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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction_to_the_Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction_to_the_Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction_to_the_Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interest_in_Pioneering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interest_in_Pioneering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Interest in Pioneering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interest_in_Pioneering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_in_Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_in_Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Arrival in Brazil</span> </div> </a> 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leonora Armstrong</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Leonora Stirling Holsapple</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1895-06-23</span>)</span>June 23, 1895<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hudson,_New_York" title="Hudson, New York">Hudson, New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 17, 1980<span style="display:none">(1980-10-17)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Salvador</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Baháʼí Faith in Brazil</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leonora Stirling Holsapple Armstrong</b> (June 23, 1895 – October 17, 1980) was the first person of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a> faith to live in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-memorium_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorium-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went as a <a href="/wiki/Pioneering_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneering (Baháʼí)">Baháʼí pioneer</a> to Brazil in 1921 when she was 25 years old. Later, in recognition of her efforts and services for the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí Faith in Brazil</a> and across Latin America she was named the 'Spiritual Mother of the Baháʼís of South America'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leonora Stirling Holsapple was born on June 23, 1895, in the City of <a href="/wiki/Hudson,_New_York" title="Hudson, New York">Hudson</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. Her father was businessman Samuel Norris Holsapple and her mother was Grace Heathcote Stirling, who served actively in civic work and had taught school. However, Grace had serious health problems [what would later be known as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>], and died soon after Leonora turned five years old. This created a profound effect upon Leonora and her younger sister Alethe during their childhood and adolescence. Their father was devastated at the loss and often left the two little girls in the care of their grandmothers and a housekeeper. </p><p>Leonora was a very talented child. She read the entire Bible as a child, a secret she only disclosed later in life, and was high school valedictorian. She entered <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>, on a full four-year scholarship and was elected to <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> in her junior year. Leonora graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from Cornell,<sup id="cite_ref-University1884_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University1884-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where she had studied <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, Greek, Physics, Botany, Astronomy and Chemistry. After that, she taught Latin in high schools for two years in Boston and was active in social work, just as her mother and grandmother had been before her. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction_to_the_Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Introduction_to_the_Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Introduction to the Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color: #FF8C00;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Category:Bahá'í Faith">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols#Nine-pointed_star" title="Baháʼí symbols"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/80px-Bahai_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/120px-Bahai_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/160px-Bahai_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Central figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Baháʼu'lláh">Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1b" title="Báb">The Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Basics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_teachings" title="Baháʼí teachings">Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="God in the Baháʼí Faith">Unity of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_humanity" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of humanity">Unity of humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_the_unity_of_religion" title="Baháʼí Faith and the unity of religion">Unity of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_laws" title="Baháʼí laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Prayer in the Baháʼí Faith">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Day_Feast" title="Nineteen Day Feast">Nineteen Day Feast</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Key scripture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-Aqdas" title="Kitáb-i-Aqdas">Kitáb-i-Aqdas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kit%C3%A1b-i-%C3%8Dq%C3%A1n" title="Kitáb-i-Íqán">Kitáb-i-Íqán</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hidden_Words" title="Hidden Words">The Hidden Words</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Answered_Questions" title="Some Answered Questions">Some Answered Questions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">Other Texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Institutions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh">Covenant of Baháʼu'lláh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_administration" title="Baháʼí administration">Administrative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian (Baháʼí Faith)">The Guardianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Assembly" title="Spiritual Assembly">Spiritual Assemblies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="History of the Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_timeline" title="Baháʼí timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hands_of_the_Cause" title="Hands of the Cause">Hands of the Cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Apostles of Baháʼu'lláh">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="List of Baháʼís">Other Baháʼís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_the_Living" title="Letters of the Living">Letters of the Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mull%C3%A1_Husayn" title="Mullá Husayn">Mullá Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1hirih" title="Táhirih">Táhirih</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">House of Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%27ll%C3%A1h" title="Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh">Shrine of Baháʼu'lláh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiblih" title="Qiblih">Qiblih</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Shrine of the Báb">Shrine of the Báb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADy%C3%A1h-Ch%C3%A1l" title="Síyáh-Chál">Síyáh-Chál</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre" title="Baháʼí World Centre">World Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage" title="Baháʼí pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #FF8C00;;text-align:center;background:#FF8C00;padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tasjil" title="Tasjil">Tasjil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_development_and_the_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Socioeconomic development and the Baháʼí Faith">Socioeconomic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_revelation_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" title="Progressive revelation (Baháʼí)">Progressive revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_cosmology" title="Baháʼí cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols" title="Baháʼí symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_views_on_homosexuality" title="Baháʼí views on homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_views_on_science" title="Baháʼí views on science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_prophecies" title="Baháʼí prophecies">Prophecies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼí statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_orthography" title="Baháʼí orthography">Orthography</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #FF8C00;border-bottom:1px solid #FF8C00;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_symbols#Nine-pointed_star" title="Baháʼí symbols"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/16px-Bahai_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/24px-Bahai_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bahai_star.svg/32px-Bahai_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith" title="Category:Bahá'í Faith">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_sidebar" title="Template:Baháʼí sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_sidebar" title="Template talk:Baháʼí sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baháʼí sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When Leonora was about eleven years old, her maternal grandmother found the Baháʼí Faith after years of searching and declared herself a Baháʼí [circa 1906]. She began to instruct her granddaughters in the Baháʼí Faith, teaching them to sing Baháʼí "hymns" and read and memorize passages and prayers from <i>Hidden Words</i> and the Baháʼí Writings. Later, Leonora would share the Baháʼí teachings with her classmates and friends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interest_in_Pioneering">Interest in Pioneering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interest in Pioneering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The desire to <a href="/wiki/Pioneering_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pioneering (Baháʼí)">pioneer</a> first came in Leonora's mind when <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Tablets_of_the_Divine_Plan" title="Tablets of the Divine Plan">Tablets of the Divine Plan</a> were unveiled at the Baháʼí Convention held in New York City in April 1919. She immediately wrote to <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a>, offering herself in service and His reply to her was:</p><blockquote><p>Thou hadst expressed thy great wish to be of service to the Divine Threshold and to heal the infirm with the Divine Panacea--the infirm who is afflicted with passion and self. Spiritual malady is more severe than physical illness for it may be that the latter may be converted by the least remedy into health and vigor, while the former will not be cured by a thousand well-known remedies ... My hope is that thou mayest become a spiritual physician.<sup id="cite_ref-memorium_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorium-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Leonora was touched by the message from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. She was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Root" title="Martha Root">Martha Root</a>, a well-known Baháʼí who traveled widely, who was instrumental in Leonora's eventual immigration to <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. Leonora later said:</p><blockquote><p>This hope of the Master's became my highest aspiration and when, early in 1920, I read His Tablet to Martha Root, commending her teaching work in South America and stressing the importance of its being followed up by others, it at once seemed to me that here there might be a definite task for me. A letter to Martha brought an immediate reply, with all encouragement.</p></blockquote><p>Martha Root, who had visited South America in 1919, sent Leonora a copy of her own diary notes from that period. Although Martha had suggested Argentina as a destination, she later encouraged her to go to Brazil. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_in_Brazil">Arrival in Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrival in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many of Leonora's family members and friends were concerned about her decision to travel alone to far-away Brazil without knowing Portuguese or having any contacts there. However, on February 1, 1921, she arrived in the port of <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. The fact that she was a single woman, at a time when women had less rights and freedom, made her situation difficult, but she managed to stay in the country. Leonora got her first job in an office through a young theosophist in the city of <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>. Later, she started to give private English classes, which gave her a chance to teach the Baháʼí Faith. When she could, Leonora would participate as a speaker in the national conferences. During her first year in Rio de Janeiro, she participated in the National Congress of Esperanto. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service">Service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1925 in the city of <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a>, <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> she published her first translation (English to Portuguese) of the book <a href="/wiki/Paris_Talks" title="Paris Talks">Paris Talks</a> written by <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAbdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" title="ʻAbdu'l-Bahá">ʻAbdu'l-Bahá</a>. As well as being a lecturer, educator and translator, Leonora was also a social worker and was responsible for an orphanage in <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a> in the from 1924 to 1927. During her first years in Brazil, she lived in Salvador, Bahia, and traveled several times to <a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manaus" title="Manaus">Manaus</a>. She always had a lot of support from many Theosophists and Esperantists in her services. In 1927, she published many articles and pamphlets about the Baháʼí Faith in Belém. That same year, she was the first Baháʼí to talk about the Baháʼí Faith in Colombia, Venezuela, Coracion, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Haiti, Guyana and Suriname.<sup id="cite_ref-memorium_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorium-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leonora also helped translate Baháʼí books into Spanish. She went to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain to improve her language proficiency because <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a>, the great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%CA%BCll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼuʼlláh">Baháʼuʼlláh</a> and then head of the religion, was looking for translators.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1930 she traveled to Madrid to take university courses. However, she soon fell seriously ill for a time and was unable to begin her studies. Shortly thereafter, she went on <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_pilgrimage" title="Baháʼí pilgrimage">Baháʼí pilgrimage</a> and then returned to South America.<sup id="cite_ref-memorium_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memorium-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation_of_the_Baháʼí_Institution_in_Brazil"><span id="Formation_of_the_Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Institution_in_Brazil"></span>Formation of the Baháʼí Institution in Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formation of the Baháʼí Institution in Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940 at Salvador — after 19 years of her dedicated work of education, translations and social services — Leonora was thrilled to witness the formation of the first official Baháʼí Institution in Brazil: the <a href="/wiki/Local_Spiritual_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Spiritual Assembly">Local Spiritual Assembly</a> (LSA) of the Baháʼís of Salvador. The Assembly has nine members that are elected each April for an annual term by the Baháʼí community in <a href="/wiki/Ridv%C3%A1n" title="Ridván">Ridván</a>. She was one of the first members, together with some Brazilians who had converted to the Bahá'í faith. Later, a second LSA was formed in Rio de Janeiro and in 1946, a third one in the city of São Paulo. In 1961, the first <a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="National Spiritual Assembly">National Spiritual Assembly</a> of the Baháʼís of Brazil was founded. In 1973 Leonora was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_the_Counsellors" title="Institution of the Counsellors">Continental Counsellor</a>, the highest appointed position of service in the religion, by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_House_of_Justice" title="Universal House of Justice">Universal House of Justice</a>, now the head of the Baháʼí Faith. The Counsellors dedicate their time fully to the Baháʼí Cause. They are an extension of the <a href="/wiki/Hands_of_the_Cause_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Hands of the Cause of God">Hands of the Cause of God</a>, appointments to service made by <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BCu%CA%BCll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Baháʼuʼlláh">Baháʼuʼlláh</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27Abdu%27l-Bah%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abdu'l-Bahá">'Abdu'l-Bahá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoghi_Effendi" title="Shoghi Effendi">Shoghi Effendi</a> during their lifetimes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1941, at age 46, Leonora married an Englishman, Harold V. Armstrong, a widower whom she had known for several years. Leonora and her husband lived in many places in Brazil. Though they never had children of their own they adopted and raised about twenty over the course of the years, or provided others with financial assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defender_of_Women's_Rights"><span id="Defender_of_Women.27s_Rights"></span>Defender of Women's Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defender of Women's Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leonora was a notable defender of women's rights, emphasizing their role as educators and servants for the cause of world peace. Her message, recorded on a tape in Salvador, Bahia days before her death in October 1980, was addressed to hundreds of women gathered in the Centre of Conventions of Brasília, participants of the first Women's Latin-American Baháʼí Conference. Here are some excerpts from her message: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Woman, light of the future generation - When we, the women of the world, reflect on the true meaning of this subject that was chosen and to the measure that its full meaning penetrate deeply each time in the conscience of each woman, we should understand how loving, what a supreme privilege is ours and inescapable duty we have, and that we should rise like never before, to fulfill our first obligation. The women know that they are the first educators of the humanity ...</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_Years">Last Years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Last Years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leonora spent her last years in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, in the city of <a href="/wiki/Juiz_de_Fora" title="Juiz de Fora">Juiz de Fora</a>, and died on October 17, 1980, at the age of 85 in the city of Salvador. That same day, hundreds of Baháʼís from several communities of Latin America were gathered in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, participating in the first Women's Latin-American Baháʼí Conference. The climax of this meeting for promotion of the condition of women was the moment her words of greeting to the participants of the event were played for the assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí Faith in Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_South_America" title="Baháʼí Faith in South America">Baháʼí Faith in South America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-memorium-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memorium_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memorium_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memorium_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memorium_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUniversal_House_of_Justice1986" class="citation cs2">Universal House of Justice (1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/memoriam_bw_18#la">"In Memoriam"</a>, <i>The Baháʼí World</i>, <b>XVIII</b>, Baháʼí World Centre: 733–736, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85398-234-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-85398-234-1"><bdi>0-85398-234-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+World&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam&rft.volume=XVIII&rft.pages=733-736&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-85398-234-1&rft.au=Universal+House+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-library.com%2Fmemoriam_bw_18%23la&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-University1884-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-University1884_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell_University1884" class="citation book cs1">Cornell University (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A4A0AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16-IA3"><i>Commencement</i></a>. pp. 14–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commencement&rft.pages=14-16&rft.date=1884&rft.au=Cornell+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA4A0AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA16-IA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/mitchell_double_crusade">Whatever happened to the Double Crusade?</a>, by Glenford Mitchell, Notable Talks., Bahai-library.com, 10–05–1996</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquez" class="citation cs2">Marquez, Gabriel, <i>Leonora Armstrong - Memories and Letters</i>, Editora Baháʼí do Brasil</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leonora+Armstrong+-+Memories+and+Letters&rft.pub=Editora+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+do+Brasil&rft.aulast=Marquez&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Unpublished Memoir of Leonora Stirling Holsapple Armstrong - September 1972</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unpublished+Memoir+of+Leonora+Stirling+Holsapple+Armstrong+-+September+1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsuncion1982" class="citation news cs1">Asuncion, Kristine Leonard (August 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=10&page=701">"Armstrong, Counsellor Leonora: A Loving Portrait"</a>. <i>Baháʼí News</i>. No. 617. pp. 6–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+News&rft.atitle=Armstrong%2C+Counsellor+Leonora%3A+A+Loving+Portrait&rft.issue=617&rft.pages=6-9&rft.date=1982-08&rft.aulast=Asuncion&rft.aufirst=Kristine+Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbahai-news.info%2Fviewer.erb%3Fvol%3D10%26page%3D701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starofthewest.info/viewer.erb?vol=10&page=156">"Supplication to Abdul-Baha from the American friends"</a>. <i>Star of the West</i>. Vol. 10, no. 8. August 1, 1919. pp. 156–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Star+of+the+West&rft.atitle=Supplication+to+Abdul-Baha+from+the+American+friends&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=156-164&rft.date=1919-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarofthewest.info%2Fviewer.erb%3Fvol%3D10%26page%3D156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/DocReader.aspx?bib=093874&pagfis=2337&pesq=">"Pela Paz Universal"</a>. <i>Servico Telegraphico</i> (in Portuguese). Fundacao Biblioteca Nacional. 5 September 1922. p. 2 (5th col near bottom).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Servico+Telegraphico&rft.atitle=Pela+Paz+Universal&rft.pages=2+%285th+col+near+bottom%29&rft.date=1922-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemoria.bn.br%2FDocReader%2FDocReader.aspx%3Fbib%3D093874%26pagfis%3D2337%26pesq%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodenbaugh1999" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodenbaugh, Molly Marie (August 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110815213017/http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-10272008-31295016514407/unrestricted/31295016514407.pdf">"The Ngöbe Baha'is of Panama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MA Thesis in Anthropology. <a href="/wiki/Texas_Tech_University" title="Texas Tech University">Texas Tech University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etd.lib.ttu.edu/theses/available/etd-10272008-31295016514407/unrestricted/31295016514407.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-08-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Ng%C3%B6be+Baha%27is+of+Panama&rft.date=1999-08&rft.aulast=Rhodenbaugh&rft.aufirst=Molly+Marie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetd.lib.ttu.edu%2Ftheses%2Favailable%2Fetd-10272008-31295016514407%2Funrestricted%2F31295016514407.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Silva_Paiva2008" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">da Silva Paiva, Cirlei Izabel (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sapientia.pucsp.br/tde_arquivos/8/TDE-2008-06-17T12:35:27Z-5684/Publico/Cirlei%20Izabel%20da%20Silva%20Paiva.pdf"><i>A Ação Social dos Baha'is no Brasil</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Thesis) (in Portuguese). Catholic Universidid in São Paulo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+A%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Social+dos+Baha%27is+no+Brasil&rft.inst=Catholic+Universidid+in+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=da+Silva+Paiva&rft.aufirst=Cirlei+Izabel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sapientia.pucsp.br%2Ftde_arquivos%2F8%2FTDE-2008-06-17T12%3A35%3A27Z-5684%2FPublico%2FCirlei%2520Izabel%2520da%2520Silva%2520Paiva.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeonora+Armstrong" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonora_Armstrong&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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