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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types of reference work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_reference_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Electronic resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guides_to_reference_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guides_to_reference_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Guides to reference works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guides_to_reference_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reference work</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naslaanwerk" title="Naslaanwerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Naslaanwerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uucc%C3%A2mkirje" title="Uuccâmkirje – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Uuccâmkirje" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="عمل مرجعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمل مرجعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Белешмәлек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Белешмәлек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Даведнік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Даведнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra_de_refer%C3%A8ncia" title="Obra de referència – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Obra de referència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Справочник – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Справочник" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachschlagewerk" title="Nachschlagewerk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nachschlagewerk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teatmeteos" title="Teatmeteos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teatmeteos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Έργο αναφοράς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έργο αναφοράς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra_de_referencia" title="Obra de referencia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Obra de referencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referencverko" title="Referencverko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Referencverko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreferentzia-lan" title="Erreferentzia-lan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreferentzia-lan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9" title="کتاب مرجع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب مرجع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouvrage_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence" title="Ouvrage de référence – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ouvrage de référence" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B8%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%9C" title="참고서 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="참고서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Ուղեցույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղեցույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referentno_djelo" title="Referentno djelo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Referentno djelo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karya_rujukan" title="Karya rujukan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karya rujukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izibhalo_zamaphatho" title="Izibhalo zamaphatho – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izibhalo zamaphatho" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_di_riferimento" title="Opera di riferimento – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opera di riferimento" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A5" title="ספר יעץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר יעץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Анықтамалық басылым – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Анықтамалық басылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDinynas" title="Žinynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žinynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Прирачно дело – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Прирачно дело" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karya_rujukan" title="Karya rujukan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karya rujukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naslagwerk" title="Naslagwerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Naslagwerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8" title="参考図書 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="参考図書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppslagsverk" title="Oppslagsverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oppslagsverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppslagsverk" title="Oppslagsverk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oppslagsverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokieksel" title="Nokieksel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nokieksel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obra_de_refer%C3%AAncia" title="Obra de referência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Obra de referência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Справочник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Справочник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%ADru%C4%8Dkov%C3%A1_publik%C3%A1cia" title="Príručková publikácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Príručková publikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="کاری سەرچاوە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاری سەرچاوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakuteos" title="Hakuteos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hakuteos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referenslitteratur" title="Referenslitteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Referenslitteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="งานอ้างอิง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="งานอ้างอิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referans_%C3%A7al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1" title="Referans çalışması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Referans çalışması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Довідник – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Довідник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="حوالہ جاتی مواد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حوالہ جاتی مواد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="工具书 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="工具书" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13136#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a kind of publication. For the work that librarians perform at a library reference desk, see <a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference desk</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010-09_CPOV_IMG_6251.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2010-09_CPOV_IMG_6251.JPG/220px-2010-09_CPOV_IMG_6251.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2010-09_CPOV_IMG_6251.JPG/330px-2010-09_CPOV_IMG_6251.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/2010-09_CPOV_IMG_6251.JPG/440px-2010-09_CPOV_IMG_6251.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a></i></span>, the best-known traditional reference book in German-speaking countries</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LexikondesMittelalters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LexikondesMittelalters.JPG/220px-LexikondesMittelalters.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LexikondesMittelalters.JPG/330px-LexikondesMittelalters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LexikondesMittelalters.JPG/440px-LexikondesMittelalters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lexikon_des_Mittelalters" title="Lexikon des Mittelalters">Lexikon des Mittelalters</a></i></span>, a specialised German encyclopedia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/220px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/330px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/440px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, 15th edition: volumes of the Propedia (green), Micropedia (red), Macropedia (black), and 2-volume Index (blue)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>reference work</b> is a work, such as a <a href="/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper" title="Academic publishing">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">book</a> or <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodical</a> (or their <a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">electronic equivalents</a>), to which one can refer for <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The information is intended to be found quickly when needed. Such works are usually <i>referred</i> to for particular pieces of information, rather than read beginning to end. The writing style used in these works is informative; the authors avoid opinions and the use of the first person, and emphasize facts. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Indices</a> are a common navigation feature in many types of reference works. Many reference works are put together by a team of contributors whose work is coordinated by one or more editors, rather than by an individual author. Updated <a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">editions</a> are usually published as needed, in some cases <a href="/wiki/Annual_publication" title="Annual publication">annually</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Whitaker%27s_Almanack" title="Whitaker's Almanack">Whitaker's Almanack</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i>). </p><p>Reference works include <a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanacs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">atlases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">biographical sources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cataloging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataloging">catalogs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Library_catalog" title="Library catalog">library catalogs</a> and art catalogs, <a href="/wiki/Concordance_(publishing)" title="Concordance (publishing)">concordances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a>, directories such as <a href="/wiki/Business_directory" title="Business directory">business directories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">telephone directories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Discography" title="Discography">discographies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filmography" title="Filmography">filmographies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">gazetteers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">glossaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handbook" title="Handbook">handbooks</a>, indices such as <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_index" title="Bibliographic index">bibliographic indices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citation_index" title="Citation index">citation indices</a>, <a href="/wiki/User_guide" title="User guide">manuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(library_science)" title="Pathfinder (library science)">research guides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">thesauruses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yearbook" title="Yearbook">yearbooks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many reference works are available in electronic form and can be obtained as <a href="/wiki/Reference_software" title="Reference software">reference software</a>, <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, or online through the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopedia</a>, is both the largest and the most-read reference work in history.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference_book">Reference book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Reference book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to books that are <a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">loaned</a>, a <b> reference book</b> or reference-only book in a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> may only be used in the library and may not be borrowed from the library. Many such books are reference works (in the first sense), which are usually used briefly or photocopied from and, therefore, do not need to be borrowed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Keeping reference books in the library assures that they will always be available for use on demand. Some reference-only books are too valuable to permit borrowers to take them out. Reference-only items may be shelved in a reference collection located separately from circulating items. Some libraries consist entirely, or to a large extent, of books which may not be borrowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_reference_work">Types of reference work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of reference work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the main types and categories of reference work: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">Abstracting journal</a> – a published summary of articles, theses, reviews, conference proceedings etc. arranged systematically</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">Almanac</a> – an annual publication, listing a set of current, general or specific information about one or multiple subjects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annals" title="Annals">Annals</a> – concise historical record in which events are arranged chronologically</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">Atlas</a> – a collection of maps traditionally been bound into book form</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliographies">Bibliography</a> – a systematic list of books and other works such as journal articles on a given subject or which satisfy particular criteria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical dictionary</a> – an encyclopedic dictionary limited to biographical information</li> <li>Books of Quotations – collections of <a href="/wiki/Quotation" title="Quotation">quotations</a> satisfying particular criteria, arranged systematically</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">Chronicle</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a> – a historical account of events arranged in chronological order</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compendium" title="Compendium">Compendium</a> – a concise collection of information pertaining to a body of knowledge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordance_(publishing)" title="Concordance (publishing)">Concordance</a> – an alphabetical list of the principal words used in a book or body of work</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a> – a list of words from one or more languages, systematically arranged and giving meanings, etymologies etc.</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/digest#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:digest">Digest</a> – a summary of information on a particular subject</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/directory#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:directory">Directory</a> – a systematically arranged list of names, addresses, products, etc. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_directory" title="Business directory">Business directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_directory" title="Telephone directory">Telephone directory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_directory" title="Web directory">Web directory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">Encyclopaedia</a> – a compendium providing summaries of knowledge either from all branches or from a particular field or discipline</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">Gazetteer</a> – a geographical dictionary or directory used to provide systematic access to a map or atlas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary" title="Glossary">Glossary</a> – an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with the definitions for those terms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbook" title="Handbook">Handbook</a> – a small or portable book intended to provide ready reference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Index</a> – a publication giving systematic access to a body of knowledge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">Lexicon</a> – a synonym for a dictionary or encyclopaedic dictionary</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/list#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:list">List</a> – a published enumeration of a set of items</li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/manual#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:manual">Manual</a> – a handbook providing instructions in the use of a particular product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_book" title="Phrase book">Phrase book</a> – a collection of ready-made phrases, arranged systematically, usually for a foreign language together with a translation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready_reckoner" title="Ready reckoner">Ready reckoner</a> – a printed book or table containing pre-calculated values</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalogues_of_classical_compositions#Thematic_catalogue" title="Catalogues of classical compositions">Thematic catalogue</a> – an index used to identify musical compositions through the citation of the opening notes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">Textbook</a> – a reference work containing information about a subject</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thesaurus" title="Thesaurus">Thesaurus</a> – a reference work for finding synonyms and sometimes antonyms of words</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timetable" class="mw-redirect" title="Timetable">Timetable</a> – a published list of schedules giving times for transportation or other events</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yearbook" title="Yearbook">Yearbook</a> – a compendium containing events relating to a specific year</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electronic_resources">Electronic resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electronic resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An electronic resource is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a> or <a href="/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> that is stored electronically, which is usually found on a computer, including information that is available on the Internet.<sup id="cite_ref-eresource_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eresource-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Libraries offer numerous types of electronic resources including <a href="/wiki/E-text" title="E-text">electronic texts</a> such as <a href="/wiki/E-book" class="mw-redirect" title="E-book">electronic books</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic journal">electronic journals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">bibliographic databases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institutional_repository" title="Institutional repository">institutional repositories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">software applications</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eresource_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eresource-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/reference">"Reference"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reference&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Freference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitz2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reitz, Joan M. (10 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://products.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_r#refbook">"Reference book"</a>. <i>Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reference+book&rft.btitle=Online+Dictionary+for+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.aulast=Reitz&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproducts.abc-clio.com%2FODLIS%2Fodlis_r%23refbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher">"Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 9 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231224550/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+is+20%2C+and+its+reputation+has+never+been+higher&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Finternational%2F2021%2F01%2F09%2Fwikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eresource-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eresource_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eresource_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReitz2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reitz, Joan M. (10 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc-clio.com/ODLIS/odlis_e.aspx#eresource">"Electronic resource"</a>. <i>Online Dictionary for Library and Information Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electronic+resource&rft.btitle=Online+Dictionary+for+Library+and+Information+Science&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.aulast=Reitz&rft.aufirst=Joan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc-clio.com%2FODLIS%2Fodlis_e.aspx%23eresource&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggens1984" class="citation book cs1">Higgens, Gavin, ed. (1984). <i>Printed Reference Material</i>. Handbooks on Library Practice (2nd revised ed.). London: Library Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0853659952" title="Special:BookSources/978-0853659952"><bdi>978-0853659952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printed+Reference+Material&rft.place=London&rft.series=Handbooks+on+Library+Practice&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Library+Association&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0853659952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Katz_(librarian)" title="William Katz (librarian)">Katz, William A.</a> (2001). <i>Introduction to Reference Work, Volume 1: Basic Information Services</i> (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0072441079" title="Special:BookSources/978-0072441079"><bdi>978-0072441079</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Reference+Work%2C+Volume+1%3A+Basic+Information+Services&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0072441079&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2001" class="citation book cs1">Katz, William A. (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontore00will_0"><i>Introduction to Reference Work, Volume 2: Reference Services and Reference Processes</i></a></span> (8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0072441437" title="Special:BookSources/978-0072441437"><bdi>978-0072441437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Reference+Work%2C+Volume+2%3A+Reference+Services+and+Reference+Processes&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0072441437&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontore00will_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2016" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Jack (2016). <i>You Could Look It Up: The Reference Shelf From Ancient Babylon to Wikipedia</i>. New York: Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802777522" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802777522"><bdi>978-0802777522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Could+Look+It+Up%3A+The+Reference+Shelf+From+Ancient+Babylon+to+Wikipedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0802777522&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guides_to_reference_works">Guides to reference works</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Guides to reference works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenoweth2019" class="citation book cs1">Chenoweth, Juneal M., ed. (24 June 2019). <i>American Reference Books Annual</i>. Santa Barbara, California: Libraries Unlimited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6913-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6913-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-6913-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Reference+Books+Annual&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6913-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span> Published annually beginning in 1970.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeeks1968" class="citation book cs1">Heeks, Peggy (1968). <i>Books of Reference for School Libraries: An Annotated List</i> (2nd ed.). London: Library Association. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0006C36OO">B0006C36OO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+of+Reference+for+School+Libraries%3A+An+Annotated+List&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Library+Association&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0006C36OO%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Heeks&rft.aufirst=Peggy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester2005" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Ray, ed. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newwalfordguidet0001unse"><i>New Walford Guide to Reference Resources, Volume 1: Science, Technology, and Medicine</i></a></span>. New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1856044950" title="Special:BookSources/978-1856044950"><bdi>978-1856044950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Walford+Guide+to+Reference+Resources%2C+Volume+1%3A+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Neal-Schuman+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1856044950&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewwalfordguidet0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesterClinchDawsonEdwards2007" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Ray; Clinch, Peter; Dawson, Heather; Edwards, Helen; Tarrant, Susan, eds. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newwalfordguidet0001unse"><i>New Walford Guide to Reference Resources, Volume 2: Social Sciences</i></a></span>. London: Facet Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1856044981" title="Special:BookSources/978-1856044981"><bdi>978-1856044981</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Walford+Guide+to+Reference+Resources%2C+Volume+2%3A+Social+Sciences&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Facet+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1856044981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewwalfordguidet0001unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLester2015" class="citation book cs1">Lester, Ray, ed. (2015). <i>New Walford Guide to Reference Resources, Volume 3: Arts, Humanities, and General Reference</i>. London: Facet Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1856044998" title="Special:BookSources/978-1856044998"><bdi>978-1856044998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Walford+Guide+to+Reference+Resources%2C+Volume+3%3A+Arts%2C+Humanities%2C+and+General+Reference&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Facet+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1856044998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalclès1950" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Louise_No%C3%ABlle_Malcl%C3%A8s" title="Louise Noëlle Malclès">Malclès, Louise Noëlle</a> (1950). <i>Les sources du travail bibliographique</i> (in French). Geneva: Librairie Droz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+sources+du+travail+bibliographique&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Malcl%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=Louise+No%C3%ABlle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehy1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_P._Sheehy" title="Eugene P. Sheehy">Sheehy, Eugene P.</a> (1976). <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Reference" title="Guide to Reference">Guide to Reference Books</a></i> (9th ed.). Chicago: American Library Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838902059" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838902059"><bdi>978-0838902059</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Reference+Books&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0838902059&rft.aulast=Sheehy&rft.aufirst=Eugene+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span> Originally compiled by <a href="/wiki/Alice_B._Kroeger" title="Alice B. Kroeger">Alice B. Kroeger</a> for first two editions beginning in 1902. Subsequently, edited by <a href="/wiki/Isadore_Gilbert_Mudge" title="Isadore Gilbert Mudge">Isadore Gilbert Mudge</a> (3rd through 6th editions) and <a href="/wiki/Constance_Mabel_Winchell" title="Constance Mabel Winchell">Constance Mabel Winchell</a> (7th and 8th editions).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotokWeitzel1984–1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Totok, Wilhelm; Weitzel, Rolf (1984–1985). <i>Handbuch der bibliographischen Nachschlagewerke</i> (in German) (6th ed.). Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+bibliographischen+Nachschlagewerke&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Klostermann&rft.date=1984%2F1985&rft.aulast=Totok&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft.au=Weitzel%2C+Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span> First published in 1954.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalford1980" class="citation book cs1">Walford, A. J., ed. (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walfordsguidetor01libr"><i>Walford's Guide to Reference Material, Volume 1: Science and Technology</i></a></span> (4th ed.). London: Library Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853656111" title="Special:BookSources/9780853656111"><bdi>9780853656111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walford%27s+Guide+to+Reference+Material%2C+Volume+1%3A+Science+and+Technology&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Library+Association&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780853656111&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalfordsguidetor01libr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalfordTaylor1987" class="citation book cs1">Walford, A. J.; Taylor, L. J., eds. (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walfordsguidetor00ajwa"><i>Walford's Guide to Reference Material, Volume 2: Generalia, Language and Literature, The Arts</i></a></span> (4th ed.). London: Library Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walford%27s+Guide+to+Reference+Material%2C+Volume+2%3A+Generalia%2C+Language+and+Literature%2C+The+Arts&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Library+Association&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalfordsguidetor00ajwa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalford,_A._J.1981" class="citation book cs1">Walford, A. J., ed. (1981). <i>Walford's Concise Guide to Reference Material</i>. London: Library Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walford%27s+Concise+Guide+to+Reference+Material&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Library+Association&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReference+work" class="Z3988"></span> (an abridgement of Walford's Guide)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reference_work&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lexicography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lexicography" title="Template:Lexicography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lexicography" title="Template talk:Lexicography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Advanced learner's dictionary">Advanced learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagram_dictionary" title="Anagram dictionary">Anagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual_dictionary" title="Bilingual dictionary">Bilingual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_dictionary" title="Conceptual dictionary">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defining_vocabulary" title="Defining vocabulary">Defining vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_dictionary" title="Electronic dictionary">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_dictionary" title="Encyclopedic dictionary">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymological_dictionary" title="Etymological dictionary">Etymological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_dictionary" title="Explanatory dictionary">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dictionary" title="Historical dictionary">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiom_dictionary" title="Idiom dictionary">Idiom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language-for-specific-purposes_dictionary" title="Language-for-specific-purposes dictionary">Language-for-specific-purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine-readable_dictionary" title="Machine-readable dictionary">Machine-readable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_dictionary" title="Medical dictionary">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolingual_learner%27s_dictionary" title="Monolingual learner's dictionary">Monolingual learner's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-field_dictionary" title="Multi-field dictionary">Multi-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picture_dictionary" title="Picture dictionary">Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_dictionary" title="Reverse dictionary">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyming_dictionary" title="Rhyming dictionary">Rhyming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Rime dictionary">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-field_dictionary" title="Single-field dictionary">Single-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_dictionary" title="Specialized dictionary">Specialized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling#Standards_and_conventions" title="Spelling">Spelling dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-field_dictionary" title="Sub-field dictionary">Sub-field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_dictionary" title="Visual dictionary">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lexicographers" title="List of lexicographers">List of lexicographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_dictionaries" title="List of online dictionaries">List of online dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Linguistics portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13136#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13136#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13136#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1092463/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td 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