German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <base target="_top" /> <meta name="robots" content="index,follow" /> <meta name="author" content="information@eso.org" /> <meta name="description" content="ESO, European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere" /> <meta name="keywords" content="ESO, eso.org, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Astronomie, Suedsternwarte, telescopes, detectors, comets, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae, universe, NTT, VLT, VLTI, ALMA, ELT, La Silla, Paranal, Garching, Chile" /> <meta name="statvooVerification" content="f546f5bccd3fb7f8c5d8e97c6beab814" /> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="x-default" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/australia/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="en-au" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="en-gb" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/ireland/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="en-ie" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/czechrepublic/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="cs" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/denmark/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="da" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/netherlands/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="nl" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/belgium-nl/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="nl-be" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/finland/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="fi" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/france/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="fr" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/belgium-fr/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="fr-be" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/switzerland-fr/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="fr-ch" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/germany/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="de" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/austria/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="de-at" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/belgium-de/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="de-be" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/switzerland-de/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="de-ch" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/italy/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="it" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/switzerland-it/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="it-ch" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/poland/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="pl" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/portugal/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="pt" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/spain/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="es" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/chile/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="es-cl" /><link rel="alternate" href="https://www.eso.org/public/sweden/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" hreflang="sv" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.eso.org/public/archives/favicon.ico" /> <title>German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory | ESO</title>  <style type="text/css"> @import url("https://fast.fonts.net/t/1.css?apiType=css&projectid=03892b9b-79f6-4f01-9746-af912ebf5e47"); </style> <link href="/public/archives/djp/css/main.9116bda0b9f3.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/EsoTopNews" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESO Top News" /> <link href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/EsoAnnouncements" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESO Announcements" /> <link href="https://feeds.feedburner.com/ESOcast" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESOCast" /> <link href="https://recruitment.eso.org/jobs.rss" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Jobs@ESO" /> <link href="https://www.eso.org/public/blog/feed/" rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="ESOblog" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ESO" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@ESO" />  <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="/mtmo/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script>  <meta property="og:title" content="German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory" /> <meta property="og:description" content="ESO, the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, is an inter-governmental organisation. Germany was a founding member of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and signed the ESO Convention in Leiden on 5 October 1962." /> <meta name="description" content="ESO, the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere, is an inter-governmental organisation. Germany was a founding member of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) and signed the ESO Convention in Leiden on 5 October 1962." /> </head> <body> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='6iCzmnizLlPU7zTpBOO91qxyB8eZq09Yi9CfICcxzmR4kIjMtcTph0sYZhM5U1oq' /> <div id="privacy-notice" style="display: none"> <p> By continuing to use this website, you are giving consent to our use of cookies.<br> For more information on how ESO uses data and how you can disable cookies, please view <a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/"> our privacy policy</a>. </p> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary" onclick="accept_privacy_notice()"> Accept </button> <script> // Display the privacy cookie if the cookie is not set if (!has_privacy_cookie()) { document.getElementById('privacy-notice').style.display = 'block' } function has_privacy_cookie() { return document.cookie.split(';').filter(function(item) { return item.indexOf('privacy_notice_accepted=True') >= 0 }).length > 0 } function accept_privacy_notice() { let data = { LANGUAGE_CODE: 'en' } let csrftoken = getCookie('csrftoken'); let headers = new Headers(); headers.append('Content-Type', 'application/json; charset=utf-8'); headers.append('X-CSRFToken', csrftoken); fetch('/public/accept-privacy-notice/', { method: 'post', headers: headers, credentials: 'include', body: JSON.stringify(data) }).then( document.getElementById('privacy-notice').style.display = 'none' ) } function getCookie(name) { var cookieValue = null; if (document.cookie && document.cookie !== '') { var cookies = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < cookies.length; i++) { var cookie = jQuery.trim(cookies[i]); // Does this cookie string begin with the name we want? if (cookie.substring(0, name.length + 1) == (name + '=')) { cookieValue = decodeURIComponent(cookie.substring(name.length + 1)); break; } } } return cookieValue; } </script> </div> <nav class="navbar-general-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="navbar-general"> <div class="minilogo"> <a href="/public/"> <div class="sprites-esologo-23-30" title="European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere"></div> </a> </div> <div id="select-language"> <div class="flags"> <div title="Austria" class="sprites-flag_at"></div> <div title="Belgium" class="sprites-flag_be"></div> <div title="Czechia" class="sprites-flag_cz"></div> <div title="Denmark" class="sprites-flag_da"></div> <div title="Finland" class="sprites-flag_fi"></div> <div title="France" class="sprites-flag_fr"></div> <div title="Germany" class="sprites-flag_de"></div> <div title="Ireland" class="sprites-flag_ie"></div> <div title="Italy" class="sprites-flag_it"></div> <div title="Netherlands" class="sprites-flag_nl"></div> <div title="Poland" class="sprites-flag_pl"></div> <div title="Portugal" class="sprites-flag_pt"></div> <div title="Spain" class="sprites-flag_es"></div> <div title="Sweden" class="sprites-flag_sv"></div> <div title="Switzerland" class="sprites-flag_ch"></div> <div title="UK" class="sprites-flag_gb"></div> <div style="margin-left: 8px" title="Chile" class="sprites-flag_cl"></div> </div> <div class="languages"> <div class="language-button"> <span class="language-text">Select Language (en)</span> <div class="language-flag"><div title="en" class="flag sprites-flag_gb"> </div><span> (en)</span></div> <span class="caret"></span> </div> <ul class="languages-dropdown" role="menu"> <li class="language selected"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="International English" class="flag sprites-flag_en"> </div>International English</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/denmark/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Dansk" class="flag sprites-flag_da"> </div>Dansk</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/germany/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch" class="flag sprites-flag_de"> </div>Deutsch</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/belgium-de/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch (Belgien)" class="flag sprites-flag_be"> </div>Deutsch (Belgien)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/switzerland-de/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch (Schweiz)" class="flag sprites-flag_ch"> </div>Deutsch (Schweiz)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/austria/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Deutsch (Österreich)" class="flag sprites-flag_at"> </div>Deutsch (Österreich)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/australia/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="English (Australia)" class="flag sprites-flag_au"> </div>English (Australia)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/ireland/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="English (Ireland)" class="flag sprites-flag_ie"> </div>English (Ireland)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/unitedkingdom/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="English (UK)" class="flag sprites-flag_gb"> </div>English (UK)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/spain/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Español" class="flag sprites-flag_es"> </div>Español</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/chile/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Español (Chile)" class="flag sprites-flag_cl"> </div>Español (Chile)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/france/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Français" class="flag sprites-flag_fr"> </div>Français</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/belgium-fr/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Français (Belgique)" class="flag sprites-flag_be"> </div>Français (Belgique)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/switzerland-fr/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Français (Suisse)" class="flag sprites-flag_ch"> </div>Français (Suisse)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/italy/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Italiano" class="flag sprites-flag_it"> </div>Italiano</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/switzerland-it/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Italiano (Svizzera)" class="flag sprites-flag_ch"> </div>Italiano (Svizzera)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/netherlands/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Nederlands" class="flag sprites-flag_nl"> </div>Nederlands</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/belgium-nl/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Nederlands (België)" class="flag sprites-flag_be"> </div>Nederlands (België)</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/poland/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Polski" class="flag sprites-flag_pl"> </div>Polski</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/portugal/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Português" class="flag sprites-flag_pt"> </div>Português</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/finland/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Suomi" class="flag sprites-flag_fi"> </div>Suomi</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/sweden/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Svenska" class="flag sprites-flag_sv"> </div>Svenska</a></li> <li class="language"><a role="menuitem" href="/public/czechrepublic/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/?lang"><div title="Česky" class="flag sprites-flag_cs"> </div>Česky</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sections"> <a href="https://www.eso.org/sci.html">Science</a> <a href="/UserPortal/">User Portal</a> </div> <div class="searchbox"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" id="searchbox-button"> <span class="fa fa-search"></span> </button> <div id="searchbox-dropdown"> <form action="/public/search/" method="get" class="form-inline" role="search"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="text" value="" placeholder="Search..." name="q" class="form-control"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button class="btn btn-default" type="submit"><span class="fa fa-search"></span></button> </span> </div>   </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="links"> <a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe</a> <a href="/public/about-eso/travel/">Contact</a> <a href="/public/sitemap/">Site Map</a> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="main-menu-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="main-menu"> <div class="mobile-menu clearfix"> <button class="menu-trigger"><span class="fa fa-navicon"></span> Open Menu</button> </div> <ul class="level0 mainmenu-aim"> <li class="current"><a href="/public/about-eso/">About<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1 current"> <ul id="submenu-aim-2" class="submenu-aim selected current"> <li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/esoglance/"> ESO, the European Southern Observatory </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/organisation/"> Organisation </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/mission-vision-values-strategy/"> Mission-Vision-Values-Strategy </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/"> Director General <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-6" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/previous-dg/"> List of Directors General <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-7" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/xbarcons/"> Prof. Xavier Barcons </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/tdezeeuw/"> Prof. T. de Zeeuw </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/ccesarsk/"> Dr. C. Cesarsky </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/rgiacconi/"> Prof. R. Giacconi </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/hvanderlaan/"> Prof. H. van der Laan </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/lwoltjer/"> Prof. L. Woltjer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/ablaauw/"> Prof. A. Blaauw </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dg-office/otto-heckmann/"> Prof. O. Heckmann </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/committees.html"> ESO's Governing Bodies </a></li><li class="submenu current"><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/"> Member States and Partners <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-17" class="submenu-aim sublevel selected current current-leaf"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/austrianinvolvement/"> Austria </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/belgianinvolvement/"> Belgium </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/czechinvolvement/"> Czechia </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/danishinvolvement/"> Denmark </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/finnishinvolvement/"> Finland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/frenchinvolvement/"> France </a></li><li class=" current current-leaf"><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/"> Germany </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/irishinvolvement/"> Ireland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/italianinvolvement/"> Italy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/dutchinvolvement/"> Netherlands </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/polishinvolvement/"> Poland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/portugueseinvolvement/"> Portugal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/spanishinvolvement/"> Spain </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/swedishinvolvement/"> Sweden </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/swissinvolvement/"> Switzerland </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/memberstates/britishinvolvement/"> United Kingdom </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/strategicpartners/australianinvolvement/"> Australia (Partner) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/eso-and-chile/"> ESO & Chile <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-35" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/eso-and-chile/representation-office-chile/"> ESO Representation Office in Chile </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/"> Travel and Contacts <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-37" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/garching/"> Travel to ESO Headquarters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/vitacura/"> Travel to Vitacura Office </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/guesthouse/"> Travel to Guesthouse </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/lasilla/"> Travel to La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/laserena/"> Travel to La Serena </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/paranal/"> Travel to Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/antofagasta/"> Travel to Antofagasta </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/chajnantor/"> Travel to Chajnantor </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/travel/elt/"> Travel to ELT Armazones </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/"> Visits to ESO Sites <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-47" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/paranal/"> Weekend visits to Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/lasilla/"> Weekend Visits to La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/pressmedia/mediavisits/"> Media Visits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/virtual-tours/"> Virtual Visits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/visitors/artists-at-eso/"> Artistic Visits </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/societal-benefits/"> ESO and Society </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/architecture/"> Architecture at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/collaborations/"> Collaborations with ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/acronyms/"> ESO Acronyms </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/timeline/"> Timeline </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Sustainability <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-58" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/sustainability/green/"> Environmental sustainability at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/sustainability/eso-un-sdgs/"> ESO and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/sustainability/dei-at-eso/"> Diversity, Equity and Inclusion </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/"> Frequently Asked Questions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-62" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-eso/"> ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-vlt-paranal/"> VLT/Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-apex-alma/"> APEX/ALMA </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://elt.eso.org/about/faq/"> ELT </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/privileges_and_immunities/"> Privileges and Immunities </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/faq/faq-eso-australia/"> ESO & Australia </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/dark-skies-preservation/"> Dark skies preservation </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/"> Terms and Conditions </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/images/">Images<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-71" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/images/search/"> Advanced Search </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Categories <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-73" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/360pano/ "> 360 Panorama </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/alma/"> ALMA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/apex/"> APEX </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/chile/"> Chile </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/cosmology/"> Cosmology </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/eso-supernova/"> ESO Supernova </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/fulldome/"> Fulldome </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/galaxies/"> Galaxies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/galaxyclusters/"> Galaxy Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/illustrations/"> Illustrations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/lasilla/"> La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/nebulae/"> Nebulae </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/paranal/"> Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/peopleandevents/"> People and Events </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/premises/"> Premises </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/blackholes/"> Quasars and Black Holes </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/solarsystem/"> Solar System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/starclusters/"> Star Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/stars/"> Stars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/category/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/comparisons/"> Image Comparisons </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/imageformats/"> Image Formats </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/images/potw/"> Picture of the Week <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-98" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2024/"> 2024 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2023/"> 2023 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2022/"> 2022 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2021/"> 2021 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2020/"> 2020 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2019/"> 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2018/"> 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2017/"> 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2016/"> 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2015/"> 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2014/"> 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2013/"> 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2012/"> 2012 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2011/"> 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2008/"> 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/potw/archive/year/2007/"> 2007 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/images/archive/top100/"> Top 100 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-117" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://cdn.eso.org/images/top100-large.zip"> Large JPG Zip File (3.5 GB) </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://cdn.eso.org/images/top100-original.zip"> Original TIF Zip File (50 GB) </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/copyright/"> Usage of ESO Images and Videos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/wallpapers/"> Wallpapers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/images/archive/zoomable/"> Zoomable </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/videos/">Videos<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-123" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/videos/search/"> Advanced Search </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Categories <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-125" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/abouteso/"> About ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/alma/"> ALMA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/apex/"> APEX </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/chasingstarlight/"> Chasing Starlight </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/compilations/"> Compilations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/cosmology/"> Cosmology </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/esocast/"> ESOcast </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/events/"> Events </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/featuremovies/"> Feature Movies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/fulldome/"> Fulldome </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/galaxies/"> Galaxies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/galaxyclusters/"> Galaxy Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/lasilla/"> La Silla </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/nebulae/"> Nebulae </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/paranal/"> Paranal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/premises/"> Premises </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/blackholes/"> Quasars and Black Holes </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/solarsystem/"> Solar System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/starclusters/"> Star Clusters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/stars/"> Stars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videos/archive/category/vnr/"> Video News Releases </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/copyright/"> Usage of ESO Videos and Images </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/videoformats/"> Video Formats </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/news/">News<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-151" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/news/"> Press Releases <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-152" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 2021-2030 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-153" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2024/"> 2024 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2023/"> 2023 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2022/"> 2022 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2021/"> 2021 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 2011–2020 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-158" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2020/"> 2020 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2019/"> 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2018/"> 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2017/"> 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2016/"> 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2015/"> 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2014/"> 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2013/"> 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2012/"> 2012 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2011/"> 2011 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 2001–2010 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-169" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2008/"> 2008 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2007/"> 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2006/"> 2006 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2005/"> 2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2004/"> 2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2003/"> 2003 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2002/"> 2002 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2001/"> 2001 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 1991–2000 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-180" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/2000/"> 2000 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1999/"> 1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1998/"> 1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1997/"> 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1996/"> 1996 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1995/"> 1995 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1994/"> 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1993/"> 1993 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1992/"> 1992 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1991/"> 1991 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> 1985–1990 <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-191" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1990/"> 1990 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1989/"> 1989 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1988/"> 1988 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1987/"> 1987 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1986/"> 1986 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/archive/year/1985/"> 1985 </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/announcements/"> Announcements <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-198" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2024/"> 2024 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2023/"> 2023 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2022/"> 2022 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2021/"> 2021 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2020/"> 2020 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2019/"> 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2018/"> 2018 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2017/"> 2017 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2016/"> 2016 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2015/"> 2015 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2014/"> 2014 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2013/"> 2013 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2012/"> 2012 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2011/"> 2011 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/archive/year/2009/"> 2009 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/blog/"> ESOblog </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/announcements/webupdates/"> New on eso.org </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/pressmedia/"> Press Room <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-217" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/broadcast/"> Broadcast Services </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/pressmedia/mediavisits/"> Media Visits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/copyright/"> Copyright Notice </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/newsletters/"> ESO Newsletters <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-221" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/newsletters/esonews/"> ESO News </a></li><li class=""><a href="/sci/publications/newsletter/"> ESO Science Newsletter </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/#2"> ESO Media Newsletter </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/news/pitch-your-research/"> Pitch your Research </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/shop/">ESOshop<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-226" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/shop/category/"> Shop Products <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-227" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/annualreport/"> Annual Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/apparel/"> Apparel </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/book/"> Books </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/brochure/"> Brochures </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/calendar/"> Calendars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/capjournal/"> CAPjournals </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/conferenceitem/"> Conferences </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/donation/"> Donations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/media/"> DVDs/Bluray/CDs </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/educationalmaterial/"> Educational Material </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/supernovaactivity/"> ESO Supernova Activities </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/flyer/"> Flyers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/handout/"> Handouts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/map/"> Maps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/merchandise/"> Merchandise </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/messenger/"> Messengers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/mountedimage/"> Mounted Images </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/postcard/"> Postcards </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/printedposter/"> Posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/technicaldocument/"> Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/category/sticker/"> Stickers </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/cart/"> View shopping cart </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/checkout/"> Checkout </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/shopinfo/"> Information <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-251" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/bulk_orders/"> Bulk Orders </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/"> Purchasing Steps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/payment/"> Payment </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/shipping/"> Shipping </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/shopstaff/"> Staff Shopping </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shopinfo/terms/"> Terms & Conditions </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/freeorder/"> Free Orders for Educators and Media </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/teles-instr/">Telescopes & Instruments<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-259" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/"> Paranal Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-260" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/"> Very Large Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-261" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/"> VLT Instruments <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-262" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/"> 4LGSF </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/cubes/"> CUBES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires/"> CRIRES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires+/"> CRIRES+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/espresso/"> ESPRESSO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/eris/"> ERIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/flames/"> FLAMES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/fors/"> FORS1 and FORS2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/hawk-i/"> HAWK-I </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/isaac/"> ISAAC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/"> KMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mad/"> MAD </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/mavis/"> MAVIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/moons/"> MOONS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/"> MUSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/"> NACO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/"> SINFONI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sphere/"> SPHERE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/uves/"> UVES </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vimos/"> VIMOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vtl-test-cameras/"> VLT Test Cameras </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/visir/"> VISIR </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/x-shooter/"> X-shooter </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/"> VLT Unit Telescopes Names <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-286" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/antu/"> Antu </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/kueyen/"> Kueyen </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/melipal/"> Melipal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-names/yepun/"> Yepun </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlti/"> VLT Interferometer <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-291" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity+/"> GRAVITY+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/"> GRAVITY </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/"> MATISSE </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naomi/"> NAOMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/pionier/"> PIONIER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/amber/"> AMBER </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/"> MIDI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/vinci/"> VINCI </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/auxiliarytelescopes/"> Auxiliary Telescopes </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/"> Survey Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-301" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/"> VISTA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-302" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/mirror/"> The VISTA mirror </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/camera/"> VIRCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/"> 4MOST </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/surveys/"> The VISTA surveys </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/consortium/"> The VISTA consortium </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/"> VST <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-308" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/mirror/"> The VST mirrors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/camera/"> OmegaCAM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vst/surveys/"> The VST surveys </a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/speculoos/"> SPECULOOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ngts/"> NGTS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/ctao/"> Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/"> La Silla Observatory <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-315" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/"> Swedish–ESO Submillimetre Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-316" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swedish/simba/"> SIMBA </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/"> New Technology Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-318" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/efosc2/"> EFOSC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/emmi/"> EMMI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/sofi/"> SOFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/soxs/"> SOXS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/ntt/susi2/"> SUSI and SUSI2 </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/"> ESO 3.6-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-325" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/adonis/"> ADONIS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/caspec/"> CASPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/irspec/"> IRSPEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/harps/"> HARPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/mefos/"> MEFOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/nirps/"> NIRPS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/optopus/"> OPTOPUS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/timmi2/"> TIMMI/2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/36-standard-photometer/"> Standard Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-specklegraph/"> Infrared Specklegraph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/infrared-speckle-interferometer/"> Infrared Speckle Interferometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/36/efosc/"> EFOSC </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/"> MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-339" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/feros/"> FEROS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/grond/"> GROND </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/irac2/"> IRAC & IRAC2 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/pisco/"> PISCO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/wfi/"> WFI </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/infrared-photometer-spectrophotometer/"> Infrared Photometer/Spectrophotometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/"> Swiss 1.2-metre Leonhard Euler Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-346" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss/coralie/"> CORALIE </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/rem/"> Rapid Eye Mount telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/trappist/"> TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope–South </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/"> Danish 1.54-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-350" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/coravel/"> CORAVEL </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/dfosc/"> DFOSC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/ccd/"> CCD camera </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/hb-photometer/"> Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/two-channel-photometer/"> Two-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/four-channel-photometer/"> Four-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish154/six-channel-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby-Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/tarot/"> Télescope à Action Rapide pour les Objets Transitoires </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1mschmidt/"> ESO 1-metre Schmidt telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/"> ESO 1.52-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-360" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/bandc/"> Boller and Chivens Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/coude/"> Coudé Spectrograph </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/echelec/"> ECHELEC </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/152metre/rv-cass-spectrograph/"> RV Cass Spectrograph </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/"> ESO 1-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-365" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/fideos/"> FIDEOS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/infrared-photometer/"> Infrared Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/1metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/"> ESO 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-369" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/single-channel-photometer/"> Single-Channel Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/05metre/double-channel-photometer/"> Double-Channel Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/"> Coudé Auxiliary Telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-372" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/coude/ces/"> CES </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marly/"> MarLy 1-metre telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/"> Dutch 0.9-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-375" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/09metre/walraven/"> Walraven Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/t70/"> Swiss T70 telescope </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/"> Bochum 0.61-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-378" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-scanner/"> Bochum Scanner </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/bochum/bochum-photometer/"> Bochum Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/"> Danish 0.5-metre telescope <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-381" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-two-channel-hb-photometer/"> Two-Channel Hβ Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-four-channel-uvby-photometer/"> Four-Channel uvby Photometer </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/danish05/danish-six-channel-uvby-hb-photometer/"> Six-Channel uvby–Hβ Photometer </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/gpo/"> Grand Prisme Objectif telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/swiss04/"> Swiss 0.4-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/marseille/"> Marseille 0.36-metre telescope </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/grb/"> GRB Monitoring System </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mascara/"> MASCARA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/blackgem/"> BlackGEM </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/extra/"> ExTrA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/lasilla/test-bed/"> Test-Bed Telescope </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/"> APEX <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-393" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/apex-2a/"> APEX–2A </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/artemis/"> ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/aszca/"> ASZCa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/champ-plus/"> CHAMP+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/concerto/"> CONCERTO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/flash/"> FLASH </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/flash-plus/"> FLASH+ </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/laboca/"> LABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/mpi_11thz/"> MPI_1.1THz </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/p-artemis/"> P-ArTéMiS </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/pi230/"> PI230 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/polka/"> PolKa </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/saboca/"> SABOCA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/sepia/"> SEPIA </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/apex/shefi/"> SHeFI </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/"> ALMA <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-409" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/antennas/"> Antennas </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/"> Transporters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/receiver-bands/"> Receiver Bands </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/alma/residencia/"> ALMA Residencia </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/elt/"> ELT </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/"> Technology for Telescopes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-416" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/active_optics/"> Active Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/adaptive_optics/"> Adaptive Optics </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/ifu/"> Integral Field Units </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/interferometry/"> Interferometry </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/spectroscopy/"> Spectroscopy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/technology/polarimetry/"> Polarimetry </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/teles-instr/instruments/"> Instruments </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/science/">Discoveries<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-424" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/science/key-discoveries/"> ESO Key Astronomical Discoveries </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/exoplanets/"> Exoplanets </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/gravitationalwaves/"> Gravitational Wave Sources </a></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Black Holes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-428" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/event-horizon/"> First image of a black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/EHT-MilkyWay/"> First image of the Milky Way central black hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/gc/"> More about the black hole at the galactic centre </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/grb/"> Gamma-Ray Bursts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/science/archive/"> Science Archive </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/events/">Events<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-434" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/events/press-evt/"> Press Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/special-evt/"> Special Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-436" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/events/special-evt/60years/"> ESO at 60 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/eeltblast/"> ELT Groundbreaking </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/cafe-and-kosmos/"> Café & Kosmos in Munich </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/awesome-universe/"> Awesome Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/100ha/"> 100 Hours of Astronomy </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/theeye/"> The Eye 3D </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/special-evt/imax-hidden-universe/"> IMAX® 3D Film Hidden Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/bond/"> Bond at Paranal </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/exhibitions/"> Exhibitions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-445" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/events/exhibitions/perma_exhibitions/"> ESO Permanent Exhibitions </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.esof.eu/"> EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/"> Astronomical Events <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-448" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/solareclipse2019/"> Total Solar Eclipse 2019 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/mcnaught2007/"> The Comet McNaught 2007 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/deepimpact/"> Deep Impact - 04.07.2005 </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/vt-2004/"> The Venus Transit - 08.11.2004 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/leonids99/"> The Leonids - 17.11.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/eclipse99/"> Solar Eclipse at ESO HQ - 11.08.1999 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/leonids98/"> The Leonids - 11.1998 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/pathfinder/"> Mars Pathfinder - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/hyakutake/"> Comet Hyakutake - 1997 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/sl9/"> SL-9 and Jupiter - 1994 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/events/astro-evt/hale-bopp/"> Comet Hale Bopp - 1994 </a></li></ul></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/outreach/">Outreach<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-460" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/"> Education <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-461" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/education/"> Educational Material </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.scienceinschool.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"> Science in School </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/teacherschools/"> Teacher Schools </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/prev-programmes/"> Previous Programmes <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-465" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/eduoff/prev-programmes/catch-a-star/"> Catch a Star </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/liu/"> Life in the Universe </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/eduoff/pos/"> Physics On Stage </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="http://kids.alma.cl/?lang=en"> ALMA Kids </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/"> Partnerships <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-470" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/translators/"> Volunteer Translators </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/"> ESO Science Outreach Network </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/"> Collaborations in Chile <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-473" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/2010/"> 2010 </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/chile/2009/"> 2009 </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/organisations/"> ESO Outreach Partner Organisations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/educators/"> Informal Educators </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/photo-ambassadors/"> ESO Photo Ambassadors </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/partnerships/music-ambassadors/"> ESO Music Ambassadors </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/first-picture-of-a-black-hole/blog/"> Taking the First Picture of a Black Hole </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/gems/"> Cosmic Gems </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/social/"> Social Media </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/for_planetariums/"> For Planetariums </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/webcams/"> Webcams </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/your_eso_pictures/"> Your ESO Pictures </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/astroprize/"> European Astronomy Journalism Prize </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/outreach/department/"> Our Team <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-487" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/department/students/"> Students and Visitors </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://supernova.eso.org/join-us/"> Join us </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="https://supernova.eso.org/"> ESO Supernova </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/art/"> Art at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/data2dome/"> Data2Dome </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/blog/"> ESOblog </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/starsateso/"> Stars@ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/outreach/ai-disclaimer/"> AI Disclaimer </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/products/">Products<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-496" class="submenu-aim"> <li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Audiovisual and multimedia <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-497" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/models3d/"> 3D models </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/applications/"> Apps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/media/"> DVDs and CDs </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/imaxfilms/"> IMAX movies </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/minisites/"> Mini-sites </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/music/"> Music </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/planetariumshows/"> Planetarium shows </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/presentations/"> Presentations </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/soundscapes/"> Soundscapes </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/products/virtualbackgrounds/"> Virtual Backgrounds </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/virtualtours/"> Virtual Tours </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Periodicals <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-509" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/messengers/"> Messenger </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/capjournals/"> CAPjournal </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/schools/"> Science in School </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Print products <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-513" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/annualreports/"> Annual Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/books/"> Books </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/brochures/"> Brochures </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/bulletins/"> Bulletins </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/calendars/"> Calendars </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/conf_posters/"> Conference posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/flyers/"> Flyers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/handouts/"> Handouts </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/maps/"> Maps </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/presskits/"> Press kits </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/reports/"> Reports </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/postcards/"> Postcards </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/stickers/"> Stickers </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/print_posters/"> Printed posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/papermodels/"> Paper models </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/products/merchandise/"> Merchandise <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-529" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/merchandise/"> Merchandise </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/apparel/"> Apparel </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/mountedimages/"> Mounted images </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/stationery/"> Stationery </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a class="no-link children" href="#"> Electronic products <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-534" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/products/electroniccards/"> Electronic cards </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/elec_posters/"> Electronic posters </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/epublications/"> ePublications </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/products/virtualbackgrounds/"> Virtual Backgrounds </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/education/"> Educational material </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/exhibitions/"> Exhibition material </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/products/logos/"> Logos </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/shop/"> Order in ESOshop </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="/public/industry/">Business@ESO<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-543" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="/public/industry/cp.html"> Procurement at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/industry/events/"> Industry Events </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/"> Technology Transfer <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-546" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/technology-developed-by-industry-or-institutes/"> Technology Developed by Industries </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/develeso/"> Novel technologies by ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/techtrans/developments/"> ESO know-how </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/industry/projects/"> Future Projects <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-550" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/projects/elt/"> Working with the ELT </a></li></ul></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/industry/safety.html"> Safety <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-552" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/safety/emergency.html"> Emergency & Evacuation </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/safety/traffic.html"> Traffic & Parking at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/safety/contractors.html"> Contractors at ESO </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/industry/contact/"> Contact Information </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> <li><a href="https://recruitment.eso.org/">Career Opportunities<span class="fa fa-angle-down level0-children-arrows"></span></a> <span class="mobile-children"> <span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span> </span> <div class="level1-wrapper"> <div class="level1"> <ul id="submenu-aim-557" class="submenu-aim"> <li class=""><a href="https://recruitment.eso.org/"> Recruitment </a></li><li class="submenu"><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/"> Employment Conditions <span class="desktop-children topmenu-arrow fa fa-angle-right"></span></a><span class="mobile-children"><span class="fa fa-angle-down"></span></span><ul id="submenu-aim-559" class="submenu-aim sublevel"><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/intstaff/"> International Staff Members </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/localstaff/"> Local Staff Members (Spanish / English) </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/fellows/"> Fellows </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/students/"> Students </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/conditions/paidassoc/"> Paid Associates </a></li></ul></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/working-at-eso/"> Working at ESO </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/other-information/"> Other Information </a></li><li class=""><a href="/public/jobs/how_to_use/"> How to use this site </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div id="content" class=""> <div id="eso-side-logo"> <a href="/public/"> <div data-spy="affix" class="affix"> <div class="sprites-esologo"></div> <span>European<br>Southern<br>Observatory</span> </div> </a> </div> <div class="container " id="body"> <div class="row no-page"> <div class="col-md-12"> </div> </div> <div class="row page"> <div class="col-md-12 one-column"> <div id="edit-info-block"> <div id="page-edit-success" class="alert alert-success alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Page saved successfully </div> <div id="page-edit-failure" class="alert alert-danger alert-dismissible" role="alert" style="display: none"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="alert" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> Couldn't save page :( Please try again. </div> </div> <div class='page-content'> <div id="editable-content"> <h1>German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory </h1> <p align="center"><a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso2110c/"><img src="https://www.eso.org/public/archives/images/newsfeature/eso2110c.jpg" alt="" /></a><br /><small>This image of NGC 4254 is a combination of observations conducted at different wavelengths of light to map stellar populations and warm gas. The golden glow marks the presence of newly formed stars. Credit: ESO/PHANGS</small></p> <p>Germany is a founding member of ESO, signing the ESO convention on 5 October 1962 and officially becoming a Member State on 17 January 1964. As a founding member of ESO, host of the ESO Headquarters in Garching near Munich, and the largest contributor to ESO’s budget, Germany plays an especially strong role in the organisation and has contributed to many ESO projects in key ways. </p> <p>Germany currently contributes 22.44% of ESO’s revenue (2021 contribution), worth 43 091 000 EUR. </p> <p>As of mid 2022, there are 159 German employees at ESO, 137 in Germany and 22 in Chile. Furthermore, ESO has awarded 33 studentships, 65 fellowships and 14 internships to German nationals since 2004. </p> <p>Germany is represented in the various ESO governing and advisory bodies by astronomers and policy experts; the current German representatives of ESO’s various committees with national representation can be found <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/committees.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>. The <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/announcements/ann20035/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">current President of the ESO Council</a>, Linda Tacconi, is a senior astronomer at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) in Garching, Germany. </p> <p>The ESO Science Outreach Network (ESON) includes German <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/outreach/partnerships/eson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">representatives</a> who act as ESO’s media and outreach local contacts. </p> <p>Here follows some information about Germany’s involvement with ESO. </p> <h2>Discoveries by Germany-based astronomers using ESO telescopes </h2> <p>German researchers and those based at German institutions have been involved in important discoveries using ESO facilities, including many of the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/science/top10/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESO top 10 discoveries</a>. Key or recent scientific discoveries include </p> <ul> <li>Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez who were <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2017/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jointly awarded</a> the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on the supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, at the centre of our galaxy. Genzel, Director at the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (MPE) in Germany, and his team have conducted observations of Sagittarius A* for nearly 30 years using a fleet of instruments on ESO telescopes. One of the key instruments used was <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GRAVITY</a> on ESO’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlti/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Telescope Interferometer</a> (VLTI), which was developed by a consortium led by the MPE. </li> <li>The PHANGS collaboration, which is led by principal investigator Eva Schinnerer from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA), aims at surveying nearby galaxies with several telescopes, including ESO’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Telescope</a> (VLT) and <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA</a>. Recently the collaboration produced <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2110/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stunning observations of Galactic fireworks</a>, imaging the birth chambers of stars. </li> <li>Eduardo Bañados of the MPIA in Germany, together with Chiara Mazzucchelli, Fellow at ESO in Chile and formerly an MPIA PhD student, who led a study that discovered <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2103/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the most distant quasar with powerful radio jets</a>. This discovery, done with several telescopes including ESO’s VLT, could provide important clues to help astronomers understand the early Universe. </li> <li>The discovery of the most distant Milky-Way look-alike by Francesca Rizzo, PhD student at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and their team using ALMA. “This result represents a breakthrough in the field of galaxy formation, showing that the structures that we observe in nearby spiral galaxies and in our Milky Way were already in place 12 billion years ago,” Rizzo says in the ESO <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2013/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">press release</a>. </li> </ul> <h2>German involvement in ESO instruments and telescopes at ESO sites </h2> <p>Many of the instruments for telescopes at ESO’s facilities were built by consortia led by German institutions, and Germany also played key roles in some of the telescopes at ESO’s observatories. This includes </p> <ul> <li>The Max Planck Institute for Radioastronomy (MPIfR), a partner in <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/apex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APEX</a> that has been involved in developing many of its instruments. </li> <li>Germany’s institutes which were heavily involved in the development of instruments for ESO’s Very Large Telescope Interferometer, including <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/gravity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GRAVITY</a> (MPE, MPIA, Universität zu Köln), <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/matisse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MATISSE</a> (MPIA, MPIfR, Universität Kiel) and <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/midi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIDI</a> (MPIA, Kiepenheuer-Institut, Thüringer Landessternwart). MPE is also leading the consortium for GRAVITY+, an upgrade of GRAVITY. </li> <li>One of ESO’s most used instruments, the Focal Reducer and Spectrograph (<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/fors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FORS 1 and FORS2</a>) on the VLT which was built by the Heidelberg State Observatory, the University of Göttingen and observatories in Munich. </li> <li>Other VLT instruments with significant German contribution include<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/eris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> ERIS</a> (MPE lead the consortium),<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/crires+/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> CRIRES</a> (Georg-August Universität Göttingen, Thüringer Landessternwarte),<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/kmos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> KMOS</a> (Universitäts-Sternwarte München, MPE),<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/muse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> MUSE</a> (Göttingen Astrophysics Institute; Potsdam Astrophysikalisches Institut),<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/naco/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> NACO</a> (MPE, MPIA) and<a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/sinfoni/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> SINFONI</a> (MPE).</li> <li>The <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/lasilla/mpg22/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope</a> at ESO’s La Silla Observatory which was originally constructed by the MPIA and later offered to ESO under an agreement where ESO undertook the installation of the telescope and managed its subsequent operation. German institutions are part of the consortia that developed instruments for this telescope.</li> <li>Several German institutes are involved in the development of <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/surveytelescopes/vista/4most/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">4MOST</a> on the VISTA telescope. The consortium is led by the Leibniz Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam.</li> <li>Germany will be a member of the future CTA ERIC, the European Research Infrastructure Consortium, that will construct and operate the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/cta/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cherenkov Telescope Array</a> (CTA). The CTA will be a ground-based observatory for very high energy gamma-ray astronomy. It will consist of two arrays of dishes, a southern-hemisphere array hosted at ESO’s <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Paranal Observatory</a> and a northern array on the island of La Palma, Spain. ESO will also be a member of the CTA ERIC and is represented in the <a href="https://www.cta-observatory.org/about/governance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">council of the CTA</a>. </li> </ul> <h3>German involvement in ELT instruments </h3> <p>Germany is part of the development of many of the instruments for ESO’s upcoming <a href="https://elt.eso.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Extremely Large Telescope</a> (ELT), namely </p> <ul> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/MICADO/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MICADO</a>, which is being developed by a consortium led by the MPE, will take high-resolution images at near-infrared wavelengths, identify exoplanets and investigate the mysterious centre of the Milky Way. The MPIA, the University Observatory Munich, and the Institute for Astrophysics in Gottingen are also part of the consortium. </li> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/ANDES/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANDES</a> (previously known as HIRES), a high-resolution spectrograph with the main scientific aim of characterising exoplanetary atmospheres. Germany participates in the consortium through: the Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam; Institut für Astrophysik, Universität Göttingen; Zentrum für Astronomie Heidelberg, Landessternwarte; Thüringer Landesternwarte Tautenburg; Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität Hamburg. </li> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/METIS/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">METIS</a>, a Mid-infrared Imager and Spectrograph, with the main scientific aims of characterising planet-forming disks and exoplanets. MPIA is part of the consortium. </li> <li><a href="https://elt.eso.org/instrument/MOSAIC/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MOSAIC</a>, a multi-object spectrograph which can study many objects at once, with the main scientific aim of studying the oldest galaxies. The Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam and the LSW Heidelberg are part of the consortium. </li> </ul> <h2>German industry and technology contributions to ESO </h2> <p>German companies have been crucial partners of ESO over the years, with German industry making, and continuing to make, significant contributions to ESO’s projects. Some of the most valuable contracts awarded to German companies for technology development include </p> <ul> <li>Toptica Photonics AG being awarded important contracts related to the manufacturing of the laser on the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/vlt-instr/4lgsf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">4 Laser Guide Star Facility</a> on the VLT. </li> <li>The development of the 23 kV power system at the ALMA site made by a consortium involving German companies. </li> <li>Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik GmbH building the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/teles-instr/alma/transporters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ALMA transporters</a>. </li> <li>LOGWIN Air + Ocean being awarded multiple contracts related to ALMA operations, general activities and the Paranal instrumentation programme. </li> </ul> <p>ESO's contracts with the German industry include expenditure related to the ESO Headquarters. A significant example is the construction of the ESO Headquarters extension (BAM Deutschland AG, with other contracts related to the extension placed with Auer+Weber+Assoziierte GmbH), inaugurated in 2012. Other examples include renewable energy and power supply (Stadtwerke Augsburg Energie GmbH) and heating, cooling, ventilation and air conditioning (Energie-Wende-Garching GmbH & Co. KG) contracts. ESO has also placed multiple contracts with Terma GmbH, Comarch Software und Berating AG and amball business-software (among others) for IT services. </p> <h3>German industry contributions to the ELT </h3> <p>German companies are important industrial partners in ESO’s upcoming Extremely Large Telescope. Some of the most important contracts awarded to the German industry include </p> <ul> <li>With SCHOTT AG for the production of <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1801/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ELT mirror blanks</a> (multiple contracts). SCHOTT has also produced <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso9309/?lang" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mirror blanks for the VLT</a>. </li> <li>Multiple contracts placed with FAMES EWIV for the supply of edge sensors for the segments of the ELT primary mirror.</li> <li>Physik Instrumente (PI) GmbH & Co.KG producing position actuators for the segments of the ELT primary mirror.</li> <li>Hexagon Metrology GmbH beingawarded a contract to manufacture laser trackers for the ELT. </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="row footernote"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="mailto:information@eso.org">Send us your comments!</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/outreach/newsletters/esonews/">Subscribe to receive news from ESO in your language</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="https://www.cdn77.com">Accelerated by CDN77</a> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-3"> <a href="/public/about-eso/privacy/">Terms & Conditions</a> </div> </div> <link href="/public/archives/djp/css/extras.d3e54451ebbb.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript">var MEDIA_URL = "/public/archives/"</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/public/archives/djp/js/main.04a7335af5a0.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div>  <div id="social-share" class="hidden-print"> <div class="link facebook" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Facebook"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link twitter" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on X/Twitter"> <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/&text=German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory&via=ESO" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter"></i></i></a> </div> <div class="link pinterest" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share on Pinterest"> <a href="https://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/&media=&description=German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-brands fa-pinterest-p" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link print" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Print"> <a href="javascript:window.print()" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <div class="link email" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="right" title="Share by email"> <a href="mailto:%20?subject=ESO — German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory&body=https://www.eso.org/public/about-eso/memberstates/germaninvolvement/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><i class="fa-regular fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> <script> $('[data-toggle="tooltip"]').tooltip(); </script> <input type='hidden' name='csrfmiddlewaretoken' value='6iCzmnizLlPU7zTpBOO91qxyB8eZq09Yi9CfICcxzmR4kIjMtcTph0sYZhM5U1oq' /> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

German Involvement with the European Southern Observatory | ESO