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For the academic journal, see <a href="/wiki/International_Relations_(journal)" title="International Relations (journal)">International Relations (journal)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"International affairs" redirects here. For the academic journal, see <a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs (journal)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/International_affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="International affairs (disambiguation)">International affairs (disambiguation)</a>.</div> International relations (IR, and also referred to as international studies, international politics,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> or international affairs<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>) is an academic discipline.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In a broader sense, the study of IR, in addition to multilateral relations, concerns all activities among states—such as <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a>—as well as relations with and among other international actors, such as <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">intergovernmental organizations</a> (IGOs), <a href="/wiki/International_non-governmental_organization" title="International non-governmental organization">international nongovernmental organizations</a> (INGOs), <a href="/wiki/International_court" title="International court">international legal bodies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> (MNCs).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg/220px-United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg/330px-United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg/440px-United_Nations_Flags_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="2923"></a><figcaption>In 2012 alone, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Nations" title="Palace of Nations">Palace of Nations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, hosted more than 10,000 intergovernmental meetings. The city hosts the highest number of <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organizations</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg/220px-Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg/330px-Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg/440px-Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1735"></a><figcaption>The field of international relations dates from the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style> International relations is generally classified as a major multidiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_methodology" title="Political methodology">political methodology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> It often draws heavily from other fields, including <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> There are several <a href="/wiki/School_of_thought" title="School of thought">schools of thought</a> within IR, of which the most prominent are <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">liberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">constructivism</a>. While international politics has been analyzed since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>, it did not become a discrete field until 1919, when it was first offered as an undergraduate major by <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">Aberystwyth University</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> and its aftermath provoked greater interest and scholarship in international relations, particularly in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, where it was shaped considerably by the <a href="/wiki/Geostrategy" title="Geostrategy">geostrategic</a> concerns of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> and subsequent rise of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> in the late 20th century have presaged new theories and evaluations of the rapidly changing <a href="/wiki/International_order" title="International order">international system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History_of_international_relations">2 History of international relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Emergence_as_academic_discipline">2.1 Emergence as academic discipline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Theory">3 Theory</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Realism">3.1 Realism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#History_of_realism">3.1.1 History of realism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Liberalism">3.2 Liberalism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#History_of_liberalism">3.2.1 History of liberalism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Liberal_institutionalism">3.2.2 Liberal institutionalism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-10"><a href="#Regime_theory">3.2.2.1 Regime theory</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Constructivism">3.3 Constructivism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Critical_theory_(post-structuralism)">3.4 Critical theory (post-structuralism)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Marxism">3.4.1 Marxism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-14"><a href="#Dependency_theory">3.4.1.1 Dependency theory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Feminism">3.4.2 Feminism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#International_society_theory_(the_English_school)">3.4.3 International society theory (the English school)</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Levels_of_analysis">4 Levels of analysis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Systemic_level_concepts">4.1 Systemic level concepts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Sovereignty">4.1.1 Sovereignty</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Power">4.1.2 Power</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#National_interest">4.1.3 National interest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Non-state_actors">4.1.4 Non-state actors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Power_blocs">4.1.5 Power blocs</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Polarity">4.1.6 Polarity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Interdependence">4.1.7 Interdependence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Dependency">4.1.8 Dependency</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Systemic_tools_of_international_relations">4.1.9 Systemic tools of international relations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Unit-level_concepts_in_international_relations">4.2 Unit-level concepts in international relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Regime_type">4.2.1 Regime type</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Revisionism_versus_status_quo">4.2.2 Revisionism versus status quo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Religion">4.2.3 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Individual_or_sub-unit_level_concepts">4.3 Individual or sub-unit level concepts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Area_studies">5 Area studies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Major_fields_of_area_studies">5.1 Major fields of area studies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Institutions_in_international_relations">6 Institutions in international relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Generalist_inter-state_organizations">6.1 Generalist inter-state organizations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#United_Nations">6.1.1 United Nations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-38"><a href="#Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation">6.1.2 Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="#Other">6.1.3 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Regional_security_arrangements">6.2 Regional security arrangements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Economic_institutions">6.3 Economic institutions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#International_legal_bodies">6.4 International legal bodies</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Human_rights">6.4.1 Human rights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Legal">6.4.2 Legal</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#Bibliography">9 Bibliography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Theory_2">9.1 Theory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Textbooks">9.2 Textbooks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#History_of_international_relations_2">9.3 History of international relations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Depending on the academic institution, international relations or international affairs is either a subdiscipline of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> or a broader <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">multidisciplinary</a> field encompassing <a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">global politics</a>, law, economics or world history. As a subdiscipline of political science, the focus of IR studies lies on political, diplomatic and security connections among states, as well as the study of modern political world history. In many academic institutions, studies of IR are thus situated in the department of politics/social sciences. This is for example the case in Scandinavia, where international relations are often simply referred to as international politics (IP).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In institutions where international relations refers to the broader multidisciplinary field of global politics, law, economics and history, the subject may be studied across multiple departments, or be situated in its own department, as is the case at for example the London School of Economics.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> An undergraduate degree in multidisciplinary international relations may lead to a more specialised master's degree of either international politics, economics, or <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>. In the inaugural issue of World Politics, Frederick S. Dunn wrote that IR was about "relations that take place across national boundaries" and "between autonomous political groups in a world system".<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a> Dunn wrote that unique elements characterized IR and separated it from other subfields:<blockquote>international politics is concerned with the special kind of power relationships that exist in a community lacking an overriding authority; international economics deals with trade relations across national boundaries that are complicated by the uncontrolled actions of sovereign states; and international law is law that is based on voluntary acceptance by independent nations.<a href="#cite_note-:4-13">[13]</a></blockquote>The terms "International studies" and "<a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">global studies</a>" have been used by some to refer to a broader multidisciplinary IR field.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History_of_international_relations">History of international relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of international relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">International relations (1648–1814)</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomatic history of World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">International relations (1919–1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg/220px-French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 87px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg/220px-French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="87" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg/330px-French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg/440px-French_Spanish_and_Polish_fashion.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The official portraits of King <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV</a> dressed according to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spanish</a>, and Polish fashion reflects the complex politics of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></figcaption></figure> Studies of international relations started thousands of years ago; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Buzan" title="Barry Buzan">Barry Buzan</a> and Richard Little considered the interaction of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> city-states, starting in 3,500 <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">BC</a>, as the first fully-fledged international system.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Analyses of the foreign policies of sovereign city states have been done in ancient times, as in <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thycydides</a>' analysis of the causes of the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a> between <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> as well as by <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a>, published in 1532, where he analyzed the foreign policy of the renaissance city state of <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The contemporary field of international relations, however, analyzes the connections existing between <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-states</a>. This makes the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">modern state system</a> the natural starting point of international relations history.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The establishment of modern sovereign states as fundamental political units traces back to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> of 1648 in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. During the preceding <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, European organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> More than the Peace of Westphalia, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a defined territory and no external superiors as the ultimate authority within the territory's sovereign borders. These principles underpin the modern international legal and political order. The period between roughly 1500 to 1789 saw the rise of independent <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>, and the institutionalization of <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a> and the military. The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> contributed the idea that it was the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, that were sovereign, rather than a monarch or noble class. A state wherein the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> is sovereign would thence be termed a nation-state, as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state; the term <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation-state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation-statehood in ethnic-linguistic terms, establishing the rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation-state. In Europe today, few states conform to either definition of nation-state: many continue to have royal sovereigns, and hardly any are ethnically homogeneous. The particular European system supposing the sovereign equality of states was exported to the Americas, Africa, and Asia via <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and the "standards of civilization". The contemporary international system was finally established through <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. However, this is somewhat over-simplified. While the nation-state system is considered "modern", many states have not incorporated the system and are termed "pre-modern". A handful of states have moved beyond insistence on full sovereignty, and can be considered "post-modern". The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed. "Levels of analysis" is a way of looking at the international system, which includes the individual level, the domestic state as a unit, the international level of transnational and intergovernmental affairs, and the global level. What is explicitly recognized as international relations theory was not developed until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and is dealt with in more detail below. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>. The use of capitalizations of the "I" and "R" in international relations aims to distinguish the academic discipline of international relations from the phenomena of international relations. Many cite <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a> (6th century BC), <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>' <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a> (5th century BC), <a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a> (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>' <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> providing further elaboration. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal international relations theory">liberalism</a> draws upon the work of <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">democratic peace theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Though contemporary human rights is considerably different from the type of rights envisioned under <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> offered the first accounts of universal entitlement to certain rights on the basis of common humanity. In the 20th century, in addition to contemporary theories of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">liberal internationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> has been a foundation of international relations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_as_academic_discipline">Emergence as academic discipline</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emergence as academic discipline" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> International relations as a distinct field of study began in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>. IR emerged as a formal <a href="/wiki/Academic_discipline" title="Academic discipline">academic discipline</a> in 1919 with the founding of the first IR professorship: the Woodrow Wilson Chair at <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">Aberystwyth University</a>),<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> held by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eckhard_Zimmern" title="Alfred Eckhard Zimmern">Alfred Eckhard Zimmern</a><a href="#cite_note-AAA-22">[22]</a> and endowed by <a href="/wiki/David_Davies,_1st_Baron_Davies" title="David Davies, 1st Baron Davies">David Davies</a>. International politics courses were established at the University of Wisconsin in 1899 by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuel_Reinsch" title="Paul Samuel Reinsch">Paul Samuel Reinsch</a> and at Columbia University in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> By 1920, there were four universities that taught courses on <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Walsh_School_of_Foreign_Service" title="Walsh School of Foreign Service">Walsh School of Foreign Service</a> is the oldest continuously operating school for international affairs in the United States, founded in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>' department of international relations was founded at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a>: this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. That same year, the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies</a>, a school dedicated to teaching international affairs, was founded in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland. This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US. The creation of the posts of <a href="/wiki/Montague_Burton_Professor_of_International_Relations" title="Montague Burton Professor of International Relations">Montague Burton Professor of International Relations</a> at LSE and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations. Furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_colonialism" title="History of colonialism">colonial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> periods.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The first university entirely dedicated to the study of IR was the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies</a>, which was founded in 1927 to form diplomats associated to the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>. In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> graduated its first class of the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science_in_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Science in Foreign Service">Master of Science in Foreign Service</a> (MSFS) degree, making it the first international relations graduate program in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This was soon followed by the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_International_Relations_(University_of_Chicago)" title="Committee on International Relations (University of Chicago)">Committee on International Relations</a> (CIR) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where the first research <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate degree</a> was conferred in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy">Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy</a>, a collaboration between <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, opened its doors in 1933 as the first <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">graduate-only school</a> of international affairs in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1965, <a href="/wiki/Glendon_College" title="Glendon College">Glendon College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Paterson_School_of_International_Affairs" title="Norman Paterson School of International Affairs">Norman Paterson School of International Affairs</a> were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively. The lines between IR and other political science subfields is sometimes blurred, in particular when it comes to the study of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_(process)" title="Conflict (process)">conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institutions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">political behavior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-7">[7]</a> The division between <a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative politics</a> and international relations is artificial, as processes within nations shape international processes, and international processes shape processes within states.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Some scholars have called for an integration of the fields.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Comparative politics does not have similar "<a href="/wiki/-ism" title="-ism">isms</a>" as international relations scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-:03-35">[35]</a> Critical scholarship in international relations has explored the relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Institutionalisation" title="Institutionalisation">institutionalization</a> of IR as an academic discipline and the demands of national governments. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Vitalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Vitalis (page does not exist)">Robert Vitalis</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A8_%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="ar:بوب ڤيتاليس">ar</a>]'s book White World Order, Black Power Politics details the historical imbrication of IR in the projects of colonial administration and imperialism,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> while other scholars have traced the emergence of international relations in relation to the consolidation of newly independent nation-states within the <a href="/wiki/Non-Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Western">non-West</a>, such as Brazil and India.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In recent decades, IR has increasingly addressed environmental concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>, recognizing their implications for <a href="/wiki/International_security" title="International security">global security</a> and diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Once peripheral, these issues have gained prominence due to their <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">global impact</a>. Multilateral agreements, like the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity</a>, reflect a growing consensus that <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> requires coordinated <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Responses to climate change">international responses</a>, shaping diplomatic priorities and global governance frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">International relations theory</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_legal_theories" title="International legal theories">International legal theories</a></div> Within the study of international relations, there exists multiple theories seeking to explain how states and other actors operate within the international system. These can generally be divided into three main strands: realism, liberalism, and constructivism.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realism">Realism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Realism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">Realism (international relations)</a></div> The realist framework of international relations rests on the fundamental assumption that the international state system is an <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">anarchy</a>, with no overarching power restricting the behaviour of sovereign states. As a consequence, states are engaged in a continuous power struggle, where they seek to augment their own military capabilities, economic power, and diplomacy relative to other states; this in order to ensure the protection of their political system, citizens, and vital interests.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The realist framework further assumes that states act as unitary, rational actors, where central decision makers in the state apparatus ultimately stand for most of the state's foreign policy decisions.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> International organizations are in consequence merely seen as tools for individual states used to further their own interests, and are thought to have little power in shaping states' foreign policies on their own.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a> The realist framework is traditionally associated with the analysis of power-politics, and has been used to analyze the conflicts between states in the early European state-system; the causes of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World Wars</a>, as well as the behavior of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In settings such as these the realist framework carries great interpretative insights in explaining how the military and economic power struggles of states lead to larger armed conflicts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_realism">History of realism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History of realism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Peloponnesian_War" title="History of the Peloponnesian War">History of the Peloponnesian War</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, is considered a foundational text of the realist school of political philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> There is debate over whether Thucydides himself was a realist; Richard Ned Lebow has argued that seeing Thucydides as a realist is a misinterpretation of a more complex political message within his work.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Amongst others, philosophers like <a href="/wiki/Machiavelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> are considered to have contributed to the realist philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, while their work may support realist doctrine, it is not likely that they would have classified themselves as realists in this sense. Political realism believes that politics, like society, is governed by objective laws with roots in <a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">human nature</a>. To improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, persons will challenge them only at the risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one-sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion—between what is true objectively and rationally, supported by evidence and illuminated by reason, and what is only a subjective judgment, divorced from the facts as they are and informed by prejudice and wishful thinking. Major theorists include <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_P._Kindleberger" title="Charles P. Kindleberger">Charles P. Kindleberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Krasner" title="Stephen D. Krasner">Stephen D. Krasner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jervis" title="Robert Jervis">Robert Jervis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Walt" title="Stephen Walt">Stephen Walt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism">Liberalism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Liberalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_(international_relations)" title="Liberalism (international relations)">Liberalism (international relations)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Liberal internationalism</a></div> In contrast to realism, the liberal framework emphasises that states, although they are sovereign, do not exist in a purely anarchical system. Rather, liberal theory assumes that states are institutionally constrained by the power of international organisations, and mutually dependent on one another through economic and diplomatic ties. Institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organisation</a> (WTO), and the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> are taken to, over time, have developed power and influence to shape the foreign policies of individual states. Furthermore, the existence of the globalised <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">world economy</a> makes continuous military power struggle irrational, as states are dependent on participation in the global trade system to ensure their own survival. As such, the liberal framework stresses cooperation between states as a fundamental part of the international system. States are not seen as unitary actors, but pluralistic arenas where interest groups, non-governmental organisations, and economic actors also shape the creation of foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-:1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mingst,_Karen_A._2011-49">[49]</a> The liberal framework is associated with analysis of the globalised world as it emerged in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Increased political cooperation through organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, as well as economic cooperation through institutions such as the WTO, the World Bank and the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, was thought to have made the realist analysis of power and conflict inadequate in explaining the workings of the international system.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_liberalism">History of liberalism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of liberalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The intellectual basis of liberal theory is often cited as <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>'s essay <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual peace">Perpetual Peace</a> from 1795. In it, he postulates that states, over time, through increased political and economic cooperation, will come to resemble an international federation—a <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>; which will be characterised by continual peace and cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In modern times, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal international relations theory">liberal international relations theory</a> arose after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in response to the ability of states to control and limit war in their international relations. Early adherents include <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a>, who argued that states mutually gained from cooperation and that war was so destructive as to be essentially futile.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Liberalism was not recognized as a coherent theory as such until it was collectively and derisively termed idealism by <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a>. A new version of "idealism" that focused on <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> as the basis of the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> was advanced by <a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a>. Major theorists include <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Doyle" title="Michael W. Doyle">Michael W. Doyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Milner" title="Helen Milner">Helen Milner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liberal_institutionalism">Liberal institutionalism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liberal institutionalism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal institutionalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Complex_interdependence" title="Complex interdependence">Complex interdependence</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal institutionalism</a> (some times referred to as neoliberalism) shows how cooperation can be achieved in international relations even if neorealist assumptions apply (states are the key actors in world politics, the international system is anarchic, and states pursue their self interest). Liberal institutionalists highlight the role of <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international institutions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">regimes</a> in facilitating cooperation between states.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Prominent neoliberal institutionalists are <a href="/wiki/John_Ikenberry" title="John Ikenberry">John Ikenberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a>. Robert Keohane's 1984 book <a href="/wiki/After_Hegemony" title="After Hegemony">After Hegemony</a> used insights from the <a href="/wiki/New_institutional_economics" title="New institutional economics">new institutional economics</a> to argue that the international system could remain stable in the absence of a hegemon, thus rebutting hegemonic stability theory.<a href="#cite_note-:02-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Regime_theory">Regime theory</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Regime theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Regime_theory" title="Regime theory">Regime theory</a> is derived from the liberal tradition that argues that international institutions or regimes affect the behaviour of states (or other international actors). It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, indeed, regimes are by definition, instances of international cooperation. While <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a> predicts that conflict should be the norm in international relations, regime theorists say that there is cooperation despite anarchy. Often they cite cooperation in trade, human rights and <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> among other issues. These instances of cooperation are regimes. The most commonly cited definition of regimes comes from <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Krasner" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Krasner">Stephen Krasner</a>, who defines regimes as "principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actor expectations converge in a given issue-area".<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Not all approaches to regime theory, however, are liberal or neoliberal; some realist scholars like <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grieco" title="Joseph Grieco">Joseph Grieco</a> have developed hybrid theories which take a realist based approach to this fundamentally liberal theory. (Realists do not say cooperation never happens, just that it is not the norm; it is a difference of degree). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constructivism">Constructivism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Constructivism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism (international relations)</a></div> The constructivist framework rests on the fundamental assumption that the international system is built on social constructs; such as <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">ideas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">identities</a>. Various political actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">state leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">policy makers</a>, and the leaders of international organisations, are socialised into different roles and systems of norms, which define how the international system operates. The constructivist scholar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a>, in a 1992 article in <a href="/wiki/International_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization">International Organization</a>, noted in response to realism that "anarchy is what states make of it". By this he means that the anarchic structure that realists claim governs state interaction is in fact a phenomenon that is socially constructed and reproduced by states. Constructivism is part of critical theory, and as such seeks to criticise the assumptions underlying traditional IR theory. Constructivist theory would for example claim that the state leaders of the United States and Soviet Union were socialised into different roles and norms, which can provide theoretical insights to how the conflict between the nations was conducted during the Cold War. E.g., prominent US policy makers frequently spoke of the USSR as an 'evil empire', and thus socialised the US population and state apparatus into an anti-communist sentiment, which defined the norms conducted in US foreign policy. Other constructivist analyses include the discourses on European integration; senior policy-making circles were socialised into ideas of Europe as an historical and cultural community, and therefore sought to construct institutions to integrate European nations into a single political body. Constructivism is also present in the analysis of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, where norms of conduct such as the prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">protection of civilians in war</a>, are socialised into international organisations, and stipulated into rules. Prominent constructivist IR scholars include <a href="/wiki/Michael_N._Barnett" title="Michael N. Barnett">Michael Barnett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha_Finnemore" title="Martha Finnemore">Martha Finnemore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hopf" title="Ted Hopf">Ted Hopf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter Katzenstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Sikkink" title="Kathryn Sikkink">Kathryn Sikkink</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical_theory_(post-structuralism)">Critical theory (post-structuralism)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Critical theory (post-structuralism)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Post-structuralism theories of international relations (also called critical theories due to being inherently critical of traditional IR frameworks) developed in the 1980s from <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Postmodernism (international relations)">postmodernist studies in political science</a>. Post-structuralism explores the deconstruction of concepts traditionally not problematic in IR (such as "power" and "agency") and examines how the construction of these concepts shapes international relations. The examination of "narratives" plays an important part in poststructuralist analysis; for example, <a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">feminist poststructuralist</a> work has examined the role that "women" play in global society and how they are constructed in war as "innocent" and "civilians". Rosenberg's article "Why is there no International Historical Sociology"<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> was a key text in the evolution of this strand of international relations theory. Post-structuralism has garnered both significant praise and criticism, with its critics arguing that post-structuralist research often fails to address the real-world problems that international relations studies is supposed to contribute to solving. Constructivist theory (see above) is the most prominent strand of post-structuralism. Other prominent post-structuralist theories are Marxism, dependency theory, feminism, and the theories of the English school. See also <a href="/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">Critical international relations theory</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marxism">Marxism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marxism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxist_international_relations_theory" title="Marxist international relations theory">Marxist international relations theory</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> theories of IR reject the realist/liberal view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. It makes the assumption that the economy trumps other concerns, making <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">economic class</a> the fundamental level of analysis. Marxists view the international system as an integrated capitalist system in pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">capital accumulation</a>. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> brought in sources for raw materials and <a href="/wiki/Captive_market" title="Captive market">captive markets</a> for exports, while <a href="/wiki/Decolonialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonialization">decolonialization</a> brought new opportunities in the form of dependence. A prominent derivative of Marxian thought is <a href="/wiki/Critical_international_relations_theory" title="Critical international relations theory">critical international relations theory</a> which is the application of "<a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>" to international relations. Early critical theorists were associated with the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, which followed Marx's concern with the conditions that allow for social change and the establishment of rational institutions. Their emphasis on the "critical" component of theory was derived significantly from their attempt to overcome the limits of positivism. Modern-day proponents such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linklater" title="Andrew Linklater">Andrew Linklater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ken_Booth_(academic)" title="Ken Booth (academic)">Ken Booth</a> focus on the need for human <a href="/wiki/Freedom_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (political)">emancipation</a> from the nation-state. Hence, it is "critical" of mainstream IR theories that tend to be both positivist and state-centric. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dependency_theory">Dependency theory</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dependency theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Further linked in with Marxist theories is <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">dependency theory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Core-periphery" class="mw-redirect" title="Core-periphery">core–periphery model</a>, which argue that developed countries, in their pursuit of power, appropriate developing states through international banking, security and trade agreements and unions on a formal level, and do so through the interaction of political and financial advisors, missionaries, relief aid workers, and MNCs on the informal level, in order to integrate them into the capitalist system, strategically appropriating undervalued natural resources and labor hours and fostering economic and political dependence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feminism">Feminism</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Feminism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">Feminism in international relations</a></div> Feminist IR considers the ways that international politics affects and is affected by both men and women and also at how the core concepts that are employed within the discipline of IR (e.g. war, security, etc.) are themselves gendered. Feminist IR has not only concerned itself with the traditional focus of IR on states, wars, diplomacy and security, but feminist IR scholars have also emphasized the importance of looking at how gender shapes the current global political economy. In this sense, there is no clear cut division between feminists working in IR and those working in the area of International Political Economy (IPE). From its inception, feminist IR has also theorized extensively about men and, in particular, masculinities. Many IR feminists argue that the discipline is inherently masculine in nature. For example, in her article "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals" Signs (1988), Carol Cohn claimed that a highly masculinized culture within the defense establishment contributed to the divorcing of war from human emotion. Feminist IR emerged largely from the late 1980s onward. The end of the Cold War and the re-evaluation of traditional IR theory during the 1990s opened up a space for gendering International Relations. Because feminist IR is linked broadly to the critical project in IR, by and large most feminist scholarship have sought to problematize the politics of knowledge construction within the discipline—often by adopting methodologies of deconstructivism associated with postmodernism/poststructuralism. However, the growing influence of feminist and women-centric approaches within the international policy communities (for example at the World Bank and the United Nations) is more reflective of the liberal feminist emphasis on equality of opportunity for women. Prominent scholars include <a href="/wiki/Carol_Cohn" title="Carol Cohn">Carol Cohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Cynthia Enloe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Ruddick" title="Sara Ruddick">Sara Ruddick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._Ann_Tickner" title="J. Ann Tickner">J. Ann Tickner</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_society_theory_(the_English_school)">International society theory (the English school)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: International society theory (the English school)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_school_of_international_relations_theory" title="English school of international relations theory">English school of international relations theory</a></div> International society theory, also called the English school, focuses on the shared norms and values of states and how they regulate international relations. Examples of such norms include diplomacy, order, and <a href="/wiki/Public_international_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Public international law">international law</a>. Theorists have focused particularly on humanitarian intervention, and are subdivided between solidarists, who tend to advocate it more, and pluralists, who place greater value in order and sovereignty. Nicholas Wheeler is a prominent solidarist, while <a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Robert H. Jackson</a> are perhaps the best known pluralists. Some English school theoreticians have used historical cases in order to show the influence that normative frameworks have on the evolution of the international political order at various critical junctures.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Levels_of_analysis">Levels of analysis</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Levels of analysis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systemic_level_concepts">Systemic level concepts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Systemic level concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> International relations are often viewed in terms of levels of analysis. The systemic level concepts are those broad concepts that define and shape an international milieu, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchy in international relations">anarchy</a>. Focusing on the systemic level of international relations is often, but not always, the preferred method for neo-realists and other structuralist IR analysts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sovereignty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a></div> Preceding the concepts of interdependence and dependence, international relations relies on the idea of sovereignty. Described in <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>'s Six Books of the Commonwealth in 1576, the three pivotal points derived from the book describe sovereignty as being a state, that the sovereign power(s) have absolute power over their territories, and that such a power is only limited by the sovereign's "own obligations towards other sovereigns and individuals".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201213-59">[59]</a> Such a foundation of sovereignty is indicated by a sovereign's obligation to other sovereigns, interdependence and dependence to take place. While throughout world history there have been instances of groups lacking or losing sovereignty, such as African nations prior to decolonization or the occupation of Iraq during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, there is still a need for sovereignty in terms of assessing international relations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power">Power</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power (international relations)</a></div> The concept of power in international relations can be described as the degree of resources, capabilities, and influence in international affairs. It is often divided up into the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>, hard power relating primarily to coercive power, such as the use of force, and soft power commonly covering <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> influence. However, there is no clear dividing line between the two forms of power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_interest">National interest</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: National interest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Perhaps the most significant concept behind that of power and sovereignty, <a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">national interest</a> is a state's action in relation to other states where it seeks to gain advantage or benefits to itself. National interest, whether aspirational or operational, is divided by core/vital and peripheral/non-vital interests. Core or vital interests constitute the things which a country is willing to defend or expand with conflict such as territory, ideology (religious, political, economic), or its citizens. Peripheral or non-vital are interests which a state is willing to compromise. For example, in Germany's annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in 1938 (a part of Czechoslovakia) under the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, Czechoslovakia was willing to relinquish territory which was considered ethnically German in order to preserve its own integrity and sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201217%E2%80%9320-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-state_actors">Non-state actors</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-state actors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the 21st century, the status-quo of the international system is no longer monopolized by states alone. Rather, it is the presence of non-state actors, who autonomously act to implement unpredictable behaviour to the international system. Whether it is <a href="/wiki/Transnational_corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Transnational corporations">transnational corporations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberation_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation movements">liberation movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental agencies">non-governmental agencies</a>, or <a href="/wiki/International_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="International organizations">international organizations</a>, these entities have the potential to significantly influence the outcome of any international transaction. Additionally, this also includes the individual person as while the individual is what constitutes the states collective entity, the individual does have the potential to also create unpredicted behaviours. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>, as an example of a non-state actor, has significantly influenced the way states (and non-state actors) conduct international affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201214%E2%80%9315-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_blocs">Power blocs</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Power blocs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The existence of power blocs in international relations is a significant factor related to <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">polarity</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the alignment of several nations to one side or another based on ideological differences or national interests has become an endemic feature of international relations. Unlike prior, shorter-term blocs, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc"> Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Blocs</a> sought to spread their national ideological differences to other nations. Leaders like US President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> believed it was necessary to spread democracy whereas the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> under Soviet policy sought to spread communism. After the Cold War, and the dissolution of the ideologically homogeneous Eastern Bloc still gave rise to others such as the <a href="/wiki/South-South_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="South-South Cooperation">South-South Cooperation</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201215%E2%80%9316-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Polarity">Polarity</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Polarity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity (international relations)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png/220px-World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="627"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 89px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png/220px-World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png" data-width="220" data-height="89" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png/330px-World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png/440px-World_empires_and_colonies_around_World_War_I.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Empires of the world in 1910</figcaption></figure> Polarity in international relations refers to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, with the international system dominated by the conflict between two <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, and has been applied retrospectively by theorists. However, the term bipolar was notably used by Stalin who said he saw the international system as a bipolar one with two opposing power bases and ideologies. Consequently, the international system prior to 1945 can be described as multipolar, with power being shared among <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 had led to unipolarity, with the United States as a sole superpower, although many refuse to acknowledge the fact. <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s continued rapid economic growth—it became the world's second-largest economy in 2010—respectable international position, and the power the Chinese government exerts over its people (consisting of the second largest population in the world), resulted in debate over whether China is now a superpower or a possible candidate in the future. However, China's strategic force unable of projecting power beyond its region and its nuclear arsenal of 250 warheads (compared to 7,315+ of the United States<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>) mean that the unipolarity will persist in the policy-relevant future. Several theories of international relations draw upon the idea of <a href="/wiki/Polarity_(power)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarity (power)">polarity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power in international relations">balance of power</a> was a concept prevalent in Europe prior to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, the thought being that by balancing power blocs it would create stability and prevent war. Theories of the balance of power gained prominence again during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, being a central mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(international_relations)" title="Neorealism (international relations)">neorealism</a>. Here, the concepts of balancing (rising in power to counter another) and bandwagonning (siding with another) are developed. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Robert Gilpin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">hegemonic stability theory</a> also draws upon the idea of polarity, specifically the state of unipolarity. <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a> is the preponderance of power at one pole in the international system, and the theory argues this is a stable configuration because of mutual gains by both the dominant power and others in the international system. This is contrary to many neorealist arguments, particularly made by Waltz, stating that the end of the Cold War and the state of unipolarity is an unstable configuration that will inevitably change. The case of Gilpin proved to be correct and Waltz's article titled "The Stability of a Bipolar World"<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> was followed in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/William_Wohlforth" title="William Wohlforth">William Wohlforth</a>'s article titled "The Stability of a Unipolar World".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Waltz's thesis can be expressed in <a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">power transition theory</a>, which states that it is likely that a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> would challenge a hegemon after a certain period, resulting in a major war. It suggests that while hegemony can control the occurrence of wars, it also results in the creation of one. Its main proponent, <a href="/wiki/A._F._K._Organski" title="A. F. K. Organski">A. F. K. Organski</a>, argued this based on the occurrence of previous wars during British, Portuguese, and Dutch hegemony. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interdependence">Interdependence</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Interdependence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many advocate that the current international system is characterized by growing interdependence; the mutual responsibility and dependency on others. Advocates of this point to growing <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, particularly with international economic interaction. The role of international institutions, and widespread acceptance of a number of operating principles in the international system, reinforces ideas that relations are characterized by interdependence. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dependency">Dependency</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Dependency" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg/220px-ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg/330px-ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg/440px-ISAF_soldier_looking_for_enemy_positions_in_Kunar_Province_of_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency theory</a> is a theory most commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, stating that a set of core states exploit a set of weaker periphery states for their prosperity. Various versions of the theory suggest that this is either an inevitability (standard dependency theory), or use the theory to highlight the necessity for change (Neo-Marxist). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Systemic_tools_of_international_relations">Systemic tools of international relations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Systemic tools of international relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">Diplomacy</a> is the practice of communication and negotiation between representatives of states. To some extent, all other tools of international relations can be considered the failure of diplomacy. Keeping in mind, the use of other tools are part of the communication and negotiation inherent within diplomacy. Sanctions, force, and adjusting trade regulations, while not typically considered part of diplomacy, are actually valuable tools in the interest of leverage and placement in negotiations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">Sanctions</a> are usually a first resort after the failure of diplomacy, and are one of the main tools used to enforce treaties. They can take the form of diplomatic or economic sanctions and involve the cutting of ties and imposition of barriers to communication or trade.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a>, the use of force, is often thought of as the ultimate tool of international relations. A popular definition is that given by <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>, with war being "the continuation of politics by other means". There is a growing study into "new wars" involving actors other than states. The study of war in international relations is covered by the disciplines of "<a href="/wiki/War_studies" title="War studies">war studies</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Strategic_studies" title="Strategic studies">strategic studies</a>".</li> <li>The mobilization of international shame can also be thought of as a tool of international relations. This is attempting to alter states' actions through '<a href="/wiki/Name_and_shame" title="Name and shame">naming and shaming</a>' at the international level. This is mostly done by the large human rights NGOs such as <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> (for instance when it called Guantanamo Bay a "Gulag"),<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. A prominent use of was the <a href="/wiki/UN_Commission_on_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Commission on Human Rights">UN Commission on Human Rights</a> 1235 procedure, which publicly exposes state's human rights violations. The current <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a> has yet to use this mechanism.</li> <li>The allotment of economic and/or diplomatic benefits such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">enlargement policy</a>; candidate countries are only allowed to join if they meet the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Copenhagen criteria</a>.</li> <li>The mutual exchange of ideas, information, art, music, and language among nations through <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">cultural diplomacy</a> has also been recognized by governments as an important tool in the development of international relations.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unit-level_concepts_in_international_relations">Unit-level concepts in international relations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Unit-level concepts in international relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As a level of analysis the unit level is often referred to as the state level, as it locates its explanation at the level of the state, rather than the international system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regime_type">Regime type</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Regime type" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> It is often considered that a state's form of government can dictate the way that a state interacts with others in the international relation. <a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a> is a theory that suggests that the nature of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> means that democratic countries will not go to war with each other. The justifications for this are that democracies externalize their norms and only go to war for just causes, and that democracy encourages mutual trust and respect. <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> justifies a <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a>, which similarly would lead to peaceful coexistence, based on a proletarian global society. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revisionism_versus_status_quo">Revisionism versus status quo</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Revisionism versus status quo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> States can be classified by whether they accept the international <a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a>, or are revisionist—i.e., want change. Revisionist states seek to fundamentally change the rules and practices of international relations, feeling disadvantaged by the status quo. They see the international system as a largely western creation which serves to reinforce current realities. <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> is an example of a state that has gone from being a revisionist state to one that is satisfied with the status quo, because the status quo is now beneficial to it. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religion">Religion</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Religion can have an effect on the way a state acts within the international system, and different theoretical perspectives treat it in somewhat different fashion. One dramatic example is the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) that ravaged much of Europe, which was at least partly motivated by theological differences within Christianity. Religion is a major organizing principle particularly for <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic states</a>, whereas secularism sits at the other end of the spectrum, with the separation of state and religion being responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_international_relations_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal international relations theory">liberal international relations theory</a>. The <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in the United States, the role of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, and religious strife in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> have made the role of religion in international relations a major topic. China's reemergence as a major international power is believed by some scholars to be shaped by <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individual_or_sub-unit_level_concepts">Individual or sub-unit level concepts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Individual or sub-unit level concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg/220px-Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg/220px-Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg/330px-Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg/440px-Maison_de_la_paix_petals_1_and_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maison_de_la_paix" title="Maison de la paix">Maison de la Paix</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Graduate Institute Geneva</a></figcaption></figure> The level beneath that of the unit (state) can be useful both for explaining factors in international relations that other theories fail to explain, and for moving away from a state-centric view of international relations.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <ul><li>Psychological factors in international relations – Understanding a state is not a "black box" as proposed by <a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">realism</a>, and that there may be other influences on foreign policy decisions. Examining the role of personalities in the decision-making process can have some <a href="/wiki/Explanatory_power" title="Explanatory power">explanatory power</a>, as can the role of misperception between various actors. A prominent application of sub-unit level psychological factors in international relations is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a>, another is the propensity of policymakers to think in terms of analogies.</li> <li>Bureaucratic politics – Looks at the role of the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> in decision-making, and sees decisions as a result of bureaucratic infighting, and as having been shaped by various constraints.</li> <li>Religious, ethnic, and secessionist groups – Viewing these aspects of the sub-unit level has explanatory power with regards to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflicts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious wars">religious wars</a>, transnational <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">diaspora politics</a>) and other actors which do not consider themselves to fit with the defined state boundaries. This is particularly useful in the context of the pre-modern world of weak states.</li> <li>Science, technology and international relations – How science and technology impact global health, business, environment, technology, and development.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a>, and economic factors in international relations<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li> <li>International political <a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">culturology</a> – Looks at how culture and cultural variables impact in international relations<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li> <li>Personal relations between leaders<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Area_studies">Area studies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Area studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Area studies are the divisional parts of international studies in which various geopolitical regions are studied in detail. Many university departments are offering area studies in diverse titles.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_fields_of_area_studies">Major fields of area studies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Major fields of area studies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Middle Eastern studies</a> (Also variably known as Near Eastern studies, West Asian studies, and Arab studies)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_studies" title="Central Asian studies">Central Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_studies" title="African studies">African studies</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">South Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_studies" title="American studies">American studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_studies" title="European studies">European studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_studies" title="Southeast Asian studies">Southeast Asian studies</a></li> <li>Indo-Pacific studies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_studies" title="Armenian studies">Armenian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_studies" title="Russian studies">Russian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_studies" title="Latin American studies">Latin American studies</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Institutions_in_international_relations">Institutions in international relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Institutions in international relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_(8020913157).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/220px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/220px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/330px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg/440px-67%C2%BA_Per%C3%ADodo_de_Sesiones_de_la_Asamblea_General_de_Naciones_Unidas_%288020913157%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat_Building" title="United Nations Secretariat Building">United Nations Secretariat Building</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations headquarters">United Nations headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">International institutions</a> form a vital part of contemporary international relations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalist_inter-state_organizations">Generalist inter-state organizations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Generalist inter-state organizations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Nations">United Nations</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Nations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN) is an <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organization</a> that describes itself as a "global association of <a href="/wiki/Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Governments">governments</a> facilitating co-operation in <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_security" title="International security">international security</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>, and social equity"; It is the most prominent international institution. Many of the legal institutions follow the same organizational structure as the UN. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Organisation of Islamic Cooperation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC) is an <a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">international organization</a> consisting of 57 member states. The organisation attempts to be the collective voice of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> (Ummah) and attempts to safeguard the interests and ensure the progress and well-being of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Other generalist inter-state organizations include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">Group of Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_security_arrangements">Regional security arrangements</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Regional security arrangements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Security_Cooperation_in_the_Asia_Pacific" title="Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific">Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_institutions">Economic institutions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Economic institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/220px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2583" data-file-height="2091"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 178px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/220px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="178" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/330px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg/440px-World_Bank_building_at_Washington.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nato_awacs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nato_awacs.jpg/220px-Nato_awacs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1123"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nato_awacs.jpg/220px-Nato_awacs.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nato_awacs.jpg/330px-Nato_awacs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nato_awacs.jpg/440px-Nato_awacs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/E-3_Sentry" class="mw-redirect" title="E-3 Sentry">E-3A</a> flying with <a 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</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> François Modoux, "La Suisse engagera 300 millions pour rénover le Palais des Nations", <a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a>, Friday 28 June 2013, page 9. 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Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave MacMillan. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-24812-0"><bdi>978-0-230-24812-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Question+and+the+International+Order%2C+1943%E2%80%9348&rft.place=Basingstoke+and+New+York&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-24812-0&rft.aulast=Lewkowicz&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201213-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMimiko201213_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMimiko2012">Mimiko (2012)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201217–20-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMimiko201217%E2%80%9320_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMimiko2012">Mimiko (2012)</a>, pp. 17–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201214–15-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMimiko201214%E2%80%9315_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMimiko2012">Mimiko (2012)</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMimiko201215–16-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMimiko201215%E2%80%9316_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMimiko2012">Mimiko (2012)</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://programs.fas.org/ssp/nukes/nuclearweapons/nukestatus.html">"Federation of American Scientists :: Status of World Nuclear Forces"</a>. programs.fas.org. Retrieved 2023-11-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=programs.fas.org&rft.atitle=Federation+of+American+Scientists+%3A%3A+Status+of+World+Nuclear+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprograms.fas.org%2Fssp%2Fnukes%2Fnuclearweapons%2Fnukestatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Daedalus, 93/3: (1964), 881–909. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> International Security, 24/1: (1999), 5–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/POL10/014/2005/en%3E">"Error – Amnesty International"</a>. www.amnesty.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.amnesty.org&rft.atitle=Error+%E2%80%93+Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FPOL10%2F014%2F2005%2Fen%253E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xAgkDwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diplomacy">Music, Art and Diplomacy East-West cultural Interactions and the Cold War</a> Editors: Siom Mukkonen & Pekka Suutari. Ashgate Books, 2016 See Introduction & Chapter 1 – Introduction to the Logic of East-West Artistic Interactions -Cultural Diplomacy on books.google.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqE2DwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diplomacy">The History of United States Cultural Diplomacy – 1770 to the Present</a> Michael L. Krenn. Bloomsbury Academic, New York 2017 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0860-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-0860-7">978-1-4725-0860-7</a> p. 1-8 Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DR79AAAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diplomacy">Searching for a Cultural Diplomacy</a> Editors: Jessica C. E. Gienow-Hecht & Mark C. Donfried. Berghahn Books , Oxford 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-45-746-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-45-746-4">978-1-845-45-746-4</a> p. 3-13 Introduction – cultural diplomacy (around the world before and during the cold war) on google.books. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXJUDwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diplomacy">Cultural Diplomacy: Beyond the National Interest?</a> Editors: Len Ang, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, Philip Mar. Routledge, UK 2016 Chapter 1 – Cultural Diplomacy- Beyond the National Interest? on google.books.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2011" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Jack, ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eZfrWuXy77sC&pg=PA1">Religion and International Relations Theory</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 1–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231153386" title="Special:BookSources/9780231153386"><bdi>9780231153386</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+International+Relations+Theory&rft.pages=1-23&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780231153386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeZfrWuXy77sC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Morin, Jean-Frederic and Jonathan Paquin, Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox, Palgrave, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> E.g., <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press, 2006. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a>, Keynes and International Economic and Political Relations, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/publications/trinity_papers/paper33">Trinity Paper 33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110306081030/http://www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/publications/trinity_papers/paper33/">Archived</a> 2011-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Trinity College, University of Melbourne. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivault1999" class="citation web cs1">Rivault, Fabrice (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C9pCQwAACAAJ">"Culturologie Politique Internationale: Une approche systémique et matérialiste de la culture et du système social global"</a>. McGill–Queen's University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Culturologie+Politique+Internationale%3A+Une+approche+syst%C3%A9mique+et+mat%C3%A9rialiste+de+la+culture+et+du+syst%C3%A8me+social+global&rft.pub=McGill%E2%80%93Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rivault&rft.aufirst=Fabrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC9pCQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-21/chapter-1.htm">Xintian, Yu (2005) "Cultural Factors In International Relations"</a>, Chinese Philosophical Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410220456/http://www.crvp.org/book/Series03/III-21/chapter-1.htm">Archived</a> 2010-04-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Xintian, Yu (2009), "Combining Research on Cultural Theory and International Relations". </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBovt2013" class="citation news cs1">Bovt, Georgy (15 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/opinion/2013/08/15/us-russian_relations_demanding_equal_treatment_28927.html">"US-Russian relations: Demanding equal treatment"</a>. Russia Beyond. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Russia+Beyond&rft.atitle=US-Russian+relations%3A+Demanding+equal+treatment&rft.date=2013-08-15&rft.aulast=Bovt&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fopinion%2F2013%2F08%2F15%2Fus-russian_relations_demanding_equal_treatment_28927.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/study/find-course/ma-middle-eastern-studies">"MA Middle Eastern Studies | SOAS"</a>. www.soas.ac.uk. September 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.soas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=MA+Middle+Eastern+Studies+%26%23124%3B+SOAS&rft.date=2022-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Ffind-course%2Fma-middle-eastern-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uj.ac.za/faculties/humanities/departments-2/history/african-studies/">"African Studies"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uj.ac.za%2Ffaculties%2Fhumanities%2Fdepartments-2%2Fhistory%2Fafrican-studies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsnaes2012" class="citation book cs1">Carlsnaes, Walter; et al., eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a0uVHo4ZLc4C&pg=PA1">Handbook of International Relations</a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446265031" title="Special:BookSources/9781446265031"><bdi>9781446265031</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+International+Relations&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781446265031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da0uVHo4ZLc4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Dyvik, Synne L., Jan Selby and <a href="/wiki/Rorden_Wilkinson" title="Rorden Wilkinson">Rorden Wilkinson</a>, eds. What's the Point of International Relations (2017)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMimiko2012" class="citation book cs1">Mimiko, [Nahzeem] N. Oluwafemi (2012). Globalization: The politics of global economic relations and international business. Durham, North Carolina, United States: Carolina Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61163-129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61163-129-6"><bdi>978-1-61163-129-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization%3A+The+politics+of+global+economic+relations+and+international+business&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina%2C+United+States&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61163-129-6&rft.aulast=Mimiko&rft.aufirst=%5BNahzeem%5D+N.+Oluwafemi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Reus-Smit, Christian, and Duncan Snidal, eds. The Oxford Handbook of International Relations (2010)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_2">Theory</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a> The Great Illusion (London: Heinemann, 1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> Peace and War (English edition 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Bull" title="Hedley Bull">Hedley Bull</a> The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977)</li> <li>Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Twenty_Years%27_Crisis" title="The Twenty Years' Crisis">The Twenty Years' Crisis</a> (2001) [1939] (New York: Perennial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_(diplomat)" title="Robert Cooper (diplomat)">Robert Cooper</a> The Post-Modern State</li> <li>Robert W. Cox, Production, Power, and World Order (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Enloe" title="Cynthia Enloe">Enloe, Cynthia.</a> "'Gender' Is Not Enough: The Need for a Feminist Consciousness". International Affairs 80.1 (2004): 95–97. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.</li> <li>Robert Gilpin, War and Change ín World Politics (1981)</li> <li>Joshua S. Goldstein, Long Cycles (1988)</li> <li>Goodin, Robert E., and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds. A New Handbook of Political Science (1998) ch 16–19 pp 401–78</li> <li>John H. Herz, The Nation-State and the Crisis of World Politics (1976)</li> <li>Charlotte Hooper "Masculinities, IR and the 'Gender Variable': A Cost-Benefit Analysis for (Sympathetic) Gender Sceptics". International Studies 25.3 (1999): 475–491.</li> <li>James C. Hsiang Anarchy & Order: The Interplay of Politics and Law in International Relations 1555875718, 9781555875718 Lynne Rienner Pub 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hurrell" title="Andrew Hurrell">Andrew Hurrell</a> On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society (Oxford University Press, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/on-global-order-9780199233113?cc=us&lang=en&">On Global Order: Power, Values, and the Constitution of International Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a> After Hegemony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>, ed., Neo-Realism and Its Critics (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Hans Köchler</a>, Democracy and the International Rule of Law. Vienna/New York: Springer, 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linklater" title="Andrew Linklater">Andrew Linklater</a> Men and citizens in the theory of international relations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Markwell" title="Donald Markwell">Donald Markwell</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a> and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mearsheimer" title="John Mearsheimer">John Mearsheimer</a> The Tragedy of Great Power Politics (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_J._Morgenthau" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans J. Morgenthau">Hans J. Morgenthau</a> <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Man_versus_Power_Politics" title="Scientific Man versus Power Politics">Scientific Man Vs. Power Politics</a> (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a> <a href="/wiki/Moral_Man_and_Immoral_Society" title="Moral Man and Immoral Society">Moral Man and Immoral Society</a> 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a> Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, Public Affairs Ltd 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Raskin" title="Paul Raskin">Paul Raskin</a> The Great Transition Today: A Report from the Future</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benno_Teschke" title="Benno Teschke">Benno Teschke</a> The Myth of 1648 (New York: Verso Press, 2003).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Ann_Tickner" title="J. Ann Tickner">J. Ann Tickner</a> Gender in International Relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> Man, the State, and War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Waltz" title="Kenneth Waltz">Kenneth Waltz</a> Theory of International Politics (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Michael Walzer</a> Just and Unjust Wars 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wendt" title="Alexander Wendt">Alexander Wendt</a> Social Theory of International Politics 1999</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textbooks">Textbooks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Textbooks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Baylis, John, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens. <a href="/wiki/The_Globalization_of_World_Politics:_An_Introduction_to_International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations">The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations</a> (2011)</li> <li>Mingst, Karen A., and Ivan M. Arreguín-Toft. Essentials of International Relations (5th ed. 2010)</li> <li>Morgenthau, Hans J. <a href="/wiki/Politics_Among_Nations" title="Politics Among Nations">Politics Among Nations</a> (1948 and subsequent editions)</li> <li>Nau, Henry R. Perspectives on International Relations: Power, Institutions, Ideas (2008)</li> <li>Rochester, J. Martin Fundamental Principles of International Relations (Westview Press, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roskin" title="Michael Roskin">Roskin, Michael G.</a>, and Nicholas O. Berry. IR: The New World of International Relations (8th ed. 2009)</li> <li>Alexander, F. (1998). Encyclopedia of World History. New York: Oxford University Press</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_international_relations_2">History of international relations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: History of international relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)#Further_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919) § Further reading</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Beaulac, Stéphane. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/AJLH/2004/9.html">The Westphalian Model in defining International Law: Challenging the Myth</a>", Australian Journal of Legal History Vol. 9 (2004).</li> <li>Black, Jeremy. A History of Diplomacy (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Calvocoressi" title="Peter Calvocoressi">Calvocoressi, Peter</a>. World Politics since 1945 (9th Edition, 2008) 956pp</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a> The Twenty Years Crisis (1940), 1919–39</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Kennedy, Paul</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Great_Powers" title="The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers">The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500–2000</a> (1987), stress on economic and military factors</li> <li>Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy (1995), not a memoir but an interpretive history of international diplomacy since the late 18th century</li> <li>Krasner, Stephen D.: "Westphalia and All That" in <a href="/wiki/Judith_Goldstein_(political_scientist)" title="Judith Goldstein (political scientist)">Judith Goldstein</a> & Robert Keohane (eds): Ideas and Foreign Policy (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP, 1993), pp. 235–264</li> <li>New Cambridge Modern History (13 vol 1957–79), thorough coverage from 1500 to 1900</li> <li>Ringmar, Erik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irhistory.info/">History of International Relations Open Textbook Project</a>, Cambridge: Open Book, forthcoming.</li> <li>Schroeder, Paul W. The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (1994) 920pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy</li> <li>Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918 (1954) (Oxford History of Modern Europe) 638pp; history and analysis of major diplomacy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kees_van_der_Pijl" title="Kees van der Pijl">Van der Pijl, Kees</a>, The Discipline of Western Supremacy: Modes of Foreign Relations and Political Economy, Volume III, Pluto Press, 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745323183" title="Special:BookSources/9780745323183">9780745323183</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=International_relations&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasionale_verhoudinge" title="Internasionale verhoudinge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Internasionale verhoudinge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Beziehungen" title="Internationale Beziehungen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Internationale Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="علاقات دولية – Arabic" lang="ar" 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data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_vztahy" title="Mezinárodní vztahy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mezinárodní vztahy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysylltiadau_rhyngwladol" title="Cysylltiadau rhyngwladol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cysylltiadau rhyngwladol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_Beziehungen" title="Internationale Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internationale Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahvusvahelised_suhted" title="Rahvusvahelised suhted – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rahvusvahelised suhted" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Διεθνείς σχέσεις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διεθνείς σχέσεις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Internacionales" title="Relaciones Internacionales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Internacionales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaciaj_rilatoj" title="Internaciaj rilatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internaciaj rilatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazioarteko_harremanak" title="Nazioarteko harremanak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazioarteko harremanak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84" title="روابط بین‌الملل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط بین‌الملل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_internationales" title="Relations internationales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations internationales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caidreamh_idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="Caidreamh idirnáisiúnta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caidreamh idirnáisiúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3ns_internacionais" title="Relacións internacionais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Relacións internacionais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84" title="국제 관계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국제 관계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միջազգային հարաբերություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջազգային հարաբերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय सम्बन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तरराष्ट्रीय सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_odnosi" title="Međunarodni odnosi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Međunarodni odnosi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0asamskipti" title="Alþjóðasamskipti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alþjóðasamskipti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relazioni_internazionali" title="Relazioni internazionali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Relazioni internazionali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="יחסים בין-לאומיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסים בין-לאומיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hubungan internasional" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಂತಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸಂಬಂಧಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Халықаралық қатынастарды демократизациялау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Халықаралық қатынастарды демократизациялау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafungamano_ya_kimataifa" title="Mafungamano ya kimataifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mafungamano ya kimataifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAkiliy%C3%AAn_navnetewey%C3%AE" title="Têkiliyên navneteweyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Têkiliyên navneteweyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Эл аралык мамилелер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Эл аралык мамилелер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starptautisk%C4%81s_attiec%C4%ABbas" title="Starptautiskās attiecības – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Starptautiskās attiecības" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarptautiniai_santykiai" title="Tarptautiniai santykiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarptautiniai santykiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomamawanga" title="Essomamawanga – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomamawanga" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Меѓународни односи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Меѓународни односи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ബന്ധങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ബന്ധങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7" title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_antarabangsa" title="Hubungan antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hubungan antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Олон улсын харилцаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон улсын харилцаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="နိုင်ငံတကာ ဆက်ဆံရေးပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံတကာ ဆက်ဆံရေးပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationale_betrekkingen" title="Internationale betrekkingen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Internationale betrekkingen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82" title="国際関係 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際関係" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Дуьненайукъара йукъаметтигаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуьненайукъара йукъаметтигаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonale_studier" title="Internasjonale studier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Internasjonale studier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internasjonal_politikk" title="Internasjonal politikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Internasjonal politikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relacions_internacionalas" title="Relacions internacionalas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Relacions internacionalas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xalqaro_siyosat" title="Xalqaro siyosat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xalqaro siyosat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90_%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%8A%DA%A9%DB%90" title="نړيوالې اړيکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نړيوالې اړيکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stosunki_mi%C4%99dzynarodowe" title="Stosunki międzynarodowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stosunki międzynarodowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es_internacionais" title="Relações internacionais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relações internacionais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bii_interna%C8%9Bionale" title="Relații internaționale – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Relații internaționale" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Международные отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Международные отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marr%C3%ABdh%C3%ABniet_nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare" title="Marrëdhëniet ndërkombëtare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Marrëdhëniet ndërkombëtare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B3%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="ජාත්‍යන්තර සබඳතා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාත්‍යන්තර සබඳතා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="International relations" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%A9_vz%C5%A5ahy" title="Medzinárodné vzťahy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Medzinárodné vzťahy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95_%D9%86%DB%8E%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پەیوەندییە نێونەتەوەیییەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیوەندییە نێونەتەوەیییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Међународни односи – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Међународни односи" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodni_odnosi" title="Međunarodni odnosi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Međunarodni odnosi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationella_relationer" title="Internationella relationer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internationella relationer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னாட்டு உறவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னாட்டு உறவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8" title="ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Равобити байналмилалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Равобити байналмилалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uluslararas%C4%B1_ili%C5%9Fkiler" title="Uluslararası ilişkiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uluslararası ilişkiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Міжнародні відносини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Міжнародні відносини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C5%82asion_internasiona%C5%82i" title="Rełasion internasionałi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Rełasion internasionałi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%87_qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF" title="Quan hệ quốc tế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quan hệ quốc tế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="国际关系学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国际关系学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82" title="國際關係 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國際關係" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestiyay%C4%B1%C5%9F%C3%AA_Miyan%C5%9Faran" title="Bestiyayışê Miyanşaran – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Bestiyayışê Miyanşaran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E5%AD%B8" title="國際關係學 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國際關係學" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 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