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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Prime+lens" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_lens&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For ground lenses used in conjunction with secondary lenses, see <a href="/wiki/Primary_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary lens">primary lens</a>.</div> <p>In film and photography, a <b>prime lens</b> is a fixed <a href="/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">focal length</a> <a href="/wiki/Photographic_lens" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographic lens">photographic lens</a> (as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom lens</a>), typically with a maximum <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system. Confusion between these two meanings can occur without clarifying context. Alternate terms, such as <i>primary focal length</i>, <i>fixed focal length</i>, or <i>FFL</i> are sometimes used to avoid ambiguity. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentacon_electric_f2,8_29mm_MC_lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pentacon_electric_f2%2C8_29mm_MC_lens.jpg/220px-Pentacon_electric_f2%2C8_29mm_MC_lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pentacon_electric_f2%2C8_29mm_MC_lens.jpg/330px-Pentacon_electric_f2%2C8_29mm_MC_lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Pentacon_electric_f2%2C8_29mm_MC_lens.jpg/440px-Pentacon_electric_f2%2C8_29mm_MC_lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1342"></a><figcaption>A 29 mm prime lens accompanied by a diagram of its internal lens elements.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_85mm_comparison_(front).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Canon_85mm_comparison_%28front%29.jpg/220px-Canon_85mm_comparison_%28front%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Canon_85mm_comparison_%28front%29.jpg/330px-Canon_85mm_comparison_%28front%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Canon_85mm_comparison_%28front%29.jpg/440px-Canon_85mm_comparison_%28front%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></a><figcaption>Prime lenses have large apertures, compared with zoom lenses. These 85 mm lenses have maximum apertures of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1263863036">.mw-parser-output span.fnumber,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;width:max-content}.mw-parser-output span.fnumber::first-letter,.mw-parser-output .fnumber-fallback .first-letter{font-style:italic;font-family:Trebuchet MS,Candara,Georgia,Calibri,Corbel,serif}</style><a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.8</span></a> (left) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.2</span> (right).</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#As_alternative_to_zoom_lens"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">As alternative to zoom lens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Traditional_meaning_as_primary_lens"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Traditional meaning as primary lens</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Popular_focal_lengths"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Popular focal lengths</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Specialist_lenses"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Specialist lenses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="As_alternative_to_zoom_lens">As alternative to zoom lens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_lens&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: As alternative to zoom lens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The term <i>prime</i> has come to mean the opposite of <i><a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></i>—a fixed-focal-length, or unifocal lens.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a prime lens of a given focal length is less versatile than a zoom lens, it is often of superior optical quality, wider maximum aperture, lighter weight, and smaller size. These advantages stem from having fewer moving parts, optical elements optimized for one particular focal length, and a less complicated <a href="/wiki/Lens_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens formula">lens formula</a> that creates fewer <a href="/wiki/Optical_aberration" title="Optical aberration">optical aberration</a> issues. Larger maximum <a href="/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">aperture</a> (smaller <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a>) facilitates photography in lower light, and a shallower <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a>. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Normal_lens" title="Normal lens">normal lens</a> or "normal prime" is a lens with a focal length about equal to the diagonal size of the film or sensor format, or that reproduces perspective that generally looks "natural" to a human observer under normal viewing conditions. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Traditional_meaning_as_primary_lens">Traditional meaning as primary lens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_lens&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Traditional meaning as primary lens" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The older, original meaning of <i>prime lens</i> is the main lens in a combination lens system.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the camera lens is used with some other optical device, such as a <a href="/wiki/Close-up_lens" title="Close-up lens">close-up lens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleconverter" title="Teleconverter">teleconverter</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Teleside_converter" title="Teleside converter">teleside converter</a>, the camera lens itself is properly called the <i>prime lens</i>. <i>Prime</i> is here used in the sense of primary, chief, original, first in order, etc. </p><p>Lens manufacturers such as ARRI Media,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ISCO Precision Optics,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Schneider_Kreuznach" title="Schneider Kreuznach">Schneider</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG" title="Carl Zeiss AG">Carl Zeiss AG</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others still make variable focal length cine and video lenses regularly catalogued as <b>variable prime</b> lenses. A variable prime is sometimes distinguished from a "true zoom" in that the latter maintains focus as the focal length is varied. </p><p>This use of the term "prime lens" is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a>. Early in photography only primary camera lenses were available, and were merely called "lenses" or "objectives". Later, "auxiliary" lenses were available, which usually fit in front of the front element of the primary, or "prime" lens. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Popular_focal_lengths">Popular focal lengths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_lens&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Popular focal lengths" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG/220px-Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="2916"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG/220px-Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG/330px-Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG/440px-Canon_EF_50mm_II_lens_front_and_rear_side-by-side_version3.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canon_EF_50mm_lens" title="Canon EF 50mm lens">Canon EF 50 mm f/1.8 II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5,_1.7,_and_1.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg/260px-Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5970" data-file-height="1850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 81px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg/260px-Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg/390px-Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg/520px-Three_Minolta_50_mm_photographic_lenses_with_different_lens_speeds_of_3.5%2C_1.7%2C_and_1.2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Three 50 mm prime lenses from Minolta with different design parameters. The left lens with lens speed 3.5 is for <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro photography</a>, where lens speed is of less concern. The middle one has lens speed 1.7, such a type comes as standard with many SLRs. The right lens has lens speed 1.2 and thus enables shorter shutter speeds in the same light situation.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg/220px-Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="4024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg/220px-Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg/330px-Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg/440px-Sigma_85mm_F1.4_DG_DN_Art.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Not all prime lens are physically small; those with internal autofocus <a href="/wiki/Stepping_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stepping motor">stepping motors</a>, such as this 85mm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1263863036"><span class="fnumber-fallback"><span class="first-letter">f</span>/1.4</span> prime lens, are larger in overall size compared to motorless counterparts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many lens manufacturers produce or produced prime lenses at or near the following focal lengths: 20<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 24<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 28<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 35<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 40<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 50<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 85<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 105<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 135<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 200<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 300<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, 400<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm, and 600<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm. For these lengths many manufacturers produce two or more lenses with the same focal length but with different maximum apertures to suit the different needs of photographers. Additional focal lengths can be created by using a <a href="/wiki/Teleconverter" title="Teleconverter">teleconverter</a>. </p><p>For 35 mm film and full frame digital cameras (in which the image area is 36 by 24 millimeters) prime lenses can be categorized by focal length as follows: </p> <ul><li>12 to 21 mm: <b>Ultra-Wide</b> — usually used at very close subject distances to produce a perspective that provides a dramatic, often extreme image that distorts a scene’s natural proportions</li> <li>24 to 35 mm: <b>Wide</b> — capture a wider field of view than a standard lens, at shorter distances, the perspective can show distortion</li> <li>50 mm: <b>Standard</b> — a focal length near the 44mm image diagonal and a perspective similar to human vision</li> <li>85 mm: <b>Portrait</b> — short telephoto lens that accommodates a longer subject to camera distance for pleasing perspective effects and useful image framing</li> <li>135 mm: <b>Telephoto</b> — used, for example, by action and sports photographers to capture faraway objects</li> <li>200 to 500 mm: <b>Super Telephoto</b> — specialized, bulky lenses typically used in sports, action, and wildlife photography</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Specialist_lenses">Specialist lenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_lens&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Specialist lenses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Some specialist lenses are only available as prime lenses due to design or cost constraints. Examples of such specialist lenses are: extreme <a href="/wiki/Telephoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephoto">telephoto</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide angle</a>, lenses with <a href="/wiki/Tilt_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilt shift">tilt or shift</a> function, lenses with large apertures and <a href="/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">macro</a> lenses. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_lens&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLenny_Lipton1975" class="citation book cs1">Lenny Lipton (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uOdTAAAAMAAJ&q=zoom+prime+fixed-focal-length++date:0-1980"><i>The Super 8 Book</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87932-091-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87932-091-5"><bdi>0-87932-091-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Super+8+Book&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-87932-091-5&rft.au=Lenny+Lipton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuOdTAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzoom%2Bprime%2Bfixed-focal-length%2B%2Bdate%3A0-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Arthur_Englander_and_Paul_Petzold1976" class="citation book cs1">A. Arthur Englander and Paul Petzold (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFgFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22zoom+or+prime%22+date:0-1980"><i>Filming for Television</i></a>. Hastings House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780803823204" title="Special:BookSources/9780803823204"><bdi>9780803823204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filming+for+Television&rft.pub=Hastings+House&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780803823204&rft.au=A.+Arthur+Englander+and+Paul+Petzold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFgFAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522zoom%2Bor%2Bprime%2522%2Bdate%3A0-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_Millerson1993" class="citation book cs1">Gerald Millerson (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mjkB1hMZZtoC&dq=%22prime+lens%22+%22zoom+lens%22+fixed+focal-length&pg=PA32"><i>Effective TV Production</i></a>. Focal Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-51324-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-51324-X"><bdi>0-240-51324-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Effective+TV+Production&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-240-51324-X&rft.au=Gerald+Millerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmjkB1hMZZtoC%26dq%3D%2522prime%2Blens%2522%2B%2522zoom%2Blens%2522%2Bfixed%2Bfocal-length%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIAqAAAAMAAJ&q=prime-lens+date:0-1950"><i>The British Journal of Photography</i></a> (v.115 ed.). Liverpool Photographic Society. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Journal+of+Photography&rft.edition=v.115&rft.pub=Liverpool+Photographic+Society&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZIAqAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dprime-lens%2Bdate%3A0-1950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020095949/http://www.arrimedia.com/productlist.php?catalog_id=193">"ARRI Variable Prime Lenses"</a>. <i>ARRI Media</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arrimedia.com/productlist.php?catalog_id=193">the original</a> on October 20, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARRI+Media&rft.atitle=ARRI+Variable+Prime+Lenses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrimedia.com%2Fproductlist.php%3Fcatalog_id%3D193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019131554/http://www.iscoprecisionoptics.com/Downloads_new/Product_information/ISCO_PL_VP_System_US_02_2007.pdf">"Variable Prime System for 35 mm Film"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ISCO Precision Optics</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iscoprecisionoptics.com/Downloads_new/Product_information/ISCO_PL_VP_System_US_02_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2007-10-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISCO+Precision+Optics&rft.atitle=Variable+Prime+System+for+35+mm+Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiscoprecisionoptics.com%2FDownloads_new%2FProduct_information%2FISCO_PL_VP_System_US_02_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schneideroptics.com/ecommerce/CatalogSubCategoryDisplay.aspx?CID=67">"Variable Prime"</a>. <i>Schneider Optics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Schneider+Optics&rft.atitle=Variable+Prime&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.schneideroptics.com%2Fecommerce%2FCatalogSubCategoryDisplay.aspx%3FCID%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070810173519/http://www.oscars.org/scitech/1998/winners.html">"1998 Scientific & Technical Awards Winners"</a>. <i>Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oscars.org/scitech/1998/winners.html">the original</a> on 2007-08-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=1998+Scientific+%26+Technical+Awards+Winners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Fscitech%2F1998%2Fwinners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823103013/http://wwwdb.oscars.org/ampas/plsql/ampas_award.detail?primekey_in=1999070715:59:34802212511">"AMPAS Award"</a>. <i>Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwwdb.oscars.org/ampas/plsql/ampas_award.detail?primekey_in=1999070715:59:34802212511">the original</a> on 2007-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.atitle=AMPAS+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwwdb.oscars.org%2Fampas%2Fplsql%2Fampas_award.detail%3Fprimekey_in%3D1999070715%3A59%3A34802212511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrime+lens" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_lens&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon 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