with the celiac, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, and first lumbar sympathetic trunk ganglion. Contributions from the greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves were also observed. While the results of our study may not have direct clinical implications in isolation, the vast number of interconnections with the other abdominal ganglia may cause complications in procedures such as celiac ganglion block. In addition, aorticorenal innervation interruption may lead to hypotension.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588962"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588962"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588962; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588962]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588962]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588962; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588962']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588962]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588962,"title":"A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 2: Aorticorenal ganglia","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588962/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_2_Aorticorenal_ganglia","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588961"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588961/The_Surgical_Anatomy_of_the_Inguinal_Lymphatics"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Surgical Anatomy of the Inguinal Lymphatics" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588961/The_Surgical_Anatomy_of_the_Inguinal_Lymphatics">The Surgical Anatomy of the Inguinal Lymphatics</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>American Surgeon</span><span>, Apr 1, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588961"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588961"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588961; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588961]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588961]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588961; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588961']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588961]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588961,"title":"The Surgical Anatomy of the Inguinal Lymphatics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588961/The_Surgical_Anatomy_of_the_Inguinal_Lymphatics","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588960"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588960/Ultrasound_guided_central_venous_catheterization_A_review_of_the_relevant_anatomy_technique_complications_and_anatomical_variations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy, technique, complications, and anatomical variations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588960/Ultrasound_guided_central_venous_catheterization_A_review_of_the_relevant_anatomy_technique_complications_and_anatomical_variations">Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy, technique, complications, and anatomical variations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Mar 1, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Central venous catheterization is a commonly used and important intervention. Despite its regular...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Central venous catheterization is a commonly used and important intervention. Despite its regular use it is still associated with a high incidence of complications especially infection and catheter tip embolization. Addition of ultrasound guidance to the technique has shown great improvement to the time and number of attempts for successful catheterization. The preference of vein depends greatly on the situation; subclavian vein is the preferred method overall but internal jugular vein is preferred in patients undergoing cardiac or thoracic surgery. This is especially true for pediatric patients in whom femoral vein catheterization is still preferred despite it carrying a higher risk than other locales. Addition of ultrasound guidance greatly reduces the incidence of arterial puncture and subsequent hematoma formation regardless of location. This is because it allows for visualization of anatomical variation prior to intervention and continual visualization of the needle during the ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588960"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588960; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588960]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588960]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588960; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588960']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588960]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588960,"title":"Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy, technique, complications, and anatomical variations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588960/Ultrasound_guided_central_venous_catheterization_A_review_of_the_relevant_anatomy_technique_complications_and_anatomical_variations","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588959"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588959/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_3_An_overview_of_the_most_commonly_observed_ganglion_patterns"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 3: An overview of the most commonly observed ganglion patterns" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588959/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_3_An_overview_of_the_most_commonly_observed_ganglion_patterns">A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 3: An overview of the most commonly observed ganglion patterns</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Aug 5, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Chronic pain from untreatable abdominal cancers or pancreatitis can severely decrease an individu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Chronic pain from untreatable abdominal cancers or pancreatitis can severely decrease an individual&#39;s quality of life due to accompanying neuropathic pain, the most difficult pain mechanism to treat. Current treatment modalities focus on peripheral block or neurolysis procedures of the sympathetic ganglia in an attempt to curb the pain and improve quality of life. Reports indicated that these treatments are ineffective with patients either experiencing no relief or return the pain in a few weeks. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, macro‐ and microscopic morphology, and interconnections of the abdominal ganglia. The abdominal sympathetic ganglia of nine adult cadavers were investigated. The locations, morphology, interconnections, and microscopic structure were studied in 108 potential abdominal ganglia. Particular emphasis was placed on direct interconnectivity between the ganglia and histological morphology. A total of 100 ganglia were confirmed histologically to contain ganglion cells. The number and locations of most of the ganglia identified in our study does not correspond to that described by previous reports. Numerous interconnections between the different ganglia, as well as direct communications with the lumbar sympathetic chain ganglia were observed. The interconnections and presence of ganglion cells the nerves connecting the ganglia lead to the belief that the system should be considered as a unit and that pain fibers may be transmitted via alternative previously undiscovered pathways. If the pain treatments are to be reassessed with this information in mind, we believe that greater success could be achieved.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588959"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588959"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588959; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588959]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588959]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588959; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588959']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588959]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588959,"title":"A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 3: An overview of the most commonly observed ganglion patterns","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588959/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_3_An_overview_of_the_most_commonly_observed_ganglion_patterns","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588958"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588958/Thigh_Muscles"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Thigh Muscles" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588958/Thigh_Muscles">Thigh Muscles</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588958"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588958"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588958; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588958]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588958]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588958; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588958']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588958]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588958,"title":"Thigh Muscles","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588958/Thigh_Muscles","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588957"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588957/Internal_anatomy_of_the_infra_renal_inferior_vena_cava_913_7_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Internal anatomy of the infra‐renal inferior vena cava (913.7)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588957/Internal_anatomy_of_the_infra_renal_inferior_vena_cava_913_7_">Internal anatomy of the infra‐renal inferior vena cava (913.7)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The FASEB Journal</span><span>, Apr 1, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588957"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588957"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588957; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588957]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588957]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588957; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588957']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588957]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588957,"title":"Internal anatomy of the infra‐renal inferior vena cava (913.7)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588957/Internal_anatomy_of_the_infra_renal_inferior_vena_cava_913_7_","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588956"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588956/Unraveling_the_anatomy_of_the_cardiac_skeleton_of_the_heart_913_6_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Unraveling the anatomy of the cardiac skeleton of the heart (913.6)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588956/Unraveling_the_anatomy_of_the_cardiac_skeleton_of_the_heart_913_6_">Unraveling the anatomy of the cardiac skeleton of the heart (913.6)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The FASEB Journal</span><span>, Apr 1, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The fibrous skeleton of the heart is an integral and significant structure, with both supportive ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The fibrous skeleton of the heart is an integral and significant structure, with both supportive and functional significance. Yet, its anatomy has not received much emphasis in literature. This fibrous skeleton has many vital functions within the heart, supporting the valves as well as the myocardium, and insulating the atrioventricular bundle as it courses towards the apex. It is a useful structure in cardiac surgery, providing support for repair and replacement of the heart valves. The paper reviews and correlates the anatomy, embryology and clinical significance of this structure. Dissection of the cardiac skeleton was performed on formalin fixed cadavers. It was found that the aortic root (the portion of the left ventricular outflow tract, supporting the aortic leaflets) which is typically described in terms of an “annulus”, displayed triple semi-lunar leaflet attachment configuration. Unlike the atrioventricular annuli, the aortic root provides much more complex support for the aortic leaflets than t...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588956"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588956"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588956; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588956]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588956]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588956; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588956']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588956]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588956,"title":"Unraveling the anatomy of the cardiac skeleton of the heart (913.6)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588956/Unraveling_the_anatomy_of_the_cardiac_skeleton_of_the_heart_913_6_","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588955"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588955/The_internal_anatomy_of_the_inferior_vena_cava_with_specific_emphasis_on_the_entrance_of_the_renal_gonadal_and_lumbar_veins"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The internal anatomy of the inferior vena cava with specific emphasis on the entrance of the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588955/The_internal_anatomy_of_the_inferior_vena_cava_with_specific_emphasis_on_the_entrance_of_the_renal_gonadal_and_lumbar_veins">The internal anatomy of the inferior vena cava with specific emphasis on the entrance of the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</span><span>, Aug 7, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Major tributaries such as the renal and adrenal veins have been studied extensively; however, tri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Major tributaries such as the renal and adrenal veins have been studied extensively; however, tributaries of the infra-renal segment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) have not been given much attention. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of these veins is necessary for improved efficacy of surgical interventions in the retroperitoneum. The aim of this study therefore was to provide a comprehensive picture of the internal anatomy of the tributaries of the infra-renal segment of the IVC. Dissection of the posterior abdominal wall was performed on 30 formalin-fixed cadavers. Endoscopic study was carried out followed by a midline venotomy on the anterior wall of the isolated IVC, the location and orientation of its tributaries and their ostia were observed and measurements taken. The results showed that while there was great variation in the drainage pattern of the lumbar veins, most lumbar veins had ostia located between L2 and L3 vertebrae irrespective of the location of renal and gonadal tributaries. Valves were found in 81.81 % of gonadal veins, in 56.60 % of all lumbar veins and discrete ostial valves in 14.81 % of renal veins. The location of the tributaries of the IVC was correlated with the vertebral levels. Empirical data regarding their ostio-valvular complexes were established, which put into question widely accepted concept of valveless tributaries. Our results may implicate surgical procedures in and around the retroperitoneal region.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588955"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588955"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588955; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588955]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588955]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588955; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588955']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588955]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588955,"title":"The internal anatomy of the inferior vena cava with specific emphasis on the entrance of the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588955/The_internal_anatomy_of_the_inferior_vena_cava_with_specific_emphasis_on_the_entrance_of_the_renal_gonadal_and_lumbar_veins","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588954"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588954/The_surgical_anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system_of_the_pancreas"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931006/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588954/The_surgical_anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system_of_the_pancreas">The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Sep 15, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The lymphatic system of the pancreas is a complex, intricate network of lymphatic vessels and nod...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The lymphatic system of the pancreas is a complex, intricate network of lymphatic vessels and nodes responsible for the drainage of the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas. Its anatomical divisions and embryological development have been well described in the literature with emphasis on its clinical relevance in regards to pancreatic pathologies. A thorough knowledge and understanding of the lymphatic system surrounding the pancreas is critical for physicians in providing diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis and is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a surgeon may try to predict the routes for metastasis for pancreatic cancer, the complexity of this system presents difficulty due to variable drainage patterns. Pancreatitis also presents as another severe disease which has been shown to have an association with the lymphatics. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the lymphatics of the pancreas, pancreatic pathologies, and the available imaging methodologies used to study the pancreatic lymphatics. Clin.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1e8f3513a78e603de2c3056698eed0a6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931006,"asset_id":108588954,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931006/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588954"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588954"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588954; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588954]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588954; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588954']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588953"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588953/The_clinical_anatomy_of_cystic_artery_variations_a_review_of_over_9800_cases"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The clinical anatomy of cystic artery variations: a review of over 9800 cases" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588953/The_clinical_anatomy_of_cystic_artery_variations_a_review_of_over_9800_cases">The clinical anatomy of cystic artery variations: a review of over 9800 cases</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</span><span>, Dec 23, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be a routine procedure when biliary anatomy is normally lo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be a routine procedure when biliary anatomy is normally located, cystic artery variations can easily disorientate the inexperienced surgeon to the anatomy of the hepatobiliary triangle. This study presents the clinically important anatomical variations of the cystic artery. PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar databases were searched to conduct a review of the existing English literature on the clinically important cystic artery variations. An aberrant vessel was defined as a vessel that originated from an atypical source and/or one that was present in a specimen in addition to the normal vessel. The cystic artery originated typically from the right hepatic artery (79.02 %) and was found in the hepatobiliary triangle in only 5427 of 6661 (81.5 %) cases. Clinically important cystic artery variations are (1) the cystic artery located anterior to the common hepatic duct or common bile duct found in 485 of 2704 (17.9 %) and 228 of 4202 (5.4 %) of cases, respectively, (2) the cystic artery located inferior to the cystic duct found in 38 of 770 (4.9 %) of cases, (3) short cystic arteries found in 98 of 1037 (9.5 %) cases and (4) multiple cystic arteries found in (8.9 %) of cases. These variations are common in the general population and can lead to inadvertent ligation of biliary ducts or aberrant vessels. Therefore, it is important for the hepatobiliary surgeon to be aware of these vascular anomalies to avoid operative complications.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588953"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588953]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588953']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588953]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588953,"title":"The clinical anatomy of cystic artery variations: a review of over 9800 cases","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588953/The_clinical_anatomy_of_cystic_artery_variations_a_review_of_over_9800_cases","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="16167145" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="122631881"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/122631881/A_comprehensive_review_of_current_knowledge_on_penile_squamous_cell_carcinoma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive review of current knowledge on penile squamous cell carcinoma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/117260432/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/122631881/A_comprehensive_review_of_current_knowledge_on_penile_squamous_cell_carcinoma">A comprehensive review of current knowledge on penile squamous cell carcinoma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Frontiers in oncology</span><span>, May 22, 2024</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Neoplasm of the penis is relatively rare in most regions representing 0-2% of cancers worldwide. ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Neoplasm of the penis is relatively rare in most regions representing 0-2% of cancers worldwide. While the penis can be affected by sarcomas, basal cell carcinomas or even melanoma, Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma (PSCC) represents approximately 95% of all penile neoplasms. Despite its rarity and most common presentation at later decades of life most individuals diagnosed with PSCC are faced with significant decrease in quality of life. The prevalence and incidence vary among different regions and populations, but a common trend is for diagnosis to occur late (stage 4). Underdeveloped countries are traditionally reported to have higher incidence rates; however, rates may vary significantly between urban and rural areas even in developed countries. Age adjusted rates are on the rise in some countries that used to have incidence rates of 1:100 000 or less. The list of associated risk factors is long and includes among others, lack of neonatal circumcision, poor genital hygiene, socioeconomic status, history of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN). Many risk factors are widely debated among experts however HPV and PeIN are indisputable risk factors, and both also form part of the classification system for PSCC. Both conditions may have occurred in the past or be present at the time of diagnosis and identifying them plays a major role in management strategies. For such a rare condition PSCC can present in many different forms clinically making diagnosis no easy feat. Diagnosis of PSCC is done through clinical examination, including lymph node palpation, followed by a biopsy, which is essential for the classification. Lymph node involvement is a common finding at first presentation and investigation of spread to deep nodes is important and can be done with the aid of PET-CT. Treatment options for PSCC include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Surgical removal of the tumor is considered the most effective however can lead to severe decrease of quality of life. Chemotherapy is used in the case of fixed or bulky lymph nodes, where surgery is not indicated, and for distant metastasis. Radiation therapy is particularly effective in the case of HPV-positive PSCC.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="912bb17af7840465364246a7bc325c15" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":117260432,"asset_id":122631881,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/117260432/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="122631881"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="122631881"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 122631881; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112718024"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718024/The_blood_supply_to_the_sacrotuberous_ligament"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The blood supply to the sacrotuberous ligament" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109861408/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718024/The_blood_supply_to_the_sacrotuberous_ligament">The blood supply to the sacrotuberous ligament</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</span><span>, Mar 7, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e2100a3eb264be3f0887be64e699d326" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109861408,"asset_id":112718024,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109861408/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112718024"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112718024"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112718024; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112718023"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718023/The_Lateral_Thoracic_Artery_Revisited"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Lateral Thoracic Artery Revisited" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718023/The_Lateral_Thoracic_Artery_Revisited">The Lateral Thoracic Artery Revisited</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The FASEB Journal</span><span>, Apr 1, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112718023"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112718023"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112718023; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112718023]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112718023]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112718023; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112718023']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112718023]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112718023,"title":"The Lateral Thoracic Artery Revisited","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112718023/The_Lateral_Thoracic_Artery_Revisited","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112718022"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718022/A_comparative_study_of_the_pterygopalatine_fossa_and_its_ganglion_in_a_South_African_skeletal_and_cadaver_population"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A comparative study of the pterygopalatine fossa and its ganglion in a South African skeletal and cadaver population" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109861375/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718022/A_comparative_study_of_the_pterygopalatine_fossa_and_its_ganglion_in_a_South_African_skeletal_and_cadaver_population">A comparative study of the pterygopalatine fossa and its ganglion in a South African skeletal and cadaver population</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Anatomy 2008 © © U Un ni ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Anatomy 2008 © © U Un ni iv ve er rs si it ty y o of f P Pr re et to or ri ia a This dissertation would not have been possible without financial support from the Research Committee (NAVKOM) of the University of Pretoria. Thank you to Professor John Allan from the School of Anatomical Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand for his clinical input, and continuous motivation and encouragement. To my husband Leon, for his support, especially in times of need. Most importantly to God for giving me the ability to finish the project and for putting people in my life that encouraged me to continue working even when things seemed to go wrong. iv Last but not least my Supervisors Ms N Navsa and Prof MC Bosman for helping me not only to plan, but also to complete the project successfully.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c605ca2aba7431bd014f3e229d7a5713" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109861375,"asset_id":112718022,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109861375/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112718022"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112718022"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112718022; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112718022]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=112718022]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112718022; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='112718022']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c605ca2aba7431bd014f3e229d7a5713" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=112718022]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":112718022,"title":"A comparative study of the pterygopalatine fossa and its ganglion in a South African skeletal and cadaver population","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112718022/A_comparative_study_of_the_pterygopalatine_fossa_and_its_ganglion_in_a_South_African_skeletal_and_cadaver_population","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[{"id":109861375,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109861375/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"dissertation.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109861375/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_comparative_study_of_the_pterygopalati.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/109861375/dissertation-libre.pdf?1704116519=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_comparative_study_of_the_pterygopalati.pdf\u0026Expires=1739822971\u0026Signature=cBvkd9-skNDEnjHefiqZWGJO8anxNsIlfxco~boPATYBwqAtWN1qRgszpgRBwih3IQv9XyGURrVmtDEkcb522tR5eqmMpdraeBxS5mvxSyOxNkagiQq4kDI6R3zP6ZTdGL~wHnELWq3qnrxdcN1EnXFJeicsfIInVfcRAzThvKlJdaXkwYeha1WDsPPEWImDHqunRula9jey~zLG2H557Ko-mxQzt~mXE~3oKV4GOg5F0pIwXViX0UmyevTQWdy3Mu21ktyGy-5imV6idbtAqcST8XA1f5hyQrz7kFyrsiCAq~X~~tmnsZ-Kfr-NOTbg35tFnLOvGNgereXFqIcfDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="112718020"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718020/Preliminary_results_on_a_study_to_locate_the_pterygopalatine_fossa_using_mathematical_formulae"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Preliminary results on a study to locate the pterygopalatine fossa using mathematical formulae" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109861407/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/112718020/Preliminary_results_on_a_study_to_locate_the_pterygopalatine_fossa_using_mathematical_formulae">Preliminary results on a study to locate the pterygopalatine fossa using mathematical formulae</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Oct 21, 2010</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Blocking the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) has been shown to be effective in treati...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Blocking the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF) has been shown to be effective in treating most orofacial pain including that associated with trigeminal neuralgia. However, the technique is not widely used, and we propose it to be due to the vague descriptions of the techniques in the literature. The aim of this study was therefore to achieve an alternative method of locating the PPF. One hundred and sixty skulls from the department of Anatomy, University of Pretoria, were used. Distinct landmarks (both anthropometric and clinical) accompanied by existing and new anthropometric measurements were used to define the location of the PPF. Regression analysis was used to measure the reliability of predicting the location of the PPF. From the results, two mathematical formulae were devised (one for each side). These formulae were tested on 47 cadavers by inserting a needle at the calculated points after which the areas where dissected to determine whether or not the needle had entered the PPF. Our results showed an accuracy of 65.2% on the right and 54.4% on the left. In conclusion, improvement in the accuracy of the technique could aid in the management of various pain disorders as well as pain management during surgery.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c1ce7749264bca4a33cfc5d5677d3942" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109861407,"asset_id":112718020,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109861407/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="112718020"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="112718020"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 112718020; 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</script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588966"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588966/The_Evolution_of_Corpus_Callosotomy_for_Epilepsy_Management"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Evolution of Corpus Callosotomy for Epilepsy Management" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931008/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588966/The_Evolution_of_Corpus_Callosotomy_for_Epilepsy_Management">The Evolution of Corpus Callosotomy for Epilepsy Management</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>World Neurosurgery</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4025c4df4211dccfbc2b22c80620d5f7" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931008,"asset_id":108588966,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931008/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588966"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588966]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588966; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588966']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588965"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588965/A_review_of_the_anatomy_and_clinical_significance_of_adrenal_veins"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931011/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588965/A_review_of_the_anatomy_and_clinical_significance_of_adrenal_veins">A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Apr 15, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be awa...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The adrenal veins may present with a multitude of anatomical variants, which surgeons must be aware of when performing adrenalectomies. The adrenal veins originate during the formation of the prerenal inferior vena cava (IVC) and are remnants of the caudal portion of the subcardinal veins, cranial to the subcardinal sinus in the embryo. The many communications between the posterior cardinal, supracardinal, and subcardinal veins of the primordial venous system provide an explanation for the variable anatomy. Most commonly, one central vein drains each adrenal gland. The long left adrenal vein joins the inferior phrenic vein and drains into the left renal vein, while the short right adrenal vein drains immediately into the IVC. Multiple variations exist bilaterally and may pose the risk of surgical complications. Due to the potential for collaterals and accessory adrenal vessels, great caution must be taken during an adrenalectomy. Adrenal venous sampling, the gold standard in diagnosing primary hyperaldosteronism, also requires the clinician to have a thorough knowledge of the adrenal vein anatomy to avoid iatrogenic injury. The adrenal vein acts as an important conduit in portosystemic shunts, thus the nature of the anatomy and hypercoagulable states pose the risk of thrombosis.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b974dae2991bf890cb85d2889797c019" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931011,"asset_id":108588965,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931011/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588965"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588965"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588965; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588965]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588965]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588965; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588965']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b974dae2991bf890cb85d2889797c019" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588965]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588965,"title":"A review of the anatomy and clinical significance of adrenal veins","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588965/A_review_of_the_anatomy_and_clinical_significance_of_adrenal_veins","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[{"id":106931011,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931011/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ca.2237420231025-1-84zr3v.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931011/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"A_review_of_the_anatomy_and_clinical_sig.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106931011/ca.2237420231025-1-84zr3v-libre.pdf?1698280454=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DA_review_of_the_anatomy_and_clinical_sig.pdf\u0026Expires=1739822971\u0026Signature=JdQvb~DEV695~63B7Me4uFw2pWM56UZMqMZ~dgr~QGlWEO2aQQj3RbCFVqtG75rSW45xIRj~eKjAmHp8qKRMPDQbaZcnarug~ZkZSFKUaylz-UEYa2cR2fNcneMj92gxtNadDf0RKUmvV8oes52ea~SIsRbTEogS6EnW3POSBKdrjJucUOONtTLheHwNamh6IDdI9qurL0P7k5Hjea9pIEteuG2rPnc1c3gWQBdXcLlUtcN1x8F4RxILnffZ8vduooBJkdwmDixQxJtATZUWui~BavygJfLZNBWI9BocXDtWb~BIUpIziuWpIFzxkt5x7ssHn~b3AXKUe4AHrIGBwg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588964"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588964/Incidence_and_5_year_survival_rate_for_head_and_neck_cancers_in_Grenada_compared_to_the_African_American_population_over_the_period_1991_2010"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Incidence and 5-year survival rate for head and neck cancers in Grenada compared to the African American population over the period 1991–2010" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931009/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588964/Incidence_and_5_year_survival_rate_for_head_and_neck_cancers_in_Grenada_compared_to_the_African_American_population_over_the_period_1991_2010">Incidence and 5-year survival rate for head and neck cancers in Grenada compared to the African American population over the period 1991–2010</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cancer Causes & Control</span><span>, Jul 31, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Very little data exist on the incidence and burden of cancer in the individual Caribbean countrie...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Very little data exist on the incidence and burden of cancer in the individual Caribbean countries. Some data are available for larger areas, reported under a bigger geographical region; Latin America and the Caribbean, but many of the individual countries are not included. One of the main reasons is a lack of official cancer registries. Data are usually collected from hospital records or private physician records, and since it is not in an official registry, these data are not always accessible for inclusion in databases such as SEER and GLOBOCAN. Grenada is one of the countries that currently does not have a registry. Our aim is to report on the incidence for head and neck cancer with subcategories; hypopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, salivary glands, and larynx from data collected by the sole ear nose and throat specialist over a 20-year period. The age adjusted incidence per 100,000 for these cancers, whether combined or individually, is lower than that of similar populations. The incidence in males is only slightly higher than those reported in some parts of Africa. In females, only Eastern Africa is reported to have a lower incidence than that found in our study. While the incidence of oral cancers is lower than that of African Americans, the survival rate is comparable. Socioeconomic status, lack of infrastructure, and advanced stage at diagnosis appear to be closely related to the survival rate. Incidence reports suggest that incidence of head and neck cancers in individuals of African descent is lower than other populations. It is therefore not surprising that the incidence in Grenada is relatively low, although the incidence may be underestimated.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a214835fed1d42c0a81ddd545053eca9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931009,"asset_id":108588964,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931009/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588964"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588964"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588964; 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This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588962"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588962/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_2_Aorticorenal_ganglia"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 2: Aorticorenal ganglia" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588962/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_2_Aorticorenal_ganglia">A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 2: Aorticorenal ganglia</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Aug 2, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Investigation into reports of pain treatment for abdominal cancer and abdominal pain syndromes re...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Investigation into reports of pain treatment for abdominal cancer and abdominal pain syndromes revealed the lack of human studies on some of the abdominal sympathetic ganglia. Recent studies on renal artery denervation therapy as treatment for resistant hypertension has made the aorticorenal ganglia of particular importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, morphology, interconnections, and histological nature of aorticorenal ganglia. We dissected nine abdominal cavities and harvested 37 aorticorenal ganglia. Hematoxylin and Eosin, and Masson&#39;s staining techniques were used to study the histological structure. Additionally, ganglia harvested from five individuals were stained with immunohistochemical techniques to test for tyrosine hydroxylase activity. All aorticorenal ganglia were located in proximity to the renal artery, and the majority were close to the vessel origin. Identification of multiple aorticorenal ganglia was the norm, and ranged from 2 to 4 on the left and 1 to 3 on the right. While the pattern of aorticorenal ganglia seemed to be unique in each individual case, the interconnections between these and other ganglia were vast. The aorticorenal ganglia shared direct connections with the celiac, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, and first lumbar sympathetic trunk ganglion. Contributions from the greater, lesser, and least thoracic splanchnic nerves were also observed. While the results of our study may not have direct clinical implications in isolation, the vast number of interconnections with the other abdominal ganglia may cause complications in procedures such as celiac ganglion block. In addition, aorticorenal innervation interruption may lead to hypotension.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588962"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588962"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588962; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588962]").text(description); 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window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588961]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588961]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588961; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588961']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588961]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588961,"title":"The Surgical Anatomy of the Inguinal Lymphatics","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588961/The_Surgical_Anatomy_of_the_Inguinal_Lymphatics","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588960"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588960/Ultrasound_guided_central_venous_catheterization_A_review_of_the_relevant_anatomy_technique_complications_and_anatomical_variations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy, technique, complications, and anatomical variations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588960/Ultrasound_guided_central_venous_catheterization_A_review_of_the_relevant_anatomy_technique_complications_and_anatomical_variations">Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy, technique, complications, and anatomical variations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Mar 1, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Central venous catheterization is a commonly used and important intervention. Despite its regular...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Central venous catheterization is a commonly used and important intervention. Despite its regular use it is still associated with a high incidence of complications especially infection and catheter tip embolization. Addition of ultrasound guidance to the technique has shown great improvement to the time and number of attempts for successful catheterization. The preference of vein depends greatly on the situation; subclavian vein is the preferred method overall but internal jugular vein is preferred in patients undergoing cardiac or thoracic surgery. This is especially true for pediatric patients in whom femoral vein catheterization is still preferred despite it carrying a higher risk than other locales. Addition of ultrasound guidance greatly reduces the incidence of arterial puncture and subsequent hematoma formation regardless of location. This is because it allows for visualization of anatomical variation prior to intervention and continual visualization of the needle during the ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588960"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588960"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588960; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588960]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588960]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588960; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588960']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588960]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588960,"title":"Ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization: A review of the relevant anatomy, technique, complications, and anatomical variations","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588960/Ultrasound_guided_central_venous_catheterization_A_review_of_the_relevant_anatomy_technique_complications_and_anatomical_variations","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588959"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588959/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_3_An_overview_of_the_most_commonly_observed_ganglion_patterns"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 3: An overview of the most commonly observed ganglion patterns" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588959/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_3_An_overview_of_the_most_commonly_observed_ganglion_patterns">A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 3: An overview of the most commonly observed ganglion patterns</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Aug 5, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Chronic pain from untreatable abdominal cancers or pancreatitis can severely decrease an individu...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Chronic pain from untreatable abdominal cancers or pancreatitis can severely decrease an individual&#39;s quality of life due to accompanying neuropathic pain, the most difficult pain mechanism to treat. Current treatment modalities focus on peripheral block or neurolysis procedures of the sympathetic ganglia in an attempt to curb the pain and improve quality of life. Reports indicated that these treatments are ineffective with patients either experiencing no relief or return the pain in a few weeks. The aim of this study was to investigate the location, macro‐ and microscopic morphology, and interconnections of the abdominal ganglia. The abdominal sympathetic ganglia of nine adult cadavers were investigated. The locations, morphology, interconnections, and microscopic structure were studied in 108 potential abdominal ganglia. Particular emphasis was placed on direct interconnectivity between the ganglia and histological morphology. A total of 100 ganglia were confirmed histologically to contain ganglion cells. The number and locations of most of the ganglia identified in our study does not correspond to that described by previous reports. Numerous interconnections between the different ganglia, as well as direct communications with the lumbar sympathetic chain ganglia were observed. The interconnections and presence of ganglion cells the nerves connecting the ganglia lead to the belief that the system should be considered as a unit and that pain fibers may be transmitted via alternative previously undiscovered pathways. If the pain treatments are to be reassessed with this information in mind, we believe that greater success could be achieved.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588959"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588959"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588959; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588959]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588959]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588959; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588959']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588959]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588959,"title":"A comprehensive study of the abdominal ganglia part 3: An overview of the most commonly observed ganglion patterns","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588959/A_comprehensive_study_of_the_abdominal_ganglia_part_3_An_overview_of_the_most_commonly_observed_ganglion_patterns","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588958"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588958/Thigh_Muscles"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Thigh Muscles" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588958/Thigh_Muscles">Thigh Muscles</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588958"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588958"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588958; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588958]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588958]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588958; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588958']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588958]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588958,"title":"Thigh Muscles","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588958/Thigh_Muscles","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588957"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588957/Internal_anatomy_of_the_infra_renal_inferior_vena_cava_913_7_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Internal anatomy of the infra‐renal inferior vena cava (913.7)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588957/Internal_anatomy_of_the_infra_renal_inferior_vena_cava_913_7_">Internal anatomy of the infra‐renal inferior vena cava (913.7)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The FASEB Journal</span><span>, Apr 1, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588957"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588957"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588957; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588957]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588957]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588957; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588957']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588957]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588957,"title":"Internal anatomy of the infra‐renal inferior vena cava (913.7)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588957/Internal_anatomy_of_the_infra_renal_inferior_vena_cava_913_7_","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588956"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588956/Unraveling_the_anatomy_of_the_cardiac_skeleton_of_the_heart_913_6_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Unraveling the anatomy of the cardiac skeleton of the heart (913.6)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588956/Unraveling_the_anatomy_of_the_cardiac_skeleton_of_the_heart_913_6_">Unraveling the anatomy of the cardiac skeleton of the heart (913.6)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>The FASEB Journal</span><span>, Apr 1, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The fibrous skeleton of the heart is an integral and significant structure, with both supportive ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The fibrous skeleton of the heart is an integral and significant structure, with both supportive and functional significance. Yet, its anatomy has not received much emphasis in literature. This fibrous skeleton has many vital functions within the heart, supporting the valves as well as the myocardium, and insulating the atrioventricular bundle as it courses towards the apex. It is a useful structure in cardiac surgery, providing support for repair and replacement of the heart valves. The paper reviews and correlates the anatomy, embryology and clinical significance of this structure. Dissection of the cardiac skeleton was performed on formalin fixed cadavers. It was found that the aortic root (the portion of the left ventricular outflow tract, supporting the aortic leaflets) which is typically described in terms of an “annulus”, displayed triple semi-lunar leaflet attachment configuration. Unlike the atrioventricular annuli, the aortic root provides much more complex support for the aortic leaflets than t...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588956"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588956"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588956; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588956]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588956]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588956; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588956']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588956]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588956,"title":"Unraveling the anatomy of the cardiac skeleton of the heart (913.6)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588956/Unraveling_the_anatomy_of_the_cardiac_skeleton_of_the_heart_913_6_","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588955"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588955/The_internal_anatomy_of_the_inferior_vena_cava_with_specific_emphasis_on_the_entrance_of_the_renal_gonadal_and_lumbar_veins"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The internal anatomy of the inferior vena cava with specific emphasis on the entrance of the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588955/The_internal_anatomy_of_the_inferior_vena_cava_with_specific_emphasis_on_the_entrance_of_the_renal_gonadal_and_lumbar_veins">The internal anatomy of the inferior vena cava with specific emphasis on the entrance of the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</span><span>, Aug 7, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Major tributaries such as the renal and adrenal veins have been studied extensively; however, tri...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Major tributaries such as the renal and adrenal veins have been studied extensively; however, tributaries of the infra-renal segment of the inferior vena cava (IVC) have not been given much attention. Accurate knowledge of the anatomy of these veins is necessary for improved efficacy of surgical interventions in the retroperitoneum. The aim of this study therefore was to provide a comprehensive picture of the internal anatomy of the tributaries of the infra-renal segment of the IVC. Dissection of the posterior abdominal wall was performed on 30 formalin-fixed cadavers. Endoscopic study was carried out followed by a midline venotomy on the anterior wall of the isolated IVC, the location and orientation of its tributaries and their ostia were observed and measurements taken. The results showed that while there was great variation in the drainage pattern of the lumbar veins, most lumbar veins had ostia located between L2 and L3 vertebrae irrespective of the location of renal and gonadal tributaries. Valves were found in 81.81 % of gonadal veins, in 56.60 % of all lumbar veins and discrete ostial valves in 14.81 % of renal veins. The location of the tributaries of the IVC was correlated with the vertebral levels. Empirical data regarding their ostio-valvular complexes were established, which put into question widely accepted concept of valveless tributaries. Our results may implicate surgical procedures in and around the retroperitoneal region.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588955"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588955"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588955; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588955]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588955]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588955; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588955']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588955]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588955,"title":"The internal anatomy of the inferior vena cava with specific emphasis on the entrance of the renal, gonadal and lumbar veins","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588955/The_internal_anatomy_of_the_inferior_vena_cava_with_specific_emphasis_on_the_entrance_of_the_renal_gonadal_and_lumbar_veins","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588954"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588954/The_surgical_anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system_of_the_pancreas"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931006/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588954/The_surgical_anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system_of_the_pancreas">The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Clinical Anatomy</span><span>, Sep 15, 2014</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The lymphatic system of the pancreas is a complex, intricate network of lymphatic vessels and nod...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The lymphatic system of the pancreas is a complex, intricate network of lymphatic vessels and nodes responsible for the drainage of the head, neck, body, and tail of the pancreas. Its anatomical divisions and embryological development have been well described in the literature with emphasis on its clinical relevance in regards to pancreatic pathologies. A thorough knowledge and understanding of the lymphatic system surrounding the pancreas is critical for physicians in providing diagnostic and treatment strategies for patients with pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. Pancreatic cancer has an extremely poor prognosis and is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although a surgeon may try to predict the routes for metastasis for pancreatic cancer, the complexity of this system presents difficulty due to variable drainage patterns. Pancreatitis also presents as another severe disease which has been shown to have an association with the lymphatics. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the lymphatics of the pancreas, pancreatic pathologies, and the available imaging methodologies used to study the pancreatic lymphatics. Clin.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1e8f3513a78e603de2c3056698eed0a6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":106931006,"asset_id":108588954,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931006/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588954"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588954"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588954; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588954]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588954]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588954; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588954']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1e8f3513a78e603de2c3056698eed0a6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=108588954]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":108588954,"title":"The surgical anatomy of the lymphatic system of the pancreas","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/108588954/The_surgical_anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_system_of_the_pancreas","owner_id":233946070,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":233946070,"first_name":"Maira","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"du Plessis","page_name":"MairaduPlessis","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2022-09-01T14:44:40.944-07:00","display_name":"Maira du Plessis","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MairaduPlessis"},"attachments":[{"id":106931006,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/106931006/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ca.2246120231025-1-se0jdc.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/106931006/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_surgical_anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_sy.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/106931006/ca.2246120231025-1-se0jdc-libre.pdf?1698280451=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_surgical_anatomy_of_the_lymphatic_sy.pdf\u0026Expires=1739822971\u0026Signature=J~mq29bFdZ1kfsuiT3zKtWSjWU0QqyUrflKirIskABE-UpH2wsp0npM6ZA2I~ZKg0c3KMTPdyyQUMF02AvaNBIit-GliGihE28JcsjcOrN26aYtCZKVJJ0mNOZKF7p4EVoy7k2zP~wcn5YGJPOP0yHAUrv6NrQYn5CiYsksw7QzndXijdDKMWo-8tveJDTYoYq28toVeZ2befjLfEm2SlEmkLi5ZnrJd4ltFRAG6eG~iAnaE2Ae-5Uxc0wKFYtl13uHU-F7taRSsqO-MvnMc34zbyRXOcSZKFN2a-dbjzuRWILfz~GV8vvWEWdVVSrpPkdel2acm-g1XdvLJA6fDzA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="108588953"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588953/The_clinical_anatomy_of_cystic_artery_variations_a_review_of_over_9800_cases"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The clinical anatomy of cystic artery variations: a review of over 9800 cases" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/108588953/The_clinical_anatomy_of_cystic_artery_variations_a_review_of_over_9800_cases">The clinical anatomy of cystic artery variations: a review of over 9800 cases</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy</span><span>, Dec 23, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">While laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be a routine procedure when biliary anatomy is normally lo...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">While laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be a routine procedure when biliary anatomy is normally located, cystic artery variations can easily disorientate the inexperienced surgeon to the anatomy of the hepatobiliary triangle. This study presents the clinically important anatomical variations of the cystic artery. PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar databases were searched to conduct a review of the existing English literature on the clinically important cystic artery variations. An aberrant vessel was defined as a vessel that originated from an atypical source and/or one that was present in a specimen in addition to the normal vessel. The cystic artery originated typically from the right hepatic artery (79.02 %) and was found in the hepatobiliary triangle in only 5427 of 6661 (81.5 %) cases. Clinically important cystic artery variations are (1) the cystic artery located anterior to the common hepatic duct or common bile duct found in 485 of 2704 (17.9 %) and 228 of 4202 (5.4 %) of cases, respectively, (2) the cystic artery located inferior to the cystic duct found in 38 of 770 (4.9 %) of cases, (3) short cystic arteries found in 98 of 1037 (9.5 %) cases and (4) multiple cystic arteries found in (8.9 %) of cases. These variations are common in the general population and can lead to inadvertent ligation of biliary ducts or aberrant vessels. Therefore, it is important for the hepatobiliary surgeon to be aware of these vascular anomalies to avoid operative complications.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="108588953"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="108588953"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588953; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588953]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=108588953]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 108588953; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='108588953']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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