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class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagine per utenti anonimi <a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Benvenuto" aria-label="Ulteriori informazioni sulla contribuzione"><span>ulteriori informazioni</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieiContributi" title="Un elenco delle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>contributi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:MieDiscussioni" title="Discussioni sulle modifiche fatte da questo indirizzo IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>discussioni</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sito"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Indice" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Indice</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Contesti_storici_e_culturali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contesti_storici_e_culturali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Contesti storici e culturali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contesti_storici_e_culturali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natura_ed_educazione" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natura_ed_educazione"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Natura ed educazione</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natura_ed_educazione-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mascolinità_egemonica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mascolinità_egemonica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mascolinità egemonica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mascolinità_egemonica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Critiche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critiche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Critiche</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Critiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nozione_di_mascolinità_in_crisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nozione_di_mascolinità_in_crisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Nozione di mascolinità in crisi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nozione_di_mascolinità_in_crisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tendenze_contemporanee" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tendenze_contemporanee"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tendenze contemporanee</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tendenze_contemporanee-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Terminologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mascolinità</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 55 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="ذكورة - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذكورة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="পুৰুষত্ব - assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পুৰুষত্ব" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulanl%C4%B1q" title="Maskulanlıq - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maskulanlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinidad" title="Maskulinidad - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Maskulinidad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мъжество - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мъжество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="পুরুষত্ব - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পুরুষত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinitat" title="Masculinitat - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Masculinitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پیاوەتی - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیاوەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinita" title="Maskulinita - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Maskulinita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Арлăх - ciuvascio" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Арлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrywdod" title="Gwrywdod - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrywdod" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitet" title="Maskulinitet - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maskulinitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nnlichkeit" title="Männlichkeit - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Männlichkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αρρενωπότητα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρρενωπότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Masculinity" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinidad" title="Masculinidad - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masculinidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitate" title="Maskulinitate - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maskulinitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="نرینگی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرینگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskuliinisuus" title="Maskuliinisuus - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maskuliinisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinit%C3%A9" title="Masculinité - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Masculinité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlikheid" title="Manlikheid - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Manlikheid" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="גבריות - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גבריות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80" title="मर्दानगी - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मर्दानगी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitas" title="Maskulinitas - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maskulinitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E3%82%89%E3%81%97%E3%81%95" title="男らしさ - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="男らしさ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitas" title="Maskulinitas - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Maskulinitas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%A8" title="ಗಂಡಸುತನ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಂಡಸುತನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A8%EC%84%B1%EC%84%B1" title="남성성 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="남성성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%C3%A1li" title="Bobáli - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Bobáli" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vyri%C5%A1kumas" title="Vyriškumas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vyriškumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Мажественост - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мажественост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="पुरुषत्व - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पुरुषत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemaskulinan" title="Kemaskulinan - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kemaskulinan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%83" title="मिजंपहः - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिजंपहः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannelijkheid" title="Mannelijkheid - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mannelijkheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitet" title="Maskulinitet - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Maskulinitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%99sko%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Męskość - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Męskość" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8_(%D8%B3%DA%93%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8)" title="نرتوب (سړيتوب) - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نرتوب (سړيتوب)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinidade" title="Masculinidade - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Masculinidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinitate" title="Masculinitate - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Masculinitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Маскулинность - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маскулинность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Masculinity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag" title="Rag - somalo" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Rag" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Маскулинитет - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маскулинитет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinitet" title="Maskulinitet - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Maskulinitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஆண்மை - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ความเป็นชาย - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความเป็นชาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maskulinidad" title="Maskulinidad - tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Maskulinidad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erillik" title="Erillik - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erillik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Маскулінність - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маскулінність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="مردانگی - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مردانگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_t%C3%ADnh" title="Nam tính - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nam tính" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%94%E8%B4%A8" title="男性气质 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="男性气质" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-ch%C3%BA-s%C3%A8ng" title="Lâm-chú-sèng - min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-chú-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%B3" title="男人味 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="男人味" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1076509#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica collegamenti interlinguistici" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica collegamenti</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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correlate</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciale:PagineSpeciali" title="Elenco di tutte le pagine speciali [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pagine speciali</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&oldid=140307581" title="Collegamento permanente a questa versione di questa pagina"><span>Link permanente</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=info" title="Ulteriori informazioni su questa pagina"><span>Informazioni pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Cita&page=Mascolinit%C3%A0&id=140307581&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informazioni su come citare questa pagina"><span>Cita questa voce</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMascolinit%25C3%25A0"><span>Ottieni URL breve</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fit.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMascolinit%25C3%25A0"><span>Scarica codice QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stampa/esporta </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Libro&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Mascolinit%C3%A0"><span>Crea un libro</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:DownloadAsPdf&page=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=show-download-screen"><span>Scarica come PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&printable=yes" title="Versione stampabile di questa pagina [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versione stampabile</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In altri progetti </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Masculinity" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1076509" title="Collegamento all'elemento connesso dell'archivio dati [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Elemento Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Museum42.jpg/220px-British_Museum42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Museum42.jpg/330px-British_Museum42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/British_Museum42.jpg/440px-British_Museum42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Nella <a href="/wiki/Mitologia_greca" title="Mitologia greca">mitologia greca</a> <a href="/wiki/Eracle" title="Eracle">Eracle</a> è uno dei massimi simboli di mascolinità.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>mascolinità</b> (o il <b>genere maschile</b>) è un insieme di attributi, <a href="/wiki/Comportamenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Comportamenti">comportamenti</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ruolo_di_genere" title="Ruolo di genere">ruoli</a> generalmente associati agli <a href="/wiki/Uomo_(genere)" title="Uomo (genere)">uomini</a>. La mascolinità è costruita <a href="/wiki/Costruzionismo_(sociologia)" title="Costruzionismo (sociologia)">socialmente</a> e <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">culturalmente</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-shehan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shehan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> anche se alcuni comportamenti considerati maschili, come indica la ricerca, sono biologicamente influenzati.<sup id="cite_ref-shehan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shehan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fino a che punto la mascolinità sia influenzata biologicamente o socialmente è oggetto di dibattito.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Il <a href="/wiki/Genere_(scienze_sociali)" title="Genere (scienze sociali)">genere</a> maschile è stato ultimamente distinto dalla definizione del <a href="/wiki/Sesso_(biologia)" title="Sesso (biologia)">sesso biologico</a> maschile,<sup id="cite_ref-Ferrante_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferrante-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WHO_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> poiché sia i <a href="/wiki/Maschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maschi">maschi</a> che le <a href="/wiki/Femmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Femmine">femmine</a> possono esibire caratteristiche comportamentali solitamente associate al maschile. </p><p>Gli standard di mascolinità variano a seconda delle diverse <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">culture</a> e periodi storici.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le caratteristiche tradizionalmente, culturalmente e socialmente considerate maschili nella <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_occidentale" class="mw-redirect" title="Società occidentale">società occidentale</a> includono <a href="/wiki/Virilit%C3%A0" title="Virilità">virilità</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forza" title="Forza">forza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coraggio" title="Coraggio">coraggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indipendenza" title="Indipendenza">indipendenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> e <a href="/wiki/Assertivit%C3%A0" title="Assertività">assertività</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il <i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">machismo</a></i> è una forma di mascolinità che enfatizza il <a href="/wiki/Potere" title="Potere">potere</a> ed è spesso associata a un disprezzo per le conseguenze e la responsabilità.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Il suo opposto può esser espresso dal termine <a href="/wiki/Effeminatezza" title="Effeminatezza">effeminatezza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roget_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roget-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uno dei sinonimi maggiormente usati per indicare la mascolinità è <a href="/wiki/Virilit%C3%A0" title="Virilità">virilità</a>, dal latino <i>vir</i> che significa «uomo».<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contesti_storici_e_culturali">Contesti storici e culturali</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Contesti storici e culturali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Contesti storici e culturali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'interpretazione ed il riconoscimento della mascolinità variano all'interno dei diversi contesti storici e culturali. Nell'antichità era prevalente prendere a modello l'uomo d'arme<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>; la figura del <a href="/wiki/Dandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandy">dandy</a>, tanto per fare solo un esempio, è stato considerato un ideale di mascolinità nel <a href="/wiki/XIX_secolo" title="XIX secolo">XIX secolo</a>, mentre è considerato al limite dell'effeminato per gli standard moderni<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Le norme tradizionali maschili, così come vengono descritte nel libro del Dr. Ronald F. Levant intitolato "Mascolinità ricostruita" sono: evitare ogni accenno di <a href="/wiki/Femminilit%C3%A0" title="Femminilità">femminilità</a>, non mostrare le proprie emozioni, tenere ben separato il sesso dall'amore, perseguire il successo e raggiungere uno <a href="/wiki/Status_sociale" title="Status sociale">status sociale</a> più elevato, l'autonomia (il non aver mai bisogno dell'aiuto di nessuno), la forza fisica e l'aggressività, infine l'<a href="/wiki/Omofobia" title="Omofobia">omofobia</a> (disprezzo per il <a href="/wiki/Frocio" class="mw-redirect" title="Frocio">frocio</a>, il finto maschio)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Queste norme servono a riprodurre simbolicamente il <a href="/wiki/Ruolo_di_genere" title="Ruolo di genere">ruolo di genere</a> associando gli attributi e le caratteristiche specifiche creduti appartenere di diritto al genere maschile<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lo studio accademico della mascolinità ha subito una massiccia espansione d'interesse tra la fine degli anni '80 e i primi anni '90, con corsi universitari che si occupano della mascolinità passati da poco più di 30 ad oltre 300 negli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti" class="mw-redirect" title="Stati Uniti">Stati Uniti</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Questo ha portato anche a ricerche riguardanti la correlazione tra concetto di mascolinità e le varie forme possibili di <a href="/wiki/Discriminazione" title="Discriminazione">discriminazione</a> sociale, ma anche per l'uso che del concetto se ne fa in altri campi, come nel modello <a href="/wiki/Femminista" class="mw-redirect" title="Femminista">femminista</a> di costruzione sociale del genere<sup id="cite_ref-Flood_2007_Viii_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flood_2007_Viii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natura_ed_educazione">Natura ed educazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Natura ed educazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Natura ed educazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_100522-A-6456D-168.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100522-A-6456D-168.jpg/220px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100522-A-6456D-168.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100522-A-6456D-168.jpg/330px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100522-A-6456D-168.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Defense.gov_photo_essay_100522-A-6456D-168.jpg/440px-Defense.gov_photo_essay_100522-A-6456D-168.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Competizione sportiva, scontro fisico e <a href="/wiki/Militarismo" title="Militarismo">militarismo</a> sono caratteristiche della mascolinità che appaiono in forme analoghe in quasi tutte le culture del mondo.</figcaption></figure> <p>La misura in cui l'espressione della propria mascolinità possa esser un fatto di natura o il risultato di un'educazione (e quindi appartenente all'ampio spettro del condizionamento sociale) è stato oggetto di molte discussioni. </p><p>La ricerca sul <a href="/wiki/Genoma_umano" title="Genoma umano">genoma umano</a> ha dato importanti informazioni circa lo sviluppo delle caratteristiche maschili ed il processo di differenziazione sessuale specifico per il sistema riproduttivo degli esseri umani: il <a href="/wiki/TDF_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="TDF (gene)">TDF</a> sul <a href="/wiki/Cromosoma_Y" title="Cromosoma Y">cromosoma Y</a>, che è fondamentale per lo sviluppo sessuale maschile, attiva la proteina chiamata "Fattore di trascrizione SOX9"<sup id="cite_ref-Moniot_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moniot-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> la quale aumenta l'<a href="/wiki/Ormone_antimulleriano" title="Ormone antimulleriano">ormone antimulleriano</a> che reprime lo sviluppo femminile nell'<a href="/wiki/Embrione" title="Embrione">embrione</a>. </p><p>Vi è ampio dibattito poi su come i bambini sviluppino a partire dalla realtà corporea una propria <a href="/wiki/Identit%C3%A0_di_genere" title="Identità di genere">identità di genere</a>; chi la considera un fatto di natura sostiene che la mascolinità è inestricabilmente collegata al <a href="/wiki/Corpo_umano" title="Corpo umano">corpo umano</a> maschile, ed in tale visione diventa qualcosa che è legato al sesso maschile biologico, cioè all'<a href="/wiki/Apparato_genitale" title="Apparato genitale">apparato genitale</a> maschile il quale diviene così l'aspetto fondamentale della mascolinità<sup id="cite_ref-Reeser_2010_3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeser_2010_3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Altri invece suggeriscono che, mentre la mascolinità può essere influenzata da fattori biologici, è anche però ampiamente costruita culturalmente; la mascolinità non avrebbe quindi una sola fonte d'origine o creazione, ma sarebbe anche associata a certi condizionamenti sociali. Un esempio di mascolinità socializzata è quella rappresentata dallo spuntare della <a href="/wiki/Barba" title="Barba">barba</a>, cioè dall'avere peli sul viso: l'<a href="/wiki/Adolescenza" title="Adolescenza">adolescente</a> che viene considerato e trattato da uomo a partire dal momento in cui comincia a radersi<sup id="cite_ref-Reeser_2010_30–31_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reeser_2010_30–31-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mascolinità_egemonica"><span id="Mascolinit.C3.A0_egemonica"></span>Mascolinità egemonica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Mascolinità egemonica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Mascolinità egemonica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Maschilismo" title="Maschilismo">Maschilismo</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Model-sixpack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Model-sixpack.jpg/220px-Model-sixpack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Model-sixpack.jpg/330px-Model-sixpack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Model-sixpack.jpg/440px-Model-sixpack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Esempio di maschio poco più che adolescente con corpo muscoloso.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nelle culture tradizionali la maniera principale per gli uomini di acquistare onore e rispetto era quello di arrivare a mantenere economicamente la propria famiglia assumendone al contempo anche il comando e la leadership<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">Raewyn Connell</a> ha etichettato i tradizionali ruoli e <a href="/wiki/Privilegio_maschile" title="Privilegio maschile">privilegi maschili</a> col termine di mascolinità egemonica, cioè la norma maschile, qualcosa a cui tutti gli uomini dovrebbero aspirare e che le donne invece sono scoraggiate dall'adottare: "<i>Configurazione del genere come prassi che incarna la risposta accettata al problema della legittimità patriarcale... che garantisce la posizione dominante degli uomini e la subordinazione delle donne</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Il Dr. Joseph Pleck sostiene che una gerarchia di mascolinità tra gli uomini esiste in gran parte nella dicotomia riferita all'<a href="/wiki/Orientamento_sessuale" title="Orientamento sessuale">orientamento sessuale</a> tra maschio <a href="/wiki/Eterosessuale" class="mw-redirect" title="Eterosessuale">eterosessuale</a> e non-maschio <a href="/wiki/Omosessuale" class="mw-redirect" title="Omosessuale">omosessuale</a> e spiega che "<i>la nostra società utilizza la dicotomia etero-omo come simbolo centrale per tutte le sue classifiche di mascolinità, distinguendo i veri uomini dotati di virilità da quelli che invece lo sono solo per finta</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-nomas.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nomas.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Kimmel<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> promuove questo concetto, aggiungendo però anche che il tropo "sei gay" indica che uno è innanzitutto privo di mascolinità, prima ancora d'indicare un maschio attratto da persone del proprio stesso sesso. Pleck conclude sostenendo che per evitare la continuazione dell'oppressione maschile sopra le donne, sopra gli altri uomini, ma anche sopra sé stessi, debbono essere eliminate una volta per tutte le strutture ed istituzioni patriarcali dall'auto-consapevolezza maschile. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critiche">Critiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Critiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Critiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Si tratta di un argomento dibattuto la questione se i concetti di mascolinità seguiti storicamente debbano ancora continuare ad essere applicati. I ricercatori hanno rilevato un corrente di critica alla mascolinità, dovuta al rimodellamento dei valori contemporanei, ai gruppi femministi più attivi che hanno assunto per sé certi ruoli tradizionali appartenenti alla mascolinità, all'ostilità culturale che la società d'oggi ha in certi casi posto sui cosiddetti valori maschili, ed infine anche alla promozione della mascolinità nella donna abbinata ad un pressione rivolta agli uomini per femminilizzarsi. </p><p>Le immagini di ragazzi e giovani uomini presentati nei <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media">mass media</a> possono portare alla persistenza di concetti nocivi alla mascolinità; gli attivisti per i diritti degli uomini sostengono che i media non prestano una seria attenzione alle questioni relative ai diritti maschili e che gli uomini vengono spesso dipinti in una luce negativa, soprattutto nella <a href="/wiki/Pubblicit%C3%A0" title="Pubblicità">pubblicità</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Peter Jackson scrive che le forme dominanti di mascolinità possono essere di sfruttamento economico e di oppressione sociale. Egli afferma che "<i>la forma di oppressione varia dai controlli patriarcali sui corpi delle donne e dei diritti riproduttivi, attraverso le ideologie di domesticità, femminilità ed eterosessualità obbligatoria, alle definizioni sociali del valore del lavoro, le presunte maggiori abilità naturali del maschio e la remunerazione differenziale del <a href="/wiki/Lavoro_produttivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavoro produttivo">lavoro produttivo</a> e <a href="/wiki/Lavoro_riproduttivo" title="Lavoro riproduttivo">riproduttivo</a> </i>"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg/220px-Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg/330px-Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg/440px-Lewis_Hine_Power_house_mechanic_working_on_steam_pump.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Il lavoro meccanico in fabbrica è associato con la mascolinità tradizionale.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nozione_di_mascolinità_in_crisi"><span id="Nozione_di_mascolinit.C3.A0_in_crisi"></span>Nozione di mascolinità in crisi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Nozione di mascolinità in crisi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nozione di mascolinità in crisi"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Un discorso sulla crisi della mascolinità è emerso negli ultimi decenni, sostenendo l'ipotesi che il concetto di mascolinità si trovi oggi nella <a href="/wiki/Civilt%C3%A0_occidentale" title="Civiltà occidentale">civiltà occidentale</a> in uno stato di più o meno profonda crisi<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La crisi è anche stata spesso attribuita alle politiche conseguenti al <a href="/wiki/Femminismo" title="Femminismo">femminismo</a> in risposta sia al presunto dominio degli uomini sulle donne, sia ai diritti attribuiti socialmente sulla base del proprio sesso d'appartenenza<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Altri vedono il mercato del lavoro in costante evoluzione come fonte della crisi della mascolinità, la deindustrializzazione e la sostituzione delle vecchie fabbriche con nuove tecnologie ha permesso ad un numero sempre maggiore di donne di entrare in questo mercato competendo alla pari con gli uomini, riducendo al contempo la necessità e domanda di forza fisica<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tendenze_contemporanee">Tendenze contemporanee</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Tendenze contemporanee" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tendenze contemporanee"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PalmercarpenterA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/220px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/330px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/PalmercarpenterA.jpg/440px-PalmercarpenterA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>L'operaio edile, esempio moderno di mascolinità.</figcaption></figure> <p>Anche se gli stereotipi effettivi siano rimasti relativamente costanti, il valore collegato alla concetto di mascolinità maschile è in parte cambiato nel corso degli ultimi decenni. </p><p>Secondo un documento presentato all'<a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>: "<i>Invece di vedere una diminuzione dell'oggettivazione delle donne nella società, si è recentemente verificato un aumento nell'oggettivazione di entrambi i sessi... Uomini e donne possono limitare la loro assunzione di cibo nello sforzo di ottenere quello che considerano un corpo attraente sottile, in casi estremi portando anche a gravi <a href="/wiki/Disturbi_alimentari" class="mw-redirect" title="Disturbi alimentari">disturbi alimentari</a></i>"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sia gli uomini che le donne più giovani che leggono riviste di <a href="/wiki/Fitness_(sport)" title="Fitness (sport)">fitness</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Moda" title="Moda">moda</a> potrebbero essere psicologicamente danneggiati dalle immagini perfette di fisico femminile e maschile che vedono: alcune giovani donne e uomini si esercitano eccessivamente nel tentativo di raggiungere ciò che essi considerano una forma corporea più attraente, che in casi estremi può portare a disordine dismorfico del corpo (<a href="/wiki/Dismorfofobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dismorfofobia">dismorfofobia</a>) o dismorfismo muscolare (<a href="/wiki/Anoressia_riversa" title="Anoressia riversa">anoressia riversa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminologia">Terminologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Terminologia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Terminologia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I concetti di mascolinità sono variati a seconda del tempo e del luogo e sono soggetti a costanti cambiamenti, quindi è più appropriato parlare di mascolinità al plurale che di una singola tipologia di mascolinità. I tratti tipici di mascolinità sono la forte concezione di sé, essere fieri ed esuberanti, essere forti sopra la media, un'intelligenza più sviluppata nella leadership e nelle decisioni a lungo termine oppure anche occuparsi della propria persona amata e della categorie più deboli.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-shehan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-shehan_1-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-shehan_1-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Constance L. Shehan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F_F1DwAAQBAJ"><span style="font-style:italic;">Gale Researcher Guide for: The Continuing Significance of Gender</span></a>, Gale, Cengage Learning, 2018, pp. 1-5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781535861175" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781535861175">9781535861175</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_2-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_2-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Masculinity_and_Femininity_in_the_MMPI_2.html?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22">https://books.google.com/books/about/Masculinity_and_Femininity_in_the_MMPI_2.html?id=5KLPlmr9T7MC&q=%22what+masculinity+and+femininity+are%22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_3-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Gender_Nature_and_Nurture.html?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22">https://books.google.com/books/about/Gender_Nature_and_Nurture.html?id=R6OPAgAAQBAJ&q=%22biology+contributes%22+%22masculinity+and+femininity%22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_4-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_4-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sociology_of_Gender.html?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22">https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sociology_of_Gender.html?id=SOTqzUeqmNMC&q=%22+biological+or+genetic+contributions%22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferrante-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferrante_5-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Joan Ferrante, <span style="font-style:italic;">Sociology: A Global Perspective</span>, 7th, Belmont, CA, Thomson Wadsworth, gennaio 2010, pp. 269-272, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8400-3204-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-8400-3204-1">978-0-8400-3204-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO-6"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_6-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140908003355/http://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/"><span style="font-style:italic;">What do we mean by 'sex' and 'gender'?</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">who.int</span>, World Health Organization <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://www.who.int/gender/whatisgender/en/">url originale</abbr> l'8 settembre 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22">https://books.google.com/books?id=jWj5OBvTh1IC&q=%22meanings+of+manhood+vary%22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://sk.sagepub.com/books/theorizing-masculinities/n7.xml">http://sk.sagepub.com/books/theorizing-masculinities/n7.xml</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/femininitymascul0000unse/page/6">https://archive.org/details/femininitymascul0000unse/page/6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&pg=PA157">https://books.google.com/books?id=7SXhBdqejgYC&pg=PA157</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-RxIUDYIuiIC&pg=PT248">https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-RxIUDYIuiIC&pg=PT248</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1381820/machismo">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1381820/machismo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roget-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Roget_13-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roget%27s_Thesaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roget's Thesaurus (la pagina non esiste)">Roget's II: The New Thesaurus</a></i>, 3rd. ed., <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Vir</i> è propriamente contrapposto a <a href="/wiki/Donna" title="Donna">donna</a>, mentre il termine <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a> <i>homo</i>, da cui deriva l'italiano «uomo», indica l'essere umano in generale, indipendentemente dal sesso.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Paul Treherne, <i>The Warrior's Beauty: The Masculine Body and Self-Identity in Bronze-Age Europe</i>, Journal of European Archaeology Vol. 3, Iss. 1, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Todd Reeser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YMnn8Zf0heoC&dq=reeser+masculinities+in+theory&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities in Theory: An Introduction</span></a>, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, pp. 1-3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-4443-5853-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-4443-5853-7">1-4443-5853-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Ronald F. Levant e Gini Kopecky, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masculinityrecon00leva"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinity Reconstructed: Changing the Rules of Manhood—At Work, in Relationships, and in Family Life</span></a>, New York, Dutton, 1995, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-452-27541-6" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-452-27541-6">978-0-452-27541-6</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Jennifer Dornan, <span style="font-style:italic;">Blood from the Moon: Gender Ideology and the Rise of Ancient Maya Social Complexity</span>, 2004, <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> 0953-5233<span class="noprint plainlinks"> (<span title="Ricerca su WorldCat"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0953-5233&lang=it">WC</a></span> · <span title="Ricerca sul Catalogo Italiano dei Periodici"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acnpsearch.unibo.it/search?issn=0953-5233">ACNP</a></span>)</span>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Rolla M. Bradley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8MiVG4T2_eYC&dq=gurian+masculinity&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinity and Self Perception of Men Identified as Informal Leaders</span></a>, ProQuest, 2008, p. 9, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-549-47399-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-549-47399-8">0-549-47399-8</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flood_2007_Viii-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Flood_2007_Viii_20-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Michael Flood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EUON2SYps-QC&dq=academic+masculinity&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span style="font-style:italic;">International Encyclopaedia of Menand Masculinities</span></a>, Routledge, 2007, pp. Viii, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-415-33343-1" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-415-33343-1">0-415-33343-1</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moniot-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Moniot_21-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Brigitte Moniot, Faustine Declosmenil, Francisco Barrionuevo, Gerd Scherer, Kosuke Aritake, Safia Malki, Laetitia Marzi, Ann Cohen-Solal, Ina Georg, Jürgen Klattig, Christoph Englert, Yuna Kim, Blanche Capel, Naomi Eguchi, Yoshihiro Urade, Brigitte Boizet-Bonhoure e Francis Poulat, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1242/dev.032631"><span style="font-style:italic;">The PGD2 pathway, independently of FGF9, amplifies SOX9 activity in Sertoli cells during male sexual differentiation</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Development</span>, vol. 136, n. 11, The Company of Biologists Ltd., 2009, pp. 1813-1821, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1242%2Fdev.032631">10.1242/dev.032631</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19429785">19429785</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeser_2010_3-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_2010_3_22-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Todd Reeser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YMnn8Zf0heoC&dq=reeser+masculinities+in+theory&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities in Theory: An Introduction</span></a>, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-4443-5853-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-4443-5853-7">1-4443-5853-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reeser_2010_30–31-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Reeser_2010_30–31_23-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Todd Reeser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YMnn8Zf0heoC&dq=reeser+masculinities+in+theory&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities in Theory: An Introduction</span></a>, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, pp. 30-31, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-4443-5853-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/1-4443-5853-7">1-4443-5853-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">George, A., "Reinventing honorable masculinity" Men and Masculinities</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R.W. Connell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masculinitiessec00conn"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities</span></a>, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995, 2005, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masculinitiessec00conn/page/n104">77</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nomas.org-26"><a href="#cite_ref-nomas.org_26-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nomas.org/node/176">Understanding Patriarchy and Men's Power | NOMAS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100301004232/http://www.nomas.org/node/176">Archiviato</a> il 1º marzo 2010 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Kimmel, Michael S., and Summer Lewis. Mars and Venus, Or, Planet Earth?: Women and Men in a New Millenium [sic]. Kansas State University, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Farrell, W. & Sterba, J. P. (2008) Does Feminism Discriminate Against Men: A Debate (Point and Counterpoint), New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Peter Jackson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.2307/622614"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Cultural Politics of Masculinity: Towards a Social Geography</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers</span>, vol. 16, n. 2, 1991, pp. 199-213, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F622614">10.2307/622614</a>. <small>URL consultato il 26 aprile 2013</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Rooger Horrocks, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k24dAQAAMAAJ&q=masculinity+crisis&dq=masculinity+crisis&hl=en&sa=X&ei=YEEfUc-dI5L24QTBhIHwCA&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAQ"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities in Crisis: Myths, Fantasies, and Realities</span></a>, St. Martin's Press, 1994, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-333-59322-7" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-333-59322-7">0-333-59322-7</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Sally Robinson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/markedmen00robi"><span style="font-style:italic;">Marked Men: White Masculinity in Crisis</span></a>, New York, Columbia University Press, 2000, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/markedmen00robi/page/n17">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-231-50036-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-231-50036-4">978-0-231-50036-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFharv" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John Beynon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780335199884"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chapter 4: Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis'<span></span></span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities and culture</span>, Filadelfia, Open University Press, 2002, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780335199884/page/83">83</a>–86, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-335-19988-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-335-19988-4">978-0-335-19988-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFharv" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John Beynon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780335199884"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chapter 4: Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis'<span></span></span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities and culture</span>, Filadelfia, Open University Press, 2002, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780335199884/page/86">86</a>–89, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-335-19988-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-335-19988-4">978-0-335-19988-4</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/maleobj.htm">Pressure To Be More Muscular May Lead Men To Unhealthy Behaviors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618040952/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/maleobj.htm">Archiviato</a> il 18 giugno 2008 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/7318411.stm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Magazines 'harm male body image'<span></span></span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">BBC News</span>, 28 marzo 2008. <small>URL consultato il 12 maggio 2010</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askmen.com/sports/bodybuilding/56_fitness_tip.html">Muscle dysmorphia – AskMen.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/health/060815_bodyimage_men.html">Men Muscle in on Body Image Problems | LiveScience</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R. W. Connell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YuR2uFxxvPoC&dq=masculinity+historical&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities</span></a>, Polity, 2005, p. 185, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7456-3427-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7456-3427-3">0-7456-3427-3</a>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Generale</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFharv" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> John Beynon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780335199884"><span style="font-style:italic;">Chapter 4: Masculinities and the notion of 'crisis'<span></span></span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities and culture</span>, Filadelfia, Open University Press, 2002, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780335199884/page/75">75</a>–97, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-335-19988-4" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-335-19988-4">978-0-335-19988-4</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFharv" class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> Todd W. Reeser, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masculinitiesint0000rees"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities in theory: an introduction</span></a>, Malden, MA, Wiley-Blackwell, 2010, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-4051-6859-5" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-1-4051-6859-5">978-1-4051-6859-5</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> R.W. Connell, <span style="font-style:italic;">3</span>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">The Social Organization of Masculinity</span>, Berkeley (California)-Los Angeles, Polity, 2001, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-520-24698-0" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-520-24698-0">978-0-520-24698-0</a>.</cite></li> <li>Levine, Martin P. (1998). <i>Gay Macho</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0814746942" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8147-4694-2</a>.</li> <li>Stibbe, Arran. (2004). "Health and the Social Construction of Masculinity in Men's Health Magazine." Men and Masculinities; 7 (1) July, pp. 31–51.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lance_Strate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lance Strate (la pagina non esiste)">Strate, Lance</a> "Beer Commercials: A Manual on Masculinity" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001</li></ul> <dl><dt>Situazione attuale</dt></dl> <ul><li>Arrindell, Willem A., Ph.D. (1 October 2005) "Masculine Gender Role Stress" Psychiatric Times Pg. 31</li> <li>Ashe, Fidelma (2007) The New Politics of Masculinity, London and New York: Routledge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">bell hooks</a>, <i>We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity</i>, Taylor & Francis 2004, <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0415969271" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-415-96927-1</a></li> <li>Broom A. and Tovey P. (Eds) Men's Health: Body, Identity and Social Context London; John Wiley and Sons Inc.</li> <li>Burstin, Fay "What's Killing Men". Herald Sun (Melbourne, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>). October 15, 2005.</li> <li>Canada, Geoffrey "Learning to Fight" Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001</li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/wiki/Raewyn_Connell" title="Raewyn Connell">R.W. Connell</a>, <span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinities</span>, Cambridge, Polity Press, 2005, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7456-3427-3" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/0-7456-3427-3">0-7456-3427-3</a>.</cite></li> <li>Courtenay, Will "Constructions of masculinity and their influence on men's well-being: a theory of gender and health" Social Science and Medicine, yr: 2000 vol: 50 iss: 10 pg: 1385–1401</li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jack_Donovan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jack Donovan (la pagina non esiste)">Jack Donovan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wayofmen0000dono"><span style="font-style:italic;">The way of men</span></a>, Milwaukie, Oregon, Dissonant Hum, 2012, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-9854523-0-8" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/978-0-9854523-0-8">978-0-9854523-0-8</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFharv" class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meenakshi_Gigi_Durham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meenakshi Gigi Durham (la pagina non esiste)">Meenakshi G. Durham</a> e Thomas P. Oates, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031322042000250475"><span style="font-style:italic;">The mismeasure of masculinity: the male body, 'race' and power in the enumerative discourses of the NFL Draft</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Patterns of Prejudice</span>, vol. 38, n. 3, Taylor & Francis Online, 2004, pp. 301-320, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322042000250475">10.1080/0031322042000250475</a>.</cite></li> <li>Galdas P.M. and Cheater F.M. (2010) Indian and Pakistani men's accounts of seeking medical help for angina and myocardial infarction in the UK: Constructions of marginalised masculinity or another version of hegemonic masculinity? Qualitative Research in Psychology</li> <li>Juergensmeyer, Mark (2005): <i>Why guys throw bombs. About terror and masculinity</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061103115259/http://web.fu-berlin.de/gpo/pdf/juergensmeyer/juergensmeyer_e.pdf">(pdf)</a></li> <li>Kaufman, Michael "The Construction of Masculinity and the Triad of Men's Violence". Men's Lives Kimmel, Michael S. and Messner, Michael A. ed. Allyn and Bacon. Boston, London: 2001</li> <li>Levant & Pollack (1995) A New Psychology of Men, New York: BasicBooks</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_Mansfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey Mansfield (la pagina non esiste)">Mansfield, Harvey</a>. <i>Manliness</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0300106645" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-300-10664-5</a></li> <li>Reeser, T. <i>Masculinities in Theory</i>, Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.</li> <li>Robinson, L. (October 21, 2005). Not just boys being boys: Brutal hazings are a product of a culture of masculinity defined by violence, aggression and domination. Ottawa Citizen (Ottawa, Ontario).</li> <li>Stephenson, June (1995). <i>Men are Not Cost Effective: Male Crime in America.</i> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0060950986" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-06-095098-6</a></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Mark Simpson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maleimpersonator0000simp_u6w7"><span style="font-style:italic;">Male impersonators: men performing masculinity</span></a>, Londra, Cassell, 1994, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780304328062" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780304328062">9780304328062</a>.</cite></li> <li>Walsh, Fintan. Male Trouble: Masculinity and the Performance of Crisis. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.</li> <li>Williamson P. "Their own worst enemy" Nursing Times: 91 (48) 29 November 95 p 24–7</li> <li>Wray Herbert "Survival Skills" U.S. News & World Report Vol. 139, No. 11; Pg. 63 September 26, 2005</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001465/146514e.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Masculinity for Boys</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">unesdoc.unesco.org</span>, pubblicato dall'UNESCO, Nuova Delhi, 2006.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Bonnie G. Smith e Beth Hutchison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genderingdisabil0000unse"><span style="font-style:italic;">Gendering disability</span></a>, Londra, Rutgers University Press, 2004, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780813533735" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780813533735">9780813533735</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Stephany Rose, <span style="font-style:italic;">Abolishing White masculinity from Mark Twain to hiphop: crises in whiteness</span>, Lanham, Lexington Books, 2014, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781498522847" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781498522847">9781498522847</a>.</cite></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nella storia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Kimmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Kimmel (la pagina non esiste)">Michael Kimmel</a>, Manhood in America, New York [etc.]: The Free Press 1996</li> <li>A Question of Manhood: A Reader in U.S. Black Mens History and Masculinity, edited by Earnestine Jenkins and Darlene Clark Hine, Indiana University press vol1: 1999, vol. 2: 2001</li> <li>Gary Taylor, Castration: An Abbreviated History of Western Manhood, Routledge 2002</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Klaus_Theweleit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus Theweleit (la pagina non esiste)">Klaus Theweleit</a>, Male fantasies, Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press, 1987 and Polity Press, 1987</li> <li>Peter N. Stearns, Be a Man!: Males in Modern Society, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1990</li> <li>Shuttleworth, Russell. "Disabled Masculinity." Gendering Disability. Ed. Bonnie G. Smith and Beth Hutchison. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2004. 166–178.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgino" title="Androgino">Androgino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromance" title="Bromance">Bromance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushidō">Bushidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_clone" title="Castro clone">Castro clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_ursina" class="mw-redirect" title="Comunità ursina">Comunità ursina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femminilit%C3%A0" title="Femminilità">Femminilità</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indice_di_mascolinit%C3%A0" title="Indice di mascolinità">Indice di mascolinità</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maschilismo" title="Maschilismo">Maschilismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascolinismo" title="Mascolinismo">Mascolinismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcultura_leather" title="Subcultura leather">Subcultura leather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarcato_(antropologia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarcato (antropologia)">Patriarcato (antropologia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessismo" title="Sessismo">Sessismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twink_(linguaggio_gay)" title="Twink (linguaggio gay)">Twink (linguaggio gay)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Masculinity"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Masculinity?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Masculinity?uselang=it">mascolinità</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mascolinit%C3%A0&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mensbiblio.xyonline.net/">The Men's Bibliography</a>, bibliografia completa sulla mascolinità.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060501135951/http://www.boyhoodstudies.com/">Boyhood Studies</a>, bibliografia sulla mascolinità giovanile.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.practicalmanliness.com">Practical Manliness</a>, sugli ideali storici della mascolinità applicati agli uomini moderni.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106112808/http://mkpchicago.org/">The ManKind Project of Chicago</a>, supporting men in leading meaningful lives of integrity, accountability, responsibility, and emotional intelligence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menanddepression.nimh.nih.gov/">NIMH web pages on men and depression</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528115617/http://menanddepression.nimh.nih.gov/">Archiviato</a> il 28 maggio 2009 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>., sulla depressione maschile.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://howellgroup.org/parsifal.html">Article entitled "Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound"</a> Il simbolismo storico che si riferisce alla mascolinità, di Richard Sanderson M.Ed., B.A.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bullmensfiction.com">BULL</a>, sulla narrativa maschile.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artofmanliness.com">Art of Manliness</a>, sull'arte mascolina.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://masculinityconspiracy.com">The Masculinity Conspiracy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121024735/http://masculinityconspiracy.com/">Archiviato</a> il 21 gennaio 2021 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>., critica mascolina online.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.udemy.com/futuremasculinity">Future Masculinity</a>, corso di critica sulla mascolinità.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=48856">48856</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85081797">sh85081797</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4123701-8">4123701-8</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Spagna" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Spagna">BNE</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="spagnolo">ES</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX546447">XX546447</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://datos.bne.es/resource/XX546447">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119462329">cb119462329</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119462329">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007555599305171">987007555599305171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuser.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Antropologia"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kuser.png/25px-Kuser.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kuser.png/38px-Kuser.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Kuser.png/50px-Kuser.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Antropologia" title="Portale:Antropologia">Portale Antropologia</a></b>: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di antropologia</div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mascolinità&oldid=140307581">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mascolinità&oldid=140307581</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Antropologia_culturale" title="Categoria:Antropologia culturale">Antropologia culturale</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Template_Webarchive_-_collegamenti_all%27Internet_Archive" title="Categoria:Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive">Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_Thesaurus_BNCF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF">Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_LCCN" title="Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN">Voci con codice LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_GND" title="Categoria:Voci con codice GND">Voci con codice GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BNE" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BNE">Voci con codice BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BNF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BNF">Voci con codice BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_J9U" title="Categoria:Voci con codice J9U">Voci con codice J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_non_biografiche_con_codici_di_controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pagine_che_utilizzano_collegamenti_magici_ISBN" title="Categoria:Pagine che utilizzano collegamenti magici ISBN">Pagine che utilizzano collegamenti magici ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Questa pagina è stata modificata per l'ultima volta il 21 lug 2024 alle 22:59.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Il testo è disponibile secondo la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.it">licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Condividi allo stesso modo</a>; possono applicarsi condizioni ulteriori. 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