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id="toc-Genealogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Childhood_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Childhood_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Childhood and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Childhood_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Travel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 First publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxford" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Oxford </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Painters_I_(1843)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Painters_I_(1843)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Modern Painters I (1843) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Painters_I_(1843)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1845_tour_and_Modern_Painters_II_(1846)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1845_tour_and_Modern_Painters_II_(1846)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 1845 tour and Modern Painters II (1846) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1845_tour_and_Modern_Painters_II_(1846)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_life_(1847–1869)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_life_(1847–1869)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Middle life (1847–1869) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Middle_life_(1847–1869)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Middle life (1847–1869) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Middle_life_(1847–1869)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Effie_Gray" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Effie_Gray"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Marriage to Effie Gray </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Effie_Gray-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Stones_of_Venice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Stones_of_Venice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Stones of Venice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Stones_of_Venice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Raphaelites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Raphaelites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Pre-Raphaelites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Raphaelites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruskin_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruskin_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Ruskin and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruskin_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Painters_III_and_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Painters_III_and_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Modern Painters III and IV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Painters_III_and_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_lecturer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_lecturer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Public lecturer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_lecturer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turner_Bequest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turner_Bequest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Turner Bequest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turner_Bequest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_"unconversion"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_"unconversion""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Religious "unconversion" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_"unconversion"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_critic_and_reformer:_Unto_This_Last" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_critic_and_reformer:_Unto_This_Last"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Social critic and reformer: Unto This Last </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_critic_and_reformer:_Unto_This_Last-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lectures_in_the_1860s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lectures_in_the_1860s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 Lectures in the 1860s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lectures_in_the_1860s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_(1869–1900)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_(1869–1900)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Later life (1869–1900) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life_(1869–1900)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life (1869–1900) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life_(1869–1900)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxford's_first_Slade_Professor_of_Fine_Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxford's_first_Slade_Professor_of_Fine_Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Oxford's first Slade Professor of Fine Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxford's_first_Slade_Professor_of_Fine_Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fors_Clavigera_and_the_Whistler_libel_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fors_Clavigera_and_the_Whistler_libel_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fors Clavigera and the Whistler libel case </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fors_Clavigera_and_the_Whistler_libel_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guild_of_St_George" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guild_of_St_George"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Guild of St George </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guild_of_St_George-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rose_La_Touche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rose_La_Touche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Rose La Touche </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rose_La_Touche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel_guides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel_guides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Travel guides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel_guides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Final writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brantwood_and_final_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brantwood_and_final_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Brantwood and final years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brantwood_and_final_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note_on_Ruskin's_personal_appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note_on_Ruskin's_personal_appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Note on Ruskin's personal appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note_on_Ruskin's_personal_appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruskin_in_the_eyes_of_a_student" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruskin_in_the_eyes_of_a_student"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Ruskin in the eyes of a student </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruskin_in_the_eyes_of_a_student-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 International </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art,_architecture_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art,_architecture_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Art, architecture and literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art,_architecture_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Craft_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Craft_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Craft and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Craft_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society,_education_and_sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society,_education_and_sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Society, education and sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society,_education_and_sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Politics and critique of political economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruskin_in_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruskin_in_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Ruskin in the 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruskin_in_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Theory and criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theory and criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_and_design_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_design_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Art and design criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_design_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Historic preservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critique_of_political_economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critique_of_political_economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Critique of political economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critique_of_political_economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turner's_erotic_drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turner's_erotic_drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Turner's erotic drawings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turner's_erotic_drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Sexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_law_of_business_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_law_of_business_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Common law of business balance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_law_of_business_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Definitions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Fictional portrayals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fictional portrayals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 In literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 In other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Gallery </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Gallery subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Paintings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Drawings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_by_Ruskin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_by_Ruskin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Works by Ruskin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_by_Ruskin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_diaries_and_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_diaries_and_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Selected diaries and letters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_diaries_and_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_editions_of_Ruskin_still_in_print" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_editions_of_Ruskin_still_in_print"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Selected editions of Ruskin still in print </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_editions_of_Ruskin_still_in_print-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 General </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies_of_Ruskin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies_of_Ruskin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Biographies of Ruskin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies_of_Ruskin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Library_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Library_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Library collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Library_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Electronic editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archival_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archival_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.3 Archival material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archival_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John Ruskin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 68 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-68" aria-hidden="true" > 68 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86" title="جون راسكن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون راسكن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Raskin" title="Con Raskin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Raskin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان راسکین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان راسکین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джон Рэскін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Рэскін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Джон Раскін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джон Раскін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Джон Ръскин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Ръскин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A1%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Τζον Ράσκιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζον Ράσκιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جان راسکین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان راسکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="જ્હોન રસ્કિન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્હોન રસ્કિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A8" title="존 러스킨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 러스킨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ջոն Ռասկին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոն Ռասկին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन रस्किन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉन रस्किन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'ון ראסקין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ראסקין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ რესკინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ რესკინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Ruskin" title="Ioannes Ruskin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEons_Raskins" title="Džons Raskins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džons Raskins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ജോൺ റസ്കിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ റസ്കിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉन रस्किन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन रस्किन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%86" title="جون راسكن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون راسكن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျွန် ရုစ်ကင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျွန် ရုစ်ကင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ジョン・ラスキン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ラスキン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੌਨ ਰਸਕਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੌਨ ਰਸਕਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86" title="جان رسکن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جان رسکن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86" title="جان راسکن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان راسکن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%91%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Рёскин, Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рёскин, Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Ruskin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%AA%D9%86" title="جان رسڪن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جان رسڪن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John Ruskin (disambiguation)">John Ruskin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">John Ruskin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_Ruskin_1863.jpg/220px-John_Ruskin_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/John_Ruskin_1863.jpg/330px-John_Ruskin_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/John_Ruskin_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="626" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Ruskin in 1863</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1819-02-08)8 February 1819 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 January 1900(1900-01-20) (aged 80) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Coniston,_Cumbria" title="Coniston, Cumbria">Coniston, Lancashire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> 5 vols. (1843–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" title="The Seven Lamps of Architecture">The Seven Lamps of Architecture</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> 3 vols. (1851–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> (1860, 1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> (1871–1884)</li> <li>Praeterita 3 vols. (1885–1889)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1848; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> 1854)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">John James Ruskin, Margaret Cock</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li>ethics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pathetic_fallacy" title="Pathetic fallacy">Pathetic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">illth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_signature_1880.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John_Ruskin_signature_1880.svg/150px-John_Ruskin_signature_1880.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John_Ruskin_signature_1880.svg/225px-John_Ruskin_signature_1880.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John_Ruskin_signature_1880.svg/300px-John_Ruskin_signature_1880.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="184" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> John Ruskin (8 February 1819 – 20 January 1900) was an English <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> – a writer, lecturer, art historian, <a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">art critic</a>, draughtsman and philanthropist of the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>. He wrote on subjects as varied as art, architecture, <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">political economy</a>, education, <a href="/wiki/Museology" title="Museology">museology</a>, geology, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">ornithology</a>, literature, history, and myth. Ruskin's writing styles and literary forms were equally varied. He wrote essays and <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatises</a>, poetry and lectures, travel guides and manuals, letters and even <a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">a fairy tale</a>. He also made detailed sketches and paintings of rocks, plants, birds, landscapes, architectural structures and ornamentation. The elaborate style that characterised his earliest writing on art gave way in time to plainer language designed to communicate his ideas more effectively. In all of his writing, he emphasised the connections between nature, art and society. Ruskin was hugely influential in the latter half of the 19th century and up to the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. After a period of relative decline, his reputation has steadily improved since the 1960s with the publication of numerous academic studies of his work. Today, his ideas and concerns are widely recognised as having anticipated interest in <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">ethical consumerism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>. Ruskin first came to widespread attention with the first volume of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> (1843), an extended essay in defence of the work of <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> in which he argued that the principal duty of the artist is "truth to nature". This meant rooting art in experience and close observation. From the 1850s, he championed the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelites</a>, who were influenced by his ideas. His work increasingly focused on social and political issues. <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> (1860, 1862) marked the shift in emphasis. In 1869, Ruskin became the first <a href="/wiki/Slade_Professor_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade Professor of Fine Art">Slade Professor of Fine Art</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, where he established the <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_School_of_Drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin School of Drawing">Ruskin School of Drawing</a>. In 1871, he began his monthly "letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain", published under the title <a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> (1871–1884). In the course of this complex and deeply personal work, he developed the principles underlying his ideal society. Its practical outcome was the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" title="Guild of St George">Guild of St George</a>, an organisation that endures today. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1819–1846)">Early life (1819–1846)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life (1819–1846)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genealogy">Genealogy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Genealogy">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin was the only child of first cousins.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-1">[1]</a> His father, John James Ruskin (1785–1864), was a sherry and wine importer,<a href="#cite_note-Intro-1">[1]</a> founding partner and de facto business manager of Ruskin, Telford and Domecq (see <a href="/wiki/Allied_Domecq" title="Allied Domecq">Allied Domecq</a>). John James was born and brought up in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, to a mother from <a href="/wiki/Glenluce" title="Glenluce">Glenluce</a> and a father originally from <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His wife, Margaret Cock (1781–1871), was the daughter of a publican in <a href="/wiki/Croydon" title="Croydon">Croydon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-1">[1]</a> She had joined the Ruskin household when she became companion to John James's mother, Catherine.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-1">[1]</a> John James had hoped to practise law, and was articled as a clerk in London.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-1">[1]</a> His father, John Thomas Ruskin, described as a grocer (but apparently an ambitious wholesale merchant), was an incompetent businessman. To save the family from bankruptcy, John James, whose prudence and success were in stark contrast to his father, took on all debts, settling the last of them in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-Intro-1">[1]</a> John James and Margaret were engaged in 1809, but opposition to the union from John Thomas, and the problem of his debts, delayed the couple's wedding. They finally married, without celebration, in 1818.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> John James died on 3 March 1864 and is buried in the churchyard of St John the Evangelist, Shirley, Croydon. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJ_Ruskin_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/JJ_Ruskin_grave.jpg/260px-JJ_Ruskin_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/JJ_Ruskin_grave.jpg/390px-JJ_Ruskin_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/JJ_Ruskin_grave.jpg/520px-JJ_Ruskin_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>The grave of John James Ruskin, father of John Ruskin, in the churchyard of St John the Evangelist, <a href="/wiki/Shirley,_London" title="Shirley, London">Shirley</a>, Croydon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Childhood and education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_by_James_Northcote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_Ruskin_by_James_Northcote.jpg/240px-John_Ruskin_by_James_Northcote.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_Ruskin_by_James_Northcote.jpg/360px-John_Ruskin_by_James_Northcote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/John_Ruskin_by_James_Northcote.jpg/480px-John_Ruskin_by_James_Northcote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption>Ruskin as a young child, painted by <a href="/wiki/James_Northcote" title="James Northcote">James Northcote</a></figcaption></figure> Ruskin was born on 8 February 1819 at 54 Hunter Street, <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Square" title="Brunswick Square">Brunswick Square</a>, London (demolished 1969), south of what is now <a href="/wiki/St_Pancras_railway_station" title="St Pancras railway station">St Pancras railway station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Childhood-4">[4]</a> His childhood was shaped by the contrasting influences of his father and mother, both of whom were fiercely ambitious for him. John James Ruskin helped to develop his son's <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>. They shared a passion for the works of <a href="/wiki/Byron" class="mw-redirect" title="Byron">Byron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>. They visited Scott's home, <a href="/wiki/Abbotsford_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbotsford House">Abbotsford</a>, in 1838, but Ruskin was disappointed by its appearance.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Margaret Ruskin, an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> Christian, more cautious and restrained than her husband, taught young John to read the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> from beginning to end, and then to start all over again, committing large portions to memory. Its language, imagery and parables had a profound and lasting effect on his writing.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He later wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">She read alternate verses with me, watching at first, every intonation of my voice, and correcting the false ones, till she made me understand the verse, if within my reach, rightly and energetically.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Praeterita, XXXV, 40</cite></div></blockquote> Ruskin's childhood was spent from 1823 at 28 <a href="/wiki/Herne_Hill" title="Herne Hill">Herne Hill</a> (demolished <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1912), near the village of <a href="/wiki/Camberwell" title="Camberwell">Camberwell</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_London" title="South London">South London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> He had few friends of his own age, but it was not the friendless and joyless experience he later said it was in his autobiography, Praeterita (1885–89).<a href="#cite_note-Childhood-4">[4]</a> He was educated at home by his parents and private tutors, including <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalist</a> preacher Edward Andrews,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> whose daughters, Mrs Eliza Orme and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Augusta_Patmore" title="Emily Augusta Patmore">Emily Augusta Patmore</a> were later credited with introducing Ruskin to the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> From 1834 to 1835 he attended the school in <a href="/wiki/Peckham" title="Peckham">Peckham</a> run by the progressive evangelical <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dale_(priest)" title="Thomas Dale (priest)">Thomas Dale</a> (1797–1870).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Ruskin heard Dale lecture in 1836 at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College, London</a>, where Dale was the first Professor of English Literature.<a href="#cite_note-Childhood-4">[4]</a> Ruskin went on to enrol and complete his studies at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College</a>, where he prepared for <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> under Dale's tutelage.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Travel">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_Terrace,_Perth.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rose_Terrace%2C_Perth.JPG/220px-Rose_Terrace%2C_Perth.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rose_Terrace%2C_Perth.JPG/330px-Rose_Terrace%2C_Perth.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Rose_Terrace%2C_Perth.JPG/440px-Rose_Terrace%2C_Perth.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>10 Rose Terrace, Perth (on the right), where Ruskin spent boyhood holidays with Scottish relatives</figcaption></figure> Ruskin was greatly influenced by the extensive and privileged travels he enjoyed in his childhood. It helped to establish his taste and augmented his education. He sometimes accompanied his father on visits to business clients at their country houses, which exposed him to English landscapes, architecture and paintings. Family tours took them to the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> (his first long poem, Iteriad, was an account of his tour in 1830)<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and to relatives in <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, Scotland. As early as 1825, the family visited <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. Their continental tours became increasingly ambitious in scope: in 1833 they visited <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, places to which Ruskin frequently returned. He developed a lifelong love of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, and in 1835 visited <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> for the first time,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> that 'Paradise of cities' that provided the subject and symbolism of much of his later work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.453n2-15">[15]</a> These tours gave Ruskin the opportunity to observe and record his impressions of nature. He composed elegant, though mainly conventional poetry, some of which was published in Friendship's Offering.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_WedderburnIntroduction-16">[16]</a> His early notebooks and sketchbooks are full of visually sophisticated and technically accomplished drawings of maps, landscapes and buildings, remarkable for a boy of his age. He was profoundly affected by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rogers" title="Samuel Rogers">Samuel Rogers</a>'s poem Italy (1830), a copy of which was given to him as a 13th birthday present; in particular, he deeply admired the accompanying illustrations by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>. Much of Ruskin's own art in the 1830s was in imitation of Turner, and of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prout" title="Samuel Prout">Samuel Prout</a>, whose Sketches Made in Flanders and Germany (1833) he also admired. His artistic skills were refined under the tutelage of Charles Runciman, <a href="/wiki/Copley_Fielding" title="Copley Fielding">Copley Fielding</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Duffield_Harding" title="James Duffield Harding">J. D. Harding</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_publications">First publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First publications">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin's journeys also provided inspiration for writing. His first publication was the poem "On Skiddaw and Derwent Water" (originally entitled "Lines written at the Lakes in Cumberland: Derwentwater" and published in the Spiritual Times) (August 1829).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn2.265-8-17">[17]</a> In 1834, three short articles for <a href="/wiki/John_Claudius_Loudon" title="John Claudius Loudon">Loudon</a>'s Magazine of Natural History were published. They show early signs of his skill as a close "scientific" observer of nature, especially its geology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.191-6-18">[18]</a> From September 1837 to December 1838, Ruskin's The Poetry of Architecture was serialised in Loudon's Architectural Magazine, under the pen name "Kata Phusin" (Greek for "According to Nature").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.4-188-19">[19]</a> It was a study of cottages, villas, and other dwellings centred on a Wordsworthian argument that buildings should be sympathetic to their immediate environment and use local materials. It anticipated key themes in his later writings. In 1839, Ruskin's "Remarks on the Present State of Meteorological Science" was published in Transactions of the Meteorological Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.206-10-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford">Oxford</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oxford">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas_term" title="Michaelmas term">Michaelmas</a> 1836, Ruskin <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculated</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, taking up residence at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a> in January of the following year.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Enrolled as a <a href="/wiki/Gentleman-commoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman-commoner">gentleman-commoner</a>, he enjoyed equal status with his aristocratic peers. Ruskin was generally uninspired by Oxford and suffered bouts of illness. Perhaps the greatest advantage of his time there was in the few, close friendships he made. His tutor, the Rev Walter Lucas Brown, always encouraged him, as did a young senior tutor, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Henry Liddell</a> (later the father of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell</a>) and a private tutor, the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Gordon" title="Osborne Gordon">Osborne Gordon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He became close to the geologist and natural theologian <a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a>. Among his fellow undergraduates, Ruskin's most important friends were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Newton" title="Charles Thomas Newton">Charles Thomas Newton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Acland" title="Henry Acland">Henry Acland</a>. His most noteworthy success came in 1839 when, at the third attempt, he won the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Newdigate_Prize" title="Newdigate Prize">Newdigate Prize</a> for poetry (<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hugh_Clough" title="Arthur Hugh Clough">Arthur Hugh Clough</a> came second).<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He met <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, who was receiving an honorary degree, at the ceremony. Ruskin's health was poor and he never became independent from his family during his time at Oxford. His mother took lodgings on High Street, where his father joined them at weekends. He was devastated to hear that his first love, Adèle Domecq, the second daughter of his father's business partner, had become engaged to a French nobleman. In April 1840, whilst revising for his examinations, he began to cough blood, which led to fears of consumption and a long break from Oxford travelling with his parents.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Before he returned to Oxford, Ruskin responded to a challenge that had been put to him by <a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a>, whom he later married: the twelve-year-old Effie had asked him to write a fairy story. During a six-week break at <a href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Leamington Spa</a> to undergo Dr Jephson's (1798–1878) celebrated salt-water cure, Ruskin wrote his only work of fiction, the fable <a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">The King of the Golden River</a> (not published until December 1850 (but imprinted 1851), with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Doyle_(illustrator)" title="Richard Doyle (illustrator)">Richard Doyle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.VI.305-54-25">[25]</a> A work of Christian sacrificial morality and charity, it is set in the Alpine landscape Ruskin loved and knew so well. It remains the most translated of all his works.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Back at Oxford, in 1842 Ruskin sat for a pass degree, and was awarded an uncommon honorary double fourth-class degree in recognition of his achievements.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Painters_I_(1843)">Modern Painters I (1843)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Painters I (1843)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_(4671937).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_%284671937%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_%284671937%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_%284671937%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_%284671937%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_%284671937%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_%284671937%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1364" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of Ruskin by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sigismund_Uhlrich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Sigismund Uhlrich (page does not exist)">Henry Sigismund Uhlrich</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Sigismund_Uhlrich" class="extiw" title="de:Heinrich Sigismund Uhlrich">de</a>], <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860</figcaption></figure> For much of the period from late 1840 to autumn 1842, Ruskin was abroad with his parents, mainly in Italy. His studies of Italian art were chiefly guided by <a href="/wiki/George_Richmond_(painter)" title="George Richmond (painter)">George Richmond</a>, to whom the Ruskins were introduced by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Severn" title="Joseph Severn">Joseph Severn</a>, a friend of <a href="/wiki/Keats" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats">Keats</a> (whose son, Arthur Severn, later married Ruskin's cousin, Joan). He was galvanised into writing a defence of J. M. W. Turner when he read an attack on several of Turner's pictures exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>. It recalled an attack by the critic Rev <a href="/wiki/John_Eagles" title="John Eagles">John Eagles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine" title="Blackwood's Magazine">Blackwood's Magazine</a> in 1836, which had prompted Ruskin to write a long essay. John James had sent the piece to Turner, who did not wish it to be published. It finally appeared in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Before Ruskin began <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a>, John James Ruskin had begun collecting watercolours, including works by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Prout" title="Samuel Prout">Samuel Prout</a> and Turner. Both painters were among occasional guests of the Ruskins at Herne Hill, and 163 <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Hill" title="Denmark Hill">Denmark Hill</a> (demolished 1947) to which the family moved in 1842. What became the first volume of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> (1843), published by <a href="/wiki/Smith,_Elder_%26_Co." title="Smith, Elder & Co.">Smith, Elder & Co.</a> under the anonymous authority of "A Graduate of Oxford", was Ruskin's answer to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Mallord William Turner">Turner</a>'s critics.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Ruskin controversially argued that modern landscape painters—and in particular Turner—were superior to the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Old_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Masters">Old Masters</a>" of the post-<a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> period. Ruskin maintained that, unlike Turner, Old Masters such as <a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Dughet" title="Gaspard Dughet">Gaspard Dughet</a> (Gaspar Poussin), <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lorrain" title="Claude Lorrain">Claude</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salvator_Rosa" title="Salvator Rosa">Salvator Rosa</a> favoured pictorial convention, and not "truth to nature". He explained that he meant "moral as well as material truth".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn3.104-30">[30]</a> The job of the artist is to observe the reality of nature and not to invent it in a studio—to render imaginatively on canvas what he has seen and understood, free of any rules of composition. For Ruskin, modern landscapists demonstrated superior understanding of the "truths" of water, air, clouds, stones, and vegetation, a profound appreciation of which Ruskin demonstrated in his own prose. He described works he had seen at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Picture_Gallery" title="Dulwich Picture Gallery">Dulwich Picture Gallery</a> with extraordinary verbal felicity. Although critics were slow to react and the reviews were mixed, many notable literary and artistic figures were impressed with the young man's work, including <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gaskell" title="Elizabeth Gaskell">Elizabeth Gaskell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Suddenly Ruskin had found his métier, and in one leap helped redefine the genre of art criticism, mixing a discourse of polemic with aesthetics, scientific observation and ethics. It cemented Ruskin's relationship with Turner. After the artist died in 1851, Ruskin catalogued nearly 20,000 sketches that Turner gave to the British nation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1845_tour_and_Modern_Painters_II_(1846)">1845 tour and Modern Painters II (1846)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1845 tour and Modern Painters II (1846)">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin toured the continent with his parents again during 1844, visiting <a href="/wiki/Chamonix" title="Chamonix">Chamonix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, studying the geology of the Alps and the paintings of <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perugino" class="mw-redirect" title="Perugino">Perugino</a> among others at the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. In 1845, at the age of 26, he undertook to travel without his parents for the first time. It provided him with an opportunity to study medieval art and architecture in France, Switzerland and especially Italy. In <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> he saw the Tomb of Ilaria del Carretto by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_della_Quercia" title="Jacopo della Quercia">Jacopo della Quercia</a>, which Ruskin considered the exemplar of Christian sculpture (he later associated it with the then object of his love, <a href="/wiki/Rose_La_Touche" title="Rose La Touche">Rose La Touche</a>). He drew inspiration from what he saw at the <a href="/wiki/Camposanto_Monumentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Camposanto Monumentale">Campo Santo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, he was particularly impressed by the works of <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Marco" title="San Marco">St Mark's Cathedral</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scuola_di_San_Rocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Scuola di San Rocco">Scuola di San Rocco</a>, but he was alarmed by the combined effects of decay and modernisation on the city: "Venice is lost to me", he wrote.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> It finally convinced him that architectural restoration was destruction, and that the only true and faithful action was preservation and conservation. Drawing on his travels, he wrote the second volume of Modern Painters (published April 1846).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn4.25-218-33">[33]</a> The volume concentrated on Renaissance and pre-Renaissance artists rather than on Turner. It was a more theoretical work than its predecessor. Ruskin explicitly linked the aesthetic and the divine, arguing that truth, beauty and religion are inextricably bound together: "the Beautiful as a gift of God".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn4.47_(''Modern_Painters_II'')-34">[34]</a> In defining categories of beauty and imagination, Ruskin argued that all great artists must perceive beauty and, with their imagination, communicate it creatively by means of symbolic representation. Generally, critics gave this second volume a warmer reception, although many found the attack on the aesthetic orthodoxy associated with <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reynolds" title="Joshua Reynolds">Joshua Reynolds</a> difficult to accept.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In the summer, Ruskin was abroad again with his father, who still hoped his son might become a poet, even <a href="/wiki/Poet_laureate" title="Poet laureate">poet laureate</a>, just one among many factors increasing the tension between them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_life_(1847–1869)">Middle life (1847–1869)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Middle life (1847–1869)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euphemia_(%27Effie%27)_Chalmers_(n%C3%A9e_Gray),_Lady_Millais_by_Thomas_Richmond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Euphemia_%28%27Effie%27%29_Chalmers_%28n%C3%A9e_Gray%29%2C_Lady_Millais_by_Thomas_Richmond.jpg/200px-Euphemia_%28%27Effie%27%29_Chalmers_%28n%C3%A9e_Gray%29%2C_Lady_Millais_by_Thomas_Richmond.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Euphemia_%28%27Effie%27%29_Chalmers_%28n%C3%A9e_Gray%29%2C_Lady_Millais_by_Thomas_Richmond.jpg/300px-Euphemia_%28%27Effie%27%29_Chalmers_%28n%C3%A9e_Gray%29%2C_Lady_Millais_by_Thomas_Richmond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Euphemia_%28%27Effie%27%29_Chalmers_%28n%C3%A9e_Gray%29%2C_Lady_Millais_by_Thomas_Richmond.jpg/400px-Euphemia_%28%27Effie%27%29_Chalmers_%28n%C3%A9e_Gray%29%2C_Lady_Millais_by_Thomas_Richmond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3660" /></a><figcaption>Effie Gray painted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Richmond" title="Thomas Richmond">Thomas Richmond</a>. She thought the portrait made her look like "a graceful Doll".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Effie_Gray">Marriage to Effie Gray</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Marriage to Effie Gray">edit</a>]</div> During 1847, Ruskin became closer to <a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Euphemia "Effie" Gray</a>, the daughter of family friends. It was for her that Ruskin had written <a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">The King of the Golden River</a>. The couple were engaged in October. They married on 10 April 1848 at her home, <a href="/wiki/Bowerswell" title="Bowerswell">Bowerswell</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a>, once the residence of the Ruskin family.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It was the site of the suicide of John Thomas Ruskin (Ruskin's grandfather). Owing to this association and other complications, Ruskin's parents did not attend. The European <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> meant that the newlyweds' earliest travels together were restricted, but they were able to visit <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, where Ruskin admired the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a>. Their early life together was spent at 31 Park Street, <a href="/wiki/Mayfair" title="Mayfair">Mayfair</a>, secured for them by Ruskin's father (later addresses included nearby 6 Charles Street, and 30 Herne Hill). Effie was too unwell to undertake the European tour of 1849, so Ruskin visited the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> with his parents, gathering material for the third and fourth volumes of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a>. He was struck by the contrast between the Alpine beauty and the poverty of Alpine peasants, stirring his increasingly sensitive social conscience. The marriage was unhappy, with Ruskin reportedly being cruel to Effie and distrustful of her.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The marriage was never <a href="/wiki/Consummation" title="Consummation">consummated</a> and was annulled six years later in 1854.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin's developing interest in architecture, and particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic</a>, led to the first work to bear his name, <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" title="The Seven Lamps of Architecture">The Seven Lamps of Architecture</a> (1849).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn8.3-274-40">[40]</a> It contained 14 plates etched by the author. The title refers to seven moral categories that Ruskin considered vital to and inseparable from all architecture: sacrifice, truth, power, beauty, life, memory and obedience. All would provide recurring themes in his future work. Seven Lamps promoted the virtues of a secular and Protestant form of Gothic. It was a challenge to the Catholic influence of architect <a href="/wiki/A._W._N._Pugin" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. N. Pugin">A. W. N. Pugin</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Stones_of_Venice">The Stones of Venice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Stones of Venice">edit</a>]</div> In November 1849, John and Effie Ruskin visited <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, staying at the Hotel Danieli.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Their different personalities are revealed by their contrasting priorities. For Effie, Venice provided an opportunity to socialise, while Ruskin was engaged in solitary studies. In particular, he made a point of drawing the <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_d%27Oro" title="Ca' d'Oro">Ca' d'Oro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Doge%27s_Palace,_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Doge's Palace, Venice">Doge's Palace, or Palazzo Ducale</a>, because he feared that they would be destroyed by the occupying Austrian troops. One of these troops, Lieutenant Charles Paulizza, became friendly with Effie, apparently with Ruskin's consent. Her brother, among others, later claimed that Ruskin was deliberately encouraging the friendship to compromise her, as an excuse to separate. Meanwhile, Ruskin was making the extensive sketches and notes that he used for his three-volume work <a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> (1851–53).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Developing from a technical history of Venetian architecture from the Byzantine to the Renaissance, into a broad cultural history, Stones represented Ruskin's opinion of contemporary England. It served as a warning about the moral and spiritual health of society. Ruskin argued that Venice had degenerated slowly. Its cultural achievements had been compromised, and its society corrupted, by the decline of true Christian faith. Instead of revering the divine, Renaissance artists honoured themselves, arrogantly celebrating human sensuousness. The chapter, "The Nature of Gothic" appeared in the second volume of Stones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn10.180–269-44">[44]</a> Praising Gothic ornament, Ruskin argued that it was an expression of the artisan's joy in free, creative work. The worker must be allowed to think and to express his own personality and ideas, ideally using his own hands, rather than machinery. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We want one man to be always thinking, and another to be always working, and we call one a gentleman, and the other an operative; whereas the workman ought often to be thinking, and the thinker often to be working, and both should be gentlemen, in the best sense. As it is, we make both ungentle, the one envying, the other despising, his brother; and the mass of society is made up of morbid thinkers and miserable workers. Now it is only by labour that thought can be made healthy, and only by thought that labour can be made happy, and the two cannot be separated with impunity.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Ruskin, The Stones of Venice vol. II: Cook and Wedderburn 10.201.</cite></div></blockquote> This was both an aesthetic attack on, and a social critique of, the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> in particular, and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">industrial capitalism</a> in general. This chapter had a profound effect, and was reprinted both by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian socialist">Christian socialist</a> founders of the <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> pioneer and socialist <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Raphaelites">Pre-Raphaelites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-Raphaelites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Millais_Ruskin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Millais_Ruskin.jpg/220px-Millais_Ruskin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Millais_Ruskin.jpg/330px-Millais_Ruskin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Millais_Ruskin.jpg/440px-Millais_Ruskin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ruskin (painting)">John Ruskin</a> painted by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> artist <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a> standing at <a href="/wiki/Glen_Finglas" title="Glen Finglas">Glen Finglas</a>, Scotland, (1853–54).<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> had established the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a> in 1848. The Pre-Raphaelite commitment to 'naturalism' – "paint[ing] from nature only",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.357n-47">[47]</a> depicting nature in fine detail, had been influenced by Ruskin. Ruskin became acquainted with Millais after the artists made an approach to Ruskin through their mutual friend <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Patmore" title="Coventry Patmore">Coventry Patmore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Initially, Ruskin had not been impressed by Millais's <a href="/wiki/Christ_in_the_House_of_His_Parents" title="Christ in the House of His Parents">Christ in the House of His Parents</a> (1849–50), a painting that was considered blasphemous at the time, but Ruskin wrote letters defending the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood to <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> during May 1851.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.319–335-49">[49]</a> Providing Millais with artistic patronage and encouragement, in the summer of 1853 the artist (and his brother) travelled to Scotland with Ruskin and Effie where, at <a href="/wiki/Glen_Finglas" title="Glen Finglas">Glen Finglas</a>, he painted the closely observed landscape background of <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a> rock to which, as had always been intended, he later added <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ruskin (painting)">Ruskin's portrait</a>. Millais had painted a picture of Effie for <a href="/wiki/The_Order_of_Release" class="mw-redirect" title="The Order of Release">The Order of Release, 1746</a>, exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1852. Suffering increasingly from physical illness and acute mental anxiety, Effie was arguing fiercely with her husband and his intense and overly protective parents, and sought solace with her own parents in Scotland. The Ruskin marriage was already undermined as she and Millais fell in love, and Effie left Ruskin, causing a public scandal. During April 1854, Effie filed her <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">suit of nullity</a>, on grounds of "non-consummation" owing to his "incurable <a href="/wiki/Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotency</a>",<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> a charge Ruskin later disputed.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Ruskin wrote, "I can prove my virility at once."<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The annulment was granted in July. Ruskin did not even mention it in his diary. Effie married Millais the following year. The complex reasons for the non-consummation and ultimate failure of the Ruskin marriage are a matter of enduring speculation and debate. Ruskin continued to support <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">Hunt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Rossetti</a>. He also provided an annuity of £150 in 1855–1857 to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Siddal" title="Elizabeth Siddal">Elizabeth Siddal</a>, Rossetti's wife, to encourage her art (and paid for the services of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Acland" title="Henry Acland">Henry Acland</a> for her medical care).<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> Other artists influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites also received both critical and financial assistance from Ruskin, including <a href="/wiki/John_Brett_(artist)" title="John Brett (artist)">John Brett</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_William_Inchbold" title="John William Inchbold">John William Inchbold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a>, who became a good friend (he called him "Brother Ned").<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> His father's disapproval of such friends was a further cause of tension between them. During this period Ruskin wrote regular reviews of the annual exhibitions at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> with the title Academy Notes (1855–1859, 1875).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburnvol._14-56">[56]</a> They were highly influential, capable of making or breaking reputations. The satirical magazine <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a> published the lines (24 May 1856), "I paints and paints,/hears no complaints/And sells before I'm dry,/Till savage Ruskin/He sticks his tusk in/Then nobody will buy."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Ruskin was an art-philanthropist: in March 1861 he gave 48 <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a> drawings to the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashmolean">Ashmolean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, and a further 25 to the <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_Museum" title="Fitzwilliam Museum">Fitzwilliam Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> in May.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Ruskin's own work was very distinctive, and he occasionally exhibited his watercolours: in the United States in 1857–58 and 1879, for example; and in England, at the Fine Art Society in 1878, and at the Royal Society of Painters in Watercolour (of which he was an honorary member) in 1879. He created many careful studies of natural forms, based on his detailed botanical, geological and architectural observations.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Examples of his work include a painted, floral pilaster decoration in the central room of <a href="/wiki/Wallington_Hall" title="Wallington Hall">Wallington Hall</a> in Northumberland, home of his friend <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Trevelyan">Pauline Trevelyan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass window</a> in the Little Church of St Francis Funtley, <a href="/wiki/Fareham,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Fareham, Hampshire">Fareham, Hampshire</a> is reputed to have been designed by him. Originally placed in the St. Peter's Church Duntisbourne Abbots near <a href="/wiki/Cirencester" title="Cirencester">Cirencester</a>, the window depicts the Ascension and the Nativity.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Ruskin's theories also inspired some architects to adapt the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic style</a>. Such buildings created what has been called a distinctive "Ruskinian Gothic".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Through his friendship with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Acland" title="Henry Acland">Henry Acland</a>, Ruskin supported attempts to establish what became the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a> (designed by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Woodward" title="Benjamin Woodward">Benjamin Woodward</a>) — which is the closest thing to a model of this style, but still failed to satisfy Ruskin completely. The many twists and turns in the Museum's development, not least its increasing cost, and the University authorities' less than enthusiastic attitude towards it, proved increasingly frustrating for Ruskin.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruskin_and_education">Ruskin and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ruskin and education">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Museum</a> was part of a wider plan to improve science provision at Oxford, something the University initially resisted. Ruskin's first formal teaching role came about in the mid-1850s,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> when he taught drawing classes (assisted by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian socialists">Christian socialists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_James_Furnivall" title="Frederick James Furnivall">Frederick James Furnivall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">Frederick Denison Maurice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Although Ruskin did not share the founders' politics, he strongly supported the idea that through education workers could achieve a crucially important sense of (self-)fulfilment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.553-65">[65]</a> One result of this involvement was Ruskin's Elements of Drawing (1857).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn15.23-232-66">[66]</a> He had taught several women drawing, by means of correspondence, and his book represented both a response and a challenge to contemporary drawing manuals.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The WMC was also a useful recruiting ground for assistants, on some of whom Ruskin would later come to rely, such as his future publisher, <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(publisher)" title="George Allen (publisher)">George Allen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> From 1859 until 1868, Ruskin was involved with the progressive school for girls at <a href="/wiki/Winnington_Hall" title="Winnington Hall">Winnington Hall</a> in Cheshire. A frequent visitor, letter-writer, and donor of pictures and geological specimens to the school, Ruskin approved of the mixture of sports, handicrafts, music and dancing encouraged by its principal, Miss Bell.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The association led to Ruskin's sub-Socratic work, The Ethics of the Dust (1866), an imagined conversation with Winnington's girls in which he cast himself as the "Old Lecturer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.197–372-70">[70]</a> On the surface a discourse on crystallography, it is a metaphorical exploration of social and political ideals. In the 1880s, Ruskin became involved with another educational institution, <a href="/wiki/Whitelands_College" title="Whitelands College">Whitelands College</a>, a training college for teachers, where he instituted a <a href="/wiki/May_Queen" title="May Queen">May Queen</a> festival that endures today.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> (It was also replicated in the 19th century at the <a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a> High School for Girls.) Ruskin also bestowed books and gemstones upon <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerville College">Somerville College</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>'s first two <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_college" title="Women's college">women's colleges</a>, which he visited regularly, and was similarly generous to other educational institutions for women.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Painters_III_and_IV">Modern Painters III and IV</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Modern Painters III and IV">edit</a>]</div> Both volumes III and IV of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> were published in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In MP III Ruskin argued that all great art is "the expression of the spirits of great men".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.69-75">[75]</a> Only the morally and spiritually healthy are capable of admiring the noble and the beautiful, and transforming them into great art by imaginatively penetrating their essence. MP IV presents the geology of the Alps in terms of landscape painting, and their moral and spiritual influence on those living nearby. The contrasting final chapters, "The Mountain Glory" and "The Mountain Gloom"<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> provide an early example of Ruskin's social analysis, highlighting the poverty of the peasants living in the lower Alps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.385–417,_418–68-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_lecturer">Public lecturer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Public lecturer">edit</a>]</div> In addition to leading more formal teaching classes, from the 1850s Ruskin became an increasingly popular public lecturer. His first public lectures were given in Edinburgh, in November 1853, on architecture and painting. His lectures at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Treasures_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Treasures Exhibition">Art Treasures Exhibition</a>, Manchester in 1857, were collected as The Political Economy of Art and later under <a href="/wiki/Keats" class="mw-redirect" title="Keats">Keats</a>'s phrase, A Joy For Ever.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.9-174-79">[79]</a> In these lectures, Ruskin spoke about how to acquire art, and how to use it, arguing that England had forgotten that true wealth is virtue, and that art is an index of a nation's well-being. Individuals have a responsibility to consume wisely, stimulating beneficent demand. The increasingly critical tone and political nature of Ruskin's interventions outraged his father and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_School_of_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester School of economics">"Manchester School" of economists</a>, as represented by a hostile review in the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Examiner_and_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Examiner and Times">Manchester Examiner and Times</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> As the Ruskin scholar Helen Gill Viljoen noted, Ruskin was increasingly critical of his father, especially in letters written by Ruskin directly to him, many of them still unpublished.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Ruskin gave the inaugural address at the Cambridge School of Art in 1858, an institution from which the modern-day <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> has grown.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In The Two Paths (1859), five lectures given in London, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Tunbridge_Wells" title="Royal Tunbridge Wells">Tunbridge Wells</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.251–426-83">[83]</a> Ruskin argued that a 'vital law' underpins art and architecture, drawing on the <a href="/wiki/Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">labour theory of value</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.251-84">[84]</a> (For other addresses and letters, Cook and Wedderburn, vol. 16, pp. 427–87.) The year 1859 also marked his last tour of Europe with his ageing parents, during which they visited <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turner_Bequest">Turner Bequest</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Turner Bequest">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin had been in Venice when he heard about <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner's</a> death in 1851. Being named an executor to Turner's will was an honour that Ruskin respectfully declined, but later took up. Ruskin's book in celebration of the sea, The Harbours of England, revolving around Turner's drawings, was published in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.9–80-85">[85]</a> In January 1857, Ruskin's Notes on the Turner Gallery at <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_House" title="Marlborough House">Marlborough House</a>, 1856 was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.95–186-86">[86]</a> He persuaded the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a> to allow him to work on the Turner Bequest of nearly 20,000 individual artworks left to the nation by the artist. This involved Ruskin in an enormous amount of work, completed in May 1858, and involved cataloguing, framing and conserving.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Four hundred watercolours were displayed in cabinets of Ruskin's own design.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> Recent scholarship has argued that Ruskin did not, as previously thought, collude in the destruction of Turner's erotic drawings,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> but his work on the Bequest did modify his attitude towards Turner.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> (See below, <a href="#Turner's_erotic_drawings">Controversies: Turner's Erotic Drawings</a>.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_"unconversion"">Religious "unconversion"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religious "unconversion"">edit</a>]</div> In 1858, Ruskin was again travelling in Europe. The tour took him from <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, where he saw <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Paolo Veronese</a>'s Presentation of the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Sabauda" title="Galleria Sabauda">Galleria Sabauda</a>. He would later claim (in April 1877) that the discovery of this painting, contrasting starkly with a particularly dull sermon that he had listened to at a <a href="/wiki/Waldensian" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldensian">Waldensian</a> church in Turin, led to his "unconversion" from <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christianity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.89-90">[90]</a> He had, however, doubted his Evangelical Christian faith for some time, shaken by Biblical and geological scholarship that was claimed to have undermined the literal truth and absolute authority of the Bible:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> "those dreadful hammers!" he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Acland" title="Henry Acland">Henry Acland</a>, "I hear the chink of them at the end of every cadence of the Bible verses."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn36.115-92">[92]</a> This "loss of faith" precipitated a considerable personal crisis. His confidence undermined, he believed that much of his writing to date had been founded on a bed of lies and half-truths.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> He later returned to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-victorianweb.org-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_critic_and_reformer:_Unto_This_Last">Social critic and reformer: Unto This Last</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social critic and reformer: Unto This Last">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:380px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Whenever I look or travel in England or abroad, I see that men, wherever they can reach, destroy all beauty. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">John Ruskin, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> V (1860): Ruskin, Cook and Wedderburn, 7.422–423.</cite> </div> Although in 1877 Ruskin said that in 1860, "I gave up my art work and wrote <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>… the central work of my life" the break was not so dramatic or final.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Following his crisis of faith, and urged to political and economic work by his professed "master" <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>, to whom he acknowledged that he "owed more than to any other living writer", Ruskin shifted his emphasis in the late 1850s from art towards social issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.lxx-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn14.288,_24.347,_34.355,_590-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.507-98">[98]</a> Nevertheless, he continued to lecture on and write about a wide range of subjects including art and, among many other matters, geology (in June 1863 he lectured on the Alps), art practice and judgement (The Cestus of Aglaia), botany and mythology (Proserpina and The Queen of the Air). He continued to draw and paint in watercolours, and to travel extensively across Europe with servants and friends. In 1868, his tour took him to <a href="/wiki/Abbeville" title="Abbeville">Abbeville</a>, and in the following year he was in <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a> (studying tombs for the <a href="/wiki/Arundel_Society" title="Arundel Society">Arundel Society</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> (where he was joined by <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>). Yet increasingly Ruskin concentrated his energies on fiercely attacking <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">industrial capitalism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">utilitarian</a> theories of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> underpinning it. He repudiated his sometimes grandiloquent style, writing now in plainer, simpler language, to communicate his message straightforwardly.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Category:Critique of political economy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#228B22;padding-bottom:0;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismal Science">Dismal Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_criticism" title="Value criticism">Value criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" title="Sign (semiotics)">Sign</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg%27s_Little_Catechism_for_the_Underclass" title="August Strindberg's Little Catechism for the Underclass">August Strindberg's Little Catechism for the Underclass</a></li></ul> <div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard#The_object_value_system" title="Jean Baudrillard">For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Times_(novel)" title="Hard Times (novel)">Hard Times (novel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlines_of_a_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy">Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accursed_Share" title="The Accursed Share">The Accursed Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Production" title="The Mirror of Production">The Mirror of Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Have_Never_Been_Modern" title="We Have Never Been Modern">We Have Never Been Modern</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">18th–19th-century people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jonas_Love_Almqvist" title="Carl Jonas Love Almqvist">Carl Jonas Love Almqvist</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">20th–21st-century people</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Bruno Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Robert Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Moishe Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrine_Mar%C3%A7al" title="Katrine Marçal">Katrine Marçal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._K._Hunt" title="E. K. Hunt">E. K. Hunt</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assume_a_can_opener" title="Assume a can opener">Assume a can opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox economics">Orthodox economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathiness" title="Mathiness">Mathiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_bias" title="Status quo bias">Status quo bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylized_fact" title="Stylized fact">Stylized fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-autistic_economics" title="Post-autistic economics">Post-autistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">Time-use research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Template:Critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:380px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> There is no wealth but life. Life, including all its powers of love, of joy, and of admiration. That country is the richest which nourishes the greatest number of noble and happy human beings; that man is richest who, having perfected the functions of his own life to the utmost, has always the widest helpful influence, both personal, and by means of his possessions, over the lives of others. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">John Ruskin, <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>: Cook and Wedderburn, 17.105</cite> </div> Ruskin authored several works on political economy.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Ruskin's social view broadened from concerns about the dignity of labour to consider issues of citizenship and notions of the ideal community. Just as he had questioned aesthetic orthodoxy in his earliest writings, he now dissected the orthodox political economy espoused by <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, based on theories of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> and competition drawn from the work of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>. In his four essays <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>, Ruskin rejected the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> as dehumanising (separating the labourer from the product of his work), and argued that the false "science" of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> failed to consider the social affections that bind communities together. He articulated an extended metaphor of household and family, drawing on <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a> to demonstrate the communal and sometimes sacrificial nature of true economics.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> For Ruskin, all economies and societies are ideally founded on a politics of <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>. His ideas influenced the concept of the "<a href="/wiki/Social_economy" title="Social economy">social economy</a>", characterised by networks of charitable, co-operative and other <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organisations</a>. The essays were originally published in consecutive monthly instalments of the new <a href="/wiki/Cornhill_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornhill Magazine">Cornhill Magazine</a> between August and November 1860 (and published in a single volume in 1862).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.15–118-103">[103]</a> However, the Cornhill's editor, <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray">William Makepeace Thackeray</a>, was forced to abandon the series by the outcry of the magazine's largely conservative readership and the fears of a nervous publisher (<a href="/wiki/Smith,_Elder_%26_Co." title="Smith, Elder & Co.">Smith, Elder & Co.</a>). The reaction of the national press was hostile, and Ruskin was, he claimed, "reprobated in a violent manner".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Ruskin's father also strongly disapproved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn36.415-105">[105]</a> Others were enthusiastic, including Carlyle, who wrote, "I have read your Paper with exhilaration… Such a thing flung suddenly into half a million dull British heads… will do a great deal of good", declaring that they were "henceforth in a minority of two",<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> a notion which Ruskin seconded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn37.15-107">[107]</a> Ruskin's political ideas, and <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> in particular, later proved highly influential. The essays were praised and paraphrased in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, a wide range of autodidacts cited their positive impact, the economist <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a> and many of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour party</a> credited them as an influence.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Ruskin believed in a hierarchical social structure. He wrote "I was, and my father was before me, a violent Tory of the old school."<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> He believed in man's duty to God, and while he sought to improve the conditions of the poor, he opposed attempts to level social differences and sought to resolve social inequalities by abandoning capitalism in favour of a co-operative structure of society based on obedience and benevolent philanthropy, rooted in the agricultural economy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If there be any one point insisted on throughout my works more frequently than another, that one point is the impossibility of Equality. My continual aim has been to show the eternal superiority of some men to others, sometimes even of one man to all others; and to show also the advisability of appointing such persons or person to guide, to lead, or on occasion even to compel and subdue, their inferiors, according to their own better knowledge and wiser will.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Ruskin, <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>: Cook and Wedderburn 17.34</cite></div></blockquote> Ruskin's explorations of nature and aesthetics in the fifth and final volume of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> focused on <a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Veronese" title="Paolo Veronese">Veronese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a>. Ruskin asserted that the components of the greatest artworks are held together, like human communities, in a quasi-organic unity. Competitive struggle is destructive. Uniting <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> V and <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> is Ruskin's "Law of Help":<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Government and cooperation are in all things and eternally the laws of life. Anarchy and competition, eternally, and in all things, the laws of death.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>John Ruskin, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> V and <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>: Cook and Wedderburn 7.207 and 17.25.</cite></div></blockquote> Ruskin's next work on political economy, redefining some of the basic terms of the discipline, also ended prematurely, when <a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a>, under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/James_Anthony_Froude" title="James Anthony Froude">James Anthony Froude</a>, cut short his Essays on Political Economy (1862–63) (later collected as Munera Pulveris (1872)).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.129–298-111">[111]</a> Ruskin further explored political themes in Time and Tide (1867),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.309–484-112">[112]</a> his letters to Thomas Dixon, a cork-cutter in <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland, Tyne and Wear</a> who had a well-established interest in literary and artistic matters. In these letters, Ruskin promoted honesty in work and exchange, just relations in employment and the need for co-operation. Ruskin's sense of politics was not confined to theory. On his father's death in 1864, he inherited an estate worth between £120,000 and £157,000 (the exact figure is disputed).<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> This considerable fortune, inherited from the father he described on his tombstone as "an entirely honest merchant",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.lxxvii-114">[114]</a> gave him the means to engage in personal philanthropy and practical schemes of social amelioration. One of his first actions was to support the housing work of <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill">Octavia Hill</a> (originally one of his art pupils): he bought property in <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a> to aid her philanthropic housing scheme.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> But Ruskin's endeavours extended to the establishment of a shop selling pure tea in any quantity desired at 29 Paddington Street, <a href="/wiki/Paddington" title="Paddington">Paddington</a> (giving employment to two former Ruskin family servants) and crossing-sweepings to keep the area around the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> clean and tidy. Modest as these practical schemes were, they represented a symbolic challenge to the existing state of society. Yet his greatest practical experiments would come in his later years. In 1865–66, Ruskin became involved in the controversy surrounding <a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Eyre" title="Edward John Eyre">Edward John Eyre</a>'s suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Morant_Bay_rebellion" title="Morant Bay rebellion">Morant Bay rebellion</a>. Mill formed the Jamaica Committee for the purpose of holding Governor Eyre accountable for what they perceived to be his unlawful, inhumane, and unnecessary quelling of the insurrection. In response, the Eyre Defence and Aid Fund was formed to support Eyre for having fulfilled his duty to defend order and save the white population from danger; Carlyle served as the chairman. Ruskin allied with the Defence, writing a letter which appeared in the <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> in December 1865 ("they are for Liberty, and I am for Lordship; they are Mob's men, and I am a King's man"), donating £100 to the Fund, and giving a speech at Waterloo Place on <a href="/wiki/Pall_Mall,_London" title="Pall Mall, London">Pall Mall</a> in September 1866, also reported in the Telegraph. In addition to this, Ruskin "threw himself into" personal work for the Defence, "enlisting recruits, persuading waverers, combating objections."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.xlv–xlvi,_550–554-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lectures_in_the_1860s">Lectures in the 1860s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lectures in the 1860s">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin lectured widely in the 1860s, giving the <a href="/wiki/Rede_lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede lecture">Rede lecture</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 1867, for example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn19.163-94-117">[117]</a> He spoke at the <a href="/wiki/British_Institution" title="British Institution">British Institution</a> on 'Modern Art', the Working Men's Institute, <a href="/wiki/Camberwell" title="Camberwell">Camberwell</a> on "Work" and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_Academy,_Woolwich" title="Royal Military Academy, Woolwich">Royal Military Academy, Woolwich</a> on 'War.'<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Ruskin's widely admired lecture, Traffic, on the relation between taste and morality, was delivered in April 1864 at <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> Town Hall, to which he had been invited because of a local debate about the style of a new Exchange building.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> "I do not care about this Exchange", Ruskin told his audience, "because you don't!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.433-120">[120]</a> These last three lectures were published in The Crown of Wild Olive (1866).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.383–533-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_Walk_29.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Library_Walk_29.JPG/220px-Library_Walk_29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Library_Walk_29.JPG/330px-Library_Walk_29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Library_Walk_29.JPG/440px-Library_Walk_29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>"For all books are divisible into two classes: the books of the hour, and the books of all time" – Sesame and Lilies</figcaption></figure> The lectures that comprised Sesame and Lilies (published 1865), delivered in December 1864 at the town halls at <a href="/wiki/Rusholme" title="Rusholme">Rusholme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, are essentially concerned with education and ideal conduct. "Of Kings' Treasuries" (in support of a library fund) explored issues of reading practice, literature (books of the hour vs. books of all time), cultural value and public education. "Of Queens' Gardens" (supporting a school fund) focused on the role of women, asserting their rights and duties in education, according them responsibility for the household and, by extension, for providing the human compassion that must balance a social order dominated by men. This book proved to be one of Ruskin's most popular, and was regularly awarded as a <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Sunday School</a> prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.19-187-122">[122]</a> Its reception over time, however, has been more mixed, and twentieth-century feminists have taken aim at "Of Queens' Gardens" in particular, as an attempt to "subvert the new heresy" of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> by confining women to the domestic sphere.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Although indeed subscribing to the Victorian belief in "separate spheres" for men and women, Ruskin was however unusual in arguing for parity of esteem, a case based on his philosophy that a nation's political economy should be modelled on that of the ideal household. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_(1869–1900)">Later life (1869–1900)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Later life (1869–1900)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxford's_first_Slade_Professor_of_Fine_Art">Oxford's first Slade Professor of Fine Art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Oxford's first Slade Professor of Fine Art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanity_Fair_Caricature_of_Ruskin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vanity_Fair_Caricature_of_Ruskin.jpg/220px-Vanity_Fair_Caricature_of_Ruskin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vanity_Fair_Caricature_of_Ruskin.jpg/330px-Vanity_Fair_Caricature_of_Ruskin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Vanity_Fair_Caricature_of_Ruskin.jpg/440px-Vanity_Fair_Caricature_of_Ruskin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="1429" /></a><figcaption>Caricature by <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Cecioni" title="Adriano Cecioni">Adriano Cecioni</a> published in <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(UK_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanity Fair (UK magazine)">Vanity Fair</a> in 1872</figcaption></figure> Ruskin was unanimously appointed the first <a href="/wiki/Slade_Professor_of_Fine_Art" title="Slade Professor of Fine Art">Slade Professor of Fine Art</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> in August 1869, though largely through the offices of his friend, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Acland" title="Henry Acland">Henry Acland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> He delivered his inaugural lecture on his 51st birthday in 1870, at the <a href="/wiki/Sheldonian_Theatre" title="Sheldonian Theatre">Sheldonian Theatre</a> to a larger-than-expected audience. It was here that he said, "The art of any country is the exponent of its social and political virtues… she [England] must found colonies as fast and as far as she is able, formed of her most energetic and worthiest men;—seizing every piece of fruitful waste ground she can set her foot on…"<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> It has been claimed that <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rhodes" title="Cecil Rhodes">Cecil Rhodes</a> cherished a long-hand copy of the lecture, believing that it supported his own view of the British Empire.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In 1871, John Ruskin founded his own art school at <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ruskin_School_of_Drawing_and_Fine_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art">The Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> It was originally accommodated within the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> but now occupies premises on High Street. Ruskin endowed the drawing mastership with £5000 of his own money. He also established a large collection of drawings, watercolours and other materials (over 800 frames) that he used to illustrate his lectures. The School challenged the orthodox, mechanical methodology of the government art schools (the "South Kensington System").<a href="#cite_note-See_Robert_Hewison_1996-128">[128]</a> Ruskin's lectures were often so popular that they had to be given twice—once for the students, and again for the public. Most of them were eventually published (see <a href="#Select_bibliography">Select Bibliography</a> below). He lectured on a wide range of subjects at Oxford, his interpretation of "Art" encompassing almost every conceivable area of study, including wood and metal engraving (Ariadne Florentina), the relation of science to art (The Eagle's Nest) and sculpture (Aratra Pentelici). His lectures ranged through myth, ornithology, geology, nature-study and literature. "The teaching of Art…", Ruskin wrote, "is the teaching of all things."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.86-129">[129]</a> Ruskin was never careful about offending his employer. When he criticised <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> in a lecture in June 1871 it was seen as an attack on the large collection of that artist's work in the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Most controversial, from the point of view of the University authorities, spectators and the national press, was the digging scheme on <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Hinksey_Road" title="Ferry Hinksey Road">Ferry Hinksey Road</a> at <a href="/wiki/North_Hinksey" title="North Hinksey">North Hinksey</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, instigated by Ruskin in 1874, and continuing into 1875, which involved undergraduates in a road-mending scheme.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The scheme was motivated in part by a desire to teach the virtues of wholesome manual labour. Some of the diggers, who included <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Milner" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Milner">Alfred Milner</a> and Ruskin's future secretary and biographer <a href="/wiki/W._G._Collingwood" title="W. G. Collingwood">W. G. Collingwood</a>, were profoundly influenced by the experience: notably <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Toynbee_(historian,_born_1852)" title="Arnold Toynbee (historian, born 1852)">Arnold Toynbee</a>, Leonard Montefiore and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Robertson_MacEwen" title="Alexander Robertson MacEwen">Alexander Robertson MacEwen</a>. It helped to foster a public service ethic that was later given expression in the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">university settlements</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> and was keenly celebrated by the founders of <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_College" title="Ruskin College">Ruskin Hall, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 1879, Ruskin resigned from Oxford, but resumed his Professorship in 1883, only to resign again in 1884.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> He gave his reason as opposition to <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">vivisection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> but he had increasingly been in conflict with the University authorities, who refused to expand his <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_School_of_Drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin School of Drawing">Drawing School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-See_Robert_Hewison_1996-128">[128]</a> He was also suffering from increasingly poor health. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fors_Clavigera_and_the_Whistler_libel_case">Fors Clavigera and the Whistler libel case</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fors Clavigera and the Whistler libel case">edit</a>]</div> In January 1871, the month before Ruskin started to lecture the wealthy undergraduates at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, he began his series of 96 (monthly) "letters to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain" under the title <a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> (1871–84). (The letters were published irregularly after the 87th instalment in March 1878.) These letters were personal, dealt with every subject in his oeuvre, and were written in a variety of styles, reflecting his mood and circumstances. From 1873, Ruskin had full control over all his publications, having established <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(publisher)" title="George Allen (publisher)">George Allen</a> as his sole publisher (see <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:380px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> For Mr Whistler's own sake, no less for the protection of the purchaser, Sir Coutts Lindsay ought not to have omitted works into the gallery in which the ill-educated conceit of the artist so nearly approached the aspect of wilful imposture. I have seen, and heard, much of cockney impudence before now, but never expected to hear a coxcomb ask two hundred guineas for flinging a pot of paint in the public's face. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">John Ruskin, <a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> (1877)</cite> </div> In the July 1877 letter of <a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a>, Ruskin launched a scathing attack on paintings by <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a> exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Gallery" title="Grosvenor Gallery">Grosvenor Gallery</a>. He found particular fault with <a href="/wiki/Nocturne_in_Black_and_Gold_%E2%80%93_The_Falling_Rocket" title="Nocturne in Black and Gold – The Falling Rocket">Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket</a>, and accused Whistler of asking two hundred guineas for "flinging a pot of paint in the public's face".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.160-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Whistler filed a <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> suit against Ruskin, but Ruskin was ill when the case went to trial in November 1878, so the artist <a href="/wiki/Edward_Burne-Jones" title="Edward Burne-Jones">Edward Burne-Jones</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Holker" title="John Holker">Attorney General Sir John Holker</a> represented him. The trial took place on 25 and 26 November, and many major figures of the art world at the time appeared at the trial. Artist <a href="/wiki/Albert_Joseph_Moore" title="Albert Joseph Moore">Albert Moore</a> appeared as a witness for Whistler, and artist <a href="/wiki/William_Powell_Frith" title="William Powell Frith">William Powell Frith</a> appeared for Ruskin. Frith said "the nocturne in black in gold is not in my opinion worth two hundred guineas". <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Leighton" title="Frederic Leighton">Frederic Leighton</a> also agreed to give evidence for Whistler, but in the end could not attend as he had to go to Windsor to be knighted.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Edward Burne-Jones, representing Ruskin, also asserted that Nocturne in Black and Gold was not a serious work of art. When asked to give reasons, Burne-Jones said he had never seen one painting of <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> that was successful, but also acknowledged that he saw marks of great labour and artistic skill in the painting. In the end, Whistler won the case, but the jury awarded damages of only a derisory <a href="/wiki/British_farthing_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="British farthing coin">farthing</a> (the smallest coin of the realm) to the artist. Court costs were split between the two parties. Ruskin's were paid by public subscription organised by the <a href="/wiki/Fine_Art_Society" title="Fine Art Society">Fine Art Society</a>, but Whistler was bankrupt within six months, and was forced to sell his house on <a href="/wiki/Tite_Street" title="Tite Street">Tite Street</a> in London and move to Venice. The episode tarnished Ruskin's reputation and may have accelerated his mental decline.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> It did nothing to mitigate Ruskin's exaggerated sense of failure in persuading his readers to share in his own keenly felt priorities.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guild_of_St_George">Guild of St George</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Guild of St George">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin founded his utopian society, the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" title="Guild of St George">Guild of St George</a>, in 1871 (although originally it was called St George's Fund, and then St George's Company, before becoming the Guild in 1878). Its aims and objectives were articulated in <a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn27–29-142">[142]</a> A communitarian protest against nineteenth-century industrial capitalism, it had a hierarchical structure, with Ruskin as its Master, and dedicated members called "Companions".<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Ruskin wished to show that contemporary life could still be enjoyed in the countryside, with land being farmed by traditional means, in harmony with the environment, and with the minimum of mechanical assistance.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> He also sought to educate and enrich the lives of industrial workers by inspiring them with beautiful objects. Toward this end, with a tithe (or personal donation) of £7,000, Ruskin acquired land and a collection of art treasures.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Ruskin purchased land initially in <a href="/wiki/Totley" title="Totley">Totley</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, but the agricultural scheme established there by local communists met with only modest success after many difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Donations of land from wealthy and dedicated Companions eventually placed land and property in the Guild's care: in the <a href="/wiki/Wyre_Forest" title="Wyre Forest">Wyre Forest</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Bewdley" title="Bewdley">Bewdley</a>, Worcestershire, called Ruskin Land today;<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barmouth" title="Barmouth">Barmouth</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a>, north-west <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cloughton" title="Cloughton">Cloughton</a>, in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>; <a href="/wiki/Westmill" title="Westmill">Westmill</a> in Hertfordshire;<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheepscombe" title="Sheepscombe">Sheepscombe</a>, Gloucestershire.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In principle, Ruskin worked out a scheme for different grades of "Companion", wrote codes of practice, described styles of dress and even designed the Guild's own coins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn28.417–38_and_28.13–29-151">[151]</a> Ruskin wished to see St George's Schools established, and published various volumes to aid its teaching (his Bibliotheca Pastorum or Shepherd's Library), but the schools themselves were never established.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> (In the 1880s, in a venture loosely related to the Bibliotheca, he supported <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Alexander" title="Francesca Alexander">Francesca Alexander</a>'s publication of some of her tales of peasant life.) In reality, the Guild, which still exists today as a charitable education trust, has only ever operated on a small scale.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Ruskin also wished to see traditional rural handicrafts revived. St. George's Mill was established at <a href="/wiki/Laxey" title="Laxey">Laxey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, producing cloth goods. The Guild also encouraged independent but allied efforts in spinning and weaving at <a href="/wiki/Langdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Langdale">Langdale</a>, in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a> and elsewhere, producing linen and other goods exhibited by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Arts_and_Industries_Association" title="Home Arts and Industries Association">Home Arts and Industries Association</a> and similar organisations.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The Guild's most conspicuous and enduring achievement was the creation of a remarkable collection of art, minerals, books, medieval manuscripts, architectural casts, coins and other precious and beautiful objects. Housed in a cottage museum high on a hill in the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Walkley" title="Walkley">Walkley</a>, it opened in 1875, and was curated by Henry and Emily Swan.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Ruskin had written in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> III (1856) that, "the greatest thing a human soul ever does in this world is to see something, and to tell what it saw in a plain way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.333-156">[156]</a> Through the Museum, Ruskin aimed to bring to the eyes of the working man many of the sights and experiences otherwise reserved for those who could afford to travel across Europe. The original Museum has been digitally recreated online.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> In 1890, the Museum relocated to <a href="/wiki/Meersbrook_Park" title="Meersbrook Park">Meersbrook Park</a>. The collection is now on display at <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Galleries">Millennium Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rose_La_Touche">Rose La Touche</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Rose La Touche">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Rose_La_Touche_1861_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Portrait_of_Rose_La_Touche_1861_2.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Rose_La_Touche_1861_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Portrait_of_Rose_La_Touche_1861_2.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_Rose_La_Touche_1861_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Portrait_of_Rose_La_Touche_1861_2.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_Rose_La_Touche_1861_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1780" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>Rose La Touche, as sketched by Ruskin</figcaption></figure> Ruskin had been introduced to the wealthy Irish La Touche family by <a href="/wiki/Louisa,_Marchioness_of_Waterford" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford">Louisa, Marchioness of Waterford</a>. Maria La Touche, a minor Irish poet and novelist, asked Ruskin to teach her daughters drawing and painting in 1858. <a href="/wiki/Rose_La_Touche" title="Rose La Touche">Rose La Touche</a> was ten. His first meeting came at a time when Ruskin's own religious faith was under strain. This always caused difficulties for the staunchly Protestant La Touche family who at various times prevented the two from meeting.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> A chance meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1869 was one of the few occasions they came into personal contact. After a long illness, she died on 25 May 1875, at the age of 27. These events plunged Ruskin into despair and led to increasingly severe bouts of mental illness involving breakdowns and delirious visions. The first of these had occurred in 1871 at <a href="/wiki/Matlock,_Derbyshire" title="Matlock, Derbyshire">Matlock, Derbyshire</a>, a town and a county that he knew from his boyhood travels, whose flora, fauna, and minerals helped to form and reinforce his appreciation and understanding of nature. Ruskin turned to <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualism</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" title="Séance">séances</a> at <a href="/wiki/Broadlands" title="Broadlands">Broadlands</a>. Ruskin's increasing need to believe in a meaningful universe and a <a href="/wiki/Life_after_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Life after death">life after death</a>, both for himself and his loved ones, helped to revive his Christian faith in the 1870s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel_guides">Travel guides</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Travel guides">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin continued to travel, studying the landscapes, buildings and art of Europe. In May 1870 and June 1872 he admired <a href="/wiki/Vittore_Carpaccio" title="Vittore Carpaccio">Carpaccio</a>'s St Ursula in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, a vision of which, associated with <a href="/wiki/Rose_La_Touche" title="Rose La Touche">Rose La Touche</a>, would haunt him, described in the pages of <a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn27.344-160">[160]</a> In 1874, on his tour of Italy, Ruskin visited <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, the furthest he ever travelled. Ruskin embraced the emerging literary forms, the travel guide (and gallery guide), writing new works, and adapting old ones "to give", he said, "what guidance I may to travellers…"<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> The Stones of Venice was revised, edited and issued in a new "Travellers' Edition" in 1879. Ruskin directed his readers, the would-be traveller, to look with his cultural gaze at the landscapes, buildings and art of France and Italy: Mornings in Florence (1875–1877), The Bible of Amiens (1880–1885) (a close study of its sculpture and a wider history), St Mark's Rest (1877–1884) and A Guide to the Principal Pictures in… Venice (1877). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_writings">Final writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Final writings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin,_1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/John_Ruskin%2C_1882.jpg/220px-John_Ruskin%2C_1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/John_Ruskin%2C_1882.jpg/330px-John_Ruskin%2C_1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/John_Ruskin%2C_1882.jpg/440px-John_Ruskin%2C_1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption>John Ruskin in 1882</figcaption></figure> In the 1880s, Ruskin returned to some literature and themes that had been among his favourites since childhood. He wrote about <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a> in Fiction, Fair and Foul (1880)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn34.265–397-162">[162]</a> in which, as Seth Reno argues, he describes the devastating effects on the landscape caused by industrialization, a vision Reno sees as a realization of the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> He returned to meteorological observations in his lectures, The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth-Century (1884),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn34.7–80-164">[164]</a> describing the apparent effects of industrialisation on weather patterns. Ruskin's Storm-Cloud has been seen as foreshadowing environmentalism and related concerns in the 20th and 21st centuries.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Ruskin's prophetic writings were also tied to his emotions, and his more general (ethical) dissatisfaction with the modern world with which he now felt almost completely out of sympathy. His last great work was his autobiography, Praeterita (1885–1889)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn35.5-562-166">[166]</a> (meaning, 'Of Past Things'), a highly personalised, selective, eloquent but incomplete account of aspects of his life, the preface of which was written in his childhood nursery at <a href="/wiki/Herne_Hill" title="Herne Hill">Herne Hill</a>. The period from the late 1880s was one of steady and inexorable decline. Gradually it became too difficult for him to travel to Europe. He suffered a complete mental collapse on his final tour, which included <a href="/wiki/Beauvais" title="Beauvais">Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sallanches" title="Sallanches">Sallanches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, in 1888. The emergence and dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthetic movement">Aesthetic movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> distanced Ruskin from the modern art world, his ideas on the social utility of art contrasting with the doctrine of "l'art pour l'art" or "art for art's sake" that was beginning to dominate. His later writings were increasingly seen as irrelevant, especially as he seemed to be more interested in book illustrators such as <a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway" title="Kate Greenaway">Kate Greenaway</a> than in modern art. He also attacked aspects of <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinian theory</a> with increasing violence, although he knew and respected <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> personally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brantwood_and_final_years">Brantwood and final years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Brantwood and final years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin%27s_grave,_and_family_plot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1231315.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Ruskin%27s_grave%2C_and_family_plot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1231315.jpg/220px-John_Ruskin%27s_grave%2C_and_family_plot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1231315.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/John_Ruskin%27s_grave%2C_and_family_plot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1231315.jpg/330px-John_Ruskin%27s_grave%2C_and_family_plot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1231315.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/John_Ruskin%27s_grave%2C_and_family_plot_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1231315.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Grave of John Ruskin, in <a href="/wiki/Coniston,_Cumbria" title="Coniston, Cumbria">Coniston</a> churchyard</figcaption></figure> In August 1871, Ruskin purchased, from <a href="/wiki/W._J._Linton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. J. Linton">W. J. Linton</a>, the then somewhat dilapidated <a href="/wiki/Brantwood" title="Brantwood">Brantwood</a> house, on the shores of <a href="/wiki/Coniston_Water" title="Coniston Water">Coniston Water</a>, in the English <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, paying £1500 for it. Brantwood was Ruskin's main home from 1872 until his death. His estate provided a site for more of his practical schemes and experiments: he had an ice house built, and the gardens comprehensively rearranged. He oversaw the construction of a larger harbour (from where he rowed his boat, the Jumping Jenny), and he altered the house (adding a dining room, a turret to his bedroom to give him a panoramic view of the lake, and he later extended the property to accommodate his relatives). He built a reservoir and redirected the waterfall down the hills, adding a slate seat that faced the tumbling stream and craggy rocks rather than the lake, so that he could closely observe the fauna and flora of the hillside.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Although Ruskin's 80th birthday was widely celebrated in 1899 (various Ruskin societies presenting him with an elaborately illuminated congratulatory address), Ruskin was scarcely aware of it.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> He died at Brantwood from <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> on 20 January 1900 at the age of 80.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> He was buried five days later in the churchyard at <a href="/wiki/Coniston,_Cumbria" title="Coniston, Cumbria">Coniston</a>, according to his wishes.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> As he had grown weaker, suffering prolonged bouts of mental illness, he had been looked after by his second cousin, Joan(na) Severn (formerly "companion" to Ruskin's mother) and she and her family inherited his estate. Joanna's Care was the eloquent final chapter of Ruskin's memoir, which he dedicated to her as a fitting tribute.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Joan Severn, together with Ruskin's secretary, <a href="/wiki/W._G._Collingwood" title="W. G. Collingwood">W. G. Collingwood</a>, and his eminent American friend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Eliot_Norton" title="Charles Eliot Norton">Charles Eliot Norton</a>, were executors to his will. <a href="/wiki/E._T._Cook" title="E. T. Cook">E. T. Cook</a> and Alexander Wedderburn edited the monumental 39-volume Library Edition of Ruskin's Works, the last volume of which, an index, attempts to demonstrate the complex interconnectedness of Ruskin's thought. They all acted together to guard, and even control, Ruskin's public and personal reputation.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The centenary of Ruskin's birth was keenly celebrated in 1919, but his reputation was already in decline and sank further in the fifty years that followed.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> The contents of Ruskin's home were dispersed in a series of sales at auction, and Brantwood itself was bought in 1932 by the educationist and Ruskin enthusiast, collector and memorialist, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Whitehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="John Howard Whitehouse">John Howard Whitehouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> Brantwood was opened in 1934 as a memorial to Ruskin and remains open to the public today.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" title="Guild of St George">Guild of St George</a> continues to thrive as an educational charity, and has an international membership.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> The Ruskin Society organises events throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> A series of public celebrations of Ruskin's multiple legacies took place in 2000, on the centenary of his death, and events are planned throughout 2019, to mark the bicentenary of his birth.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Note_on_Ruskin's_personal_appearance">Note on Ruskin's personal appearance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Note on Ruskin's personal appearance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_at_Brantwood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_at_Brantwood.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_at_Brantwood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_at_Brantwood.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_at_Brantwood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_at_Brantwood.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_John_Ruskin_at_Brantwood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of John Ruskin, leaning against a wall at Brantwood, 1885</figcaption></figure> In middle age, and at his prime as a lecturer, Ruskin was described as slim, perhaps a little short,<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> with an aquiline nose and brilliant, piercing blue eyes. Often sporting a double-breasted waistcoat, a high collar and, when necessary, a <a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">frock coat</a>, he also wore his trademark blue neckcloth.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> From 1878 he cultivated an increasingly long beard, and took on the appearance of an "Old Testament" prophet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruskin_in_the_eyes_of_a_student">Ruskin in the eyes of a student</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ruskin in the eyes of a student">edit</a>]</div> The following description of Ruskin as a lecturer was written by an eyewitness, who was a student at the time (1884): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[Ruskin's] election to the second term of the Slade professorship took place in 1884, and he was announced to lecture at the Science Schools, by the park. I went off, never dreaming of difficulty about getting into any professorial lecture; but all the accesses were blocked, and finally I squeezed in between the Vice-Chancellor and his attendants as they forced a passage. All the young women in Oxford and all the girls' schools had got in before us and filled the semi-circular auditorium. Every inch was crowded, and still no lecturer; and it was not apparent how he could arrive. Presently there was a commotion in the doorway, and over the heads and shoulders of tightly packed young men, a loose bundle was handed in and down the steps, till on the floor a small figure was deposited, which stood up and shook itself out, amused and good humoured, climbed on to the dais, spread out papers and began to read in a pleasant though fluting voice. Long hair, brown with grey through it; a soft brown beard, also streaked with grey; some loose kind of black garment (possibly to be described as a frock coat) with a master's gown over it; loose baggy trousers, a thin gold chain round his neck with glass suspended, a lump of soft tie of some finely spun blue silk; and eyes much bluer than the tie: that was Ruskin as he came back to Oxford.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Stephen Gwynn, Experiences of a Literary Man (1926)<a href="#cite_note-Gwynn-181">[181]</a></cite></div></blockquote> An incident where the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts</a> master <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> had aroused the anger of <a href="/wiki/James_Franck_Bright" title="James Franck Bright">Dr Bright</a>, Master of <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>, served to demonstrate Ruskin's charisma: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">William Morris had come to lecture on "Art and plutocracy" in the hall of University College. The title did not suggest an exhortation to join a Socialist alliance, but that was what we got. When he ended, the Master of University, Dr Bright, stood up and instead of returning thanks, protested that the hall had been lent for a lecture on art and would certainly not have been made available for preaching Socialism. He stammered a little at all times, and now, finding the ungracious words literally stick in his throat, sat down, leaving the remonstrance incomplete but clearly indicated. The situation was most unpleasant. Morris at any time was choleric and his face flamed red over his white shirt front: he probably thought he had conceded enough by assuming against his usage a conventional garb. There was a hubbub, and then from the audience Ruskin rose and instantly there was quiet. With a few courteous well chosen sentences he made everybody feel that we were an assembly of gentlemen, that Morris was not only an artist but a gentleman and an Oxford man, and had said or done nothing which gentlemen in Oxford should resent; and the whole storm subsided before that gentle authority.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Stephen Gwynn, Experiences of a Literary Man (1926)<a href="#cite_note-Gwynn-181">[181]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_smiling_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gandhi_smiling_1942.jpg/220px-Gandhi_smiling_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gandhi_smiling_1942.jpg/330px-Gandhi_smiling_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Gandhi_smiling_1942.jpg/440px-Gandhi_smiling_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> was inspired by Ruskin's 1860 work <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International">International</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: International">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin's influence reached across the world. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a> described him as "one of the most remarkable men not only of England and of our generation, but of all countries and times" and quoted extensively from him, rendering his ideas into Russian.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust</a> not only admired Ruskin but helped translate his works into French.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a> wrote of the "magic spell" cast on him by <a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> and paraphrased the work in Gujarati, calling it <a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a>, "The Advancement of All".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In Japan, Ryuzo Mikimoto actively collaborated in Ruskin's translation. He commissioned sculptures and sundry commemorative items, and incorporated Ruskinian rose motifs in the jewellery produced by his cultured pearl empire. He established the Ruskin Society of Tokyo and his children built a dedicated library to house his Ruskin collection.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> A number of utopian socialist <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin Colonies">Ruskin Colonies</a> attempted to put his political ideals into practice. These communities included <a href="/wiki/Ruskin,_Florida" title="Ruskin, Florida">Ruskin, Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruskin,_British_Columbia" title="Ruskin, British Columbia">Ruskin, British Columbia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Colony" title="Ruskin Colony">Ruskin Commonwealth Association</a>, a colony in <a href="/wiki/Dickson_County,_Tennessee" title="Dickson County, Tennessee">Dickson County, Tennessee</a> in existence from 1894 to 1899. One of Ruskin's students, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Radcliffe_Whitehead" title="Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead">Ralph Radcliffe Whitehead</a>, founded the <a href="/wiki/Byrdcliffe_Colony" title="Byrdcliffe Colony">Byrdcliffe Colony</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York" title="Woodstock, New York">Woodstock, New York</a>, partly inspired by his teacher's beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Ruskin's work has been translated into numerous languages including, in addition to those already mentioned (Russian, French, Japanese): German, Italian, Catalan, Spanish, Portuguese, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Czech, Chinese, Welsh, <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gikuyu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gikuyu language">Gikuyu</a>, and several Indian languages such as <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskin_Cannery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ruskin_Cannery.jpg/220px-Ruskin_Cannery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ruskin_Cannery.jpg/330px-Ruskin_Cannery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ruskin_Cannery.jpg/440px-Ruskin_Cannery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Cannery operation in the Ruskin Cooperative, 1896</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art,_architecture_and_literature">Art, architecture and literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Art, architecture and literature">edit</a>]</div> Theorists and practitioners in a broad range of disciplines acknowledged their debt to Ruskin. Architects including <a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Sullivan" title="Louis Sullivan">Louis Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gropius" title="Walter Gropius">Walter Gropius</a> incorporated his ideas in their work.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Writers as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> felt Ruskin's influence.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The American poet <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a> was an enthusiastic Ruskin reader. Art historians and critics, among them <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Roger Fry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Worringer" title="Wilhelm Worringer">Wilhelm Worringer</a>, knew Ruskin's work well.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Admirers ranged from the British-born American watercolourist and engraver <a href="/wiki/John_William_Hill" title="John William Hill">John William Hill</a> to the sculptor-designer, printmaker and utopianist <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">Eric Gill</a>. Explorer <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wilson_(explorer)" title="Edward Wilson (explorer)">Edward Wilson</a> used his works as an influence as while painting scientific and artistic sketches and watercolours of the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Nova_Expedition" title="Terra Nova Expedition">Terra Nova Expedition</a>. Aside from <a href="/wiki/E._T._Cook" title="E. T. Cook">E. T. Cook</a>, Ruskin's editor and biographer, other leading British journalists influenced by Ruskin include <a href="/wiki/J._A._Spender" title="J. A. Spender">J. A. Spender</a>, and the war correspondent <a href="/wiki/H._W._Nevinson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. W. Nevinson">H. W. Nevinson</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:380px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> No true disciple of mine will ever be a "Ruskinian"! – he will follow, not me, but the instincts of his own soul, and the guidance of its Creator. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Cook and Wedderburn, 24.357.</cite> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Craft_and_conservation">Craft and conservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Craft and conservation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._R._Ashbee" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Ashbee">C. R. Ashbee</a> (of the Guild of Handicraft) were keen disciples, and through them Ruskin's legacy can be traced in the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a>. Ruskin's ideas on the preservation of open spaces and the conservation of historic buildings and places inspired his friends <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill">Octavia Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hardwicke_Rawnsley" title="Hardwicke Rawnsley">Hardwicke Rawnsley</a> to help found the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Society,_education_and_sport">Society, education and sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Society, education and sport">edit</a>]</div> Pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">town planning</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coglan_Horsfall" title="Thomas Coglan Horsfall">Thomas Coglan Horsfall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a> called Ruskin an inspiration and invoked his ideas in justification of their own social interventions; likewise the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">garden city movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Howard" title="Ebenezer Howard">Ebenezer Howard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Unwin" title="Raymond Unwin">Raymond Unwin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a>'s community in Millthorpe, Derbyshire was partly inspired by Ruskin, and John Kenworthy's colony at <a href="/wiki/Purleigh" title="Purleigh">Purleigh</a>, Essex, which was briefly a refuge for the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobor" class="mw-redirect" title="Doukhobor">Doukhobors</a>, combined Ruskin's ideas and Tolstoy's. The most prolific collector of Ruskiniana was <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Whitehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="John Howard Whitehouse">John Howard Whitehouse</a>, who saved Ruskin's home, <a href="/wiki/Brantwood" title="Brantwood">Brantwood</a>, and opened it as a permanent Ruskin memorial. Inspired by Ruskin's educational ideals, Whitehouse established <a href="/wiki/Bembridge_School" title="Bembridge School">Bembridge School</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>, and ran it along Ruskinian lines. Educationists from William Jolly to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ernest_Sadler" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Ernest Sadler">Michael Ernest Sadler</a> wrote about and appreciated Ruskin's ideas.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_College" title="Ruskin College">Ruskin College</a>, an educational establishment in Oxford originally intended for working men, was named after him by its American founders, Walter Vrooman and <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>. Ruskin's innovative publishing experiment, conducted by his one-time <a href="/wiki/Working_Men%27s_College" title="Working Men's College">Working Men's College</a> pupil <a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(publisher)" title="George Allen (publisher)">George Allen</a>, whose business was eventually merged to become <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>, anticipated the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Net_Book_Agreement" title="Net Book Agreement">Net Book Agreement</a>. Ruskin's Drawing Collection, a collection of 1470 works of art he gathered as learning aids for the <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_School_of_Drawing_and_Fine_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art">Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art</a> (which he founded at Oxford), is at the <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>. The Museum has promoted Ruskin's art teaching, utilising the collection for in-person and online drawing courses.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>, the innovator of the modern <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, cited Ruskin's principles of beautification, asserting that the games should be "Ruskinised" to create an aesthetic identity that transcended mere championship competitions.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy">Politics and critique of political economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Politics and critique of political economy">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin was an inspiration for many <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian socialists">Christian socialists</a>, and his ideas informed the work of economists such as <a href="/wiki/William_Smart_(economist)" title="William Smart (economist)">William Smart</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._A._Hobson" title="J. A. Hobson">J. A. Hobson</a>, and the positivist <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Harrison" title="Frederic Harrison">Frederic Harrison</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Ruskin was discussed in university extension classes, and in reading circles and societies formed in his name. He helped to inspire the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">settlement movement</a> in Britain and the United States. Resident workers at <a href="/wiki/Toynbee_Hall" title="Toynbee Hall">Toynbee Hall</a> such as the future civil servants <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Llewellyn_Smith" title="Hubert Llewellyn Smith">Hubert Llewellyn Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Beveridge" title="William Beveridge">William Beveridge</a> (author of the <a href="/wiki/Beveridge_Report" title="Beveridge Report">Report … on Social Insurance and Allied Services</a>), and the future Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> acknowledged their debt to Ruskin as they helped to found the British <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>. More of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a>'s earliest MPs acknowledged Ruskin's influence than mentioned <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> or the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, Ruskin was seen as an early British <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist">National Socialist</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomery_McGovern" title="William Montgomery McGovern">William Montgomery McGovern</a>'s From Luther to Hitler (1941) identified Ruskin as a thinker who made Nazism possible, and one 1930s German headmaster told his students that "Carlyle and Ruskin were the first National Socialists."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> More recently, Ruskin's works have also influenced <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Blond" title="Phillip Blond">Phillip Blond</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red Tory</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruskin_in_the_21st_century">Ruskin in the 21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ruskin in the 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In 2019, Ruskin200 was inaugurated as a year-long celebration marking the bicentenary of Ruskin's birth.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Admirers and scholars of Ruskin can visit the <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin Library">Ruskin Library</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>, Ruskin's home, <a href="/wiki/Brantwood" title="Brantwood">Brantwood</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Museum" title="Ruskin Museum">Ruskin Museum</a>, both in <a href="/wiki/Coniston,_Cumbria" title="Coniston, Cumbria">Coniston</a> in the English <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>. All three mount regular exhibitions open to the public all the year round.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Barony House in Edinburgh is home to a descendant of John Ruskin. She has designed and hand painted various friezes in honour of her ancestor and it is open to the public.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Ruskin's <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" title="Guild of St George">Guild of St George</a> continues his work today, in education, the arts, crafts, and the <a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">rural economy</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_Street_in_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/John_Ruskin_Street_in_London.JPG/220px-John_Ruskin_Street_in_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/John_Ruskin_Street_in_London.JPG/330px-John_Ruskin_Street_in_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/John_Ruskin_Street_in_London.JPG/440px-John_Ruskin_Street_in_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>John Ruskin Street in <a href="/wiki/Walworth,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Walworth, London">Walworth</a>, London</figcaption></figure> Many streets, buildings, organisations and institutions bear his name: <a href="/wiki/The_Priory_Ruskin_Academy" title="The Priory Ruskin Academy">The Priory Ruskin Academy</a> in Grantham, Lincolnshire; <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_College" title="John Ruskin College">John Ruskin College</a>, South Croydon; and <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chelmsford" title="Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, which traces its origins to the Cambridge School of Art, at the foundation of which Ruskin spoke in 1858. Also, the Ruskin Literary and Debating Society, (founded in 1900 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada), the oldest surviving club of its type, and still promoting the development of literary knowledge and public speaking today; and the Ruskin Art Club in Los Angeles, which still exists. In addition, there is the <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Pottery" title="Ruskin Pottery">Ruskin Pottery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_House" title="Ruskin House">Ruskin House</a>, Croydon and <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Hall" title="Ruskin Hall">Ruskin Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruskin,_Florida" title="Ruskin, Florida">Ruskin, Florida</a>, United States—site of one of the short-lived American <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Colleges" title="Ruskin Colleges">Ruskin Colleges</a>—is named after John Ruskin. There is a mural of Ruskin titled "Head, Heart and Hands" on a building across from the Ruskin Post Office.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Since 2000, scholarly research has focused on aspects of Ruskin's legacy, including his impact on the sciences; <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a> admired him. Two major academic projects have looked at Ruskin and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">cultural tourism</a> (investigating, for example, Ruskin's links with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cook" title="Thomas Cook">Thomas Cook</a>);<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> the other focuses on Ruskin and the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The sociologist and media theorist <a href="/wiki/David_Gauntlett" title="David Gauntlett">David Gauntlett</a> argues that Ruskin's notions of craft can be felt today in online communities such as YouTube and throughout <a href="/wiki/Web_2.0" title="Web 2.0">Web 2.0</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> Similarly, architectural theorist <a href="/wiki/Lars_Spuybroek" title="Lars Spuybroek">Lars Spuybroek</a> has argued that Ruskin's understanding of the Gothic as a combination of two types of variation, rough savageness and smooth changefulness, opens up a new way of thinking leading to digital and so-called <a href="/wiki/Parametric_design" title="Parametric design">parametric design</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Notable Ruskin enthusiasts include the writers <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hill" title="Geoffrey Hill">Geoffrey Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tomlinson" title="Charles Tomlinson">Charles Tomlinson</a>, and the politicians <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Cormack" title="Patrick Cormack">Patrick Cormack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Judd" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Judd">Frank Judd</a>,<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Field_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Field (British politician)">Frank Field</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Smith,_Baron_Smith_of_Finsbury" title="Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury">Chris Smith, Baron Smith of Finsbury</a>, Raficq Abdulla, <a href="/wiki/Jonathon_Porritt" title="Jonathon Porritt">Jonathon Porritt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Wright_(playwright)" title="Nicholas Wright (playwright)">Nicholas Wright</a> were among those to contribute to the symposium, There is no wealth but life: Ruskin in the 21st Century.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Glancey" title="Jonathan Glancey">Jonathan Glancey</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> and Andrew Hill at the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> have both written about Ruskin,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> as has the broadcaster <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> In 2015, inspired by Ruskin's philosophy of education, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Turtletaub" title="Marc Turtletaub">Marc Turtletaub</a> founded Meristem in <a href="/wiki/Fair_Oaks,_California" title="Fair Oaks, California">Fair Oaks, California</a>. The centre educates adolescents with developmental differences using Ruskin's "land and craft" ideals, transitioning them so they will succeed as adults in an evolving <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_and_criticism">Theory and criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Theory and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ruskin.png/220px-Ruskin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="721" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Ruskin.png 1.5x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Upper: Steel-plate engraving of Ruskin as a young man, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1845, print made <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895. Middle: Ruskin in middle-age, as Slade Professor of Art at Oxford (1869–1879). From 1879 book. Bottom: John Ruskin in old age by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hollyer" title="Frederick Hollyer">Frederick Hollyer</a>. 1894 print.</figcaption></figure> Ruskin wrote over 250 works, initially art criticism and history, but expanding to cover topics ranging over science, geology, ornithology, <a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism" title="Literary criticism">literary criticism</a>, the environmental effects of pollution, mythology, travel, political economy and social reform. After his death Ruskin's works were collected in the 39-volume "Library Edition", completed in 1912 by his friends <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tyas_Cook" title="Edward Tyas Cook">Edward Tyas Cook</a> and Alexander Wedderburn.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> The range and quantity of Ruskin's writing, and its complex, allusive and associative method of expression, cause certain difficulties. In 1898, <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">John A. Hobson</a> observed that in attempting to summarise Ruskin's thought, and by extracting passages from across his work, "the spell of his eloquence is broken".<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clive_Wilmer" title="Clive Wilmer">Clive Wilmer</a> has written, further, that, "The anthologising of short purple passages, removed from their intended contexts [… is] something which Ruskin himself detested and which has bedevilled his reputation from the start."<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Nevertheless, some aspects of Ruskin's theory and criticism require further consideration. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_design_criticism">Art and design criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Art and design criticism">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin's early work defended the reputation of <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> He believed that all great art should communicate an understanding and appreciation of nature. Accordingly, inherited artistic conventions should be rejected. Only by means of direct observation can an artist, through form and colour, represent nature in art. He advised artists in <a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> I to: "go to Nature in all singleness of heart… rejecting nothing, selecting nothing and scorning nothing."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn3.624-222">[222]</a> By the 1850s. Ruskin was celebrating the Pre-Raphaelites, whose members, he said, had formed "a new and noble school" of art that would provide a basis for a thoroughgoing reform of the art world.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> For Ruskin, art should communicate truth above all things. However, this could not be revealed by mere display of skill, and must be an expression of the artist's whole moral outlook. Ruskin rejected the work of <a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">Whistler</a> because he considered it to epitomise a reductive mechanisation of art.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Ruskin's strong rejection of <a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classical tradition</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> typifies the inextricable mix of aesthetics and morality in his thought: "Pagan in its origin, proud and unholy in its revival, paralysed in its old age… an architecture invented, as it seems, to make plagiarists of its architects, slaves of its workmen, and sybarites of its inhabitants; an architecture in which intellect is idle, invention impossible, but in which all luxury is gratified and all insolence fortified."<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Rejection of mechanisation and standardisation informed Ruskin's theories of architecture, and his emphasis on the importance of the Medieval Gothic style. He praised the Gothic for what he saw as its reverence for nature and natural forms; the free, unfettered expression of artisans constructing and decorating buildings; and for the organic relationship he perceived between worker and guild, worker and community, worker and natural environment, and between worker and God. Attempts in the 19th century to reproduce Gothic forms (such as pointed arches), attempts he had helped inspire, were not enough to make these buildings expressions of what Ruskin saw as true Gothic feeling, faith, and organicism. For Ruskin, the Gothic style in architecture embodied the same moral truths he sought to promote in the visual arts. It expressed the 'meaning' of architecture—as a combination of the values of strength, solidity and aspiration—all written, as it were, in stone. For Ruskin, creating true Gothic architecture involved the whole community, and expressed the full range of human emotions, from the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sublime" class="extiw" title="wikt:sublime">sublime</a> effects of soaring spires to the comically ridiculous carved <a href="/wiki/Grotesque" title="Grotesque">grotesques</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">gargoyles</a>. Even its crude and "savage" aspects were proof of "the liberty of every workman who struck the stone; a freedom of thought, and rank in scale of being, such as no laws, no charters, no charities can secure."<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_architecture" title="Classical architecture">Classical architecture</a>, in contrast, expressed a morally vacuous and repressive standardisation. Ruskin associated Classical values with modern developments, in particular with the demoralising consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, resulting in buildings such as <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">The Crystal Palace</a>, which he criticised.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Although Ruskin wrote about architecture in many works over the course of his career, his much-anthologised essay "The Nature of Gothic" from the second volume of <a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> (1853) is widely considered to be one of his most important and evocative discussions of his central argument. Ruskin's theories indirectly encouraged a revival of Gothic styles, but Ruskin himself was often dissatisfied with the results. He objected that forms of mass-produced faux Gothic did not exemplify his principles, but showed disregard for the true meaning of the style. Even the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a>, a building designed with Ruskin's collaboration, met with his disapproval. The <a href="/wiki/O%27Shea_and_Whelan" title="O'Shea and Whelan">O'Shea brothers</a>, freehand stone carvers chosen to revive the creative "freedom of thought" of Gothic craftsmen, disappointed him by their lack of reverence for the task. Ruskin's distaste for oppressive standardisation led to later works in which he attacked <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> capitalism, which he thought was at its root. His ideas provided inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Arts and Crafts Movement">Arts and Crafts Movement</a>, the founders of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Art_Collections_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="National Art Collections Fund">National Art Collections Fund</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Protection_of_Ancient_Buildings" title="Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings">Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Study_of_Gneiss_Rock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Study_of_Gneiss_Rock.jpg/220px-Study_of_Gneiss_Rock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Study_of_Gneiss_Rock.jpg/330px-Study_of_Gneiss_Rock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Study_of_Gneiss_Rock.jpg/440px-Study_of_Gneiss_Rock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption>John Ruskin's Study of Gneiss Rock, Glenfinlas, 1853. Pen and ink and wash with Chinese ink on paper, <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England.</figcaption></figure> Ruskin's views on art, wrote <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Kenneth Clark</a>, "cannot be made to form a <a href="/wiki/Logical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical system">logical system</a>, and perhaps owe to this fact a part of their value." Ruskin's accounts of art are descriptions of a superior type that conjure images vividly in the mind's eye.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Clark neatly summarises the key features of Ruskin's writing on art and architecture: <blockquote> <ol><li>Art is not a matter of taste, but involves the whole man. Whether in making or perceiving a work of art, we bring to bear on it feeling, intellect, morals, knowledge, memory, and every other human capacity, all focused in a flash on a single point. Aesthetic man is a concept as false and dehumanising as economic man.</li> <li>Even the most superior mind and the most powerful imagination must found itself on facts, which must be recognised for what they are. The imagination will often reshape them in a way which the prosaic mind cannot understand; but this recreation will be based on facts, not on formulas or illusions.</li> <li>These facts must be perceived by the senses, or felt; not learnt.</li> <li>The greatest artists and schools of art have believed it their duty to impart vital truths, not only about the facts of vision, but about religion and the conduct of life.</li> <li>Beauty of form is revealed in organisms which have developed perfectly according to their laws of growth, and so give, in his own words, 'the appearance of felicitous fulfilment of function.'</li> <li>This fulfilment of function depends on all parts of an organism cohering and co-operating. This was what he called the 'Law of Help,' one of Ruskin's fundamental beliefs, extending from nature and art to society.</li> <li>Good art is done with enjoyment. The artist must feel that, within certain reasonable limits, he is free, that he is wanted by society, and that the ideas he is asked to express are true and important.</li> <li>Great art is the expression of epochs where people are united by a common faith and a common purpose, accept their laws, believe in their leaders, and take a serious view of human destiny.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a></li></ol> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_preservation">Historic preservation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Historic preservation">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin's belief in preservation of ancient buildings had a significant influence on later thinking about the distinction between conservation and restoration. His position at the beginning of his career was very radical and he believed that if no conservation had been done on a building it should be left to die. In <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" title="The Seven Lamps of Architecture">The Seven Lamps of Architecture</a>, (1849) Ruskin wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Neither by the public, nor by those who have the care of public monuments, is the true meaning of the word restoration understood. It means the most total destruction which a building can suffer: a destruction out of which no remnants can be gathered: a destruction accompanied with false description of the thing destroyed. Do not let us deceive ourselves in this important matter; it is impossible, as impossible as to raise the dead, to restore anything that has ever been great or beautiful in architecture.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Seven Lamps ("The Lamp of Memory") c. 6; Cook and Wedderburn 8.242.</cite></div></blockquote> For Ruskin, the "age" of a building was crucially significant as an aspect in its preservation: "For, indeed, the greatest glory of a building is not in its stones, not in its gold. Its glory is in its Age, and in that deep sense of voicefulness, of stern watching, of mysterious sympathy, nay, even of approval or condemnation, which we feel in walls that have long been washed by the passing waves of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> It has been thought that he was a strong proponent of his contemporary, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a>, who promoted the view that "if no conservation had been done [to] a building it should be restored". In fact Ruskin never criticised Viollet le Duc's restoration work, just the idea of restoration.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Ruskins radical position on restoration was nuanced at the end of his life as he wrote in his last book Preateria in which "he regretted that no one in England had done the work that Viollet le Duc had done in France".<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critique_of_political_economy">Critique of political economy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Critique of political economy">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin wielded a <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">critique of political economy</a> of orthodox, 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> principally on the grounds that it failed to acknowledge complexities of human desires and motivations (broadly, "social affections"). He began to express such ideas in The Stones of Venice, and increasingly in works of the later 1850s, such as The Political Economy of Art (A Joy for Ever), but he gave them full expression in the influential and at the time of publication, very controversial essays, Unto This Last. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... the art of becoming "rich," in the common sense, is not absolutely nor finally the art of accumulating much money for ourselves, but also of contriving that our neighbours shall have less. In accurate terms, it is "the art of establishing the maximum inequality in our own favour."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Ruskin, Unto This Last</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:380px; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFFFF0;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Nay, but I choose my physician and my clergyman, thus indicating my sense of the quality of their work. By all means, also, choose your bricklayer; that is the proper reward of the good workman, to be "chosen." The natural and right system respecting all labour is, that it should be paid at a fixed rate, but the good workman employed, and the bad workman unemployed. The false, unnatural, and destructive system is when the bad workman is allowed to offer his work at half-price, and either take the place of the good, or force him by his competition to work for an inadequate sum. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Cook and Wedderburn, 17.V.34 (1860).</cite> </div> At the root of his theory, was Ruskin's dissatisfaction with the role and position of the worker, and especially the artisan or craftsman, in modern <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">industrial capitalist</a> society. Ruskin believed that the economic theories of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, expressed in <a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a> had led, through the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_labour" title="Division of labour">division of labour</a> to the alienation of the worker not merely from the process of work itself, but from his fellow workmen and other classes, causing increasing resentment. Ruskin argued that one remedy would be to pay work at a fixed rate of wages, because human need is consistent and a given quantity of work justly demands a certain return. The best workmen would remain in employment because of the quality of their work (a focus on quality growing out of his writings on art and architecture). The best workmen could not, in a fixed-wage economy, be undercut by an inferior worker or product. In the preface to Unto This Last (1862), Ruskin recommended that the state should underwrite standards of service and production to guarantee social justice. This included the recommendation of government youth-training schools promoting employment, health, and 'gentleness and justice'; government manufactories and workshops; government schools for the employment at fixed wages of the unemployed, with idlers compelled to toil; and pensions provided for the elderly and the destitute, as a matter of right, received honourably and not in shame.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.17–24-232">[232]</a> Many of these ideas were later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turner's_erotic_drawings">Turner's erotic drawings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Turner's erotic drawings">edit</a>]</div> Until 2005, biographies of both <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> and Ruskin had claimed that in 1858 Ruskin burned bundles of erotic paintings and drawings by Turner to protect Turner's posthumous reputation. Ruskin's friend <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nicholson_Wornum" title="Ralph Nicholson Wornum">Ralph Nicholson Wornum</a>, who was Keeper of the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, was said to have colluded in the alleged destruction of Turner's works. In 2005, these works, which form part of the Turner Bequest held at <a href="/wiki/Tate_Britain" title="Tate Britain">Tate Britain</a>, were re-appraised by Turner Curator Ian Warrell, who concluded that Ruskin and Wornum had not destroyed them.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sexuality">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin's sexuality has been the subject of a great deal of speculation. He was married once, to <a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a>, whom he met when she was 12 and he was 21, and Gray's family encouraged a match between the two when she had matured. The marriage was annulled after six years owing to non-consummation. Effie, in a letter to her parents, claimed that Ruskin found her "person" repugnant: <blockquote> He alleged various reasons, hatred of children, religious motives, a desire to preserve my beauty, and finally this last year he told me his true reason… that he had imagined women were quite different to what he saw I was, and that the reason he did not make me his Wife was because he was disgusted with my person the first evening 10th April [1848]. </blockquote> Ruskin told his lawyer during the annulment proceedings: <blockquote> It may be thought strange that I could abstain from a woman who to most people was so attractive. But though her face was beautiful, her person was not formed to excite passion. On the contrary, there were certain circumstances in her person which completely checked it.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> </blockquote>The cause of Ruskin's "disgust" has led to much conjecture. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lutyens" title="Mary Lutyens">Mary Lutyens</a> speculated that he rejected Effie because he was horrified by the sight of her pubic hair. Lutyens argued that Ruskin must have known the female form only through Greek statues and paintings of nudes which lacked pubic hair.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fuller" title="Peter Fuller">Peter Fuller</a> wrote, "It has been said that he was frightened on the wedding night by the sight of his wife's pubic hair; more probably, he was perturbed by her menstrual blood."<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Ruskin's biographers <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hilton" title="Tim Hilton">Tim Hilton</a> and John Batchelor also took the view that menstruation was the more likely explanation, though Batchelor also suggests that body-odour may have been the problem. There is no evidence to support any of these theories. <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> said to his daughter Mary, "should you ever hear anyone blame Millais or his wife, or Mr. Ruskin [for the breakdown of the marriage], remember that there is no fault; there was misfortune, even tragedy. All three were perfectly blameless."<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Ruskins' marriage is the subject of a book by Robert Brownell.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Ruskin's later relationship with <a href="/wiki/Rose_La_Touche" title="Rose La Touche">Rose La Touche</a> began on 3 January 1858, when she was 10 years old and he was about to turn 39. He was her private art tutor,<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> and the two maintained an educational relationship through correspondence until she was 18. Around that time he asked her to marry him. However, Rose's parents forbade it, after learning about his first marriage.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Ruskin repeated his marriage proposal when Rose became 21, and legally free to decide for herself. She was willing to marry if the union would remain unconsummated, because her doctors had told her she was unfit for marriage; but Ruskin declined to enter another such marriage for fear of its effect on his reputation.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Ruskin is not known to have had any sexually intimate relationships. During an episode of mental derangement after Rose died, he wrote a letter in which he insisted that Rose's spirit had instructed him to marry a girl who was visiting him at the time.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> It is also true that in letters from Ruskin to <a href="/wiki/Kate_Greenaway" title="Kate Greenaway">Kate Greenaway</a> he asked her to draw her "girlies" (as he called her child figures) without clothing: <blockquote> Will you – (it's all for your own good – !) make her stand up and then draw her for me without a cap – and, without her shoes, – (because of the heels) and without her mittens, and without her – frock and frills? And let me see exactly how tall she is – and – how – round. It will be so good of and for you – And to and for me.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> </blockquote> In a letter to his physician <a href="/wiki/John_Simon_(pathologist)" title="John Simon (pathologist)">John Simon</a> on 15 May 1886, Ruskin wrote: <blockquote> I like my girls from ten to sixteen—allowing of 17 or 18 as long as they're not in love with anybody but me.—I've got some darlings of 8—12—14—just now, and my Pigwiggina here—12—who fetches my wood and is learning to play my bells.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> </blockquote> Ruskin's biographers disagree about the allegation of "paedophilia". Tim Hilton, in his two-volume biography, asserts that Ruskin "was a paedophile", alluding by way of explanation to a sensual description by Ruskin of a half-naked girl he saw in Italy and quoting Ruskin's own statements about his liking for young girls, while John Batchelor argues that the term is inappropriate because Ruskin's behaviour does not "fit the profile".<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> Others point to a definite pattern of "<a href="/wiki/Nympholepsy#In_popular_culture" title="Nympholepsy">nympholeptic</a>" behaviour with regard to his interactions with girls at a <a href="/wiki/Winnington_Hall" title="Winnington Hall">Winnington school</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> However, there is no evidence that Ruskin ever engaged in any sexual activity with anyone at all. According to one interpretation, what Ruskin valued most in pre-pubescent girls was their innocence; the fact that they were not (yet) fully sexually developed. However, James L. Spates describes Ruskin's erotic life as simply "idiosyncratic" and concludes that he "was physically and emotionally normal".<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Age of consent reform in the United Kingdom">age of consent in the United Kingdom</a> was 12 for females until 1875 and then raised to 16 in 1885, having been 13 in Great Britain between those dates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_law_of_business_balance">Common law of business balance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Common law of business balance">edit</a>]</div> Ruskin was not a fan of buying low and selling high. In the "Veins of Wealth" section of Unto This Last, he wrote: "So far as I know, there is not in history record of anything so disgraceful to the human intellect as the modern idea that the commercial text, 'Buy in the cheapest market and sell in the dearest,' represents, or under any circumstances could represent, an available principle of national economy." Perhaps due to such passages, Ruskin is frequently identified as the originator of the "<a href="/wiki/Common_law_of_business_balance" title="Common law of business balance">common law of business balance</a>"—a statement about the relationships of price and quality as they pertain to manufactured goods, and often summarised as: "The common law of business balance prohibits paying a little and getting a lot." This is the core of a longer statement usually attributed to Ruskin, although Ruskin's authorship is disputed among Ruskin scholars. Fred Shapiro maintains that the statement does not appear anywhere in Ruskin's works,<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-251">[251]</a> and George Landow is likewise sceptical of the claim of Ruskin's authorship.<a href="#cite_note-Landow2007-252">[252]</a> In a posting of the Ruskin Library News, a blog associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin Library">Ruskin Library</a> (a major collection of Ruskiniana located at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a>), an anonymous library staff member briefly mentions the statement and its widespread use, saying that, "This is one of many quotations ascribed to Ruskin, without there being any trace of them in his writings – although someone, somewhere, thought they sounded like Ruskin."<a href="#cite_note-Ruskin_Library-253">[253]</a> In an issue of the journal Heat Transfer Engineering, Kenneth Bell quotes the statement and mentions that it has been attributed to Ruskin. While Bell believes in the veracity of its content, he adds that the statement does not appear in Ruskin's published works.<a href="#cite_note-Bell-254">[254]</a> Early in the 20th century, this statement appeared—without any authorship attribution—in magazine advertisements,<a href="#cite_note-Town_Topics-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> in a business catalogue,<a href="#cite_note-Pittsburgh_Reflector-259">[259]</a> in student publications,<a href="#cite_note-Sweet_Briar-260">[260]</a> and, occasionally, in editorial columns.<a href="#cite_note-F.E.C.-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skoog-262">[262]</a> Later in the 20th century, however, magazine advertisements, student publications, business books, technical publications, scholarly journals, and business catalogues often included the statement with attribution to Ruskin.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lehman-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carleton-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamb-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shore_High_School-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lamb_2-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woods_and_Raber-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bainbridge-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dobkin_Harland_and_Fedoruk-270">[270]</a> In the 21st century, and based upon the statement's applicability of the issues of quality and price, the statement continues to be used and attributed to Ruskin—despite the questionable nature of the attribution.<a href="#cite_note-Walker-271">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miles_Book-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunning_and_McCallion-273">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wertheimer-274">[274]</a> For many years, various <a href="/wiki/Baskin-Robbins" title="Baskin-Robbins">Baskin-Robbins</a> ice cream parlours prominently displayed a section of the statement in framed signs: "There is hardly anything in the world that someone cannot make a little worse and sell a little cheaper, and the people who consider price alone are that man's lawful prey."<a href="#cite_note-Landow2007-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ruskin_Library-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mariotti2008-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruce_Philip-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-North1974-278">[278]</a> The signs listed Ruskin as the author of the statement, but the signs gave no information on where or when Ruskin was supposed to have written, spoken, or published the statement. Due to the statement's widespread use as a promotional slogan, and despite questions of Ruskin's authorship, it is likely that many people who are otherwise unfamiliar with Ruskin now associate him with this statement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg/170px-John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg/255px-John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg/340px-John_Ruskin_1850s_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>John Ruskin in the 1850s</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a> credits Ruskin with the first quotation in 152 separate entries. Some include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pathetic_fallacy" title="Pathetic fallacy">Pathetic fallacy</a>: Ruskin coined this term in Modern Painters III (1856) to describe the ascription of human emotions to inanimate objects and impersonal natural forces, as in "Nature must be gladsome when I was so happy" (Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre).<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a>: Ruskin gave this title to a series of letters he wrote "to the workmen and labourers of Great Britain" (1871–84). The name was intended to signify three great powers that fashion human destiny, as Ruskin explained at length in Letter 2 (February 1871). These were: force, symbolised by the club (clava) of <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a>; Fortitude, symbolised by the key (clavis) of Ulysses; and Fortune, symbolised by the nail (clavus) of <a href="/wiki/Lycurgus_of_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycurgus of Sparta">Lycurgus</a>. These three powers (the "fors") together represent human talents and abilities to choose the right moment and then to strike with energy. The concept is derived from <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s phrase "There is a tide in the affairs of men/ Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune" (Brutus in Julius Caesar). Ruskin believed that the letters were inspired by the Third Fors: striking out at the right moment.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a>: Used by Ruskin as the antithesis of wealth, which he defined as life itself; broadly, where wealth is 'well-being', illth is "ill-being".<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a></li> <li>Theoria: Ruskin's 'theoretic' faculty – theoretic, as opposed to aesthetic – enables a vision of the beautiful as intimating a reality deeper than the everyday, at least in terms of the kind of transcendence generally seen as immanent in things of this world.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> For an example of the influence of Ruskin's concept of theoria, see <a href="/wiki/Peter_Fuller" title="Peter Fuller">Peter Fuller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li>Modern Atheism: Ruskin applied this label to "the unfortunate persistence of the clerks in teaching children what they cannot understand and employing young consecrated persons to assert in pulpits what they do not know."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></li> <li>Excrescence: Ruskin defined an "excrescence" as an outgrowth of the main body of a building that does not harmonise well with the main body. He originally used the term to describe certain <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> features<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> also for later additions to cathedrals and various other public buildings, especially from the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: In literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ruskin was the inspiration for either the Drawling Master or the Gryphon in Lewis Carroll's <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> (1865).<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a></li> <li>Ruskin figures as Mr Herbert in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic_(novel)" title="The New Republic (novel)">The New Republic</a> (1878), a novel by one of his Oxford undergraduates, <a href="/wiki/William_Hurrell_Mallock" title="William Hurrell Mallock">William Mallock</a> (1849–1923).<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a></li> <li>False Dawn (1924), a novella by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a>, was the first in the 1924 <a href="/wiki/Old_New_York_(novellas)" title="Old New York (novellas)">Old New York</a> series, and had the protagonist meet John Ruskin.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1979" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Eva (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnruskinswife00mcdo">John Ruskin's Wife</a>. Chivers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745113005" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745113005"><bdi>978-0745113005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ruskin%27s+Wife&rft.pub=Chivers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0745113005&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnruskinswife00mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> A novel about the marriage of John Ruskin.</li> <li>Peter Hoyle's novel, Brantwood: The Story of an Obsession (1986), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780856356377" title="Special:BookSources/9780856356377">9780856356377</a>, is about two cousins who pursue their interest in Ruskin to his Coniston home.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorazzoni1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marta_Morazzoni" title="Marta Morazzoni">Morazzoni, Marta</a> (1995). The Invention of Truth. Ecco Pr. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880013765" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880013765"><bdi>978-0880013765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Truth&rft.pub=Ecco+Pr&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0880013765&rft.aulast=Morazzoni&rft.aufirst=Marta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> A novel in which Ruskin makes his last visit to Amiens cathedral in 1879.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghue2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Donoghue" title="Emma Donoghue">Donoghue, Emma</a> (2002). The Woman Who Gave Birth to Rabbits. Virago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860499548" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860499548"><bdi>978-1860499548</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woman+Who+Gave+Birth+to+Rabbits&rft.pub=Virago&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1860499548&rft.aulast=Donoghue&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> A collection of short stories that includes Come, Gentle Night, about Ruskin and Effie's wedding night.</li> <li>Manly Pursuits (1999), Ruskin and the Hinksey diggings form the backdrop to Ann Harries' novel.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li>Sesame and Roses (2007), a short story by <a href="/wiki/Grace_Andreacchi" title="Grace Andreacchi">Grace Andreacchi</a> that explores Ruskin's twin obsessions with Venice and Rose La Touche.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Benjamin_(author)" title="Melanie Benjamin (author)">Benjamin, Melanie</a> (2010), Alice I Have Been. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385344139" title="Special:BookSources/0385344139">0385344139</a>. A fictionalized account of the life of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell Hargreaves</a>, the inspiration for Lewis Carroll's <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking Glass</a>.</li> <li>Light, Descending (2014), is a biographical novel about John Ruskin by Octavia Randolph.<a href="#cite_note-:0-293">[293]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_media">In other media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: In other media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Love of John Ruskin (1912), a <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent movie</a> about Ruskin, Effie and Millais.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 film)">Dante's Inferno</a> (1967), Ken Russell's biopic for television of Rossetti, in which Ruskin is played by Clive Goodwin<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a> (1975), a <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC TV</a> series about the Pre-Raphaelites, starring <a href="/wiki/David_Collings" title="David Collings">David Collings</a> (Ruskin), Anne Kidd (Effie), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Egan" title="Peter Egan">Peter Egan</a> (Millais).<a href="#cite_note-Chloe_Johnson-296">[296]</a></li> <li>Dear Countess (1983), a radio play by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Morgan_(actress)" title="Elizabeth Morgan (actress)">Elizabeth Morgan</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> (Ruskin), Bridget McCann (Gray), <a href="/wiki/Timothy_West" title="Timothy West">Timothy West</a> (Old Mr Ruskin) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Fenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Fenner (page does not exist)">Michael Fenner</a> (Millais). The author played Ruskin's mother.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_John_Ruskin" title="The Passion of John Ruskin">The Passion of John Ruskin</a> (1994), a film directed by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Chapple" title="Alex Chapple">Alex Chapple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a></li> <li>Parrots and Owls (1994), a radio play by <a href="/wiki/John_Purser_(musician)" title="John Purser (musician)">John Purser</a> about Ruskin's attempt to revive Gothic architecture and his connection to the <a href="/wiki/O%27Shea_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Shea brothers">O'Shea brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chloe_Johnson-296">[296]</a></li> <li>Modern Painters (1995), an opera about Ruskin by <a href="/wiki/David_Lang_(composer)" title="David Lang (composer)">David Lang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Countess_(play)" title="The Countess (play)">The Countess</a> (1995), a play written by Gregory Murphy, dealing with Ruskin's marriage.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a></li> <li>The Order of Release (1998), a radio play by <a href="/wiki/Robin_Brooks" title="Robin Brooks">Robin Brooks</a> about Ruskin (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Peck" title="Bob Peck">Bob Peck</a>), Effie (<a href="/wiki/Sharon_Small" title="Sharon Small">Sharon Small</a>) and Millais (<a href="/wiki/David_Tennant" title="David Tennant">David Tennant</a>).<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a></li> <li>Mrs Ruskin (2003), a play by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Morrissey" title="Kim Morrissey">Kim Morrissey</a> dealing with Ruskin's marriage.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a> (2009), a six-part <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> drama serial about the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a>. Ruskin is played by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hollander" title="Tom Hollander">Tom Hollander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chloe_Johnson-296">[296]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Turner_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Turner (film)">Mr. Turner</a> (2014), a biopic of <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Leigh" title="Mike Leigh">Mike Leigh</a> with Ruskin portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_McGuire" title="Joshua McGuire">Joshua McGuire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray_(film)" title="Effie Gray (film)">Effie Gray</a> (2014), a biopic about the Ruskin-Gray-Millais love triangle, written by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Thompson" title="Emma Thompson">Emma Thompson</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laxton" title="Richard Laxton">Richard Laxton</a>, and featuring <a href="/wiki/Greg_Wise" title="Greg Wise">Greg Wise</a> (Ruskin), <a href="/wiki/Dakota_Fanning" title="Dakota Fanning">Dakota Fanning</a> (Gray) and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Sturridge" title="Tom Sturridge">Tom Sturridge</a> (Millais).<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a></li> <li>Light, Descending (2014), is a biographical novel about John Ruskin by Octavia Randolph.<a href="#cite_note-:0-293">[293]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Paintings">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion%27s_profile_from_life_Ruskin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion's profile"><img alt="Lion's profile" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lion%27s_profile_from_life_Ruskin.jpg/171px-Lion%27s_profile_from_life_Ruskin.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lion%27s_profile_from_life_Ruskin.jpg/257px-Lion%27s_profile_from_life_Ruskin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Lion%27s_profile_from_life_Ruskin.jpg/341px-Lion%27s_profile_from_life_Ruskin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1692" data-file-height="1636" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion's profile</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Amalfi.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Amalfi"><img alt="View of Amalfi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/View_of_Amalfi.jpeg/210px-View_of_Amalfi.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/View_of_Amalfi.jpeg/315px-View_of_Amalfi.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/View_of_Amalfi.jpeg/420px-View_of_Amalfi.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1916" data-file-height="1336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of Amalfi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskin_Self_Portrait_with_Blue_Neckcloth.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Self Portrait with Blue Neckcloth"><img alt="Self Portrait with Blue Neckcloth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ruskin_Self_Portrait_with_Blue_Neckcloth.jpg/114px-Ruskin_Self_Portrait_with_Blue_Neckcloth.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ruskin_Self_Portrait_with_Blue_Neckcloth.jpg/171px-Ruskin_Self_Portrait_with_Blue_Neckcloth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ruskin_Self_Portrait_with_Blue_Neckcloth.jpg/228px-Ruskin_Self_Portrait_with_Blue_Neckcloth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1832" data-file-height="2651" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Self Portrait with Blue Neckcloth</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Seine_and_its_Islands,_by_John_Ruskin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="River Seine and its Islands"><img alt="River Seine and its Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/River_Seine_and_its_Islands%2C_by_John_Ruskin.jpg/210px-River_Seine_and_its_Islands%2C_by_John_Ruskin.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/River_Seine_and_its_Islands%2C_by_John_Ruskin.jpg/315px-River_Seine_and_its_Islands%2C_by_John_Ruskin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/River_Seine_and_its_Islands%2C_by_John_Ruskin.jpg/420px-River_Seine_and_its_Islands%2C_by_John_Ruskin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3130" data-file-height="2332" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">River Seine and its Islands</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Falls_of_Schaffhausen_Ruskin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Falls of Schaffhausen"><img alt="Falls of Schaffhausen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Falls_of_Schaffhausen_Ruskin.jpg/210px-Falls_of_Schaffhausen_Ruskin.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Falls_of_Schaffhausen_Ruskin.jpg/315px-Falls_of_Schaffhausen_Ruskin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Falls_of_Schaffhausen_Ruskin.jpg/420px-Falls_of_Schaffhausen_Ruskin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1452" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Falls of Schaffhausen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocks_in_Unrest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rocks in Unrest"><img alt="Rocks in Unrest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rocks_in_Unrest.jpg/210px-Rocks_in_Unrest.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rocks_in_Unrest.jpg/315px-Rocks_in_Unrest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rocks_in_Unrest.jpg/420px-Rocks_in_Unrest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1859" data-file-height="1084" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rocks in Unrest</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fribourg_Suisse_Ruskin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fribourg Suisse"><img alt="Fribourg Suisse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fribourg_Suisse_Ruskin.jpg/210px-Fribourg_Suisse_Ruskin.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fribourg_Suisse_Ruskin.jpg/315px-Fribourg_Suisse_Ruskin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Fribourg_Suisse_Ruskin.jpg/420px-Fribourg_Suisse_Ruskin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fribourg Suisse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zermatt_Ruskin.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zermatt"><img alt="Zermatt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zermatt_Ruskin.jpeg/210px-Zermatt_Ruskin.jpeg" decoding="async" width="210" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zermatt_Ruskin.jpeg/315px-Zermatt_Ruskin.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Zermatt_Ruskin.jpeg/420px-Zermatt_Ruskin.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="470" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zermatt </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drawings">Drawings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Drawings">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_MET_DP806039.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naples"><img alt="Naples" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Naples_MET_DP806039.jpg/210px-Naples_MET_DP806039.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Naples_MET_DP806039.jpg/315px-Naples_MET_DP806039.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Naples_MET_DP806039.jpg/420px-Naples_MET_DP806039.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3775" data-file-height="2815" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_-_Turner%E2%80%99s_Sunset_seen_from_Goldau._1855.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sunset seen from Goldau (after J. M. W. Turner)"><img alt="Sunset seen from Goldau (after J. M. W. Turner)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Ruskin_-_Turner%E2%80%99s_Sunset_seen_from_Goldau._1855.jpg/210px-John_Ruskin_-_Turner%E2%80%99s_Sunset_seen_from_Goldau._1855.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Ruskin_-_Turner%E2%80%99s_Sunset_seen_from_Goldau._1855.jpg/315px-John_Ruskin_-_Turner%E2%80%99s_Sunset_seen_from_Goldau._1855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/John_Ruskin_-_Turner%E2%80%99s_Sunset_seen_from_Goldau._1855.jpg/420px-John_Ruskin_-_Turner%E2%80%99s_Sunset_seen_from_Goldau._1855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="520" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sunset seen from <a href="/wiki/Goldau" title="Goldau">Goldau</a> (after <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">J. M. W. Turner</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Aiguille_Blaitiere.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aiguille de Blaitière"><img alt="Aiguille de Blaitière" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Aiguille_Blaitiere.jpg/210px-The_Aiguille_Blaitiere.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Aiguille_Blaitiere.jpg/315px-The_Aiguille_Blaitiere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Aiguille_Blaitiere.jpg/420px-The_Aiguille_Blaitiere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3426" data-file-height="2382" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aiguille_de_Blaiti%C3%A8re" title="Aiguille de Blaitière">Aiguille de Blaitière</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px; height: 195px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lauffenbourg_-_c_1863_corrected.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lauffenbourg"><img alt="Lauffenbourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lauffenbourg_-_c_1863_corrected.jpg/210px-Lauffenbourg_-_c_1863_corrected.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lauffenbourg_-_c_1863_corrected.jpg/315px-Lauffenbourg_-_c_1863_corrected.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Lauffenbourg_-_c_1863_corrected.jpg/420px-Lauffenbourg_-_c_1863_corrected.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1869" data-file-height="1305" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Laufenburg,_Germany" title="Laufenburg, Germany">Lauffenbourg</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> The standard, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/the-ruskin/the-complete-works-of-ruskin/">Library Edition</a> of Ruskin's Works is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn" class="citation book cs1">Cook, E. T.; Wedderburn, Alexander (eds.). The Works of John Ruskin. (39 vols.). George Allen, 1903–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+Ruskin&rft.pub=George+Allen%2C+1903%E2%80%9312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> It is sometimes called simply Cook and Wedderburn. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_by_Ruskin">Works by Ruskin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Works by Ruskin">edit</a>]</div> NB. The column marked LE gives the volume number in which the work appears in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/the-ruskin/the-complete-works-of-ruskin/">Library Edition</a> of The Works of John Ruskin, ed. E. T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn (39 vols) (London: George Allen, 1903–1912). <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>LE </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1850 </td> <td>Poems </td> <td>02 </td> <td>written 1835–1846 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1837– 1838 </td> <td>The Poetry of Architecture </td> <td>01 </td> <td>serialised The Architectural Magazine 1837–38; authorised book, 1893) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1894 </td> <td>Letters to a College Friend </td> <td>01 </td> <td>written 1840–1845 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">The King of the Golden River, or the Black Brothers. A Legend of Stiria</a> </td> <td>01 </td> <td>written 1841 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1843– 1860 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> (5 vols) </td> <td>03– 07 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1843 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> 1:Of General Principles and of Truth </td> <td>03 </td> <td>Parts I and II </td></tr> <tr> <td>1846 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> 2: Of the Imaginative and Theoretic Faculties </td> <td>04 </td> <td>Part III </td></tr> <tr> <td>1856 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> 3: Of Many Things </td> <td>05 </td> <td>Part IV </td></tr> <tr> <td>1856 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> 4: Mountain Beauty </td> <td>06 </td> <td>Part V </td></tr> <tr> <td>1860 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> 5: Of Leaf Beauty, Of Cloud Beauty, Of Ideas of Relation (1) Of Invention Formal, Of Ideas of Relation (2) Of Invention Spiritual </td> <td>07 </td> <td>Parts VI–IX </td></tr> <tr> <td>1849 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" title="The Seven Lamps of Architecture">The Seven Lamps of Architecture</a> </td> <td>08 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851– 1853 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> (3 vols) </td> <td>09– 11 </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ruskinto-day.org/the-stones-of-venice/">Abridged audiobook by Robert Hewison</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> 1: The Foundations </td> <td>09 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1853 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> 2: The Sea–Stories </td> <td>10 </td> <td>with chapter "The Nature of Gothic" </td></tr> <tr> <td>1853 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> 3: The Fall </td> <td>11 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851 </td> <td>Notes on the Construction of Sheepfolds </td> <td>12 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851 </td> <td>Pre-Raphaelitism </td> <td>12 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1851, 1854 </td> <td>Letters to the Times on the Pre-Raphaelite Artists </td> <td>12 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1854 </td> <td>Lectures on Architecture and Painting (Edinburgh, 1853) </td> <td>12 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1855– 1859, 1875 </td> <td>Academy Notes </td> <td>14 </td> <td>reviews of the June Royal Academy exhibitions </td></tr> <tr> <td>1856 </td> <td>The Harbours of England </td> <td>13 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1857 </td> <td>The Elements of Drawing, in Three Letters to Beginners </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1857, 1880 </td> <td>’A Joy Forever' and Its Price in the Market: being the substance (with additions) of two lectures on The Political Economy of Art </td> <td>16 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859 </td> <td>The Two Paths: being Lectures on Art, and Its Application to Decoration and Manufacture, Delivered in 1858–9 </td> <td>16 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859 </td> <td>The Elements of Perspective, Arranged for the Use of Schools and Intended to be Read in Connection with the First Three Books of Euclid </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1862 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a>: Four Essays on the First Principles of Political Economy ' </td> <td>17 </td> <td>serialised <a href="/wiki/Cornhill_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornhill Magazine">Cornhill Magazine</a> 1860 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td>Munera Pulveris: Six Essays on the Elements of Political Economy </td> <td>17 </td> <td>serialised <a href="/wiki/Fraser%27s_Magazine" title="Fraser's Magazine">Fraser's Magazine</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1864 </td> <td>The Cestus of Aglaia </td> <td>19 </td> <td>serialised <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Journal" title="The Art Journal">Art Journal</a> 1864, incorporated (revised) in On the Old Road (1882) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1865 </td> <td>Sesame and Lilies: Two Lectures delivered at Manchester in 1864 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>i.e., "Of Queens' Gardens" and "Of Kings' Treasuries" (plus, edn of 1871, "The Mystery of Life and Its Arts") </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866 </td> <td>The Ethics of the Dust: Ten Lectures to Little Housewives on the Elements of Crystallisation </td> <td>18 </td> <td>lectures given to the girls at <a href="/wiki/Winnington_Hall" title="Winnington Hall">Winnington Hall</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1866 </td> <td>The Crown of Wild Olive: Three Lectures on Work, Traffic and War </td> <td>18 </td> <td>in a later edition, a fourth lecture (delivered 1869), "The Future of England", was added </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867 </td> <td>Time and Tide, by Weare and Tyne: Twenty-five Letters to a Working Man of Sunderland on the Laws of Work </td> <td>17 </td> <td>letters to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dixon_(autodidact)" title="Thomas Dixon (autodidact)">Thomas Dixon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1869 </td> <td>The Queen of the Air: A Study of the Greek Myths of Cloud and Storm </td> <td>19 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1870 </td> <td>Lectures on Art, Delivered before the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hilary_term" title="Hilary term">Hilary term</a>, 1870 </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td>Aratra Pentelici: Six Lectures on the Elements of Sculpture Given before the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas_term" title="Michaelmas term">Michaelmas term</a>, 1870 </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1898 </td> <td>Lectures on Landscape, Delivered at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> in [Lent term| Lent Term], 1871 </td> <td>22 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871– 1884 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a>: Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain </td> <td>27– 29 </td> <td>originally collected in 8 vols., vols. 1–7 covering annually 1871–1877, and vol. 8, Letters 85–96, covering 1878–84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1871– 1873 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> 1: Letters 1–36 </td> <td>27 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874– 1876 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> 2: Letters 37–72 </td> <td>28 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877– 1884 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> 3: Letters 73–96 (1877–1884) </td> <td>29 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td>The Eagle's Nest: Ten Lectures on the Relation of <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural science</a> to Art, Given before the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lent_term" title="Lent term">Lent term</a>, 1872 </td> <td>22 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876 </td> <td>Ariadne Florentina': Six Lectures on Wood and Metal Engraving, with Appendix, Given before the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, in Michaelmas Term, 1872 </td> <td>22 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1873– 1881 </td> <td>Love's Meinie: Lectures on Greek and English Birds </td> <td>25 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1874 </td> <td>Val d'Arno: Ten Lectures on the Tuscan Art, directly antecedent to the Florentine Year of Victories, given before the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in Michaelmas Term, 1873 </td> <td>23 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td>The Aesthetic and Mathematic School of Art in Florence: Lectures Given before the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in Michaelmas Term, 1874 </td> <td>23 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875– 1877 </td> <td>Mornings in Florence: Simple Studies of Christian Art, for English Travellers </td> <td>23 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875– 1883 </td> <td>Deucalion: Collected Studies of the Lapse of Waves, and Life of Stones </td> <td>26 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1875– 1886 </td> <td>Proserpina: Studies of Wayside Flowers, While the Air was Yet Pure Among the Alps, and in the Scotland and England Which My Father Knew </td> <td>25 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1876– 1888 </td> <td>Bibliotheca Pastorum </td> <td>31– 32 </td> <td>i.e., 'Shepherd's Library', edited by Ruskin </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877– 1878 </td> <td>Laws of Fésole: A Familiar Treatise on the Elementary Principles and Practice of Drawing and Painting as Determined by the Tuscan Masters (arranged for the use of schools) </td> <td>15 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1877– 1884 </td> <td>St Mark's Rest </td> <td>24 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880– 1881 </td> <td>Fiction, Fair and Foul </td> <td>34 </td> <td>serialised <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Century_(periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nineteenth Century (periodical)">Nineteenth Century</a> 1880–81, incorporated in On the Old Road (1885)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1880– 1885 </td> <td>The Bible of Amiens </td> <td>33 </td> <td>first part of Our Fathers Have Told Us </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884 </td> <td>The Art of England: Lectures Given in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, During his Second Tenure of the Slade Professorship </td> <td>33 </td> <td>delivered 1883 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884 </td> <td>The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century: Two Lectures Delivered at the <a href="/wiki/London_Institution" title="London Institution">London Institution</a>, 4 and 11 February 1884 </td> <td>34 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1884– 1885 </td> <td>The Pleasures of England: Lectures Given in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, During his Second Tenure of the Slade Professorship </td> <td>33 </td> <td>delivered 1884 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1885– 1889 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A6terita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Præterita (page does not exist)">Præterita</a>: Outlines of Scenes and Thoughts Perhaps Worthy of Memory in My Past Life (3 vols) </td> <td>35 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886, 1887. 1900 </td> <td>Dilecta: Correspondence, Diary Notes, and Extracts from Books, Illustrating 'Praeterita' </td> <td>35 </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_diaries_and_letters">Selected diaries and letters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Selected diaries and letters">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Diaries of John Ruskin eds. Joan Evans and John Howard Whitehouse (Clarendon Press, 1956–1959)</li> <li>The Brantwood Diary of John Ruskin ed. Helen Gill Viljoen (Yale University Press, 1971)</li> <li>A Tour of the Lakes in Cumbria. John Ruskin's Diary for 1830 eds. Van Akin Burd and James S. Dearden (Scolar, 1990)</li> <li>The Winnington Letters: John Ruskin's correspondence with Margaret Alexis Bell and the children at Winnington Hall ed. Van Akin Burd (Harvard University Press, 1969)</li> <li>The Ruskin Family Letters: The Correspondence of John James Ruskin, his wife, and their son John, 1801–1843 ed. Van Akin Burd (2 vols.) (Cornell University Press, 1973)</li> <li>The Correspondence of John Ruskin and Charles Eliot Norton ed. John Lewis Bradley and Ian Ousby (Cambridge University Press, 1987)</li> <li>The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin ed. George Allen Cate (Stanford University Press, 1982)</li> <li>John Ruskin's Correspondence with Joan Severn: Sense and Nonsense Letters ed. Rachel Dickinson (Legenda, 2008)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_editions_of_Ruskin_still_in_print">Selected editions of Ruskin still in print</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Selected editions of Ruskin still in print">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Praeterita [Ruskin's autobiography] ed. Francis O' Gorman (Oxford University Press, 2012)</li> <li>Unto this Last: Four essays on the First Principles of Political Economy intro. Andrew Hill (Pallas Athene, 2010)</li> <li>Unto This Last And Other Writings ed. Clive Wilmer (Penguin, 1986)</li> <li>Fors Clavigera: Letters to the Workmen and Labourers of Great Britain ed. Dinah Birch (Edinburgh University Press, 1999)</li> <li>The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth-Century preface by Clive Wilmer and intro. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brimblecombe" title="Peter Brimblecombe">Peter Brimblecombe</a> (Pallas Athene, 2012)</li> <li>The Nature of Gothic (Pallas Athene, 2011) [facsimile reprint of Morris's Kelmscott Edition with essays by Robert Hewison and Tony Pinkney]</li> <li>Selected Writings ed. Dinah Birch (Oxford University Press, 2009)</li> <li>Selected Writings (originally Ruskin Today) ed. Kenneth Clark (Penguin, 1964 and later impressions)</li> <li>The Genius of John Ruskin: Selections from his Writings ed. <a href="/wiki/John_D._Rosenberg" title="John D. Rosenberg">John D. Rosenberg</a> (George Allen and Unwin, 1963)</li> <li>Athena: Queen of the Air (Annotated) (originally The Queen of the Air: A Study of the Greek Myths of Cloud and Storm) ed. Na Ding, foreword by Tim Kavi, brief literary bio by Kelli M. Webert (TiLu Press, 2013 electronic book version, paper forthcoming)</li> <li>Ruskin on Music ed <a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Wakefield" title="Mary Augusta Wakefield">Mary Augusta Wakefield</a> (Creative Media Partners LLC, 2015)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin,_Nebraska" title="Ruskin, Nebraska">Ruskin, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin%27s_diggers" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin's diggers">Ruskin's diggers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Hinksey" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferry Hinksey">Ferry Hinksey</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin%27s_Ride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruskin's Ride">Ruskin's Ride</a>, a bridleway in Oxford</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton,_Missouri" title="Trenton, Missouri">Trenton, Missouri</a>, home of the first Ruskin College in the United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Augustus_Howell" title="Charles Augustus Howell">Charles Augustus Howell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_English_House" title="The English House">The English House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruskin" title="Mount Ruskin">Mount Ruskin</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Intro-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intro_1-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewison" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewison" title="Robert Hewison">Hewison, Robert</a>. "Ruskin, John (1819–1900)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24291">10.1093/ref:odnb/24291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ruskin%2C+John+%281819%E2%80%931900%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F24291&rft.aulast=Hewison&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Helen Gill Viljoen, Ruskin's Scottish Heritage: A Prelude (University of Illinois Press, 1956) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Helen Gill Viljoen, Ruskin's Scottish Heritage (University of Illinois Press, 1956) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Childhood-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Childhood_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Childhood_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Childhood_4-2">c</a> ODNB (2004) "Childhood and education" </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20031012/ai_n12585843/">[1]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Lemon, Rebecca, et al., eds. The Blackwell Companion to the Bible in English Literature. Vol. 36. John Wiley & Sons, 2010. p. 523 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> J. S. Dearden, John Ruskin's Camberwell (Brentham Press for Guild of St George, 1990) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424171849/https://erm.selu.edu/notes/andrews_edward_note">"Edward Andrews (1787–1841) | ERM"</a>. erm.selu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erm.selu.edu/notes/andrews_edward_note">the original</a> on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erm.selu.edu&rft.atitle=Edward+Andrews+%281787%E2%80%931841%29+%7C+ERM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferm.selu.edu%2Fnotes%2Fandrews_edward_note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419211239/https://erm.selu.edu/notes/andrews_family_note">"Andrews Family | ERM"</a>. erm.selu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://erm.selu.edu/notes/andrews_family_note">the original</a> on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erm.selu.edu&rft.atitle=Andrews+Family+%7C+ERM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ferm.selu.edu%2Fnotes%2Fandrews_family_note&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/articles/individuals/dale_thomas.htm">"UCL Bloomsbury Project"</a>. Ucl.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401033723/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/bloomsbury-project/articles/individuals/dale_thomas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ucl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=UCL+Bloomsbury+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fbloomsbury-project%2Farticles%2Findividuals%2Fdale_thomas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/history/famouspeople/johnkeats.aspx">"King's College London – John Keats"</a>. Kcl.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401033728/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/aboutkings/history/famouspeople/johnkeats.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kcl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=King%27s+College+London+%E2%80%93+John+Keats&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Faboutkings%2Fhistory%2Ffamouspeople%2Fjohnkeats.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814225900/http://www.pookpress.co.uk/project/john-ruskin-biography/">"John Ruskin Biography >> Classic Stories"</a>. Pookpress.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pookpress.co.uk/project/john-ruskin-biography/">the original</a> on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pookpress.co.uk&rft.atitle=John+Ruskin+Biography+%3E%3E+Classic+Stories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pookpress.co.uk%2Fproject%2Fjohn-ruskin-biography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> John Ruskin, Iteriad, or Three Weeks Among the Lakes, ed. James S. Dearden (Frank Graham, 1969) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewison" title="Robert Hewison">Robert Hewison</a>, Ruskin and Venice: The Paradise of Cities (Yale University Press, 2009) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.453n2-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.453n2_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 1.453n2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_WedderburnIntroduction-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_WedderburnIntroduction_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn2.265-8-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn2.265-8_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 2.265-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.191-6-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.191-6_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 1.191-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.4-188-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.4-188_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 1.4-188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.206-10-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.206-10_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 1.206-10. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017013829/http://artmagick.com/poetry/poem.aspx?id=11553&name=john-ruskin-christ-church-oxford">"Christ Church, Oxford by John Ruskin :: ArtMagick Illustrated Poetry Collection :: Artmagick.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artmagick.com/poetry/poem.aspx?id=11553&name=john-ruskin-christ-church-oxford">the original</a> on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christ+Church%2C+Oxford+by+John+Ruskin+%3A%3A+ArtMagick+Illustrated+Poetry+Collection+%3A%3A+Artmagick.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artmagick.com%2Fpoetry%2Fpoem.aspx%3Fid%3D11553%26name%3Djohn-ruskin-christ-church-oxford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Cynthia Gamble, John Ruskin, Henry James and the Shropshire Lads (New European Publications, 2008) chapters 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> For his winning poem, "Salsette and Elephanata", Cook and Wedderburn 2.90–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Leon" title="Derrick Leon">Derrick Leon</a>, Ruskin: The Great Victorian (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1949), pp. 54–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.VI.305-54-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn1.VI.305-54_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 1.VI.305-54. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> James S. Dearden, "The King of the Golden River: A Bio-Bibliographival Study" in Robert E. Rhodes and Del Ivan Janik, Studies in Ruskin: Essays in Honor of Van Akin Burd (Ohio University Press, 1982), pp. 32–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Bradley, Alexander. “Ruskin at Oxford: Pupil and Master”, p. 750, Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900 32, no. 4 (1992): 747–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/450969">doi</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinah_Birch" title="Dinah Birch">Dinah Birch</a> (ed.) Ruskin on Turner (Cassell, 1990) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/empi/index.htm">"the electronic edition of John Ruskin's "Modern Painters" Volume I"</a>. Lancs.ac.uk. 28 June 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130318002345/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/empi/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=the+electronic+edition+of+John+Ruskin%27s+%22Modern+Painters%22+Volume+I&rft.date=2002-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.ac.uk%2Ffass%2Fruskin%2Fempi%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn3.104-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn3.104_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 3.104. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Tim Hilton, John Ruskin: The Early Years (Yale University Press, 1985) p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Q. in Harold I. Shapiro (ed.), Ruskin in Italy: Letters to His Parents 1845 (Clarendon Press, 1972), pp.200–01. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn4.25-218-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn4.25-218_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 4.25-218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn4.47_(''Modern_Painters_II'')-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn4.47_(''Modern_Painters_II'')_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 4.47 (Modern Painters II). </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> See J. L. 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Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Npg.org.uk&rft.atitle=NPG+5160%3B+Effie+Gray+%28Lady+Millais%29+%E2%80%93+Portrait&rft.date=2016-12-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait.php%3FLinkID%3Dmp07473%26rNo%3D0%26role%3Dart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211655/http://www.perthshirediary.com/html/day0507.html">"May 7th 1828"</a>. Perthshire Diary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perthshirediary.com/html/day0507.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=May+7th+1828&rft.pub=Perthshire+Diary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perthshirediary.com%2Fhtml%2Fday0507.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1984" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Phyllis (1984). Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages. [A. Knopf]. pp. 52–71, 82–89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-52432-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-52432-2"><bdi>0-394-52432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+Lives%3A+Five+Victorian+Marriages&rft.pages=52-71%2C+82-89&rft.pub=%5BA.+Knopf%5D&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-394-52432-2&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> For the wider context, see Robert Brownell, A Marriage of Inconvenience: John Ruskin, Effie Gray, John Everett Millais and the surprising truth about the most notorious marriage of the nineteenth century (Pallas Athene, 2013).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn8.3-274-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn8.3-274_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 8.3-274. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Mary Lutyens, Effie in Venice (John Murray, 1965); reprinted as Young Mrs. Ruskin in Venice: Unpublished Letters of Mrs. John Ruskin written from Venice, between 1849–1852 (Vanguard Press, 1967; new edition: Pallas Athene, 2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/ruskinlib/eSoV/index.html">"Ruskin's Venetian Notebooks 1849–50"</a>. Lancs.ac.uk. 20 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008172602/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/depts/ruskinlib/eSoV/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ruskin%27s+Venetian+Notebooks+1849%E2%80%9350&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.ac.uk%2Fdepts%2Fruskinlib%2FeSoV%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> For <a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> see Cook and Wedderburn vols. 9–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn10.180–269-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn10.180–269_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 10.180–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Fiona MacCarthy, William Morris (Faber and Faber, 1994) pp. 69–70, 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieve1996" class="citation journal cs1">Grieve, Alastair (1996). "Ruskin and Millais at Glenfinals". The Burlington Magazine. 138 (1117): 228–234. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/886970">886970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Burlington+Magazine&rft.atitle=Ruskin+and+Millais+at+Glenfinals&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=1117&rft.pages=228-234&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F886970%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grieve&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.357n-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.357n_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 12.357n. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Derrick_Leon" title="Derrick Leon">Derrick Leon</a>, Ruskin: The Great Victorian (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1949), pp. 137–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.319–335-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.319–335_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 12.319–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Mary Lutyens, Millais and the Ruskins (John Murray, 1968) p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sir William James, The Order of Release, the story of John Ruskin, Effie Gray and John Everett Millais, 1946, p. 237 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Phyllis Rose, Parallel Lives: Five Victorian Marriages, 1983, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Mary Lutyens, Millais and the Ruskins (John Murray, 1968) p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_54-1">b</a> ODNB: "Critic of Contemporary Art". </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> W. G. Collingwood, Life and Work of John Ruskin (Methuen, 1900) p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburnvol._14-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburnvol._14_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, vol. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udKymsQhKMEC&q=I+paints+and+paints%2C%2Fhears+no+complaints%2FAnd+sells+before+I%E2%80%99m+dry%2C%2FTill+savage+Ruskin+sticks+his+tusk+in%2FThen+nobody+will+buy&pg=PA31">[2]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140903031532/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/turner/info.htm">"Fitzwilliam Museum Collections Explorer"</a>. Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/turner/info.htm">the original</a> on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Fitzwilliam+Museum+Collections+Explorer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk%2Fgallery%2Fturner%2Finfo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> The relation between Ruskin, his art and criticism, was explored in the exhibition Ruskin, Turner and the Pre-Raphaelites (Tate Britain, 2000), curated by Robert Hewison, Stephen Wildman and Ian Warrell. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Malcolm Low & Julie Graham, The stained glass window of the Little Church of St. Francis, private publication August 2002 & April 2006, for viewing Fareham Library reference Section or the <a href="/wiki/Westbury_Manor_Museum" title="Westbury Manor Museum">Westbury Manor Museum</a> Ref: section Fareham, hants; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/m.low1/funtley/funtleychurch.htm">The stained glass window of the Church of St. Francis. Funtley, Fareham, Hampshire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930232049/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/m.low1/funtley/funtleychurch.htm">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> J. Mordaunt Crook, "Ruskinian Gothic", in The Ruskin Polygon: Essays on the Imagination of John Ruskin, ed. John Dixon Hunt and Faith M. Holland (Manchester University Press, 1982), pp. 65–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Michael Brooks, John Ruskin and Victorian Architecture (Thames and Hudson, 1991), p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/thinkers/john_ruskin.htm">"John Ruskin on education"</a>. Infed.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029115422/http://www.infed.org/thinkers/john_ruskin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infed.org&rft.atitle=John+Ruskin+on+education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infed.org%2Fthinkers%2Fjohn_ruskin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805231329/http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-wmenc.htm">"The Working Men's College"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/walking/wa-wmenc.htm">the original</a> on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 5 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Working+Men%27s+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infed.org%2Fwalking%2Fwa-wmenc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.553-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.553_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 13.553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn15.23-232-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn15.23-232_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 15.23-232. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> ODNB. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Robert Hewison, Ruskin and Oxford: The Art of Education (Clarendon Press, 1996), p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The Winnington Letters: John Ruskin's correspondence with Margaret Alexis Bell and the children at Winnington Hall, ed. Van Akin Burd (Harvard University Press, 1969) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.197–372-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.197–372_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 18.197–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Malcolm Cole, "Be Like Daisies": John Ruskin and the Cultivation of Beauty at Whitelands College (Guild of St George Ruskin Lecture 1992) (Brentham Press for The Guild of St George, 1992). </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel2013" class="citation book cs1">Manuel, Anne (2013). Breaking New Ground: A History of Somerville College as seen through its Buildings. Oxford: Somerville College. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+New+Ground%3A+A+History+of+Somerville+College+as+seen+through+its+Buildings&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Somerville+College&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Manuel&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150108093838/http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/4054/History%20of%20the%20library.html">"History of the Library – Somerville College"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.some.ox.ac.uk/4054/History%20of%20the%20library.html">the original</a> on 8 January 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Library+%E2%80%93+Somerville+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.some.ox.ac.uk%2F4054%2FHistory%2520of%2520the%2520library.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Respectively, Cook and Wedderburn vols. 5 and 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.69-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.69_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 5.69. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Francis O'Gorman, "Ruskin's Mountain Gloom", in Rachel Dickinson and Keith Hanley (eds), Ruskin's Struggle for Coherence: Self-Representation through Art, Place and Society (Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006), pp. 76–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.385–417,_418–68-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.385–417,_418–68_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 5.385–417, 418–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Alan Davis, "Ruskin's Dialectic: Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory", in Ruskin Programme Bulletin, no. 25 (January 2001), pp. 6–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.9-174-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.9-174_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 16.9-174. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> J. L. Bradley (ed.), Ruskin: The Critical Heritage (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), pp. 202–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Most of Viljoen's work remains unpublished, but has been explored by Van Akin Burd and James L. Spates. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/vanburd1.html">An Introduction to Helen Gill Viljoen's Unpublished Biography of Ruskin by Van Akin Burd</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214221201/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/vanburd1.html">Archived</a> 14 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/spates1.html">Editor's Introductory Comments on Viljoen's Chapter by James L. Spates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110214221152/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/spates1.html">Archived</a> 14 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/viljoen.html">Ruskin in Milan, 1862": A Chapter from Dark Star, Helen Gill Viljoen's Unpublished Biography of John Ruskin by James L. Spates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110212140033/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/viljoen.html">Archived</a> 12 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> For the address itself, see Cook and Wedderburn 16.177–206, and for the wider context: Clive Wilmer, "Ruskin and Cambridge" in The Companion (Newsletter of The Guild of St. George) no.7 (2007), pp.8–10. [Revised version of inaugural Ruskin Lecture, Anglia Ruskin University, 11 October 2006)] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.251–426-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.251–426_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 16.251–426. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.251-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn16.251_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 16.251. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.9–80-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.9–80_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 13.9–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.95–186-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn13.95–186_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 13.95–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> For the catalogues, Cook and Wedderburn 19.187–230 and 351–538. For letters, see 13.329-50 and further notes, 539–646. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Ian Warrell "Exploring the 'Dark Side': Ruskin and the Problem of Turner's Erotica", British Art Journal, vol. IV, no. 1 (Spring 2003), pp. 15–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Alan Davis, "Misinterpreting Ruskin: New light on the 'dark clue' in the basement of the National Gallery, 1857–58" in Nineteenth-Century Prose, vol. 38, no. 2 (Fall 2011), pp. 35–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.89-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.89_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 29.89. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1999" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Michael (1999). Ruskin's God. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521574145" title="Special:BookSources/0521574145"><bdi>0521574145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruskin%27s+God&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0521574145&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn36.115-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn36.115_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 36.115. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_P._Landow2005" class="citation web cs1">George P. Landow (25 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/atheories/4.2.html">"The Aesthetic and Critical Beliefs of John Ruskin. Chapter Four, Section II. Loss of Belief"</a>. The Victorian Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095711/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/atheories/4.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=The+Aesthetic+and+Critical+Beliefs+of+John+Ruskin.+Chapter+Four%2C+Section+II.+Loss+of+Belief&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft.au=George+P.+Landow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fruskin%2Fatheories%2F4.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-victorianweb.org-94"><a href="#cite_ref-victorianweb.org_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_P._Landow2005" class="citation web cs1">George P. Landow (25 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/atheories/4.2.html">"The Aesthetic and Critical Beliefs of John Ruskin. Chapter Four, Section III. The Return to Belief"</a>. The Victorian Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214095711/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/atheories/4.2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victorian+Web&rft.atitle=The+Aesthetic+and+Critical+Beliefs+of+John+Ruskin.+Chapter+Four%2C+Section+III.+The+Return+to+Belief&rft.date=2005-07-25&rft.au=George+P.+Landow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fruskin%2Fatheories%2F4.2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> E. T. Cook, The Life of John Ruskin (2 vols., 2nd edn., George Allen, 1912), vol. 2, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.lxx-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.lxx_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 17.lxx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn14.288,_24.347,_34.355,_590-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn14.288,_24.347,_34.355,_590_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 14.288, 24.347, 34.355, 590. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.507-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn12.507_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 12.507. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> On the importance of words and language: Cook and Wedderburn 18.65, 18.64, and 20.75. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStimson1888" class="citation journal cs1">Stimson, F. J. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1879386">"Ruskin as a Political Economist"</a>. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2 (4): 414–445. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1879386">10.2307/1879386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-5533">0033-5533</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1879386">1879386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=Ruskin+as+a+Political+Economist&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=414-445&rft.date=1888&rft.issn=0033-5533&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1879386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1879386&rft.aulast=Stimson&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1879386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFain1943" class="citation journal cs1">Fain, John Tyree (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1053391">"Ruskin and the Orthodox Political Economists"</a>. Southern Economic Journal. 10 (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1053391">10.2307/1053391</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4038">0038-4038</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1053391">1053391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Economic+Journal&rft.atitle=Ruskin+and+the+Orthodox+Political+Economists&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1943&rft.issn=0038-4038&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1053391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1053391&rft.aulast=Fain&rft.aufirst=John+Tyree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1053391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> For the sources of Ruskin's social and political analysis: James Clark Sherburne, John Ruskin or The Ambiguities of Abundance: A Study in Social and Economic Criticism (Harvard University Press, 1972 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.15–118-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.15–118_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 17.15–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Cook and Wedderburn 4.122n. For the press reaction: J. L. Bradley (ed.) Ruskin: The Critical Heritage (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984), pp. 273–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn36.415-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn36.415_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 36.415. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Cate, George Allen, ed. (1982). The Correspondence of Thomas Carlyle and John Ruskin. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn37.15-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn37.15_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 37.15Ruskin, in a letter to Charles Eliot Norton, 20 August 1870: "I have not yet received so much encouragement from anything as from what you tell me respecting the feelings of other workmen. For up to the present time I have literally felt that, as Carlyle once wrote to me—'We are in a minority of two,' and that, whatever sympathy here and there people might feel either with his genius or with my poor little art-gift, there was no one who would or could believe a word of what we said touching the vital laws and mortal violations of them which regulate and ruin states, and are not doing the first for us in England." </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> For the influence of Ruskin's social and political thought: Gill Cockram, Ruskin and Social Reform: Ethics and Economics in the Victorian Age (I.B. Tauris, 2007) and Stuart Eagles, After Ruskin: The Social and Political Legacies of a Victorian Prophet, 1870–1920 (Oxford University Press, 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Cook and Wedderburn 27.167 and 35.13. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121008172638/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/empi/notes/galib64.htm">"Ruskin MP I Notes"</a>. Lancs.ac.uk. 6 July 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/empi/notes/galib64.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ruskin+MP+I+Notes&rft.date=2002-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.ac.uk%2Ffass%2Fruskin%2Fempi%2Fnotes%2Fgalib64.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.129–298-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.129–298_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 17.129–298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.309–484-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.309–484_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 17.309–484. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Francis O' Gorman gives the figure as £120,000, in idem, John Ruskin (Sutton Publishing, 1999) p. 62 as does James S. Dearden (who adds that property, including paintings, was valued at £3000), in idem, John Ruskin (Shire Publications, 2004), p. 37. Robert Hewison's Oxford <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> entry for Ruskin, however, states £157,000 plus £10,000 in pictures (section: "A Mid-Life Crisis"). The National Probate Calendar states simply, 'under £200,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.lxxvii-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.lxxvii_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 17.lxxvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Gillian Darley, Octavia Hill: A Life (Constable, 1990) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.xlv–xlvi,_550–554-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.xlv–xlvi,_550–554_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 18.xlv–xlvi, 550–554. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn19.163-94-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn19.163-94_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 19.163-94. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Dearden, James S.(2018)."Why are there so few 'Wars'? A John Ruskin Rarity."<a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a> 67 no.1 (spring):79–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/block1.html">"Moral Taste in Ruskin's "Traffic""</a>. Victorianweb.org. 13 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110323023231/http://www.victorianweb.org//authors/ruskin/block1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorianweb.org&rft.atitle=Moral+Taste+in+Ruskin%27s+%22Traffic%22&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fruskin%2Fblock1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.433-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.433_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 18.433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.383–533-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.383–533_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 18.383–533. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.19-187-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn18.19-187_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 18.19-187. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Kate Millett, Sexual Politics (New York: Doubleday and Co.), 1970, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Tim Hilton, John Ruskin: The Later Years (Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 165–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskin1887" class="citation book cs1">Ruskin, John (1887). "Lecture I: Inaugural". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19164/19164-h/19164-h.htm#LECTURE_I">Lectures on Art</a>. New York: National Library Association. pp. 19, 21. Retrieved 14 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lecture+I%3A+Inaugural&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Art&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19%2C+21&rft.pub=National+Library+Association&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Ruskin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F19164%2F19164-h%2F19164-h.htm%23LECTURE_I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymonds2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Symonds_(academic)" title="Richard Symonds (academic)">Symonds, Richard</a> (2000). "Oxford and the Empire". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_G._Brock" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael G. Brock">Brock, Michael G.</a>; Curthoys, Mark C. (eds.). The History of the University of Oxford: Volume VII: Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part 2. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. pp. 689–716, 691. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0191559660" title="Special:BookSources/0191559660"><bdi>0191559660</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893971998">893971998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+and+the+Empire&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+University+of+Oxford%3A+Volume+VII%3A+Nineteenth-Century+Oxford%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=689-716%2C+691&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893971998&rft.isbn=0191559660&rft.aulast=Symonds&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Ruskin%20School%20of%20Art%20RS.pdf">"Oxford University Archives | Home"</a> (PDF). Oua.ox.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062551/http://www.oua.ox.ac.uk/holdings/Ruskin%20School%20of%20Art%20RS.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oua.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Oxford+University+Archives+%26%23124%3B+Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oua.ox.ac.uk%2Fholdings%2FRuskin%2520School%2520of%2520Art%2520RS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-See_Robert_Hewison_1996-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-See_Robert_Hewison_1996_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-See_Robert_Hewison_1996_128-1">b</a> See Robert Hewison, Ruskin and Oxford: The Art of Education (Clarendon Press, 1996) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.86-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.86_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 29.86. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Francis O' Gorman, John Ruskin (Pocket Biographies) (Sutton Publishing, 1999) p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/3780">"John Ruskin green plaque"</a>. Open Plaques. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211657/http://openplaques.org/plaques/3780">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Ruskin+green+plaque&rft.pub=Open+Plaques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenplaques.org%2Fplaques%2F3780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Stuart Eagles, After Ruskin: The Social and Political Legacies of a Victorian Prophet, 1870–1920 (Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 103–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Stuart Eagles, "Ruskin the Worker: Hinksey and the Origins of Ruskin Hall, Oxford" in Ruskin Review and Bulletin, vol. 4, no. 3 (Autumn 2008), pp. 19–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> Tim Hilton, John Ruskin: The Later Years (Yale University Press, 2000), pp. 399–400, 509–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Jed Mayer, "Ruskin, Vivisection, and Scientific Knowledge" in Nineteenth-Century Prose, vol. 35, no. 1 (Spring 2008) (Guest Editor, Sharon Aronofsky Weltman), pp. 200–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.160-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn29.160_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 29.160. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_n1_v81/ai_13295552">Linda Merrill, A Pot of Paint: Aesthetics on Trial in Whistler v. Ruskin. – book review, Art in America, January 1993, by Wendy Steiner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060827175109/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1248/is_n1_v81/ai_13295552">Archived</a> 27 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/turner-whistler-monet/turner-whistler-monet-who-what-when/turner-1">"Turner Whistler Monet: Ruskin v Whistler"</a>. Tate. 2 September 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902054413/https://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain/exhibition/turner-whistler-monet/turner-whistler-monet-who-what-when/turner-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Turner+Whistler+Monet%3A+Ruskin+v+Whistler&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fwhats-on%2Ftate-britain%2Fexhibition%2Fturner-whistler-monet%2Fturner-whistler-monet-who-what-when%2Fturner-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambourne1996" class="citation book cs1">Lambourne, Lionel (1996). "Chapter 5". The Aesthetic Movement. London: <a href="/wiki/Phaidon_Press" title="Phaidon Press">Phaidon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714830003" title="Special:BookSources/0714830003"><bdi>0714830003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetic+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phaidon+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0714830003&rft.aulast=Lambourne&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> For an exploration of Ruskin's rejection of dominant artistic trends in his later life, see Clive Wilmer, "Ruskin and the Challenge of Modernity" in Nineteenth-Century Prose, vol. 38, no. 2 (Fall 2011), pp. 13–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Cook and Wedderburn 29.469, the passage in Sesame and Lilies printed in "blood-red". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn27–29-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn27–29_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 27–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> For the Guild's original constitution and articles of association: Cook and Wedderburn 30.3–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1940&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324235259/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw%3A1m1940&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">Archived</a> 24 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> On the origins of the Guild: Mark Frost, The Lost Companions and John Ruskin's Guild of St George, a revisionary history (Anthem Press, 2014); and Edith Hope Scott, Ruskin's Guild of St George (Methuen, 1931). </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> See Sally Goldsmith, Thirteen Acres: John Ruskin and the Totley Communists (Guild of St George Publications, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> See Peter Wardle and Cedric Quayle, Ruskin and Bewdley (Brentham Press, 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> See Liz Mitchell, 'Treasuring things of the least': Mary Hope Greg, John Ruskin and Westmill, Hertfordshire (Guild of St George Publications, 2017). </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> See Stuart Eagles, Miss Margaret E. Knight and St George's Field, Sheepscombe (Guild of St George Publications, 2015). </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/pages/Ruskinland.htm">"Ruskinland"</a>. Utopia-britannica.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929162448/http://www.utopia-britannica.org.uk/pages/Ruskinland.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Utopia-britannica.org.uk&rft.atitle=Ruskinland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utopia-britannica.org.uk%2Fpages%2FRuskinland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn28.417–38_and_28.13–29-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn28.417–38_and_28.13–29_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 28.417–38 and 28.13–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Sara Atwood, Ruskin's Educational Ideals (Ashgate, 2011), pp. 151–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> For a short, illustrated history of the Guild: James S. Dearden, John Ruskin's Guild of St George (Guild of St George, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Sara E. Haslam, John Ruskin and the Lakeland Arts Revival, 1880–1920 (Merton Priory Press, 2004) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Stuart Eagles, Ruskin's Faithful Stewards: Henry and Emily Swan (Ruskin Research Blog, 2024); Janet Barnes, Ruskin and Sheffield (Guild of St Georgel, 2018). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.333-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn5.333_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 5.333. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruskinatwalkley.org/">"Ruskin at Walkley"</a>. Ruskin at Walkley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706022159/https://www.ruskinatwalkley.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruskin+at+Walkley&rft.pub=Ruskin+at+Walkley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruskinatwalkley.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/collections/ruskin-collection">"eMuseum"</a>. Museums-sheffield.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912062207/http://www.museums-sheffield.org.uk/collections/ruskin-collection/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museums-sheffield.org.uk&rft.atitle=eMuseum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museums-sheffield.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fruskin-collection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Robert Dunlop, Plantation of Renown: The Story of the La Touche Family of Harristown and the Baptist Church at Brannockstown in Co. Kildare [1970]. Revised and enlarged edition, 1982; "Ruskin's "Wild Rose of Kildare", pp. 29–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn27.344-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn27.344_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 27.344. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Cook and Wedderburn 23.293. For further study, see Keith Hanley and John K. Walton, Constructing Cultural Tourism: John Ruskin and the Tourist Gaze (Channel View Publications, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn34.265–397-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn34.265–397_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 34.265–397. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReno" class="citation book cs1">Reno, Seth. "The Cradle of the Anthropocene". Early Anthropocene Literature in Britain, 1750–1884. Palgrave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cradle+of+the+Anthropocene&rft.btitle=Early+Anthropocene+Literature+in+Britain%2C+1750%E2%80%931884&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.aulast=Reno&rft.aufirst=Seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn34.7–80-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn34.7–80_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 34.7–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> Michael Wheeler (ed.), Ruskin and Environment: The Storm-Cloud of the Nineteenth Century (Manchester University Press, 1995). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn35.5-562-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn35.5-562_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 35.5-562. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> For an illustrated history of Brantwood, see James S. Dearden, Brantwood: The Story of John Ruskin's Coniston Home (Ruskin Foundation, 2009). </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw:1m1674&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324235342/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/api/datastream?publicationPid=uk-ac-man-scw%3A1m1674&datastreamId=POST-PEER-REVIEW-PUBLISHERS-DOCUMENT.PDF">Archived</a> 24 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1900/01/21/archives/john-ruskin-passes-away-author-dies-of-influenza-at-the-age-of.html">"JOHN RUSKIN PASSES AWAY"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 21 January 1900. p. 7. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=JOHN+RUSKIN+PASSES+AWAY&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1900-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1900%2F01%2F21%2Farchives%2Fjohn-ruskin-passes-away-author-dies-of-influenza-at-the-age-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1900/01/26/archives/burial-of-john-ruskin-mourners-from-all-parts-of-the-united-kingdom.html">"BURIAL OF JOHN RUSKIN"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 26 January 1900. p. 7. Retrieved 17 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BURIAL+OF+JOHN+RUSKIN.&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1900-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1900%2F01%2F26%2Farchives%2Fburial-of-john-ruskin-mourners-from-all-parts-of-the-united-kingdom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> For Ruskin's relationship with Joan Severn, see John Ruskin's Correspondence with Joan Severn: Sense and Nonsense Letters ed. Rachel Dickinson (Legenda, 2008). </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> James Spates has written about the effects of this, based on the research work of Helen Viljoen. See James L. Spates, 'John Ruskin's Dark Star: New Lights on His Life Based on the Unpublished Biographical Materials and Research of Helen Gill Viljoen', Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester, vol. 82, no. 1, Spring 2000 [published 2001], 135–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Stuart Eagles, After Ruskin: The Social and Political Legacies of a Victorian Prophet, 1870–1920 (Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 246–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> See James S. Dearden, Ruskin, Bembridge and Brantwood: the Growth of the Whitehouse Collection (Ryburn, 1994). </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704091942/http://www.brantwood.org.uk/">"Museum, Arts Centre & Self Catering Accommodation Coniston"</a>. Brantwood.org.uk. 14 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brantwood.org.uk/">the original</a> on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brantwood.org.uk&rft.atitle=Museum%2C+Arts+Centre+%26+Self+Catering+Accommodation+Coniston&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brantwood.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guildofstgeorge.org.uk/">"The Guild of St George"</a>. guildofstgeorge.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226061214/https://www.guildofstgeorge.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guildofstgeorge.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Guild+of+St+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guildofstgeorge.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theruskinsociety.com/">"The Ruskin Society"</a>. theruskinsociety.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071719/https://platform.twitter.com/widgets/widget_iframe.f88235f49a156f8b4cab34c7bc1a0acc.html?origin=http%3A%2F%2Ftheruskinsociety.com">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theruskinsociety.com&rft.atitle=The+Ruskin+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheruskinsociety.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruskin200.com/">"Ruskin200"</a>. ruskin200.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071743/https://redistats.com/track.js?gid=1zeolmnp&pid=315834&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruskin200.com%2F&referrer=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ruskin200.com&rft.atitle=Ruskin200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruskin200.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Alexander MacEwen, who attended Ruskin's lectures at Oxford, reported that the papers described him thus. See David Smith Cairns, Life and times of Alexander Robertson MacEwen, D.D (Hodder and Stoughton, 1925), pp. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/H._W._Nevinson" class="mw-redirect" title="H. W. Nevinson">H. W. Nevinson</a>, Changes and Chances (James Nisbet, 1923), pp. 53–55 and <a href="/wiki/J._A._Spender" title="J. A. Spender">J. A. Spender</a>, Life, Journalism and Politics (Cassell & Co., 1927), p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gwynn-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gwynn_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gwynn_181-1">b</a> Stephen Gwynn, Experiences of a Literary Man, Thornton Butterworth, 1926, pages 39–41 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Stuart Eagles, Ruskin and Tolstoy (2nd edn) (Guild of St George, 2016) p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Cynthia J. Gamble, Proust as Interpreter of Ruskin. The Seven Lamps of Translation (Summa Publications, 2002) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Masami Kimura, "Japanese Interest in Ruskin: Some Historical Trends" in Robert E. Rhodes and Del Ivan Janik (eds.), Studies in Ruskin: Essays in Honor of Van Akin Burd (Ohio University Press, 1982), pp. 215–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Catalogue of the Ryuzo Mikimoto Collection : Ruskin Library, Tokyo 2004. 1 April 2017. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56923207">56923207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+the+Ryuzo+Mikimoto+Collection+%3A+Ruskin+Library%2C+Tokyo+2004&rft.date=2017-04-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56923207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2004" class="citation book cs1">Green, Nancy E., ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/byrdcliffeameric00denk">Byrdcliffe: An American Arts and Crafts Colony</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herbert_F._Johnson_Museum_of_Art" title="Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art">Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art</a>. pp. 16–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9646042-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9646042-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9646042-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byrdcliffe%3A+An+American+Arts+and+Crafts+Colony&rft.pages=16-33&rft.pub=Herbert+F.+Johnson+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9646042-0-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyrdcliffeameric00denk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Rebecca Daniels and Geoff Brandwood (ed.), Ruskin and Architecture (Spire Books, 2003) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> W. G. Collingwood, Life and Work of John Ruskin (Methuen, 1900) p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Giovanni Cianci and Peter Nicholls (eds.), Ruskin and Modernism (Palgrave, 2001), and Toni Cerutti (ed.), Ruskin and the Twentieth Century: The modernity of Ruskinism (Edizioni Mercurio, 2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/octaviahill">Download Samuel Jones (ed.), The Enduring Relevance of Octavia Hill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618093500/http://www.demos.co.uk/publications/octaviahill">Archived</a> 18 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and see specifically, Robert Hewison, "'You are doing some of the work that I ought to do': Octavia Hill and Ruskinian values", pp. 57–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1999" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Michael H. (1999). Designing Utopia: John Ruskin's Urban Vision for Britain and America. Black Rose Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1551641313" title="Special:BookSources/1551641313"><bdi>1551641313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Utopia%3A+John+Ruskin%27s+Urban+Vision+for+Britain+and+America&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1551641313&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> For a full discussion of Ruskin and education, see Sara Atwood, Ruskin's Educational Ideals (Ashgate, 2011). </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914235852/http://ruskin.ashmolean.org/collection/8994">"The Elements of Drawing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruskin.ashmolean.org/collection/8994/">the original</a> on 14 September 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Drawing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruskin.ashmolean.org%2Fcollection%2F8994%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnd_Kr%C3%BCger" title="Arnd Krüger">Arnd Krüger</a>, "'The masses are much more sensitive to the perfection of the whole than to any separate details': The Influence of John Ruskin's Political Economy on Pierre de Coubertin", in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwo.ca/olympic/files/pdf/olympika/tocs/olympika-05-1996-toc.pdf">Olympika, 1996 Vol. V</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817052210/https://www.uwo.ca/olympic/files/pdf/olympika/tocs/olympika-05-1996-toc.pdf">Archived</a> 17 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 25–44; Arnd Krüger, "Coubertin's Ruskianism", in: R. K. Barney et al. (eds): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uwo.ca/olympic/files/pdf/proceedings/proceedings-1996-toc.pdf">Olympic Perspectives. 3rd International Symposium for Olympic Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819093136/https://www.uwo.ca/olympic/files/pdf/proceedings/proceedings-1996-toc.pdf">Archived</a> 19 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (London, Ont.: University of Western Ontario 1996), pp. 31–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Gill Cockram, Ruskin and Social Reform: Ethics and Economics in the Victorian Age (Tauris, 2007) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Stuart Eagles, After Ruskin: The social and political legacies of a Victorian prophet, 1870–1920 (Oxford University Press, 2011) and Dinah Birch (ed.), Ruskin and the Dawn of the Modern (Oxford University Press, 1999). </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockie2004" class="citation book cs1">Brockie, Ian (2004). "Hitler, Adolf". In Cumming, Mark (ed.). The Carlyle Encyclopedia. Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hitler%2C+Adolf&rft.btitle=The+Carlyle+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Madison+and+Teaneck%2C+NJ&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brockie&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennyson1973" class="citation book cs1">Tennyson, G. B. (1973). "The Carlyles". In DeLaura, David J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/victorianprose00davi/mode/2up">Victorian Prose: A Guide to Research</a>. New York: The Modern Language Association of America. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873522502" title="Special:BookSources/9780873522502"><bdi>9780873522502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Carlyles&rft.btitle=Victorian+Prose%3A+A+Guide+to+Research&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=The+Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780873522502&rft.aulast=Tennyson&rft.aufirst=G.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvictorianprose00davi%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunting2010" class="citation news cs1">Bunting, Madeleine (30 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/30/phillip-blond-red-tory-respublica">"Red Tory intrigues and infuriates"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071720/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/30/phillip-blond-red-tory-respublica">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Red+Tory+intrigues+and+infuriates&rft.date=2010-03-30&rft.aulast=Bunting&rft.aufirst=Madeleine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fmar%2F30%2Fphillip-blond-red-tory-respublica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ruskin200.com/">"Ruskin200"</a>. ruskin200.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071743/https://redistats.com/track.js?gid=1zeolmnp&pid=315834&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruskin200.com%2F&referrer=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ruskin200.com&rft.atitle=Ruskin200&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruskin200.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/ruskinlib/">"Ruskin Library"</a>. Lancs.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312110836/http://www.lancs.ac.uk/users/ruskinlib/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ruskin+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.ac.uk%2Fusers%2Fruskinlib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704091942/http://www.brantwood.org.uk/">"Museum, Arts Centre & Self Catering Accommodation Coniston"</a>. Brantwood.org.uk. 14 April 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brantwood.org.uk/">the original</a> on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum%2C+Arts+Centre+%26+Self+Catering+Accommodation+Coniston&rft.pub=Brantwood.org.uk&rft.date=2017-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brantwood.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060809185314/http://www.ruskinmuseum.com/">"Ruskin Museum"</a>. Ruskin Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruskinmuseum.com/">the original</a> on 9 August 2006. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruskin+Museum&rft.pub=Ruskin+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruskinmuseum.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2019" class="citation web cs1">House, Barony (23 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baronyhouse.co.uk/blog/edinburgh-blog/our-famous-ancestor-john-ruskin/">"JOHN RUSKIN my famous ancestor, read my story"</a>. BARONY HOUSE – Edinburgh Hotel Edinburgh B&B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226095243/https://www.baronyhouse.co.uk/blog/edinburgh-blog/our-famous-ancestor-john-ruskin/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BARONY+HOUSE+%E2%80%93+Edinburgh+Hotel+Edinburgh+B%26B&rft.atitle=JOHN+RUSKIN+my+famous+ancestor%2C+read+my+story&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Barony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baronyhouse.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fedinburgh-blog%2Four-famous-ancestor-john-ruskin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=516510638723162&id=345575902483304">"The Ruskin Museum"</a>. www.facebook.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904075823/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3D516510638723162%26id%3D345575902483304">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.facebook.com&rft.atitle=The+Ruskin+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fpermalink.php%3Fstory_fbid%3D516510638723162%26id%3D345575902483304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5RcPIY4KU0">"Ruskin Community Mural"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 4 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071719/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5RcPIY4KU0">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruskin+Community+Mural&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3De5RcPIY4KU0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Keith Hanley and John K. Walton, Constructing Cultural Tourism: John Ruskin and the Tourist Gaze (Channel View Publications, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Katherine Newey and Jeffrey Richards John Ruskin and the Victorian Theatre (Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Gauntlett" title="David Gauntlett">David Gauntlett</a> Making Is Connecting: The social meaning of creativity from DIY and knitting to YouTube and Web 2.0 (Polity, 2011), pp. 25–36, 217–19; specifically on YouTube, see pp. 85–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> Lars Spuybroek, The Sympathy of Things: Ruskin and the Ecology of Design (V2_NAI Publishers, 2011), pp. 65–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012145610/http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/frank-judd/26799">"Lord Judd"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/biographies/frank-judd/26799">the original</a> on 12 October 2011. Retrieved 22 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lord+Judd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.uk%2Fbiographies%2Ffrank-judd%2F26799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Field_(British_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Field (British politician)">Frank Field</a> spoke at the <a href="/wiki/Art_Workers_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Art Workers Guild">Art Workers Guild</a> on Ruskin, 6 February 2010. Stuart Eagles, The Economic Symposium. John Ruskin and the Modern World: Art and Economics, 1860–2010 in The Companion no. 10 (2010), pp. 7–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605174553/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/659657">Omnibus. Ruskin: The Last Visionary </a>, tx. BBC1, 13 March 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewison" title="Robert Hewison">Robert Hewison</a> (ed.) There is no wealth but life: Ruskin in the 21st Century (Ruskin To-Day, 2006). </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Andrew Hill, Introduction in John Ruskin, Unto This Last (Pallas Athene, 2010), pp. 9–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Melvyn_Bragg" title="Melvyn Bragg">Melvyn Bragg</a>, Foreword in John Ruskin, On Genius (Hesperus, 2011), pp. vii–xiv. He also appeared on an edition of Broadcasting House on BBC Radio 4 on 20 January 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernick" class="citation web cs1">Bernick, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelbernick/2020/02/12/autism-transition-returning-to-craft-and-the-land/">"Autism Transition: Returning To Craft And The Land"</a>. Forbes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203213721/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelbernick/2020/02/12/autism-transition-returning-to-craft-and-the-land/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Autism+Transition%3A+Returning+To+Craft+And+The+Land&rft.aulast=Bernick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fmichaelbernick%2F2020%2F02%2F12%2Fautism-transition-returning-to-craft-and-the-land%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/empi/notes/hcookwed01.htm">"Ruskin MP I Notes"</a>. Lancs.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904075826/https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/fass/ruskin/empi/notes/hcookwed01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lancs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ruskin+MP+I+Notes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancs.ac.uk%2Ffass%2Fruskin%2Fempi%2Fnotes%2Fhcookwed01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hobson" class="mw-redirect" title="John A. Hobson">J. A. Hobson</a>, John Ruskin: Social Reformer (J. Nisbet & Co., 1898), p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Clive_Wilmer" title="Clive Wilmer">Clive Wilmer</a> (ed.), Unto This Last and Other Writings (Penguin, 1985), pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190207-was-ruskin-the-most-important-man-of-the-last-200-years">"Was Ruskin the most important man of the last 200 years?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226141108/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20190207-was-ruskin-the-most-important-man-of-the-last-200-years">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Ruskin+the+most+important+man+of+the+last+200+years%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fculture%2Fstory%2F20190207-was-ruskin-the-most-important-man-of-the-last-200-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn3.624-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn3.624_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 3.624. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tate.org.uk/about/press-office/press-releases/ruskin-turner-and-pre-raphaelites">"Ruskin, Turner and The Pre-Raphaelites"</a>. Tate.org.uk. 7 January 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170405225922/http://www.tate.org.uk/about/press-office/press-releases/ruskin-turner-and-pre-raphaelites">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate.org.uk&rft.atitle=Ruskin%2C+Turner+and+The+Pre-Raphaelites&rft.date=2000-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fabout%2Fpress-office%2Fpress-releases%2Fruskin-turner-and-pre-raphaelites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Ruskin, The Stones of Venice, iii, ch. iv, §35; Cook and Wedderburn 11.227. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> John Unrau, "Ruskin, the Workman and the Savageness of Gothic", in New Approaches to Ruskin, ed <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewison" title="Robert Hewison">Robert Hewison</a>, 1981, pp. 33–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> Cook and Wedderburn 12.417–32. Cynthia J. Gamble, "John Ruskin: conflicting responses to Crystal Palace" in Françoise Dassy and Catherine Hajdenko-Marshall (eds.), Sociétés et conflit: enjeux et représentation (L'Harmattan et l'Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 2006), pp. 135–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler1989" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Alastair (1989). The History of English Literature. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39664-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39664-2"><bdi>0-674-39664-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+English+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-674-39664-2&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> Kenneth Clark, "A Note on Ruskin's Writings on Art and Architecture", in idem, Ruskin Today (John Murray, 1964) (reissued as Selected Writings, Penguin, 1991), pp. 133–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Seven Lamps ("The Lamp of Memory") c. 6; Cook and Wedderburn 8.233–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravis2018" class="citation book cs1">Travis, Kennedy (2018). The great flaw in the man. Columbia University, NY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+great+flaw+in+the+man&rft.pub=Columbia+University%2C+NY&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Travis&rft.aufirst=Kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskin1903" class="citation book cs1">Ruskin, John (1903). Praeterita. London: George Allen editions.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Praeterita&rft.place=London&rft.pub=George+Allen+editions&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Ruskin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.17–24-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook_and_Wedderburn17.17–24_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCook_and_Wedderburn">Cook and Wedderburn</a>, 17.17–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Jose Harris, "Ruskin and Social Reform", in Dinah Birch (ed.), Ruskin and the Dawn of the Modern (Clarendon Press, 1999), pp. 7–33, specifically p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,,1381143,00.html">The Guardian report on the discovery of Turner's drawings.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904075825/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/dec/31/arts.artsnews">Archived</a> 4 September 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Also see Warrell "Exploring the 'Dark Side': Ruskin and the Problem of Turner's Erotica", British Art Journal, vol. IV, no. 1, Spring 2003, pp. 15–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyall2005" class="citation news cs1">Lyall, Sarah (13 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E4DB1738F930A25752C0A9639C8B63">"A Censorship Story Goes Up in Smoke – No Bonfire Devoured J.M.W. Turner's Erotica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. pp. E1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/92999604">92999604</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211710/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E4DB1738F930A25752C0A9639C8B63">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Censorship+Story+Goes+Up+in+Smoke+%E2%80%93+No+Bonfire+Devoured+J.M.W.+Turner%27s+Erotica&rft.pages=E1&rft.date=2005-01-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Lyall&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9807E4DB1738F930A25752C0A9639C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Mary Lutyens, Millais and the Ruskins, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Lutyens, M., Millais and the Ruskins, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Peter Fuller, Theoria: Art and the Absence of Grace (Chatto & Windus, 1988), pp. 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Q. in J. Howard Whitehouse, Vindication of Ruskin (George Allen & Unwin, 1950), p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> See Robert Brownell, Marriage of Inconvenience: John Ruskin, Effie Gray, John Everett Millais and the surprising truth about the most notorious marriage of the nineteenth century (Pallas Athene, 2013). </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskin1909" class="citation book cs1">Ruskin, John (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofjohnruski35rusk/page/n77/mode/2up">"Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tyas_Cook" title="Edward Tyas Cook">Cook, Edward Tyas</a>; Wedderburn, Alexander Dundas Ogilvy (eds.). The works of John Ruskin. Vol. 35. London: George Allen; New York: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. lxvi–lxvii. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097357632">1097357632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+works+of+John+Ruskin&rft.pages=lxvi-lxvii&rft.pub=London%3A+George+Allen%3B+New+York%3A+Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1097357632&rft.aulast=Ruskin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofjohnruski35rusk%2Fpage%2Fn77%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProdger2013" class="citation news cs1">Prodger, Michael (29 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/mar/29/ruskin-effie-marriage-inconvenience-brownell">"John Ruskin's marriage: what really happened"</a>. Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guardian&rft.atitle=John+Ruskin%27s+marriage%3A+what+really+happened&rft.date=2013-03-29&rft.aulast=Prodger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2013%2Fmar%2F29%2Fruskin-effie-marriage-inconvenience-brownell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1970" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Joan (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1XjntfarTykC">John Ruskin</a>. New York: Haskell House. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838310533" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838310533"><bdi>978-0838310533</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ruskin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Haskell+House&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0838310533&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1XjntfarTykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Tim Hilton, John Ruskin: The Later Years, p. 553, "absolutely under her [Rose's] orders I have asked Tenny Watson to marry me and come abroad with her father." </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurie1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Lurie, Alison</a> (20 July 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3WROewAACAAJ">Don't Tell the Grown-Ups: The Subversive Power of Children's Literature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780316246255" title="Special:BookSources/9780316246255"><bdi>9780316246255</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071722/https://books.google.com/books?id=3WROewAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 24 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don%27t+Tell+the+Grown-Ups%3A+The+Subversive+Power+of+Children%27s+Literature&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft.isbn=9780316246255&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3WROewAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ruskin+on+his+sexuality:+a+lost+source.-a0199396727">Ruskin on his sexuality: a lost source.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211127065035/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ruskin+on+his+sexuality:+a+lost+source.-a0199396727">Archived</a> 27 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philological Quarterly, Fall, 2007 by Van Akin Burd </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Pigwiggina is a nickname Ruskin used for the girl as she looked after (lambs and) piglets; c.f. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/letterstomgandhg00rusk/letterstomgandhg00rusk_djvu.txt">Letters to M. G. and H. G.</a> 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+to+M.+G.+and+H.+G.&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fletterstomgandhg00rusk%2Fletterstomgandhg00rusk_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Tim Hilton, John Ruskin: A Life, vol. 1, pp. 253–54; John Batchelor, John Ruskin: No Wealth but Life, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Wolfgang Kemp and Jan Van Heurck, The Desire of My Eyes: The Life and Work of John Ruskin , p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> See James L. Spates, "Ruskin's Sexuality: Correcting Decades of Misperception and Mislabelling" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/intro.html">"victoriaweb0"</a>. victoriaweb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223258/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/spates/intro.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=victoriaweb.com&rft.atitle=victoriaweb0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fruskin%2Fspates%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapiro-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shapiro_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFred_R._Shapiro2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Shapiro" title="Fred R. Shapiro">Fred R. Shapiro</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ck6bXqt5shkC&pg=PA657">The Yale Book of Quotations</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 657. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300107982" title="Special:BookSources/9780300107982"><bdi>9780300107982</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071721/https://books.google.com/books?id=ck6bXqt5shkC&pg=PA657">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yale+Book+of+Quotations&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=657&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300107982&rft.au=Fred+R.+Shapiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dck6bXqt5shkC%26pg%3DPA657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landow2007-252">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landow2007_252-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landow2007_252-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandow2007" class="citation web cs1">Landow, George P. (27 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/quotation.html">"A Ruskin Quotation?"</a>. Victorian Web. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130108013256/http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/ruskin/quotation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Ruskin+Quotation%3F&rft.pub=Victorian+Web&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft.aulast=Landow&rft.aufirst=George+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fruskin%2Fquotation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruskin_Library-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruskin_Library_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruskin_Library_253-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615184208/http://ruskinlibrary.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/on-the-present-economic-situation/">"On the present economic situation"</a>. Ruskin Library News. 23 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruskinlibrary.wordpress.com/2010/10/21/on-the-present-economic-situation/">the original</a> on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+present+economic+situation&rft.pub=Ruskin+Library+News&rft.date=2011-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fruskinlibrary.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F10%2F21%2Fon-the-present-economic-situation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bell-254"><a href="#cite_ref-Bell_254-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bell, Kenneth J. (1992). "Go Figure: Some Reflections on John Ruskin, Bid Evaluation, and the Accidental Triumph of Good Engineering". Heat Transfer Engineering. 13 (4): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01457639208939784">10.1080/01457639208939784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heat+Transfer+Engineering&rft.atitle=Go+Figure%3A+Some+Reflections+on+John+Ruskin%2C+Bid+Evaluation%2C+and+the+Accidental+Triumph+of+Good+Engineering&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01457639208939784&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Town_Topics-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Town_Topics_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis_C._BowersSons,_Inc.1952" class="citation news cs1">Lewis C. Bowers; Sons, Inc. (9–15 March 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/towntopicsprince652dona#page/11/mode/1up/search/lawful">"Construction Costs"</a>. Town Topics. Princeton, NJ: Donald C. Stuart, Jr. and Dan D. Coyle. p. 11. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Town+Topics&rft.atitle=Construction+Costs&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1952-03-09%2F1952-03-15&rft.au=Lewis+C.+Bowers&rft.au=Sons%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftowntopicsprince652dona%23page%2F11%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Flawful&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlymouth_Cordage,_Co.1913" class="citation journal cs1">Plymouth Cordage, Co. (December 1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXctAQAAMAAJ&q=%22plymouth%20products%22%20%22lawful%20prey%22&pg=PA234">"Mississippi River Improvements"</a>. Plymouth Products (21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071725/https://books.google.com/books?id=vXctAQAAMAAJ&q=%22plymouth+products%22+%22lawful+prey%22&pg=PA234">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plymouth+Products&rft.atitle=Mississippi+River+Improvements&rft.issue=21&rft.date=1913-12&rft.au=Plymouth+Cordage%2C+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXctAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522plymouth%2520products%2522%2520%2522lawful%2520prey%2522%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous.1917" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous. (August 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m0HnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA296">"Ain't it the Truth"</a>. Northwestern Druggist. 18 (8): 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071725/https://books.google.com/books?id=m0HnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA296">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+Druggist&rft.atitle=Ain%27t+it+the+Truth&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=53&rft.date=1917-08&rft.au=Anonymous.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm0HnAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous.1919" class="citation journal cs1">Anonymous. (July 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BoYfAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA230">"How an Old Masonry Arch Bridge Was Rebuilt"</a>. Railway Maintenance Engineer. 15 (7): 228–30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210904071726/https://books.google.com/books?id=BoYfAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Railway+Maintenance+Engineer&rft.atitle=How+an+Old+Masonry+Arch+Bridge+Was+Rebuilt&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=228-30&rft.date=1919-07&rft.au=Anonymous.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBoYfAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pittsburgh_Reflector-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Pittsburgh_Reflector_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittsburgh_Reflector_Co." class="citation book cs1">Pittsburgh Reflector Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/PermaflectorLighting1937/CCA47147#page/n2/mode/1up/search/lawful+prey">Permaflector Lighting Catalog</a>. Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh Reflector Co. p. 3. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaflector+Lighting+Catalog&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Pittsburgh+Reflector+Co.&rft.au=Pittsburgh+Reflector+Co.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FPermaflectorLighting1937%2FCCA47147%23page%2Fn2%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Flawful%2Bprey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sweet_Briar-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Sweet_Briar_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArt's_Beauty_Salon1938" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Art's Beauty Salon (1938). Sweet Briar YWCA (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/studentshandbook3839swee#page/n1/mode/1up/search/prey">"Advertisement"</a>. Students' Handbook: Sweet Briar College. 1938–1939. Sweet Briar, Va.: Sweet Briar College: ii. Retrieved 2 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Students%27+Handbook%3A+Sweet+Briar+College&rft.atitle=Advertisement&rft.volume=1938%E2%80%931939&rft.pages=ii&rft.date=1938&rft.au=Art%27s+Beauty+Salon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstudentshandbook3839swee%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F1up%2Fsearch%2Fprey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F.E.C.-261"><a href="#cite_ref-F.E.C._261-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.E.C._[F.E._Charles]1933" class="citation journal cs1">F.E.C. [F.E. Charles] (8 February 1933). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/KSULKSInd193233V59N1733/KSUL_KS%20Ind_1932-33_v59_n17-33#page/n3/mode/1up/search/%22lawful+prey%22">"Progress of Kansas Press"</a>. 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Jr. (21 April 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-04-21-BC.pdf">"Advertising in the Barter Basement: Is Pitch More Potent than Payoff?"</a> (PDF). Broadcasting: The Businessweekly of Television and Radio. Washington, DC: Broadcasting Publications, Inc.: 133. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20141227125702/http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1958/1958-04-21-BC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2014. 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APOS Trends in Orthodontics. 8 (1): 12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fapos.apos_3_18">10.4103/apos.apos_3_18</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79704514">79704514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APOS+Trends+in+Orthodontics&rft.atitle=Pursuit+of+Excellence%3A+A+Forgotten+Quest%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2Fapos.apos_3_18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A79704514%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wertheimer&rft.aufirst=Mark+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4103%252Fapos.apos_3_18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mariotti2008-275"><a href="#cite_ref-Mariotti2008_275-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariotti2008" class="citation book cs1">Mariotti, John L. 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Retrieved 6 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complexity+Crisis%3A+Why+Too+Many+Products%2C+Markets%2C+and+Customers+Are+Crippling+Your+Company+and+What+to+Do+About+It&rft.place=Avon%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Platinum+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781605508535&rft.aulast=Mariotti&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFPYN1LBxPEC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruce_Philip-276"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruce_Philip_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip2011" class="citation book cs1">Philip, Bruce (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j910SHslqmkC&pg=PA141">Consumer Republic: Using Brands to Get What You Want, Make Corporations Behave, and Maybe Even Save the World</a>. 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XII, "Of the Paethetic Fallacy") see Works 5.201–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> See Works 27.27–44 and 28.106–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> For a full and concise introduction to the work, see Dinah Birch, "Introduction", in John Ruskin, Fors Clavigera, ed. Dinah Birch (Edinburgh University Press, 2000), pp. xxxiii–xlix. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> "illth, n." OED Online, Oxford University Press, December 2021, www.oed.com/view/Entry/91518. Accessed 17 February 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929015402/http://fortnightlyreview.co.uk/2011/04/ruskin-crown/">"The Fortnightly Review › Ruskin and the distinction between Aesthesis and Theoria"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorianweb.org&rft.atitle=Modern+Painters+%28the+Opera%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victorianweb.org%2Fauthors%2Fruskin%2Flangmp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019211719/http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsM/murphy-gregory.html">"Gregory Murphy"</a>. Doollee.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doollee.com/PlaywrightsM/murphy-gregory.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doollee.com&rft.atitle=Gregory+Murphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doollee.com%2FPlaywrightsM%2Fmurphy-gregory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170718083613/http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/rbrooks.html">"Robin Brooks radio drama, plays – Diversity"</a>. Suttonelms.org.uk. 15 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suttonelms.org.uk/rbrooks.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suttonelms.org.uk&rft.atitle=Robin+Brooks+radio+drama%2C+plays+%E2%80%93+Diversity&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.suttonelms.org.uk%2Frbrooks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarlowe2003" class="citation news cs1">Marlowe, Sam (20 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190203085250/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mrs-ruskin-kzv6lkmprdh">"Mrs Ruskin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460">0140-0460</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mrs-ruskin-kzv6lkmprdh">the original</a> on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs+Ruskin&rft.date=2003-09-20&rft.issn=0140-0460&rft.aulast=Marlowe&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmrs-ruskin-kzv6lkmprdh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hoare" title="Philip Hoare">Hoare, Philip</a> (7 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/07/john-ruskin-emma-thompson-mike-leigh-film-art">"John Ruskin: Mike Leigh and Emma Thompson have got him all wrong"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624023749/http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/oct/07/john-ruskin-emma-thompson-mike-leigh-film-art">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=John+Ruskin%3A+Mike+Leigh+and+Emma+Thompson+have+got+him+all+wrong&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fartanddesign%2F2014%2Foct%2F07%2Fjohn-ruskin-emma-thompson-mike-leigh-film-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/864575/enwp">Effie Gray</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM Movie Database</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Robert Hewison, "Ruskin, John (1819–1900)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ODNB) Oxford University Press, 2004; online edition.</li> <li>Francis O'Gorman (1999), John Ruskin (Pocket Biographies) (Sutton Publishing)</li> <li>James S. Dearden (2004), John Ruskin (Shire Publications)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: General">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarringerContractorHepburnStapleton2019" class="citation book cs1">Barringer, T. J.; Contractor, Tara; Hepburn, Victoria; Stapleton, Judith; Long, Courtney Skipton; Levy Haskell, Gavriella (2019). Unto This Last: Two Hundred Years of John Ruskin. New Haven, CT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24641-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24641-4"><bdi>978-0-300-24641-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1089484724">1089484724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unto+This+Last%3A+Two+Hundred+Years+of+John+Ruskin&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089484724&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24641-4&rft.aulast=Barringer&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.au=Contractor%2C+Tara&rft.au=Hepburn%2C+Victoria&rft.au=Stapleton%2C+Judith&rft.au=Long%2C+Courtney+Skipton&rft.au=Levy+Haskell%2C+Gavriella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li>Conner, Patrick. Savage Ruskin. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Macmillan Press</a>, 1979.</li> <li>Cook, E. T. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Ruskin,_John" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Ruskin, John">Ruskin, John</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> (1st supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1901.</li> <li>Dearden, James S. John Ruskin's Bookplates. <a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a> (1964) 13 no. 3 (autumn): 335–339.</li> <li>Dearden, J. S. The Production and Distribution of John Ruskin's Poems 1850. <a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a> (1968)17 no 2 (summer): 151–167.</li> <li>Dearden, J. S. Wise and Ruskin. <a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a> (1969) 18.no.1 (spring): 45–56.</li> <li>Earland, Ada. Ruskin and His Circle. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1910.</li> <li>Fellows, Jay. Ruskin's Maze: Mastery and Madness in His Art. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, 1981</li> <li>Freeman, Kelly; Hughes, Thomas, et al., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courtauld.ac.uk/research/research-resources/publications/courtauld-books-online/ruskins-ecologies-figures-of-relation-from-modern-painters-to-the-storm-cloud/">Ruskin’s Ecologies: Figures of Relation from Modern Painters to The Storm-Cloud</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Courtauld Institute of Art">The Courtauld</a>, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907485-13-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907485-13-8">978-1-907485-13-8</a></li> <li>Helsinger, Elizabeth K. Ruskin and the Art of the Beholder. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewison" title="Robert Hewison">Hewison, Robert</a>. John Ruskin: The Argument of the Eye. <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames and Hudson</a>, 1976.</li> <li>Hugh, Chriholm, ed. Ruskin, John. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">11th ed.</a>). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1911.</li> <li>Jackson, Kevin. The Worlds of John Ruskin. Pallas Athene, 2010.</li> <li>Murphy, Paul Thomas. Falling Rocket: James Whistler, John Ruskin, and the Battle for Modern Art. New York: Pegasus Books, Ltd., 2023. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-63936-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-63936-491-6">978-1-63936-491-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_Quigley" title="Carroll Quigley">Quigley, Carroll</a>. Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. GSG & Associates, 1966.</li> <li>Quill, Sarah. Ruskin's Venice: The Stones Revisited. Ashgate, 2000.</li> <li>Rosenberg, J. G. The Darkening Glass: A Portrait of Ruskin's Genius. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, 1961.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuskinHanleyHull2016" class="citation book cs1">Ruskin, John; Hanley, Keith; Hull, Caroline Susan (2016). John Ruskin's Continental Tour 1835: The Written Records and Drawings. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78188-301-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78188-301-3"><bdi>978-1-78188-301-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1096234806">1096234806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ruskin%27s+Continental+Tour+1835%3A+The+Written+Records+and+Drawings&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1096234806&rft.isbn=978-1-78188-301-3&rft.aulast=Ruskin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Hanley%2C+Keith&rft.au=Hull%2C+Caroline+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li>Viljoen, Helen Gill. Ruskin's Scottish Heritage: A Prelude. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 1956.</li> <li>Waldstein, C. <a href="//archive.org/details/89WaldsteinWorkofjohnruskin" class="extiw" title="iarchive:89WaldsteinWorkofjohnruskin">The Work of John Ruskin: Its Influence Upon Modern Thought and Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's magazine</a> vol. 78, no. 465 (Feb. 1889), pp. 382–418.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Woolf" title="Virginia Woolf">Woolf, Virginia</a>, "Ruskin", in The Captain’s Death Bed and Other Essays. New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1950.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies_of_Ruskin">Biographies of Ruskin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Biographies of Ruskin">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Collingwood" title="W. G. Collingwood">W. G. Collingwood</a> (1893) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100765899">The Life and Work of John Ruskin 1–2</a>. Methuen. (The Life of John Ruskin, sixth edition (1905).) – Note that the title was slightly changed for the 1900 2nd edition and later editions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tyas_Cook" title="Edward Tyas Cook">E. T. Cook</a> (1911) The Life of John Ruskin 1–2. George Allen. (The Life of John Ruskin, vol. 1 of the second edition (1912); The Life of John Ruskin, vol. 2 of the second edition (1912))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derrick_Leon" title="Derrick Leon">Derrick Leon</a> (1949) Ruskin: The Great Victorian (Routledge & Kegan Paul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Abse" title="Joan Abse">Joan Abse</a> (1981) John Ruskin: A Passionate Moralist. (Alfred A. Knopf)</li> <li>Tim Hilton (1985) John Ruskin: The Early Years (Yale University Press)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dixon_Hunt" title="John Dixon Hunt">John Dixon Hunt</a> (1998) The Wider Sea: A Life of John Ruskin (Phoenix Giant)</li> <li>Tim Hilton (2000) John Ruskin: The Later Years (Yale University Press)</li> <li>John Batchelor (2000) John Ruskin: No Wealth But Life (Chatto & Windus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewison" title="Robert Hewison">Robert Hewison</a> (2007) John Ruskin (Oxford University Press)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruskinto-day.org/">Ruskin To-Day</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theeighthlampruskinstudiestoday.blogspot.com/">The Eighth Lamp, Ruskin Studies Today</a>. Ruskin journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp03899">Portraits of John Ruskin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179126#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm11573912/">John Ruskin</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Library_collections">Library collections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Library collections">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923210558/http://www.cornucopia.org.uk/search?keywords=ruskin&search_form_submit=Go">UK Museum, Library and Archive collections relating to Ruskin</a> at Cornucopia.org.uk. Retrieved</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/juv/results/?t=,,john+ruskin,&f=ZZ,+TI,+AU,+TO">John Ruskin texts</a> in the Baldwin Library of Historical Children's Literature Digital Collection. Retrieved 2010-10-19</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_editions">Electronic editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Electronic editions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/the-ruskin/the-complete-works-of-ruskin/">The Complete Works of John Ruskin</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Ruskin,_Lancaster" title="The Ruskin, Lancaster">The Ruskin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/john-ruskin">Works by John Ruskin in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/359">Works by John Ruskin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Ruskin%2C%20John">Works by John Ruskin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Ruskin%2C%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22John%20Ruskin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ruskin%2C%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22John%20Ruskin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Ruskin%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22John%20Ruskin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Ruskin%2C%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22John%20Ruskin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221819-1900%22%20AND%20Ruskin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about John Ruskin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/799">Works by John Ruskin</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092242/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/podcasts/pre-raphaelitism_ruskin.aspx">Liverpool Museums audio files on Ruskin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archival_material">Archival material</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Archival material">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9bv">John Ruskin</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preraphaelites.org/the-collection/artist-biography/john-ruskin/">Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery's online biography and gallery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091118114058/http://www.preraphaelites.org/the-collection/artist-biography/john-ruskin/">Archived</a> 18 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2010-10-19</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030000512/https://www.sheffield.gov.uk/libraries/archives-and-local-studies/research-guides/john-ruskin">Sources for the Study of John Ruskin and the Guild of St George</a>. Produced by Sheffield City Council's Libraries and Archives.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F67440">"Archival material relating to John Ruskin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+John+Ruskin&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF67440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179126#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin,_Walter1893" class="citation journal cs1">Lewin, Walter (15 July 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x030236816;view=1up;seq=61">"Review of The Life and Work of John Ruskin by W. G. Collingwood"</a>. The Academy. 44 (1106): 45–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Academy&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Life+and+Work+of+John+Ruskin+by+W.+G.+Collingwood&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1106&rft.pages=45-46&rft.date=1893-07-15&rft.au=Lewin%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duva.x030236816%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ruskin" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Archival material at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.leeds.ac.uk/special-collections-explore/8481">Leeds University Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_4079287">Finding aid to John Ruskin letters at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library.</a></li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.ruskin" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.ruskin">John Ruskin Collection</a>. General Collection, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.</li> <li>Sharp Collection-manuscripts, letters,artifacts. <ul><li>Burd, Van Akin, "Frederick James Sharp: 1880–1957." <a href="/wiki/The_Book_Collector" title="The Book Collector">The Book Collector</a> 44 (no 4) Winter 1995: 543–573.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Ruskin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Ruskin" title="Template:John Ruskin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Ruskin" title="Template talk:John Ruskin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Ruskin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Ruskin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Ruskin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Ruskin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_the_Golden_River" title="The King of the Golden River">The King of the Golden River</a> (written 1842, published 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Painters" title="Modern Painters">Modern Painters</a> (1843–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Lamps_of_Architecture" title="The Seven Lamps of Architecture">The Seven Lamps of Architecture</a> (1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)" title="The Stones of Venice (book)">The Stones of Venice</a> (1851–1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fors_Clavigera" title="Fors Clavigera">Fors Clavigera</a> (1870s)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/90px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/135px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg/180px-John_Ruskin_by_a_Roycrofter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Ruskin (painting)">John Ruskin</a> (1854 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante%27s_Inferno_(1967_film)" title="Dante's Inferno (1967 film)">Dante's Inferno</a> (1967 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Love_School" title="The Love School">The Love School</a> (1975 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passion_of_John_Ruskin" title="The Passion of John Ruskin">The Passion of John Ruskin</a> (1994 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Countess_(play)" title="The Countess (play)">The Countess</a> (1999 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desperate_Romantics" title="Desperate Romantics">Desperate Romantics</a> (2009 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray_(film)" title="Effie Gray (film)">Effie Gray</a> (2014 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_and_Crafts_movement" title="Arts and Crafts movement">Arts and Crafts movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brantwood" title="Brantwood">Brantwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effie_Gray" title="Effie Gray">Effie Gray</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_of_St_George" title="Guild of St George">Guild of St George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ruskin" title="Mount Ruskin">Mount Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathetic_fallacy" title="Pathetic fallacy">Pathetic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite_Brotherhood" title="Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood">Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_La_Touche" title="Rose La Touche">Rose La Touche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Gallery" title="Ruskin Gallery">Ruskin Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Monument" title="Ruskin Monument">Ruskin Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_Museum" title="Ruskin Museum">Ruskin Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruskin_School_of_Art" title="Ruskin School of Art">Ruskin School of Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ruskin,_Lancaster" title="The Ruskin, Lancaster">The Ruskin, Lancaster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aesthetics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aesthetics" title="Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aesthetics" title="Template talk:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aesthetics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Aesthetics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_aesthetics" title="Ancient aesthetics">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_aesthetic" title="African aesthetic">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_aesthetic" title="Internet aesthetic">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_aesthetics" title="Japanese aesthetics">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_and_art" title="Mathematics and art">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_aesthetics" title="Medieval aesthetics">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_nature" title="Aesthetics of nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_science" title="Aesthetics of science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theological_aesthetics" title="Theological aesthetics">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticism" title="Aestheticism">Aestheticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classicism" title="Classicism">Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Aesthetics" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">Formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(art)" title="Historicism (art)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_Realism" title="Aesthetic Realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Alberti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bal%C3%A1zs" title="Béla Balázs">Balázs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gottlieb_Baumgarten" title="Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten">Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Bell" title="Clive Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Danto" title="Arthur Danto">Danto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fry" title="Roger Fry">Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Goodman" title="Nelson Goodman">Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Greenberg" title="Clement Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Hanslick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutcheson_(philosopher)" title="Francis Hutcheson (philosopher)">Hutcheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Klee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanne_Langer" title="Susanne Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Lipps" title="Theodor Lipps">Lipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xie" title="Liu Xie">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pater" title="Walter Pater">Pater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%27ichir%C5%8D_Tanizaki" title="Jun'ichirō Tanizaki">Tanizaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Vasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Winckelmann" title="Johann Joachim Winckelmann">Winckelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aestheticians" title="List of aestheticians">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_for_art%27s_sake" title="Art for art's sake">Art for art's sake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artistic_merit" title="Artistic merit">Artistic merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">Avant-garde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">Beauty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminine_beauty_ideal" title="Feminine beauty ideal">Feminine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculine_beauty_ideal" title="Masculine beauty ideal">Masculine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_(style)" title="Camp (style)">Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy" title="Comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity" title="Creativity">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuteness" title="Cuteness">Cuteness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depiction" title="Depiction">Depiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecstasy_(philosophy)" title="Ecstasy (philosophy)">Ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegance" title="Elegance">Elegance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" title="Aesthetic emotions">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">Eroticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fun" title="Fun">Fun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humour" title="Humour">Humour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgment" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment">Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsch" title="Kitsch">Kitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imitating_art" title="Life imitating art">Life imitating art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">Mimesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picturesque" title="Picturesque">Picturesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" title="Quality (philosophy)">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublime_(philosophy)" title="Sublime (philosophy)">Sublime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taste (sociology)">Taste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">Tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_of_art" title="Work of art">Work of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippias_Major" title="Hippias Major">Hippias Major</a> (c. 390 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetics_(Aristotle)" title="Poetics (Aristotle)">Poetics</a> (c. 335 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Mind_and_the_Carving_of_Dragons" title="The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons">The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons</a> (c. 100)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Sublime" title="On the Sublime">On the Sublime</a> (c. 500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Philosophical_Enquiry_into_the_Origin_of_Our_Ideas_of_the_Sublime_and_Beautiful" title="A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful">A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful</a> (1757)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lectures_on_Aesthetics" title="Lectures on Aesthetics">Lectures on Aesthetics</a> (1835)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Critic_as_Artist" title="The Critic as Artist">The Critic as Artist</a>" (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Shadows" title="In Praise of Shadows">In Praise of Shadows</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_as_Experience" title="Art as Experience">Art as Experience</a> (1934)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>" (1935)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Avant-Garde_and_Kitsch" title="Avant-Garde and Kitsch">Avant-Garde and Kitsch</a>" (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aesthetic_Dimension" title="The Aesthetic Dimension">The Aesthetic Dimension</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Beauty_Matters" title="Why Beauty Matters">Why Beauty Matters</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_aesthetics" title="Applied aesthetics">Applied aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_criticism" title="Arts criticism">Arts criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Evolutionary aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_beauty" title="Mathematical beauty">Mathematical beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroesthetics" title="Neuroesthetics">Neuroesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patterns_in_nature" title="Patterns in nature">Patterns in nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_design" title="Philosophy of design">Philosophy of design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_film" title="Philosophy of film">Philosophy of film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_art" title="Psychology of art">Psychology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_art" title="Theory of art">Theory of art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aesthetics_articles" title="Index of aesthetics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_aesthetics" title="Outline of aesthetics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" title="Category:Aesthetics">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critique_of_political_economy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Template:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Template talk:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_political_economy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of political economy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critique_of_political_economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Johan_Stagnelius" title="Erik Johan Stagnelius">Erik Johan Stagnelius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th–21st-century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Moishe Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Reichelt" title="Helmut Reichelt">Helmut Reichelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Backhaus" title="Hans-Georg Backhaus">Hans-Georg Backhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kurz (philosopher)">Robert Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Michael Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosdolsky" title="Roman Rosdolsky">Roman Rosdolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Georges Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katrine_Mar%C3%A7al" title="Katrine Marçal">Katrine Marçal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Abstract labour and concrete labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrematistics" title="Chrematistics">Chrematistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismal Science">Dismal Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illth" title="Illth">Illth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">Law of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valorisation" title="Valorisation">Valorisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Written works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unto_This_Last" title="Unto This Last">Unto This Last</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvodaya" title="Sarvodaya">Sarvodaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy" title="The Right to Be Lazy">The Right to Be Lazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Production" title="The Mirror of Production">The Mirror of Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlines_of_a_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy">Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accursed_Share" title="The Accursed Share">The Accursed Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Cooked_Adam_Smith%27s_Dinner%3F" title="Who Cooked Adam Smith's Dinner?">Who Cooked Adam Smith's Dinner?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assume_a_can_opener" title="Assume a can opener">Assume a can opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrematistics" title="Chrematistics">Chrematistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_anthropology" title="Economic anthropology">Economic anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">John Ruskin at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Ruskin" class="extiw" title="s:Author:John Ruskin">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179126" class="extiw" title="d:Q179126">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179126#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179126#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179126#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121393446">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73859585">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/30222/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcCwxXh6j4mWfTwPgYfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118604279">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79006950">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923137m">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11923137m">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454991">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV011932">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36583544">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007258&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX986494">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/93573">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06898216X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052728">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000130559&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000073803&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000050295">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=109482">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000048091">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199623782">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khwz0t3339gxbjw">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628166405606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/38009">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007267335905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058510676906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14752317">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0027560X?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56544105600">Scopus</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500006262">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/68928">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=13990442&lng=en">SIKART</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/5306/">Victoria</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/27147">Musée d'Orsay</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=4755">Scientific illustrators</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/2137">Photographers' Identities</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1305703">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118604279.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118604279">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027115607">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/041467">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qn65qn">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/2016">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&oldid=1258032687">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ruskin&oldid=1258032687</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_Ruskin" title="Category:John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a></li><li><a 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