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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Civil War period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_New_Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_New_Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Battle of New Market</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_New_Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_cadet_deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_cadet_deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1.1</span> <span>List of cadet deaths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_cadet_deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_the_Institute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_the_Institute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Burning of the Institute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_the_Institute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Post Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racism_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Racism investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Superintendents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Superintendents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Superintendents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Superintendents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Campus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Academics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Academics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rankings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Students</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Students-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Students subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Admission_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Admission of women</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admission_of_minority_students" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admission_of_minority_students"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Admission of minority students</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admission_of_minority_students-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Student life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ratline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ratline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ratline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ratline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honor_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honor_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Honor code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honor_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clubs_and_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clubs_and_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Clubs and activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clubs_and_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Athletics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Men's_basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Men's_basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Men's basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Men's_basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endowment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endowment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Endowment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endowment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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Institute</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Virginia Military Institute" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_militaire_de_Virginie" title="Institut militaire de Virginie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Institut militaire de Virginie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EA%B5%B0%EC%82%AC_%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="버지니아 군사 학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="버지니아 군사 학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Virginia Military Institute" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Virginia Military Institute" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Virginia Military Institute" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9" title="ورجینیا ملٹری انسٹی ٹیوٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ورجینیا ملٹری انسٹی ٹیوٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%90%89%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="维吉尼亚军事学院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维吉尼亚军事学院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virginia_Military_Institute&params=37.79_N_79.44_W_type:edu_region:US-VA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°47′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°26′24″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.790°N 79.440°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.790; -79.440</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Public college in Lexington, Virginia, US</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Virginia Military Institute</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Military_Institute_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Virginia_Military_Institute_seal.svg/150px-Virginia_Military_Institute_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Virginia_Military_Institute_seal.svg/225px-Virginia_Military_Institute_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8e/Virginia_Military_Institute_seal.svg/300px-Virginia_Military_Institute_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">In Pace Decus, In Bello Praesidium</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Consilio et Animis</i> (on seal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"In peace a glorious asset, in war a tower of strength"<br />"By courage and wisdom" (on seal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Senior_Military_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Military College">senior military college</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">11 November 1839<span class="noprint">;<br />185 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1839-11-11</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools" title="Southern Association of Colleges and Schools">SACS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliation</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_Higher_Education_for_Virginia" title="State Council of Higher Education for Virginia">SCHEV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$703.1 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(education)" title="Superintendent (education)">Superintendent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins" title="Cedric T. Wins">Cedric T. Wins</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">143 full-time and 55 part-time (Fall 2019)<sup id="cite_ref-nces.ed.gov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nces.ed.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">1,512<sup id="cite_ref-nces.ed.gov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nces.ed.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia" title="Lexington, Virginia">Lexington</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virginia_Military_Institute&params=37.79_N_79.44_W_type:edu_region:US-VA"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°47′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">79°26′24″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.790°N 79.440°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.790; -79.440</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">Distant town</a>, 134 acres (0.54 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cadet_(newspaper)" title="The Cadet (newspaper)">The Cadet</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Red, yellow, and white<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#AE122A"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FFFFFF"> </span> <span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#FFD619"> </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets" title="VMI Keydets">Keydets</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA Division I</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Southern_Conference" title="Southern Conference">SoCon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference">MAAC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference" title="America East Conference">America East</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data">Moe the <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">Kangaroo</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vmi.edu">vmi.edu</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Military_Institute_full_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Virginia_Military_Institute_full_logo.png/150px-Virginia_Military_Institute_full_logo.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Virginia_Military_Institute_full_logo.png/225px-Virginia_Military_Institute_full_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Virginia_Military_Institute_full_logo.png/300px-Virginia_Military_Institute_full_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="370" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shenandoah_Valley.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia Military Institute is located in Shenandoah Valley"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute is located in Shenandoah Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Shenandoah_Valley.svg/250px-Shenandoah_Valley.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Shenandoah_Valley.svg/375px-Shenandoah_Valley.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Shenandoah_Valley.svg/500px-Shenandoah_Valley.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="662" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.389%;left:48.491%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Virginia Military Institute"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Shenandoah Valley</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Virginia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia Military Institute is located in Virginia"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute is located in Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="964" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.773%;left:50.112%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Virginia Military Institute"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Virginia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia Military Institute is located in the United States"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.523%;left:78.082%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Virginia Military Institute"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in United States</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Virginia Military Institute</b> (<b>VMI</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a> <a href="/wiki/Senior_Military_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Military College">senior military college</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia" title="Lexington, Virginia">Lexington, Virginia</a>. It was founded in 1839 as America's first state military college and is the oldest public senior military college in the United States. In keeping with its founding principles and unlike any other senior military college in the United States, VMI enrolls cadets only and awards <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degrees</a> exclusively. The institute grants degrees in 14 disciplines in engineering, science, and the liberal arts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> first called VMI "The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">the South</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-strum_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of its role during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the nickname has remained because VMI has produced more Army generals than any ROTC program in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the nickname, VMI differs from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Service_academies" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Service academies">federal military service academies</a> in many regards. For example, as of 2019 VMI had a total enrollment of 1,722 cadets (as compared to 4,500 at the Academies) making it one of the smallest <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">NCAA Division I</a> schools in the United States. All VMI cadets must participate in the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers%27_Training_Corps" title="Reserve Officers' Training Corps">Reserve Officers' Training Corps</a> (ROTC) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> programs, but are afforded the flexibility of pursuing civilian endeavors or accepting an <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer's commission</a> in the active or reserve components of one of the six U.S. military branches upon graduation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 65% of VMI graduates enter the military upon graduation, making it one of the largest producers of officers for the United States Army and Marine Corps each year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Visitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Visitors">Board of Visitors</a> is the supervisory board<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Virginia Military Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor</a> is <i>ex officio</i> the commander-in-chief of the institute, and no one may be declared a graduate without his signature, he delegates to the board the responsibility for developing the institute's policy.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board appoints the superintendent and approves appointment of members of the faculty and staff on the recommendation of the superintendent.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board may make bylaws and regulations for their own government and the management of the affairs of the institute,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and while the institute is exempt from the Administrative Process Act in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Virginia" title="Code of Virginia">Va. Code</a> (which exempts educational institutions operated by the Commonwealth),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of its regulations are codified at 8VAC 100. The Executive Committee conducts the business of the board during recesses.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-by-laws-6-8_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-by-laws-6-8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The board has 17 members, including <i>ex officio</i> the adjutant general of the Commonwealth of Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular members are appointed by the governor for a four-year term and may be reappointed once.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the sixteen appointed members, twelve must be alumni of the institute, eight of whom must be residents of Virginia and four must be non-residents; and the remaining four members must be non-alumni Virginia residents.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Executive Committee consists of the board's president, three vice presidents, and one non-alumnus at large, and is appointed by the board at each annual meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-by-laws-6-8_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-by-laws-6-8-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the militia bill (the Virginia Code of 1860) officers of the institute were recognized as part of the military establishment of the state, and the governor had authority to issue commissions to them in accordance with institute regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current law makes provision for officers of the Virginia Militia to be subject to orders of the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cadets are a military corps (the Corps of Cadets) under the command of the superintendent and under the administration of the Commandant of Cadets, and constitute the guard of the institute.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginia_Military_Institue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Virginia_Military_Institue.jpg/220px-Virginia_Military_Institue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Virginia_Military_Institue.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="281" /></a><figcaption>VMI Campus lawn</figcaption></figure> <p>In the years after the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the Commonwealth of Virginia built and maintained several <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">arsenals</a> to store weapons intended for use by the <a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">state militia</a> in the event of invasion or slave revolt. One of them was placed in Lexington. Residents came to resent the presence of the soldiers, whom they saw as drunken and undisciplined. In 1826, one guard beat another to death. Townspeople wanted to keep the arsenal, but sought a new way of guarding it, so as to eliminate the "undesirable element."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, the Franklin Society, a local literary and debate society, debated, "Would it be politic for the State to establish a military school, at the Arsenal, near Lexington, in connection with Washington College, on the plan of the West Point Academy?" They unanimously concluded that it would. Lexington attorney <a href="/wiki/John_Thomas_Lewis_Preston" title="John Thomas Lewis Preston">John Thomas Lewis Preston</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the most active advocate of the proposal. In a series of three anonymous letters in the <i>Lexington Gazette</i> in 1835, he proposed replacing the arsenal guard with students living under military discipline, receiving some military education, as well as a liberal education. The school's graduates would contribute to the development of the state and, should the need arise, provide trained officers for the state's militia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a public relations campaign that included Preston meeting in person with influential business, military and political figures and many open letters from prominent supporters, in 1836 the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia legislature</a> passed a bill authorizing creation of a school at the Lexington arsenal, and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor</a> signed the measure into law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organizers of the planned school formed a board of visitors, which included Preston, and the board selected <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Crozet" title="Claudius Crozet">Claudius Crozet</a> as their first president. Crozet had served as an engineer in Napoleon Bonaparte's army before immigrating to the United States. In America, he served as an engineering professor at West Point, as well as state engineer in Louisiana and mathematics professor at <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_College_(Louisiana)" title="Jefferson College (Louisiana)">Jefferson College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Convent,_Louisiana" title="Convent, Louisiana">Convent</a>, Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crozet was also the Chief Engineer of Virginia and someone whom Thomas Jefferson referred to as, "the smartest mathematician in the United States." The board delegated to Preston the task of deciding what to call the new school, and he created the name Virginia Military Institute.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Crozet's direction, the board of visitors crafted VMI's program of instruction, basing it off of those of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> and Crozet's <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a> the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" class="mw-redirect" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a> of Paris. So, instead of the mix of military and liberal education imagined by Preston, the board created a military and engineering school offering the most thorough engineering curriculum in America, outside of West Point.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Preston was also tasked with hiring VMI's first superintendent. He was persuaded that <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> graduate and former army officer <a href="/wiki/Francis_Henney_Smith" title="Francis Henney Smith">Francis Henney Smith</a>, then professor of mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Hampden%E2%80%93Sydney_College" title="Hampden–Sydney College">Hampden–Sydney College</a>, was the most suitable candidate. Preston successfully recruited Smith, and convinced him to become the first superintendent and Professor of Tactics.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Smith agreed to accept the superintendent's position, Preston applied to join the faculty, and was hired as Professor of Languages.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classes began in 1839, and the first cadet to march a sentinel post was <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a> John Strange.<sup id="cite_ref-Farwell1993_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farwell1993-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With few exceptions, there have been sentinels posted at VMI every hour of every day of the school year since November 11, 1839. </p><p>The Class of 1842 graduated 16 cadets. Living conditions were poor until 1850 when the cornerstone of the new barracks was laid. In 1851 <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson</a> became a member of the faculty and professor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural and Experimental Philosophy</a>. Under Major Jackson and Major <a href="/wiki/William_Gilham" title="William Gilham">William Gilham</a>, VMI infantry and artillery units were present at the hanging of <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town</a>, Virginia (now <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>) in 1859. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_of_the_VMI_Museum">Founding of the VMI Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding of the VMI Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a letter dated February 27, 1845, addressed to William S. Beale, VMI Class of 1843,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superintendent Smith solicited items to create an Institute museum to inspire and educate cadets. Superintendent Smith accepted a donation of a Revolutionary War musket in 1856, thus establishing the first public museum in the Commonwealth of Virginia. For the first 75 years the museum was a "special collection" administered by the VMI library,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a common model still in use by many colleges and universities. </p><p>In the early 20th century, the collection was organized as a public resource and took the form of a modern museum.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, the museum was recognized as its own department, and was professionally accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Today the VMI Museum System consists of the VMI Museum on the VMI Post, the Virginia Museum of the Civil War located at the 300-acre <a href="/wiki/New_Market_Battlefield_State_Historical_Park" title="New Market Battlefield State Historical Park">New Market Battlefield State Historical Park</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_House" title="Stonewall Jackson House">Jackson House</a>, interpreting the life of VMI Professor Thomas J. (later "Stonewall") Jackson and his household on the eve of Civil War. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_period">Civil War period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civil War period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VMI_1863_register_wood_engraving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/VMI_1863_register_wood_engraving.jpg/220px-VMI_1863_register_wood_engraving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/VMI_1863_register_wood_engraving.jpg/330px-VMI_1863_register_wood_engraving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/VMI_1863_register_wood_engraving.jpg/440px-VMI_1863_register_wood_engraving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2227" data-file-height="1438" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of VMI, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1863</span></figcaption></figure><p>VMI cadets and alumni played instrumental roles in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. On 14 occasions, the Confederacy called cadets into active military engagements. VMI authorized <a href="/wiki/Campaign_streamer" title="Campaign streamer">battle streamers</a> for each one of these engagements but chose to carry only one: the battle streamer for New Market. Many VMI Cadets were ordered to Camp Lee, at <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, to train recruits under Stonewall Jackson. </p><p>During the war, approximately 1,800 VMI alumni served the South (including 19 in the U.S. Army), with about 250 of them killed in action.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VMI alumni were regarded among the best officers, and several distinguished themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Union</a> forces as well. Fifteen graduates rose to the rank of general in the Confederate Army, and one rose to this rank in the Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before his famous flank attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a>, Jackson looked at his division and brigade commanders, noted the high number of VMI graduates and said, "The Institute will be heard from today."<sup id="cite_ref-sears_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sears-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of Jackson's four division commanders at Chancellorsville, Generals <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Rodes">Robert Rodes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raleigh_Colston" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh Colston">Raleigh Colston</a>, were VMI graduates as were more than twenty of his brigadiers and colonels.<sup id="cite_ref-sears_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sears-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_New_Market">Battle of New Market</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle of New Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VMI_Virginia_Mourning_Her_Sons_wmm2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/VMI_Virginia_Mourning_Her_Sons_wmm2002.jpg/180px-VMI_Virginia_Mourning_Her_Sons_wmm2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/VMI_Virginia_Mourning_Her_Sons_wmm2002.jpg/270px-VMI_Virginia_Mourning_Her_Sons_wmm2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/VMI_Virginia_Mourning_Her_Sons_wmm2002.jpg/360px-VMI_Virginia_Mourning_Her_Sons_wmm2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1485" /></a><figcaption><i>Virginia Mourning Her Dead</i></figcaption></figure> <p>On May 14, 1864, the governor of Virginia called upon the cadets from VMI to service. After marching overnight 80 miles (129 km) from Lexington to New Market, on May 15, 1864, 247 cadets then fought at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a>, marking the only time in U.S. history wherein the student body of an operating college fought as an organized unit in pitched combat in battle (as recognized by the American Battlefield Trust).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">John C. Breckinridge</a>, the commanding Southern general, had held the cadets in reserve and did not use them until Union troops broke through the Confederate lines. Upon seeing the tide of battle turning in favor of the Union forces, Breckinridge stated, "Put the boys in...and may God forgive me for the order."<sup id="cite_ref-Andrew2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrew2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VMI cadets held the line and eventually pushed forward across an open muddy field, capturing a Union artillery emplacement, and helping to secure victory for the Confederates. In a matter of minutes, VMI suffered fifty-five casualties with another five cadets killed in action; the cadets were led into battle by the Commandant of Cadets and future VMI Superintendent Colonel <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shipp" title="Scott Shipp">Scott Shipp</a>. Shipp was also wounded during the battle. </p><p>The VMI battalion (of infantry and artillery) received an institutional battle streamer for its part in the battle of New Market, one of only five American institutions to be awarded such an honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="List_of_cadet_deaths">List of cadet deaths</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of cadet deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five cadets were killed in action on May 15: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cadet <sup id="cite_ref-NMDead_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMDead-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Hometown </th> <th>Rank and Company </th> <th>notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>William Henry Cabell <p>Class of 1865 (Junior) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet <a href="/wiki/First_Sergeant" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sergeant">First Sergeant</a> <p>Company D </p> </td> <td>Killed in action. Buried at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Gay Crockett <p>Class of 1867 (Freshman) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wythe_County,_Virginia" title="Wythe County, Virginia">Wythe County, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company D </p> </td> <td>Killed in action. Reinterred at VMI in 1960. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henry Jenner Jones <p>Class of 1867 (Freshman) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia" title="King William County, Virginia">King William County, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company D </p> </td> <td>Killed in action. Buried at VMI. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Hugh_McDowell" title="William Hugh McDowell">William Hugh McDowell</a> <p>Class of 1867 (Freshman) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iredell_County,_North_Carolina" title="Iredell County, North Carolina">Beattie's Ford, North Carolina</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company B </p> </td> <td>Killed in action. Buried at VMI. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaqueline_Beverly_Stanard" title="Jaqueline Beverly Stanard">Jaqueline Beverly Stanard</a> <p>Class of 1867 (Freshman) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orange,_Virginia" title="Orange, Virginia">Orange, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company B </p> </td> <td>Killed in action. Buried in Orange, Virginia. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition, five of those wounded in the battle later died of their wounds: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Cadet <sup id="cite_ref-NMDead_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMDead-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Hometown </th> <th>Rank and Company </th> <th>notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Samuel Francis Atwill <p>Class of 1866 (Sophomore) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montross,_Virginia" title="Montross, Virginia">Atwillton, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet <a href="/wiki/Corporal" title="Corporal">Corporal</a> <p>Company A </p> </td> <td>Died on July 20 at the home of Dr. Stribling in Staunton. Buried at VMI. <p>‣ Promoted to Cadet Third Sergeant, Company C on June 27, 1864, but never served </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alva Curtis Hartsfield <p>Class of 1866 (Sophomore) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wake_County,_North_Carolina" title="Wake County, North Carolina">Wake County, North Carolina</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company D </p> </td> <td>Died on June 26 in a Petersburg hospital. Buried in an unmarked grave in Blandford Church Cemetery, Petersburg. <p>‣ Listed under Company B on the monument </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luther Cary Haynes <p>Class of 1867 (Freshman) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_Virginia" title="Essex County, Virginia">Essex County, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company B </p> </td> <td>Died on June 15 at the old Powhatan Hotel Hospital (<a href="/wiki/Huguenot_Springs,_Virginia" title="Huguenot Springs, Virginia">Huguenot Springs Convalescent Hospital</a>), Richmond. Buried at his family home “Sunny Side”. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garland_Jefferson" title="Thomas Garland Jefferson">Thomas Garland Jefferson</a> <p>Class of 1867 (Freshman) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amelia_County,_Virginia" title="Amelia County, Virginia">Amelia County, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company B </p> </td> <td>Died May 18 in a nearby private home. Buried at VMI. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Joseph Christopher Wheelwright <p>Class of 1867 (Freshman) </p> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland County, Virginia</a> </td> <td>Cadet Private <p>Company C </p> </td> <td>Died on June 2 at the home of a doctor in Harrisonburg. Buried at VMI. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Another cadet, William D. Buster, died of typhoid while on service in Richmond in April 1865.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Burning_of_the_Institute">Burning of the Institute</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Burning of the Institute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 12, 1864, a month after New Market, Union forces, under the command of General <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a>, shelled and burned the Institute as part of the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Valley Campaigns of 1864</a>. The museum was also destroyed (but was later reopened in 1870).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destruction of the buildings was almost complete, and VMI had to temporarily hold classes at the Alms House in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>. One of the reasons that Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Jubal_A._Early" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubal A. Early">Jubal A. Early</a> burned the town of <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg, Pennsylvania</a>, was in retaliation for the destruction of VMI.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_Civil_War">Post Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Post Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1865, Richmond was evacuated due to the impending fall of Petersburg and the VMI Corps of Cadets was disbanded. The Lexington campus reopened for classes on October 17, 1865<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Francis H. Smith returning as superintendent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VMI went on to become a model for other institutions in the South, including Louisiana State University and Texas A&M.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a>, the pioneering <a href="/wiki/Oceanographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographer">oceanographer</a> known as the "Pathfinder of the Seas", accepted a teaching position at VMI, holding the <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> chair. <a href="/wiki/John_Mercer_Brooke" title="John Mercer Brooke">John Mercer Brooke</a> also joined the school. Similarly, David Hunter Strother, who was chief of staff to General Hunter and had advised the destruction of the institute, served as Adjutant General of the Virginia Militia and member of the VMI Board of Visitors; in that position he promoted and worked actively for the reconstruction. Scott Shipp, who led cadets at New Market, became the school’s second superintendent in 1890. </p><p>In 1903, a statue sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Moses_Ezekiel" class="mw-redirect" title="Moses Ezekiel">Moses Ezekiel</a>, a VMI cadet who had fought and was wounded at New Market, called <i>Virginia Mourning Her Dead</i>, was dedicated.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six of the ten fallen cadets are now buried on VMI grounds behind the statue.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, another statue by Ezekiel, a relica statue of General Jackson, was also donated to the VMI.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Statue_VMI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marshall_Statue_VMI.jpg/220px-Marshall_Statue_VMI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marshall_Statue_VMI.jpg/330px-Marshall_Statue_VMI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Marshall_Statue_VMI.jpg/440px-Marshall_Statue_VMI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2676" data-file-height="3795" /></a><figcaption>George C. Marshall statue</figcaption></figure> <p>VMI produced many of America's commanders in World War II. The most important of these was <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> (class of 1901), the top U.S. Army general during the war. Marshall was the Army's first <a href="/wiki/Five-star_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-star general">five-star general</a> and the only career military officer ever to win the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nordlinger2012_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nordlinger2012-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> dubbed Marshall the "Architect of Victory" and "the noblest Roman of them all". The Deputy Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during the war was also a VMI graduate as were the Second U.S. Army commander, 15th U.S. Army commander, the commander of Allied Air Forces of the Southwest Pacific and various corps and division commanders in the Army and Marine Corps. China's General <a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a>, known as the "Rommel of the East", was also a graduate of VMI.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, VMI participated in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>'s Army Specialized Training Program (ASTP) from 1943 to 1946. The program provided training in engineering and related subjects to <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted</a> men at colleges across the United States. Over 2,100 ASTP members studied at VMI during the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II">Post-World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The arsenal, the structure that received most of the damage when Union forces shelled and burned the institute in June 1864, was rebuilt as the <a href="/wiki/Barracks,_Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Barracks, Virginia Military Institute">Old Barracks</a>. The new wing of the barracks ("New Barracks") was completed in 1949. </p><p>In 1997, 30 female students enrolled, marking VMI's new status as a coeducational institution.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2020, VMI Board of Visitors announced that they would relocate the Jackson statue from the front of the historic barracks to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">New Market Battlefield State Historical Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was taken from view in December 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racism_investigation">Racism investigation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Racism investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Virginia Military Institute was the last public college in Virginia to integrate, first admitting black cadets in 1968,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20200613RoanokeTimes_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20200613RoanokeTimes-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020Racism_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Racism-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but interracial problems persisted long afterward.<sup id="cite_ref-2020Racism_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Racism-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20200613RoanokeTimes_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20200613RoanokeTimes-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, even in 2020 "Black cadets still endure[d] relentless racism [in an] atmosphere of hostility and cultural insensitivity".<sup id="cite_ref-2020Racism_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Racism-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On October 19, 2020, following the exposé, Governor <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a> and multiple other state officials wrote the VMI Board of Visitors that they had "deep concerns about the clear and appalling culture of ongoing structural racism” at VMI.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They reported that they had received reports from students of a racist culture at VMI. The students reported a threat of lynching, attacks on social media, and a staff member promoting "an inaccurate and dangerous 'Lost Cause' version of Virginia's history."<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_2020_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin_2020-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter was signed by Northam, Lt. Gov. <a href="/wiki/Justin_Fairfax" title="Justin Fairfax">Justin Fairfax</a>, Virginia House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Eileen_Filler-Corn" title="Eileen Filler-Corn">Eileen Filler-Corn</a>, State Senate President <a href="/wiki/Louise_Lucas" title="Louise Lucas">Louise Lucas</a>, Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Mark_Herring" title="Mark Herring">Mark Herring</a>, and Chairman of the Black Caucus <a href="/wiki/Lamont_Bagby" title="Lamont Bagby">Lamont Bagby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_2020_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin_2020-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Northam, a 1981 VMI alumnus, ordered a state-led investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-McLaughlin_2020_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin_2020-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_of_the_Virginia_Military_Institute_honor_guard_and_band_wait_for_the_presidential_inauguration_parade_in_Washington,_D.C_130121-A-SV709-300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Members_of_the_Virginia_Military_Institute_honor_guard_and_band_wait_for_the_presidential_inauguration_parade_in_Washington%2C_D.C_130121-A-SV709-300.jpg/220px-Members_of_the_Virginia_Military_Institute_honor_guard_and_band_wait_for_the_presidential_inauguration_parade_in_Washington%2C_D.C_130121-A-SV709-300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Members_of_the_Virginia_Military_Institute_honor_guard_and_band_wait_for_the_presidential_inauguration_parade_in_Washington%2C_D.C_130121-A-SV709-300.jpg/330px-Members_of_the_Virginia_Military_Institute_honor_guard_and_band_wait_for_the_presidential_inauguration_parade_in_Washington%2C_D.C_130121-A-SV709-300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Members_of_the_Virginia_Military_Institute_honor_guard_and_band_wait_for_the_presidential_inauguration_parade_in_Washington%2C_D.C_130121-A-SV709-300.jpg/440px-Members_of_the_Virginia_Military_Institute_honor_guard_and_band_wait_for_the_presidential_inauguration_parade_in_Washington%2C_D.C_130121-A-SV709-300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>VMI Honor Guard</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VMI_Cannons.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/VMI_Cannons.png/220px-VMI_Cannons.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/VMI_Cannons.png/330px-VMI_Cannons.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/VMI_Cannons.png/440px-VMI_Cannons.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>VMI cannons in front of barracks</figcaption></figure><p>Six days later, on October 26, 2020, Superintendent Peay tendered his resignation, saying in his resignation letter that he'd been told that Northam and other state legislators had "lost confidence in my leadership" and "desired my resignation".<sup id="cite_ref-Wpost_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wpost-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-resigns_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resigns-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, the VMI Board of Visitors voted unanimously to remove the Jackson statue and create a building and naming committee.<sup id="cite_ref-October_2020_board_votes_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-October_2020_board_votes-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The school reaffirmed the statue's removal in December and began plans to relocated it to a Civil War museum located on a battlefield where a number of VMI cadets and alumni were killed or wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October, the board also announced several diversity-related decisions: a diversity officer would be appointed, a diversity and inclusion committee would be created, and diversity initiatives created to include a focus on gender and the adoption of a diversity hiring plan.<sup id="cite_ref-October_2020_board_votes_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-October_2020_board_votes-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nine months later, a report into racial intolerance charged by the State Council of Higher Education for Virginia was delivered. The independent report concluded that VMI "maintained and allowed a racist and sexist culture that, until recently, it had no appetite to address." The authors, employed by the law firm <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Thornburg" title="Barnes & Thornburg">Barnes & Thornburg</a>, also accused the institution's leadership, including its governing board, with an "unwillingness to change or even question its practices."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Superintendents">Superintendents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Superintendents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1839, VMI has had fifteen superintendents, with twelve being graduates of VMI. </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Henney_Smith" title="Francis Henney Smith">Francis H. Smith</a> (1839–1889), United States Military Academy West Point Class of 1833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Shipp" title="Scott Shipp">Scott Shipp</a> '59 (1890–1907), wounded while leading VMI cadets into the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Edward W. Nichols '78 (1907–1924)</li> <li>William H. Cocke '94 (1924–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Lejeune" title="John A. Lejeune">John A. Lejeune</a> (1929–1937), United States Naval Academy Class of 1888, 13th <a href="/wiki/Commandant_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps" title="Commandant of the United States Marine Corps">Commandant of the Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Kilbourne" title="Charles E. Kilbourne">Charles E. Kilbourne</a> '94 (1937–1946), Medal of Honor recipient and first American to earn the United States' three highest military decorations.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (February 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Marshall_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Richard Marshall (United States Army officer)">Richard J. Marshall</a> '15 (1946–1952)</li> <li>William H. Milton Jr. '20 (1952–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._E._Shell" title="George R. E. Shell">George R. E. Shell</a> '31 (1960–1971)</li> <li>Richard L. Irby '39 (1971–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_S._Walker" title="Sam S. Walker">Sam S. Walker</a> (1981–1988), matriculated at VMI transferred to United States Military Academy West Point Class of 1946</li> <li>John W. Knapp '54 (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bunting_III" title="Josiah Bunting III">Josiah Bunting III</a> '63 (1995–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">J. H. Binford Peay III</a> '62 (2003–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_T._Wins" title="Cedric T. Wins">Cedric T. Wins</a> '85 (2021–present)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Campus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Virginia Military Institute Historic District</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #87CEEB"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">U.S. National Historic Landmark District</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #C1D1AE"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Landmarks_Register" title="Virginia Landmarks Register">Virginia Landmarks Register</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Virginia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia Military Institute is located in Virginia"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute is located in Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/USA_Virginia_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Virginia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="964" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.766%;left:50.128%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Virginia Military Institute"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Virginia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia Military Institute is located in the United States"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.521%;left:78.084%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Virginia Military Institute"><img alt="Virginia Military Institute" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">VMI campus, <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia" title="Lexington, Virginia">Lexington, Virginia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">12 acres (4.9 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1818<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1818</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Davis, A.J.; Goodhue, Bertram Grosvenor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Classical Revival, Gothic Revival</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/74002219">74002219</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">VLR <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">117-0017</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">May 30, 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated VLR</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">September 9, 1969<sup id="cite_ref-register_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-register-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The VMI campus covers 134 acres (54 ha), 12 of which are designated as the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute_Historic_District" title="Virginia Military Institute Historic District">Virginia Military Institute Historic District</a>, a designated <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark_District" title="National Historic Landmark District">National Historic Landmark District</a>. The campus is referred to as the "Post," a tradition that reflects the school's military focus and the uniformed service of its alumni. A training area of several hundred additional acres is located near the post. All cadets are housed on campus in a large five-story building, called the "barracks." The <a href="/wiki/Barracks,_Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Barracks, Virginia Military Institute">Old Barracks</a>, which has been separately designated a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>, stands on the site of the old arsenal. </p><p>The two wings surround two quadrangles connected by a <a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">sally port</a>. All rooms open onto porch-like stoops facing one of the quadrangles. A third barracks wing was completed, with cadets moving in officially spring semester 2009. Four of the five arched entries into the barracks are named for <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_%22Stonewall%22_Jackson" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson">Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George C. Marshall '01</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels '61</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> VMI's "Vision 2039" capital campaign raised more than $275 million from alumni and supporters in three years. The money is going to expand The Barracks to house 1,500 cadets, renovate and modernize the academic buildings. VMI is spending another $200 million to build the VMI Center for Leadership and Ethics, to be used by cadets, <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a> students, and other U.S. and international students. The funding will also support "study abroad" programs, including joint ventures with <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> Universities in England and many other universities.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Academics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>VMI offers 14 major and 23 minor areas of study,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grouped into engineering, liberal arts, humanities, and the sciences. The engineering department has concentrations in three areas: civil and environmental engineering, electrical and computer engineering, and mechanical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-VMI_web_site_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMI_web_site-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most classes are taught by full-time professors, 99 percent of whom hold terminal degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-VMI_web_site_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMI_web_site-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within four months of graduation, an average of 97 percent of VMI graduates are either serving in the military, employed, or admitted to graduate or professional schools.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2010, VMI had graduated 11 Rhodes Scholars since 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Virginia_Military_Institute_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Virginia_Military_Institute-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VMI_Rhodes_Scholars_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMI_Rhodes_Scholars-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per capita, as of 2006 VMI had graduated more Rhodes Scholars than any other state-supported college or university, and more than all the other senior military colleges combined. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rankings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021 VMI ranked fourth nationally, after the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Academy" title="United States Air Force Academy">United States Air Force Academy</a>, in the <i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a></i> rankings' "Top Public Schools, National Liberal Arts Colleges" category.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>' 2012 Special Report on America's Best Colleges ranked VMI in the top 25 public universities in the nation, well ahead of any other senior military college in the country. VMI was ranked 14th in the "Top 25 Publics" section, just behind the United States Military Academy, the United States Air Force Academy, and the United States Naval Academy, but ahead of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Academy" title="United States Coast Guard Academy">United States Coast Guard Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine_Academy" title="United States Merchant Marine Academy">U.S. Merchant Marine Academy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, VMI ranked 115th out of the 650 colleges and universities evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kiplinger%27s_Personal_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiplinger's Personal Finance">Kiplinger's</a> magazine, in its ranking of the "Best Values in Public Colleges" for 2006, made mention of the Virginia Military Institute as a "great value", although the military nature of its program excluded it from consideration as a traditional four-year college in the rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_service">Military service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_by_Hubard_after_Houdon,_VMI,_Lexingon,_VA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/George_Washington_by_Hubard_after_Houdon%2C_VMI%2C_Lexingon%2C_VA.jpg/220px-George_Washington_by_Hubard_after_Houdon%2C_VMI%2C_Lexingon%2C_VA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/George_Washington_by_Hubard_after_Houdon%2C_VMI%2C_Lexingon%2C_VA.jpg/330px-George_Washington_by_Hubard_after_Houdon%2C_VMI%2C_Lexingon%2C_VA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/George_Washington_by_Hubard_after_Houdon%2C_VMI%2C_Lexingon%2C_VA.jpg/440px-George_Washington_by_Hubard_after_Houdon%2C_VMI%2C_Lexingon%2C_VA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3773" data-file-height="2515" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> statue</figcaption></figure> <p>While all cadets are required to take four years of ROTC, accepting a commission in the armed forces is optional. While over 50 percent of VMI graduates are commissioned each year, the VMI Board of Visitors has set a goal of having 70 percent of VMI cadets take a commission.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VMI class of 2017 graduated 300 cadets, 172 (or 57 percent) of whom were commissioned as officers in the United States military.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>VMI alumni include more than 285 <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officers</a>, including the first five-star <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-VMIprofile_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMIprofile-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seven recipients of the highest U.S. <a href="/wiki/Awards_and_decorations_of_the_United_States_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Awards and decorations of the United States military">military decoration</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a>; and more than 80 recipients of the second-highest awards, the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navy_Cross_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy Cross (United States)">Navy Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VMImuseum_MOH_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMImuseum_MOH-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VMI offers <a href="/wiki/ROTC" class="mw-redirect" title="ROTC">ROTC</a> programs for five U.S. military branches (Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Coast Guard). </p><p>VMI has graduated more generals than any ROTC program in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following table lists U.S. four-star generals who graduated from VMI. It does not list alumni who did not graduate from the school, such as General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a> and General <a href="/wiki/Sam_S._Walker" title="Sam S. Walker">Sam S. Walker</a>, and the many VMI graduates who served or still serve as four-star generals in foreign nations such as Thailand, China, and Taiwan. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>VMI class </th> <th>Branch & <br />date of rank </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a> </td> <td>1901 </td> <td>Army, September 1, 1939 </td> <td> <ul><li>First General of the Army (five stars), 10th four-star general in U.S. Army history & 1st non-<a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">USMA</a> four-star general</li> <li>Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, 1939–45</li> <li>Secretary of State, 1947–49; Secretary of Defense, 1950–51;</li> <li>Special Representative of President to China, 1945–47</li> <li>President of the American Red Cross, 1949–50</li> <li>Nobel Peace Prize, 1953; Congressional Gold Medal, 1946</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_T._Handy" title="Thomas T. Handy">Thomas T. Handy</a> </td> <td>1916 </td> <td>Army, March 13, 1945 </td> <td> <ul><li>22nd four-star general in U.S. Army history</li> <li>Deputy Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, 1944–47</li> <li>Commanding General, Fourth Army, 1947–49</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Army Europe">European Command</a> (1949–52) & <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Europe">USAREUR</a>/Commander, <a href="/wiki/Allied_Force_Command_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Force Command Heidelberg">CENTAG</a> (1952)</li> <li>Deputy Commander-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/United_States_European_Command" title="United States European Command">EUCOM</a> 1952–54</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_C._Shepherd,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.">Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr.</a> </td> <td>1917 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">USMC</a>, January 1, 1952 </td> <td> <ul><li>3rd four-star general in USMC history</li> <li>Commandant, U.S. Marine Corps, 1952–55</li> <li>Chairman, Inter-American Defense Board, 1956–59</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonard_T._Gerow" title="Leonard T. Gerow">Leonard T. Gerow</a> </td> <td>1911 </td> <td>Army, July 19, 1954 </td> <td> <ul><li>Commanding General V Corps 1943–45</li> <li>Commanding General U.S. 15th Army, 1945–46.</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Pate" title="Randolph M. Pate">Randolph M. Pate</a> </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>USMC, January 1, 1956 </td> <td> <ul><li>4th four-star general in USMC history</li> <li>Commandant of the Marine Corps, 1956–59</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clark_L._Ruffner" title="Clark L. Ruffner">Clark L. Ruffner</a> </td> <td>1924 </td> <td>Army, March 1, 1960 </td> <td> <ul><li>51st four-star General in U.S. Army history</li> <li>U.S. Military Representative, NATO Military Committee, 1960–62</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/David_M._Maddox" title="David M. Maddox">David M. Maddox</a> </td> <td>1960 </td> <td>Army, July 9, 1992 </td> <td> <ul><li>149th four-star general in U.S. Army history</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Europe">USAREUR</a>/Commander, <a href="/wiki/Allied_Force_Command_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied Force Command Heidelberg">CENTAG</a> (1992–93) & USAREUR (1993–94)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">J. H. Binford Peay III</a> </td> <td>1962 </td> <td>Army, March 26, 1993 </td> <td> <ul><li>150th four-star general in Army history</li> <li>Vice Chief of Staff, U.S. Army, 1993–94</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief, Central Command, 1994–97</li> <li>Superintendent, VMI, 2003–2020</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/John_P._Jumper" title="John P. Jumper">John P. Jumper</a> </td> <td>1966 </td> <td>Air Force, November 17, 1997 </td> <td> <ul><li>152nd four-star general in U.S. Air Force history</li> <li>Commander in Chief, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Forces_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Forces in Europe">USAFE</a>/Commander, <a href="/wiki/Allied_Air_Forces_Central_Europe" title="Allied Air Forces Central Europe">AAFCE</a>, 1997–2000</li> <li>Commander, Air Combat Command, 2000–01</li> <li>Chief of Staff, U.S. Air Force, 2001–05</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darren_W._McDew" title="Darren W. McDew">Darren W. McDew</a> </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>Air Force, May 5, 2014 </td> <td> <ul><li>200th four-star general in U.S. Air Force history</li> <li>Commander, <a href="/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command" title="Air Mobility Command">Air Mobility Command</a> (COMAMC), 2014–2015</li> <li>Commander, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">United States Transportation Command (TRANSCOM)</a>, 2015–2018</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Students">Students</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_Inauguration_170120-D-XA037-0041.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2017_Inauguration_170120-D-XA037-0041.jpg/220px-2017_Inauguration_170120-D-XA037-0041.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2017_Inauguration_170120-D-XA037-0041.jpg/330px-2017_Inauguration_170120-D-XA037-0041.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/2017_Inauguration_170120-D-XA037-0041.jpg/440px-2017_Inauguration_170120-D-XA037-0041.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Members of the VMI march down <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a> in January 2017, after the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Donald_Trump" title="First inauguration of Donald Trump">inauguration of Donald Trump</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prospective cadets must be between 16 and 22 years of age. They must be unmarried, and have no legal dependents, be physically fit for enrollment in the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Officer Training Corps">Reserve Officer Training Corps</a> (ROTC), and be graduates of an accredited secondary school or have completed an approved homeschool curriculum. The Class of 2022 at VMI had an average high school <a href="/wiki/GPA" class="mw-redirect" title="GPA">GPA</a> of 3.70 and a mean SAT score of 1210.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eligibility is not restricted to Virginia residents, although it is more difficult to gain an appointment as a non-resident, because VMI has a goal that no more than 45 percent of cadets come from outside Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Virginia residents receive a discount in <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition</a>, as is common at most state-sponsored schools. Total tuition, room and board, and other fees for the 2008–2009 school year was approximately $17,000 for Virginia residents and $34,000 for all others.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_of_women">Admission of women</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Admission of women"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></div> <p>In 1990 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> filed a discrimination lawsuit against VMI for its all-male admissions policy. While the court challenge was pending, a state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Women%27s_Institute_for_Leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership">Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership</a> (VWIL) was opened at <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baldwin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Baldwin College">Mary Baldwin College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton, Virginia</a>, as a parallel program for women. The VWIL continued, even after VMI's admission of women.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After VMI won its case in <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court">U.S. District Court</a>, the case went through several appeals until June 26, 1996, when the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, in a 7–1 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></i>, found that it was unconstitutional for a school supported by public funds to exclude women. (Justice <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> <a href="/wiki/Recuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Recuse">recused</a> himself, presumably because his son was attending VMI at the time.) Following the ruling, VMI contemplated going private to exempt itself from the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a>, and thus avoid the ruling.<sup id="cite_ref-strum_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assistant Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Pang" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Pang">Frederick Pang</a>, however, warned the school that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> would withdraw <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officer_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserve Officer Training Corps">ROTC</a> programs from the school if privatization took place. As a result of this action by Pang, Congress passed a resolution on November 18, 1997 prohibiting the Department of Defense from withdrawing or diminishing any ROTC program at one of the six <a href="/wiki/Senior_Military_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Military College">senior military colleges</a>, including VMI. This escape clause provided by Congress came after the VMI Board of Visitors had already voted 9–8 to admit women; the decision was not revisited.<sup id="cite_ref-strum_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strum-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, VMI was forced to either end its prohibition of the admission of women, or become a private college without federal funding. VMI reluctantly became the last U.S. military college to admit women.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020Racism_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020Racism-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Superintendent at the time <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bunting_III" title="Josiah Bunting III">Josiah Bunting III</a> called this a "savage disappointment".<sup id="cite_ref-Wpost_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wpost-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1997, VMI enrolled its first female cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first co-ed class consisted of thirty women, who matriculated as part of the class of 2001. In order to accelerate VMI's matriculation process, several women were allowed to transfer directly from various junior colleges, such as <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Military_Institute" title="New Mexico Military Institute">New Mexico Military Institute</a> (NMMI), and forgo the traditional four-year curriculum required of most. The first female cadets "walked the stage" in 1999 for graduation, although by VMI's definitions they are considered to be members of the class of 2001. Initially, these 30 women were held to the same strict physical courses and technical training as the male cadets, and even were required to shave their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a July 2021 <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> article, it was alleged that derision, misogyny, sexual assault were continuous issues at VMI.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admission_of_minority_students">Admission of minority students</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Admission of minority students"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Jewish cadet, <a href="/wiki/Moses_Jacob_Ezekiel" title="Moses Jacob Ezekiel">Moses Jacob Ezekiel</a>, graduated in 1866. While at VMI, Ezekiel fought with the VMI cadets at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacob1998_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacob1998-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a sculptor and his works are on display at VMI. One of the first Asian cadets was <a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a>, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> general, who graduated in 1927. The first African-American cadets were admitted in 1968. The first African-American regimental commander was <a href="/wiki/Darren_W._McDew" title="Darren W. McDew">Darren McDew</a>, class of 1982. McDew is a retired <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> and former Commander, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Transportation_Command" title="United States Transportation Command">United States Transportation Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Air_Force_Base" title="Scott Air Force Base">Scott Air Force Base</a>, IL. It is unknown when the first Muslim cadet graduated from VMI, but before the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> of 1979, under <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Shah</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, several Persian cadets attended and graduated from VMI. Other Muslim graduates have included cadets from Bangladesh, Jordan, Indonesia, Somalia and other nations. In 1982, <a href="/wiki/Son_(Sean)_Minh_Le" title="Son (Sean) Minh Le">Son (Sean) Minh Le</a> became the first post-1975 Vietnamese refugee to graduate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_life">Student life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Student life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vmi_164.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Regimental Commander gives commands during a parade. text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vmi_164.jpg/220px-Vmi_164.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vmi_164.jpg/330px-Vmi_164.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Vmi_164.jpg/440px-Vmi_164.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The Regimental Commander gives commands to the Corps of Cadets during a parade in coatee.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just as cadets did nearly 200 years ago, today's cadets give up such comforts as beds, instead lying upon cots colloquially referred to as "hays". These hays are little more than foam mats that must be rolled every morning and aired every Monday. Further, cadet uniforms have changed little; the <a href="/wiki/Coatee" title="Coatee">coatee</a> worn in parades dates to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. New cadets, known as "Rats", are not permitted to watch TV or listen to music outside of an academic setting. Living conditions are considered more austere here than other senior military colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ratline">Ratline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ratline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Special:EditPage/Virginia Military Institute">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the first six months at VMI, new cadets are called "Rats", a term used since the 1850s. "Rats" refer to their classmates, male or female, as "Brother Rats". VMI folklore has it that when Washington College (now <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>) students and VMI cadets drilled together in the 1830s, the students called the cadets "Rats" perhaps because of their gray uniforms. The cadets responded in kind calling the neighboring students "Minks" perhaps because many of them were from wealthy backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-VMI_ratline_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VMI_ratline-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New cadets, known collectively as the "Rat Mass," walk along a prescribed line in <a href="/wiki/Barracks" title="Barracks">barracks</a> while maintaining an exaggerated form of attention, called "straining". This experience, called the Rat Line, is intended by the upper classes to instill camaraderie, pride, and discipline into the incoming class. Under this system, the Rats face numerous mental and physical challenges, starting with "Hell Week". During Hell Week, Rats receive basic military instruction from select upper classmen ("Cadre"); they learn to march, to clean their <a href="/wiki/M14_rifle" title="M14 rifle">M14 rifle</a>, and to wear their uniforms. During Hell Week, Rats also meet the members of various cadet-run organizations and learn the functions of each. </p><p>At the end of the first week, each Rat is paired with a first classman (<a href="/wiki/Senior_(education)" title="Senior (education)">senior</a>) who serves as their mentor for the rest of the first year. The first classman is called a "Dyke", referencing an older Southern pronunciation of "to deck out", or to get into a uniform, as one of the roles of the rat is to help prepare their "Dyke's" uniform and dress them for parades.<sup id="cite_ref-WeinsteinWhite1997_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeinsteinWhite1997-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ratline experience culminates with Resurrection Week ending in "Breakout", an event where the Rats are formally "welcomed" to the VMI community. After the successful completion of Breakout, Rats are officially fourth class students and no longer have to strain in the barracks or eat "square meals". Many versions of the Breakout ceremony have been conducted. In the 1950s, Rats from each company would be packed into a corner room in the barracks and brawl their way out through the upperclassmen. From the late 1960s through the early 1980s, the Rats had to fight their way up to the fourth level of the barracks through three other classes of cadets determined not to let them get to the top. The stoops would often be slick with motor oil, packed with snow, glazed with ice, greased, or continuously hosed with water. The barracks stairs and rails were not able to take the abuse, so the Corps moved the breakout to a muddy hill, where Rats attempt to climb to the top by crawling on their stomachs while the upper classes block them or drag them back down.<sup id="cite_ref-WeinsteinWhite1997_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeinsteinWhite1997-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rats no longer breakout in the mud but instead participate in a grueling day of physical activity testing both physical endurance and teamwork. </p><p>The entire body of Rats during the Ratline is called a "Rat Mass". Since Rats are not officially fourth classmen until after Breakout, the Rat Mass is also not officially considered a graduating class until that time either. Prior to Breakout, the Rat mass is given a different style of year identifier to emphasize this difference. The year identifier starts with the year of the current graduating class (their dykes' class), followed by a "+3" to indicate the anticipated year of their own class. For example, cadets that make up the Class of 2022 were considered the "Rat Mass of 2019+3" as the members of their dykes' class graduated in 2019 and they themselves will graduate three years onward from then. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumter_de_Leon_Lowry_Jr._VMI_Cadet_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sumter_de_Leon_Lowry_Jr._VMI_Cadet_1914.jpg/220px-Sumter_de_Leon_Lowry_Jr._VMI_Cadet_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sumter_de_Leon_Lowry_Jr._VMI_Cadet_1914.jpg/330px-Sumter_de_Leon_Lowry_Jr._VMI_Cadet_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Sumter_de_Leon_Lowry_Jr._VMI_Cadet_1914.jpg/440px-Sumter_de_Leon_Lowry_Jr._VMI_Cadet_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>Cadet in uniform, 1914</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditions">Traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the Ratline, VMI has other traditions that are emblematic of the school and its history including the new cadet oath ceremony, the pageantry of close-order marching, and the nightly playing of "<a href="/wiki/Taps_(bugle_call)" title="Taps (bugle call)">Taps</a>". An event second only to graduation in importance is the "Ring Figure" dance held every November. During their junior year, cadets receive <a href="/wiki/Class_ring" title="Class ring">class rings</a> at a ring presentation ceremony followed by a formal dance.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cadets get two rings, a formal ring and a combat ring; some choose to have the combat ring for everyday wear, and the formal for special occasions. </p><p>Every year, VMI honors its fallen cadets with a New Market Day parade and ceremony. These events take place on May 15, the same day as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a> in which VMI cadets fought in 1864 during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. During this ceremony, the roll is called for cadets who "died on the Field of Honor" and wreaths are placed on the graves of those who died during the Battle of New Market.<sup id="cite_ref-CouperGibson2005_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CouperGibson2005-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2021, this ceremony has expanded to also include VMI graduates who have died in service to the United States. </p><p>The requirement that all cadets wishing to eat dinner in the mess hall must be present for a prayer was the basis for a lawsuit in 2002 when two cadets sued VMI over the prayer said before dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-ACLU_Prayer_Case_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACLU_Prayer_Case-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The non-denominational prayer had been a daily fixture since the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002 the Fourth Circuit ruled the prayer, during an event with mandatory attendance, at a state-funded school, violated the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>. When the Supreme Court declined to review the school's appeal in April 2004, the prayer tradition was stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tradition of guarding the institute is one of the longest standing and is carried out to this day. Cadets have been posted as sentinels guarding the barracks 24 hours a day, seven days a week while school is in session since the first cadet sentinel, Cadet John B. Strange, and others relieved the Virginia Militia guard team tasked with defending the Lexington Arsenal (that later became VMI) in 1839. The guard team wears the traditional school uniform and each sentinel is armed with an M14 rifle and bayonet.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honor_code">Honor code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honor code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>VMI is known for its strict <a href="/wiki/Cadet_Honor_Code" title="Cadet Honor Code">honor code</a>, which is as old as the institute and was formally codified in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the VMI Honor Code, "a cadet will not lie, cheat, steal, nor tolerate those who do."<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is only one punishment for violating the VMI Honor Code: immediate expulsion in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Drumming_out" title="Drumming out">drumming out</a> ceremony of dismissal, in which the entire corps is awakened by drums in barracks and the honor court to hear the formal announcement. VMI is the only military college or academy in the Nation which maintains a single-sanction Honor Code and in recent times, the dismissed cadet is removed from post before the formal announcement is made.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clubs_and_activities">Clubs and activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Clubs and activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>VMI currently offers over 50 school-sponsored clubs and organizations, including <a href="/wiki/The_Cadet_(newspaper)" title="The Cadet (newspaper)">The Cadet</a>, recreational activities, military organizations, musical and performance groups, religious organizations and service groups.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although VMI prohibited cadet membership in fraternal organizations starting in 1885, VMI cadets were instrumental in starting several fraternities. <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Tau_Omega" title="Alpha Tau Omega">Alpha Tau Omega</a> fraternity was founded by VMI cadets <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otis_Allan_Glazebrook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otis Allan Glazebrook (page does not exist)">Otis Allan Glazebrook</a>, Alfred Marshall, and <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Mayo_Ross" title="Erskine Mayo Ross">Erskine Mayo Ross</a> at <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> on September 11, 1865 while the school was closed for reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the re-opening, <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Sigma_Kappa" title="Kappa Sigma Kappa">Kappa Sigma Kappa</a> fraternity was founded by cadets on September 28, 1867 and <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Nu" title="Sigma Nu">Sigma Nu</a> fraternity was founded by cadets on January 1, 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VMI cadets formed the second chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">Kappa Alpha Order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a special arrangement, graduating cadets may be nominated by Kappa Alpha Order alumni and inducted into the fraternity, becoming part of <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">Kappa Alpha Order</a>'s Beta Commission (a commission as opposed to an active chapter). This occurs following graduation, and the newly initiated VMI alumni are accepted as brothers of the fraternity.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:VMI_Keydets_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/VMI_Keydets_logo.svg/110px-VMI_Keydets_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/VMI_Keydets_logo.svg/165px-VMI_Keydets_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/VMI_Keydets_logo.svg/220px-VMI_Keydets_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="61" data-file-height="65" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets" title="VMI Keydets">VMI Keydets</a></div> <p>VMI fields 14 teams on the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a> <a href="/wiki/Division_I_(NCAA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Division I (NCAA)">Division I</a> level (<a href="/wiki/NCAA_Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a>, formerly I-AA, for football). <a href="/wiki/Varsity_team" title="Varsity team">Varsity</a> sports include baseball, basketball, men's and women's <a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">cross country</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lacrosse" title="Lacrosse">lacrosse</a>, men's and women's <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">rifle</a>, men's and women's soccer, men's and women's <a href="/wiki/List_of_college_swimming_and_diving_teams" title="List of college swimming and diving teams">swimming & diving</a>, men's and women's <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics" class="mw-redirect" title="Track and field athletics">track & field</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_wrestling" title="Collegiate wrestling">wrestling</a>. VMI is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Conference" title="Southern Conference">Southern Conference</a> (SoCon) for almost all sports, the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference">MAAC</a> for women's water polo, and the <a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference" title="America East Conference">America East Conference</a> for men's and women's swimming & diving.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VMI formerly was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Rifle_Conference" title="Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference">Mid-Atlantic Rifle Conference</a> for rifle, but began the 2016–2017 season as part of the Southern Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The VMI team name is the Keydets, a Southern style slang for the word "cadets". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1896_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1896_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg/220px-1896_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1896_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg/330px-1896_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/1896_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg/440px-1896_VMI_Keydets_football_team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>1896 football team</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg/220px-2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg/330px-2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg/440px-2008-0831-VMI-AlumniMemorialField.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2276" /></a><figcaption>Alumni Memorial Field at Foster Stadium</figcaption></figure><p>VMI has the second-smallest NCAA Division I enrollment of any FCS football college, after <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_College" title="Presbyterian College">Presbyterian College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately one-third of the Corps of Cadets plays on at least one of VMI's intercollegiate athletic teams, making it one of the most active athletic programs in the country. Of the VMI varsity athletes who complete their eligibility, 92 percent receive their VMI degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_football" title="VMI Keydets football">VMI Keydets football</a></div> <p>VMI played its first football game in 1871. The one-game season was a 4–2 loss to <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>. There are no records of a coach or any players for that game.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VMI waited another twenty years, until 1891, when head coach <a href="/wiki/Walter_Taylor_(American_football)" title="Walter Taylor (American football)">Walter Taylor</a> would coach the next football team.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current head football coach at VMI, <a href="/wiki/Scott_Wachenheim" title="Scott Wachenheim">Scott Wachenheim</a>, was named the 31st head coach on December 14, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Keydets play their home games out of <a href="/wiki/Alumni_Memorial_Field_at_Foster_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumni Memorial Field at Foster Stadium">Alumni Memorial Field at Foster Stadium</a>, built in 1962. VMI won the 2020 Southern Conference Football Championship, their first winning football season since 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Men's_basketball"><span id="Men.27s_basketball"></span>Men's basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Men's basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_basketball" title="VMI Keydets basketball">VMI Keydets men's basketball</a></div> <p>Perhaps the most famous athletic story in VMI history was the two-year run of the 1976 and 1977 basketball teams. The 1976 squad advanced within one game of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Four" class="mw-redirect" title="Final Four">Final Four</a> before bowing to undefeated <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_Scarlet_Knights_men%27s_basketball" title="Rutgers Scarlet Knights men's basketball">Rutgers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1976_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament">East Regional Final</a>, and in 1977 VMI finished with 26 wins and just four losses, still a school record, and reached the "Sweet 16" round of the <a href="/wiki/1977_NCAA_Men%27s_Division_I_Basketball_Tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="1977 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament">NCAA tournament</a>. </p><p>The current VMI basketball team is led by head coach <a href="/wiki/Dan_Earl" title="Dan Earl">Dan Earl</a> and assistant coaches: Steve Enright and Austin Kenon. Tom Kiely is the director of Basketball Operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alumni">Alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Virginia_Military_Institute_alumni" title="List of Virginia Military Institute alumni">List of Virginia Military Institute alumni</a></div> <p>VMI's alumni include: former <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">governors of Virginia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Ralph Northam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Westmoreland Davis</a>); the 25th secretary of the Army (<a href="/wiki/Ryan_D._McCarthy" title="Ryan D. McCarthy">Ryan D. McCarthy</a>); a <a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">five-star general</a>, secretary of state, secretary of defense, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> recipient (<a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>); <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winners, 13 <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholars">Rhodes Scholars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> recipients, an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> winner, an <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy Award</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe">Golden Globe</a> winner, a martyr recognized by the Episcopal Church, senators and representatives, governors, lieutenant governors, a Supreme Court justice, numerous college and university presidents, many business leaders (presidents and CEOs) and over 285 general and flag officers, including service chiefs for three of the four armed services. </p><p>Two recent <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Engineers">chiefs of engineers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>, Lieutenant Generals <a href="/wiki/Carl_A._Strock" title="Carl A. Strock">Carl A. Strock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Flowers" title="Robert B. Flowers">Robert B. Flowers</a>, as well as Acting Chief of Engineers Major General <a href="/wiki/Merdith_W.B._Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Merdith W.B. Temple">"Bo" Temple</a>, were VMI Civil Engineering graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endowment">Endowment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Endowment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2007 study by the National Association of College and University Business Officers found that VMI's $343 million endowment was the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._colleges_and_universities_by_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. colleges and universities by endowment">per-student endowment</a> of any U.S. public college in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (May 2012)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 35.4 percent of the approximately 12,300 living alumni gave in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private support covers more than 31 percent of VMI's operating budget; state funds, 26 percent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Special:EditPage/Virginia Military Institute">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> starred in the films <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Rat" title="Brother Rat">Brother Rat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Rat_and_a_Baby" title="Brother Rat and a Baby">Brother Rat and a Baby</a></i>, which were filmed at VMI. Originally a Broadway hit, the play was written by <a href="/wiki/John_Monks_Jr." title="John Monks Jr.">John Monks Jr.</a> and Fred F. Finklehoffe, both 1932 graduates of VMI.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughn1994_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughn1994-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Both the <a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(novel)" title="Gods and Generals (novel)">novel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">film</a> <i>Gods and Generals</i> depict Stonewall Jackson teaching at VMI before Virginia secedes. The film also depicts Jackson's funeral at VMI.</li> <li>In 2014, the film <i><a href="/wiki/Field_of_Lost_Shoes" title="Field of Lost Shoes">Field of Lost Shoes</a></i> premiered in Richmond to the Corps of Cadets and the cast. The film depicts the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a> in 1864. VMI now owns and operates this historical battlefield museum and site.</li> <li>The VMI marching song is referenced and in part performed in the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Grey_Gardens" title="Grey Gardens">Grey Gardens</a></i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Defense_Force" title="Virginia Defense Force">Virginia Defense Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_National_Guard" title="Virginia National Guard">Virginia National Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=4294968550">"History of the VMI Coat of Arms, Motto, Seal & Spider Logo"</a>. <i>Virginia Military Institute</i>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Military+Institute&rft.atitle=History+of+the+VMI+Coat+of+Arms%2C+Motto%2C+Seal+%26+Spider+Logo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Farchives.aspx%3Fid%3D4294968550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As of June 30, 2022. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Documents/Research/2021-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--REVISED-FEBRUARY-18-2022.ashx">U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2021 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY20 to FY21</a> (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and <a href="/wiki/TIAA" title="TIAA">TIAA</a>. February 18, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=U.S.+and+Canadian+Institutions+Listed+by+Fiscal+Year+2021+Endowment+Market+Value+and+Change+in+Endowment+Market+Value+from+FY20+to+FY21&rft.pub=National+Association+of+College+and+University+Business+Officers+and+TIAA&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacubo.org%2F-%2Fmedia%2FDocuments%2FResearch%2F2021-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--REVISED-FEBRUARY-18-2022.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vmi.edu/news/headlines/2020-2021/maj-gen-cedric-wins-85-to-lead-virginia-military-institute.php">"Maj. Gen. Cedric Wins '85 to lead Virginia Military Institute"</a>. <i>www.vmi.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vmi.edu&rft.atitle=Maj.+Gen.+Cedric+Wins+%2785+to+lead+Virginia+Military+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Fnews%2Fheadlines%2F2020-2021%2Fmaj-gen-cedric-wins-85-to-lead-virginia-military-institute.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nces.ed.gov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nces.ed.gov_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nces.ed.gov_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Virginia+Military+Institute&s=all&id=234085">"College Navigator - Virginia Military Institute"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+Navigator+-+Virginia+Military+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnces.ed.gov%2Fcollegenavigator%2F%3Fq%3DVirginia%2BMilitary%2BInstitute%26s%3Dall%26id%3D234085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1479802">"Virginia Military Institute"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">United States Department of the Interior</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Virginia+Military+Institute&rft.btitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey%2C+United+States+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fsearch%2Fnames%2F1479802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/media/content-assets/documents/communications-and-marketing/VMIIdentityStandards2016.pdf"><i>VMI Visual Identity Standards Manual</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VMI+Visual+Identity+Standards+Manual&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Fmedia%2Fcontent-assets%2Fdocuments%2Fcommunications-and-marketing%2FVMIIdentityStandards2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vmi.edu/about/quick-facts/">"Virginia Military Institute: Quick Facts"</a>. <i>About Virginia Military Institute</i>. Lexington, VA: Virginia Military Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Virginia+Military+Institute&rft.atitle=Virginia+Military+Institute%3A+Quick+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Fabout%2Fquick-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313205555/http://www.vmi.edu/Show.asp?durki=454">"VMI Quick Facts"</a>. Vmi.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/show.asp?durki=454">the original</a> on March 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMI+Quick+Facts&rft.pub=Vmi.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Fshow.asp%3Fdurki%3D454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-strum-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strum_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strum_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-strum_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrum2004" class="citation book cs1">Strum, Philippa (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5WXYIOHviWYC"><i>Women in the Barracks: The VMI Case and Equal Rights</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1336-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1336-6"><bdi>978-0-7006-1336-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Barracks%3A+The+VMI+Case+and+Equal+Rights&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1336-6&rft.aulast=Strum&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5WXYIOHviWYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svu.edu/academics/programs/rotc/#:~:text=VMI's%20AROTC%20has%20produced%20more,a%20military%20commission%20upon%20graduation.">"VMI ROTC"</a>. svu.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMI+ROTC.&rft.pub=svu.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvu.edu%2Facademics%2Fprograms%2Frotc%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DVMI%27s%2520AROTC%2520has%2520produced%2520more%2Ca%2520military%2520commission%2520upon%2520graduation.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vmi.edu/academics/academic-program/rotc-requirement/">"VMI ROTC Requirement"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMI+ROTC+Requirement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Facademics%2Facademic-program%2Frotc-requirement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Virginia" title="Code of Virginia">Va. Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title2.2/section2.2-2100/">§ 2.2-2100</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Virginia" title="Code of Virginia">Va. Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title23/section23-92/">§ 23–92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-handbook-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-handbook_14-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vmi.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=10737420918&libID=10737420913">"Virginia Military Institute Faculty Handbook"</a>. January 2014. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virginia+Military+Institute+Faculty+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvmi.edu%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D10737420918%26libID%3D10737420913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Virginia" title="Code of Virginia">Va. Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title23/section23-99/">§ 23–99</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://register.dls.virginia.gov/details.aspx?id=3059">VA.R. Doc. No. R12-3076</a> (December 19, 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-by-laws-6-8-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-by-laws-6-8_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-by-laws-6-8_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Board of Visitors By-Laws § 6(8)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Virginia" title="Code of Virginia">Va. Code</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title23/section23-109/">§ 23-109</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWineman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wineman, Bradford (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4250312">"J.T.L. Preston and the Origins of the Virginia Military Institute, 1834–42"</a>. <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>114</b> (2): 246. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4250312">4250312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=J.T.L.+Preston+and+the+Origins+of+the+Virginia+Military+Institute%2C+1834%E2%80%9342&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=246&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4250312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wineman&rft.aufirst=Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4250312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrum2002" class="citation book cs1">Strum, Philippa (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=606QAAAAMAAJ&q=%22John+thomas+lewis+preston%22+lexington+attorney"><i>Women in the Barracks: The VMI Case and Equal Rights</i></a>. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700611645" title="Special:BookSources/9780700611645"><bdi>9780700611645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+the+Barracks%3A+The+VMI+Case+and+Equal+Rights&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780700611645&rft.aulast=Strum&rft.aufirst=Philippa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D606QAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522John%2Bthomas%2Blewis%2Bpreston%2522%2Blexington%2Battorney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://civilwar.vt.edu/john-thomas-lewis-preston-founder-of-vmi/">"John Thomas Lewis Preston: Founder of VMI – Virginia Center for Civil War Studies"</a>. <i>civilwar.vt.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=civilwar.vt.edu&rft.atitle=John+Thomas+Lewis+Preston%3A+Founder+of+VMI+%E2%80%93+Virginia+Center+for+Civil+War+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilwar.vt.edu%2Fjohn-thomas-lewis-preston-founder-of-vmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDdMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22franklin+society%22"><i>Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies, Volume 5</i></a>. Los Angeles, CA: University of Southern California. 1995. pp. 232, 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+California+Review+of+Law+and+Women%27s+Studies%2C+Volume+5&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pages=232%2C+235&rft.pub=University+of+Southern+California&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzDdMAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522franklin%2Bsociety%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouper1936" class="citation book cs1">Couper, William (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQESAAAAYAAJ&q=cives"><i>Claudius Crozet</i></a>. Palisades, NY: Historical Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 93, 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Claudius+Crozet&rft.place=Palisades%2C+NY&rft.pages=93%2C+100&rft.pub=Historical+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Couper&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQESAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dcives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2001" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Rod Jr. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVnhbt32r7AC&q=%22John+t+l+preston%22+%22alden+partridge%22&pg=PA12"><i>Long Gray Lines: The Southern Military School Tradition, 1839–1915</i></a>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-2610-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-2610-3"><bdi>0-8078-2610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Long+Gray+Lines%3A+The+Southern+Military+School+Tradition%2C+1839%E2%80%931915&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8078-2610-3&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Rod+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVnhbt32r7AC%26q%3D%2522John%2Bt%2Bl%2Bpreston%2522%2B%2522alden%2Bpartridge%2522%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarwell1992" class="citation book cs1">Farwell, Byron (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1uxvr9DXrBkC&q=%22governor%22+%22signed%22+%22virginia+military+institute%22+%221839%22&pg=PA87"><i>Stonewall: A Biography of General Thomas J. Jackson</i></a>. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31086-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31086-8"><bdi>0-393-31086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonewall%3A+A+Biography+of+General+Thomas+J.+Jackson&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-393-31086-8&rft.aulast=Farwell&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1uxvr9DXrBkC%26q%3D%2522governor%2522%2B%2522signed%2522%2B%2522virginia%2Bmilitary%2Binstitute%2522%2B%25221839%2522%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1989" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Robert F., and Edwin L. 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Lever Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">104–</span>105, <span class="nowrap">113–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fmpub.11675767">10.3998/mpub.11675767</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781643150178" title="Special:BookSources/9781643150178"><bdi>9781643150178</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226624379">226624379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engineering+Manhood%3A+Race+and+the+Antebellum+Virginia+Military+Institute&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E105%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=Lever+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226624379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11675767&rft.isbn=9781643150178&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Jonson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3998%2Fmpub.11675767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PjoUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22j+t+l+preston%22+hired+professor+1839&pg=RA3-PA27"><i>Governor's Message and Reports of the Public Officers of the State, of the Board of Directors, and of the Visitors, Superintendents, and Other Agents of Public Institutions or Interests of Virginia</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=VMI+Women+Reach+End+of+Rat+Line&rft.date=1998-03-17&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Flocal%2Flongterm%2Flibrary%2Fvmi%2Fvmi0317.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2020" class="citation pressrelease cs1">Wyatt, William (October 29, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vmi.edu/news/headlines/2020-2021/actions-of-the-vmi-board-of-visitors.php">"Actions of the VMI Board of Visitors"</a>. <i>Virginia Military Institute</i> (Press release). Lexington, Virginia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Actions+of+the+VMI+Board+of+Visitors&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Virginia&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Fnews%2Fheadlines%2F2020-2021%2Factions-of-the-vmi-board-of-visitors.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2020" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Greta (October 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/10/30/vmi-relocate-confederate-statue">"VMI to Relocate Confederate Statue"</a>. <i>Inside Higher Ed</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inside+Higher+Ed&rft.atitle=VMI+to+Relocate+Confederate+Statue&rft.date=2020-10-30&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Greta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidehighered.com%2Fquicktakes%2F2020%2F10%2F30%2Fvmi-relocate-confederate-statue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2020" class="citation news cs1">Shapira, Ian (September 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320184702/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/09/09/vmi-stonewall-jackson-statue/?hpid=hp_local1-8-12_vmi-305am%3Ahomepage%2Fstory-ans">"Retropolis: At VMI, Black alumni want Stonewall Jackson's statue removed. The school refuses"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2020/09/09/vmi-stonewall-jackson-statue/?hpid=hp_local1-8-12_vmi-305am%3Ahomepage%2Fstory-ans">the original</a> on March 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Retropolis%3A+At+VMI%2C+Black+alumni+want+Stonewall+Jackson%27s+statue+removed.+The+school+refuses.&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fhistory%2F2020%2F09%2F09%2Fvmi-stonewall-jackson-statue%2F%3Fhpid%3Dhp_local1-8-12_vmi-305am%253Ahomepage%252Fstory-ans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20200613RoanokeTimes-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-20200613RoanokeTimes_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-20200613RoanokeTimes_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitzel2020" class="citation news cs1">Mitzel, Claire (June 13, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220216030600/https://roanoke.com/news/virginia/vmi-black-alumni-speak-out-about-racism-demand-changes-amid-swell-of-racial-justice-protests/article_12dbae31-7cba-5b8a-b948-1b932b6c435b.html">"VMI black alumni speak out about racism, demand changes amid swell of racial justice protests"</a>. The Roanoke Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roanoke.com/news/virginia/vmi-black-alumni-speak-out-about-racism-demand-changes-amid-swell-of-racial-justice-protests/article_12dbae31-7cba-5b8a-b948-1b932b6c435b.html">the original</a> on February 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=VMI+black+alumni+speak+out+about+racism%2C+demand+changes+amid+swell+of+racial+justice+protests&rft.date=2020-06-13&rft.aulast=Mitzel&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froanoke.com%2Fnews%2Fvirginia%2Fvmi-black-alumni-speak-out-about-racism-demand-changes-amid-swell-of-racial-justice-protests%2Farticle_12dbae31-7cba-5b8a-b948-1b932b6c435b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Racism-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020Racism_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Racism_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Racism_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020Racism_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2020" class="citation news cs1">Shapira, Ian (October 17, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018082655/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/at-vmi-black-cadets-endure-lynching-threats-klan-memories-and-confederacy-veneration/2020/10/17/3bf53cec-0671-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html">"At VMI, Black cadets endure lynching threats, Klan memories and Confederacy veneration"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/at-vmi-black-cadets-endure-lynching-threats-klan-memories-and-confederacy-veneration/2020/10/17/3bf53cec-0671-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html">the original</a> on October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=At+VMI%2C+Black+cadets+endure+lynching+threats%2C+Klan+memories+and+Confederacy+veneration&rft.date=2020-10-17&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fat-vmi-black-cadets-endure-lynching-threats-klan-memories-and-confederacy-veneration%2F2020%2F10%2F17%2F3bf53cec-0671-11eb-859b-f9c27abe638d_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70312115/prove-ordered-eacism-vmi/">"Probe ordered of VMI after Post's report on racist incidents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_News_Leader" title="The News Leader">The News Leader</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia" title="Staunton, Virginia">Staunton, Virginia</a>)</i>. October 21, 2020. p. A4 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Leader+%28Staunton%2C+Virginia%29&rft.atitle=Probe+ordered+of+VMI+after+Post%27s+report+on+racist+incidents&rft.pages=A4&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F70312115%2Fprove-ordered-eacism-vmi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McLaughlin_2020-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_2020_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_2020_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McLaughlin_2020_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2020" class="citation news cs1">McLaughlin, Eliott C. (October 21, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/26/us/vmi-superintendent-resign/index.html">"After cadets allege racism in news reports, state orders review of Virginia Military Institute's culture"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+cadets+allege+racism+in+news+reports%2C+state+orders+review+of+Virginia+Military+Institute%27s+culture&rft.date=2020-10-21&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Eliott+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2Fus%2Fvmi-superintendent-resign%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wpost-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wpost_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wpost_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2020" class="citation news cs1">Shapira, Ian (October 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026220640/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/vmi-peay-resignation/2020/10/26/5448f010-1790-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html">"VMI superintendent resigns after Black cadets describe relentless racism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/vmi-peay-resignation/2020/10/26/5448f010-1790-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html">the original</a> on October 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=VMI+superintendent+resigns+after+Black+cadets+describe+relentless+racism&rft.date=2020-10-26&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fvmi-peay-resignation%2F2020%2F10%2F26%2F5448f010-1790-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-resigns-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-resigns_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2020" class="citation news cs1">Mitchell, Ellen (October 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/defense/522758-virginia-military-institute-superintendent-resigns-after-allegations-of-racism">"Virginia Military Institute superintendent resigns after allegations of racism surface"</a>. <i>The Hill</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89789-491-3"><bdi>978-0-89789-491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wives+and+Warriors%3A+Women+and+the+Military+in+the+United+States+and+Canada&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-89789-491-3&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Laurie+Lee&rft.au=Christie+C.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_DyxnheEf-sC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=7689">"Cadet Life: Class Rings and Ring Figure The History of a VMI Tradition"</a>. Virginia Military Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cadet+Life%3A+Class+Rings+and+Ring+Figure+The+History+of+a+VMI+Tradition&rft.pub=Virginia+Military+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Farchives.aspx%3Fid%3D7689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CouperGibson2005-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CouperGibson2005_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouperKeith_E._Gibson2005" class="citation book cs1">Couper, William; Keith E. Gibson (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAcpq2iXPT4C&pg=PR5"><i>The Corps Forward: The Biographical Sketches of the VMI Cadets who Fought in the Battle of New Market</i></a>. Mariner Companies, Inc. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9768238-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9768238-2-7"><bdi>978-0-9768238-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Corps+Forward%3A+The+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+VMI+Cadets+who+Fought+in+the+Battle+of+New+Market&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Mariner+Companies%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9768238-2-7&rft.aulast=Couper&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Keith+E.+Gibson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAcpq2iXPT4C%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACLU_Prayer_Case-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACLU_Prayer_Case_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/religion-belief/aclu-files-lawsuit-stop-coerced-prayers-virginia-military-institute">"ACLU Files Lawsuit to Stop Coerced Prayers at Virginia Military Institute"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACLU+Files+Lawsuit+to+Stop+Coerced+Prayers+at+Virginia+Military+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aclu.org%2Freligion-belief%2Faclu-files-lawsuit-stop-coerced-prayers-virginia-military-institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Josiah Bunting, III, and J. H. Binford Peay, III, Superintendent, Virginia Military Institute v. Neil J. Mellen and Paul S. Knick</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wid.ap.org/documents/scotus/040426bunting.pdf">03–863 Stevens, J.</a>, (p. 1) (Supreme Court of the United States April 26, 2004) ("In sum, we have before us in this petition a constitutional issue of considerable consequence on which the Courts of Appeals are in disagreement.").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050918204805/http://atheism.about.com/b/a/058032.htm">"ACLU Defends Prayer Ban at VMI"</a>. Atheism.about.com. January 16, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atheism.about.com/b/a/058032.htm">the original</a> on September 18, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACLU+Defends+Prayer+Ban+at+VMI&rft.pub=Atheism.about.com&rft.date=2004-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fatheism.about.com%2Fb%2Fa%2F058032.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGough2004" class="citation news cs1">McGough, Michael (April 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/04118/307182.stm">"Supreme Court justices in sharp exchange over refusal to hear VMI prayer case"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+justices+in+sharp+exchange+over+refusal+to+hear+VMI+prayer+case&rft.date=2004-04-27&rft.aulast=McGough&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F04118%2F307182.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/show.asp?durki=4084&site=11&return=212">"Virginia Military Institute – Page Not Found"</a>. <i>vmi.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vmi.edu&rft.atitle=Virginia+Military+Institute+%E2%80%93+Page+Not+Found&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Fshow.asp%3Fdurki%3D4084%26site%3D11%26return%3D212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite uses generic title (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=5471">"John B. Strange, Class of 1842. The First Sentinel"</a>. Vmi.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+B.+Strange%2C+Class+of+1842.+The+First+Sentinel&rft.pub=Vmi.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Farchives.aspx%3Fid%3D5471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_106-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=7251">"VMI History FAQ"</a>. Vmi.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMI+History+FAQ&rft.pub=Vmi.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Farchives.aspx%3Fid%3D7251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/archives.aspx?id=4294973008">"VMIhonor"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMIhonor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2Farchives.aspx%3Fid%3D4294973008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittum1997" class="citation news cs1">Chittum, Matt (March 9, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120909021555/http://www.roanoke.com/roatimes/vmi/vmihonor.html">"The honor code is 'simple and all-encompassing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Roanoke Times</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Kappa+Alpha+Heritage&rft.pub=Kappa+Alpha+Order&rft.aulast=Shelton&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kappaalphaorder.org%2Fresources%2Fvarlet_materials%2Fvarlet_kaheritage.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140821203757/http://www.kappaalphaorder.org/commissions/beta-commission">"Beta Commission"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2014</span>. <q>Our Commission system allows for men to be elected and initiated into Kappa Alpha Order if they are graduating seniors, graduates, faculty, staff or administrators.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beta+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kappaalphaorder.org%2Fcommissions%2Fbeta-commission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americaeast.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=14000&ATCLID=211360653">"Men's Swimming & Diving to Return as Championship Sport; VMI Joins as Associate Member"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thestate.com&rft.atitle=Columbia%2C+SC+Breaking+News%2C+Sports%2C+Weather+%26+More+%E2%80%93+TheState.com+%26+The+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestate.com%2Fmld%2Fthestate%2Fsports%2Fcolleges%2F14284019.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmikeydets.com/section_front.asp?arttypeid=513">VMI Athletic History – A Brief Look</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426082616/http://www.vmikeydets.com/section_front.asp?arttypeid=513">Archived</a> April 26, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (August 9, 2002). VMI web site.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLassus,_David" class="citation web cs1">DeLassus, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002050631/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/bigsouth/virginia_military_institute/yearly_results.php?year=1873">"Virginia Military Institute Yearly Results: 1873"</a>. <i>College Football Data Warehouse</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/bigsouth/virginia_military_institute/yearly_results.php?year=1873">the original</a> on October 2, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+Football+Data+Warehouse&rft.atitle=Virginia+Military+Institute+Yearly+Results%3A+1873&rft.au=DeLassus%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfbdatawarehouse.com%2Fdata%2Fdiv_iaa%2Fbigsouth%2Fvirginia_military_institute%2Fyearly_results.php%3Fyear%3D1873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLassus,_David" class="citation web cs1">DeLassus, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231020447/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/div_iaa/bigsouth/virginia_military_institute/coaching_records.php">"Virginia Military Institute Coaching Records"</a>. <i>College Football Data Warehouse</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+Football+Data+Warehouse&rft.atitle=Virginia+Military+Institute+Coaching+Records&rft.au=DeLassus%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfbdatawarehouse.com%2Fdata%2Fdiv_iaa%2Fbigsouth%2Fvirginia_military_institute%2Fcoaching_records.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214180232/http://vmikeydets.com/article.asp?articleid=90260">"VMI News Release on Hiring"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmikeydets.com/article.asp?articleid=90260">the original</a> on February 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMI+News+Release+on+Hiring&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmikeydets.com%2Farticle.asp%3Farticleid%3D90260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Randy2012" class="citation news cs1">King, Randy (September 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029151720/http://www.roanoke.com/sports/college/wb/314296">"Keydets hope to upset, get first win against Navy"</a>. <i>The Roanoke Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roanoke.com/sports/college/wb/314296">the original</a> on October 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Roanoke+Times&rft.atitle=Keydets+hope+to+upset%2C+get+first+win+against+Navy&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft.au=King%2C+Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roanoke.com%2Fsports%2Fcollege%2Fwb%2F314296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=13419">"Stars Shine in Run-up to Commencement"</a>. <i>The Institute Report</i>. <b>XXXI</b> (7): 1 & 14. April 16, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+Report&rft.atitle=Stars+Shine+in+Run-up+to+Commencement&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1+%26+14&rft.date=2004-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2FWorkArea%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D13419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015132257/http://www.vmikeydets.com/section_front.asp?arttypeid=509">"VMI Athletics and the VMI Keydet Club Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmikeydets.com/section_front.asp?arttypeid=509">the original</a> on October 15, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 20,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VMI+Athletics+and+the+VMI+Keydet+Club+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmikeydets.com%2Fsection_front.asp%3Farttypeid%3D509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229055632/http://www.nacubo.org/documents/research/NES2008PublicTable-AllInstitutionsByFY08MarketValue.pdf">"All Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2008 Market Value of Endowment Assets with Percentage Change Between 2007 and 2008 Endowment Assets"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2008 NACUBO Endowment Study</i>. National Association of College and University Business Officers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nacubo.org/documents/research/NES2008PublicTable-AllInstitutionsByFY08MarketValue.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 29, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2008+NACUBO+Endowment+Study&rft.atitle=All+Institutions+Listed+by+Fiscal+Year+2008+Market+Value+of+Endowment+Assets+with+Percentage+Change+Between+2007+and+2008+Endowment+Assets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nacubo.org%2Fdocuments%2Fresearch%2FNES2008PublicTable-AllInstitutionsByFY08MarketValue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelliveau2007" class="citation journal cs1">Belliveau, Scott (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmi.edu/WorkArea//DownloadAsset.aspx%3Fid%3D13193&rct=j&sa=U&ei=AzjQTJvmCdjhnQfqgN2NBg&ved=0CCwQFjAI&q=Alumni+giving+in+2007+site:vmi.edu&usg=AFQjCNGIZcvh_xVYSdPSPj8pjwABCbYixw&cad=rja">"Foundation Fund: Business as Usual"</a>. <i>The Institute Report</i>. <b>XXXIV</b> (7): 6<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+Report&rft.atitle=Foundation+Fund%3A+Business+as+Usual&rft.volume=XXXIV&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2007-06&rft.aulast=Belliveau&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmi.edu%2FWorkArea%2F%2FDownloadAsset.aspx%253Fid%253D13193%26rct%3Dj%26sa%3DU%26ei%3DAzjQTJvmCdjhnQfqgN2NBg%26ved%3D0CCwQFjAI%26q%3DAlumni%2Bgiving%2Bin%2B2007%2Bsite%3Avmi.edu%26usg%3DAFQjCNGIZcvh_xVYSdPSPj8pjwABCbYixw%26cad%3Drja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaughn1994-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vaughn1994_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughn1994" class="citation book cs1">Vaughn, Stephen (January 28, 1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ronaldreaganinho0000vaug"><i>Ronald Reagan in Hollywood: Movies and Politics</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ronaldreaganinho0000vaug/page/96">96</a>–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44080-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44080-6"><bdi>978-0-521-44080-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ronald+Reagan+in+Hollywood%3A+Movies+and+Politics&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994-01-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44080-6&rft.aulast=Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fronaldreaganinho0000vaug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVirginia+Military+Institute" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrew, Rod, Jr. (2001). <i>Long Gray Lines: The Southern Military School Tradition, 1839–1915</i>. University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>Brodie, Laura Fairchild (2000). <i>Breaking Out: VMI and the Coming of Women</i>. New York: Vintage.</li> <li>Couper, William (1939). <i>One Hundred Years at V.M.I,</i> Volumes One to Four<i>.</i> Richmond, VA: Garrett and Massie.</li> <li>Davis, Thomas W., ed. (1988). <i>A Crowd of Honorable Youths: Historical Essays on the First 150 Years of the Virginia Military Institute</i>. Lexington, VA: VMI Sesquicentennial Committee.</li> <li>Green, Jennifer R. (2008). <i>Military Education and the Emerging Middle Class in the Old South</i>. Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Miller, Jonson (2020). <i><a href="//doi.org/10.3998/mpub.11675767" class="extiw" title="doi:10.3998/mpub.11675767">Engineering Manhood: Race and the Antebellum Virginia Military Institute</a></i>. Lever Press.</li> <li>Pancake, John, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/25/AR2008112502112.html"><i>Virginia Reveres Civil War Bravery</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li> <li>Strum, Philippa (2002). <i>Women in the Barracks: The VMI Case and Equal Rights</i>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.</li> <li>Wineman, Bradford (2006). "J.T.L. Preston and the Origins of the Virginia Military Institute, 1834–1842." <i>Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i> 114, no. 2: 226–261.</li> <li>Wise, Henry A. (1978). <i>Drawing Out the Man: The VMI Story</i>. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.</li> <li>Wise, Jennings C. (1915). <i>The Military History of the Virginia Military Institute, from 1839–1865</i>. Lynchburg, VA: J. P. Bell.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schev.edu/docs/default-source/documents/vmi-special-investigation-team-final-reporta8b3c750bece61aeb256ff000079de01.pdf">MARCHING TOWARD INCLUSIVE EXCELLENCE: AN EQUITY AUDIT AND INVESTIGATION OF THE VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926162509/https://schev.edu/docs/default-source/documents/vmi-special-investigation-team-final-reporta8b3c750bece61aeb256ff000079de01.pdf">Archived</a> September 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2021), report by law firm <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Thornburg" title="Barnes & Thornburg">Barnes & Thornburg</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/for-first-time-in-vmis-181-year-history-a-woman-will-hold-the-highest-ranking/article_9d71f815-968b-5245-98f3-d431a41b7247.amp.html">https://richmond.com/news/state-and-regional/for-first-time-in-vmis-181-year-history-a-woman-will-hold-the-highest-ranking/article_9d71f815-968b-5245-98f3-d431a41b7247.amp.html</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Military_Institute&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="color:#FFFFFF">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_football" title="VMI Keydets football">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_basketball" title="VMI Keydets basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_baseball" title="VMI Keydets baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_men%27s_soccer" title="VMI Keydets men's soccer">Men's Soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_wrestling" title="VMI Keydets wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Hall_(arena)" title="Cameron Hall (arena)">Cameron Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormack_Field_House" title="Cormack Field House">Cormack Field House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%E2%80%93Minor_Stadium" title="Gray–Minor Stadium">Gray–Minor Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patchin_Field" title="Patchin Field">Patchin Field</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#AE122A;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD619, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD619;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Campus</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Campus">VMI Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barracks,_Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Barracks, Virginia Military Institute">Barracks</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#AE122A;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FFD619, inset -2px -2px 0 #FFD619;;width:1%"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFFFFF">Life</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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Virginia">United States v. 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style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operational_military_installations_in_Virginia9151" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VAMilitary" title="Template:VAMilitary"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VAMilitary" title="Template talk:VAMilitary"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VAMilitary" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VAMilitary"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operational_military_installations_in_Virginia9151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operational <a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">military installations</a> in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Headquarters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Activity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Peary" title="Camp Peary">Camp Peary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenton_Training_Center" title="Warrenton Training Center">Warrenton Training Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">School</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Forces_Staff_College" title="Joint Forces Staff College">Joint Forces Staff College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Virginia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/85px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/128px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/170px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Fort</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Belvoir" title="Fort Belvoir">Fort Belvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Eustis" title="Fort Eustis">Fort Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gregg-Adams" title="Fort Gregg-Adams">Fort Gregg-Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Myer" title="Fort Myer">Fort Myer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walker" title="Fort Walker">Fort Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Airfield</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davison_Army_Airfield" title="Davison Army Airfield">Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.P._Hill_Army_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P. Hill Army Airfield">A.P. Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_Army_Airfield" title="Blackstone Army Airfield">Blackstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radford_Army_Ammunition_Plant" title="Radford Army Ammunition Plant">Radford Army Ammunition Plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Station</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Air_Facility_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico">Marine Corps Air Facility Quantico</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Base_Quantico" title="Marine Corps Base Quantico">Marine Corps Base Quantico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Hall_(Arlington,_Virginia)" title="Henderson Hall (Arlington, Virginia)">Henderson Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Camp</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Camp_Allen" title="Camp Allen">Camp Allen</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Station</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk" title="Naval Station Norfolk">Naval Station Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Weapons_Station_Yorktown" title="Naval Weapons Station Yorktown">Naval Weapons Station Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheatham_Annex" title="Cheatham Annex">Cheatham Annex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert%27s_Point_Deperming_Station" title="Lambert's Point Deperming Station">Lambert's Point Deperming Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_base" title="Military base">Base</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Amphibious_Base_Little_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek">Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Electronic_Warfare_Center" title="Fleet Electronic Warfare Center">Fleet Electronic Warfare Center (FEWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Base_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Expeditionary Base East">Joint Expeditionary Base East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Shipyard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Naval_Shipyard" title="Norfolk Naval Shipyard">Norfolk Naval Shipyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_air_station" title="Naval air station">Naval Air Station</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana" title="Naval Air Station Oceana">NAS Oceana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_Outlying_Landing_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Outlying Landing Field">Auxiliary Landing Field</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Auxiliary_Landing_Field_Fentress" title="Naval Auxiliary Landing Field Fentress">NALF Fentress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Medical Center</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Center_Portsmouth" title="Naval Medical Center Portsmouth">Naval Medical Center Portsmouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">School</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Training_Support_Center_Hampton_Roads" title="Training Support Center Hampton Roads">Training Support Center Hampton Roads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_airbase" class="mw-redirect" title="Military airbase">Air base</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Langley%E2%80%93Eustis" title="Joint Base Langley–Eustis">Joint Base Langley–Eustis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Langley Field">Langley Field</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Army_National_Guard" title="Virginia Army National Guard">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Barfoot" title="Fort Barfoot">Fort Barfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Pendleton_(Virginia)" title="Camp Pendleton (Virginia)">Camp Pendleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Air_National_Guard" title="Virginia Air National Guard">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Langley_Air_Force_Base" title="Langley Air Force Base">Langley Air Force Base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Defense_Force" title="Virginia Defense Force">State Reserve</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="Old City Hall (Richmond, Virginia)">Old City Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">School</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia Military Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Coast Guard Sector">Sector</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Hampton Roads</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Coast_Guard_stations" title="List of United States Coast Guard stations">Station</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Little Creek</li> <li>Cape Charles</li> <li>Milford Haven</li> <li>Chincoteague</li> <li>Portsmouth</li> <li>Wachapreague</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">School</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Training_Center_Yorktown" class="mw-redirect" title="Training Center Yorktown">Training Center Yorktown</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="Template:Colleges and universities in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Colleges and universities in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colleges and universities in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">Colleges and universities in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport_University" title="Christopher Newport University">Christopher Newport University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Medical_School" title="Eastern Virginia Medical School">Eastern Virginia Medical School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_University" title="James Madison University">James Madison University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Forces_Staff_College" title="Joint Forces Staff College">Joint Forces Staff College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_University" title="Longwood University">Longwood University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_University" title="Marine Corps University">Marine Corps University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_State_University" title="Norfolk State University">Norfolk State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_University" title="Old Dominion University">Old Dominion University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radford_University" title="Radford University">Radford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_College" title="Richard Bland College">Richard Bland College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mary_Washington" title="University of Mary Washington">University of Mary Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia%27s_College_at_Wise" title="University of Virginia's College at Wise">University of Virginia's College at Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University" title="Virginia Commonwealth University">Virginia Commonwealth University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Community_College_System" title="Virginia Community College System">Virginia Community College System</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech" title="Virginia Tech">Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia%E2%80%93Maryland_College_of_Veterinary_Medicine" title="Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine">Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_College_of_Pharmacy" title="Appalachian College of Pharmacy">Appalachian College of Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_School_of_Law" title="Appalachian School of Law">Appalachian School of Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_University" title="Atlantic University">Atlantic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averett_University" title="Averett University">Averett University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefield_University" title="Bluefield University">Bluefield University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_Secours_Memorial_College_of_Nursing" title="Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing">Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_College" title="Bridgewater College">Bridgewater College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christendom_College" title="Christendom College">Christendom College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVry_University" title="DeVry University">DeVry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Mercy_University" title="Divine Mercy University">Divine Mercy University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mennonite_University" title="Eastern Mennonite University">Eastern Mennonite University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECPI_University" title="ECPI University">ECPI University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Via_College_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine">Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_and_Henry_University" title="Emory and Henry University">Emory and Henry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrum_College" title="Ferrum College">Ferrum College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampden%E2%80%93Sydney_College" title="Hampden–Sydney College">Hampden–Sydney College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_University" title="Hampton University">Hampton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartland_Institute" title="Hartland Institute">Hartland College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollins_University" title="Hollins University">Hollins University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_College_of_Health_Sciences" title="Jefferson College of Health Sciences">Jefferson College of Health Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leland_Center_for_Theological_Studies" title="John Leland Center for Theological Studies">John Leland Center for Theological Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">Liberty University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lynchburg" title="University of Lynchburg">University of Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baldwin_University" title="Mary Baldwin University">Mary Baldwin University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marymount_University" title="Marymount University">Marymount University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_College" title="Patrick Henry College">Patrick Henry College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_College" title="Randolph College">Randolph College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph%E2%80%93Macon_College" title="Randolph–Macon College">Randolph–Macon College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_College" title="Roanoke College">Roanoke College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_University" title="Shenandoah University">Shenandoah University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Virginia_University" title="Southern Virginia University">Southern Virginia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Briar_College" title="Sweet Briar College">Sweet Briar College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Presbyterian_Seminary" title="Union Presbyterian Seminary">Union Presbyterian Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Management_and_Technology_(Virginia)" title="University of Management and Technology (Virginia)">University of Management and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Potomac" title="University of the Potomac">University of the Potomac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Richmond" title="University of Richmond">University of Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Theological_Seminary" title="Virginia Theological Seminary">Virginia Theological Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Union_University" title="Virginia Union University">Virginia Union University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_University_of_Lynchburg" title="Virginia University of Lynchburg">Virginia University of Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Wesleyan_University" title="Virginia Wesleyan University">Virginia Wesleyan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Washington" title="Art Institute of Washington">Art Institute of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Theological_Seminary_at_Richmond" title="Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond">Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackstone_College_for_Girls" title="Blackstone College for Girls">Blackstone College for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordoba_University" title="Cordoba University">Cordoba University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_College_(Virginia)" title="Eastern College (Virginia)">Eastern College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_College_(Virginia)" title="Elizabeth College (Virginia)">Elizabeth College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_University_of_America" title="Fairfax University of America">Fairfax University of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauquier_Institute" title="Fauquier Institute">Fauquier Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_College" title="Frederick College">Frederick College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_College" title="Gibbs College">Gibbs College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_College_(Virginia)" title="Marion College (Virginia)">Marion College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_Professional_Institute" title="Richmond Professional Institute">Richmond Professional Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s_College_(Virginia)" title="Saint Paul's College (Virginia)">Saint Paul's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_University" title="Stratford University">Stratford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullins_College" title="Sullins College">Sullins College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Virginia" title="University of Northern Virginia">University of Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Intermont_College" title="Virginia Intermont College">Virginia Intermont College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westwood_College" title="Westwood College">Westwood College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colleges_and_universities_in_Virginia" title="List of colleges and universities in Virginia">Complete list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States622" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: #ffffff">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: #ffffff">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: #ffffff">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States622" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Military_Colleges_and_Schools_of_the_United_States" title="Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States"><span style="color: #ffffff;">Association of Military Colleges and Schools of the United States</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senior_Military_College" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senior Military College"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Senior military colleges</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Citadel" title="The Citadel">The Citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets">Texas A&M University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Georgia" title="University of North Georgia">University of North Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Virginia Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_Corps_of_Cadets" title="Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets">Virginia Tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University" title="Norwich University">Norwich University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Women%27s_Institute_for_Leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership">Virginia Women's Institute for Leadership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_junior_college" title="Military junior college"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Military junior colleges</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Military_College" title="Georgia Military College">Georgia Military College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Military_Institute" title="Marion Military Institute">Marion Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Military_Institute" title="New Mexico Military Institute">New Mexico Military Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Military_Academy_and_College" title="Valley Forge Military Academy and College">Valley Forge Military Academy and College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="color: #ffffff; background-color: #003c7a; text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Preparatory schools</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Farragut_Academy" title="Admiral Farragut Academy">Admiral Farragut Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Military_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Military Academy (page does not exist)">American Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_and_Navy_Academy" title="Army and Navy Academy">Army and Navy Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictine_College_Preparatory" title="Benedictine College Preparatory">Benedictine College Preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camden_Military_Academy" title="Camden Military Academy">Camden Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Long_Military_Academy" title="Carson Long Military Academy">Carson Long Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culver_Academies" title="Culver Academies">Culver Academies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishburne_Military_School" title="Fishburne Military School">Fishburne Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Preparatory_Academy" title="Florida Preparatory Academy">Florida Preparatory Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_Union_Military_Academy" title="Fork Union Military Academy">Fork Union Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargrave_Military_Academy" title="Hargrave Military Academy">Hargrave Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Ward_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyman Ward Military Academy">Lyman Ward Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Military_Academy" title="Marine Military Academy">Marine Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massanutten_Military_Academy" title="Massanutten Military Academy">Massanutten Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Military_Academy" title="Missouri Military Academy">Missouri Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Military_Academy" title="New York Military Academy">New York Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_Military_Academy" title="Oak Ridge Military Academy">Oak Ridge Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph-Macon_Academy" title="Randolph-Macon Academy">Randolph-Macon Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Military_Academy" title="Riverside Military Academy">Riverside Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Academy" title="Saint Thomas Academy">Saint Thomas Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Academy" title="St. Catherine's Academy">St. Catherine's Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Northwestern_Military_Academy" title="St. John's Northwestern Military Academy">St. John's Northwestern Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TMI_%E2%80%94_The_Episcopal_School_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="TMI — The Episcopal School of Texas">Texas Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Land_Academy" title="Robert Land Academy">Robert Land Academy (Canada)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Southern_Conference229" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#001489;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DA291C, inset -2px -2px 0 #DA291C;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Southern Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southern_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Southern Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southern_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southern Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Southern_Conference229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Conference" title="Southern Conference"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Southern Conference</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#001489;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DA291C, inset -2px -2px 0 #DA291C;;width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Mocs" title="Chattanooga Mocs">Chattanooga Mocs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Citadel_Bulldogs" title="The Citadel Bulldogs">The Citadel Bulldogs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_Buccaneers" title="East Tennessee State Buccaneers">East Tennessee State Buccaneers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Furman_Paladins" title="Furman Paladins">Furman Paladins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mercer_Bears" title="Mercer Bears">Mercer Bears</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samford_Bulldogs" title="Samford Bulldogs">Samford Bulldogs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UNC_Greensboro_Spartans" title="UNC Greensboro Spartans">UNC Greensboro Spartans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets" title="VMI Keydets">VMI Keydets</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Carolina_Catamounts" title="Western Carolina Catamounts">Western Carolina Catamounts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wofford_Terriers" title="Wofford Terriers">Wofford Terriers</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#001489;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DA291C, inset -2px -2px 0 #DA291C;;width:1%">Men's wrestling associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_State_Mountaineers_wrestling" title="Appalachian State Mountaineers wrestling">Appalachian State Mountaineers</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bellarmine_Knights" title="Bellarmine Knights">Bellarmine Knights</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Fighting_Camels_wrestling" title="Campbell Fighting Camels wrestling">Campbell Fighting Camels</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davidson_Wildcats_wrestling" title="Davidson Wildcats wrestling">Davidson Wildcats</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Webb_Runnin%27_Bulldogs" title="Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs">Gardner–Webb Runnin' Bulldogs</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Blue_Hose" title="Presbyterian Blue Hose">Presbyterian Blue Hose</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#001489;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DA291C, inset -2px -2px 0 #DA291C;;width:1%">Rifle associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Southern_Eagles" title="Georgia Southern Eagles">Georgia Southern Eagles</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_Georgia_Nighthawks" title="North Georgia Nighthawks">North Georgia Nighthawks</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UAB_Blazers" title="UAB Blazers">UAB Blazers</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#001489;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DA291C, inset -2px -2px 0 #DA291C;;width:1%">Former members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Southern_Conference_members" title="List of former Southern Conference members">Former Southern Conference members</a> (30+ schools)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#001489;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #DA291C, inset -2px -2px 0 #DA291C;;width:1%">Championships & awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Conference_Hall_of_Fame" title="Southern Conference Hall of Fame">Southern Conference Hall of Fame</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="America_East_Conference277" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#201646;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF4438, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF4438;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:America_East_Conference_navbox" title="Template:America East Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:America_East_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:America East Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:America_East_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:America East Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="America_East_Conference277" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference" title="America East Conference"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">America East Conference</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#201646;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF4438, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF4438;;width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes" title="Albany Great Danes">Albany Great Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton_Bearcats" title="Binghamton Bearcats">Binghamton Bearcats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Bulldogs" title="Bryant Bulldogs">Bryant Bulldogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Black_Bears" title="Maine Black Bears">Maine Black Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats" title="New Hampshire Wildcats">New Hampshire Wildcats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NJIT_Highlanders" title="NJIT Highlanders">NJIT Highlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMass_Lowell_River_Hawks" title="UMass Lowell River Hawks">UMass Lowell River Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMBC_Retrievers" title="UMBC Retrievers">UMBC Retrievers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts" title="Vermont Catamounts">Vermont Catamounts</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:America_East_Conference_logo_2024.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/America_East_Conference_logo_2024.svg/100px-America_East_Conference_logo_2024.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/America_East_Conference_logo_2024.svg/150px-America_East_Conference_logo_2024.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/America_East_Conference_logo_2024.svg/200px-America_East_Conference_logo_2024.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#201646;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF4438, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF4438;;width:1%">Associate members (field hockey)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UC_Davis_Aggies" title="UC Davis Aggies">UC Davis Aggies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#201646;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF4438, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF4438;;width:1%">Associate members (swimming & diving)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets" title="VMI Keydets">VMI Keydets</a> (men's and women's)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#201646;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #FF4438, inset -2px -2px 0 #FF4438;;width:1%">Championships & awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_America_East_Conference_champions" title="List of America East Conference champions">Conference champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference_baseball_tournament" title="America East Conference baseball tournament">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="America East Conference men's basketball tournament">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="America East Conference women's basketball tournament">Women's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference_men%27s_soccer_tournament" class="mw-redirect" title="America East Conference men's soccer tournament">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference_women%27s_soccer_tournament" title="America East Conference women's soccer tournament">Women's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_East_Conference_softball_tournament" title="America East Conference softball tournament">Softball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference269" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#004FA3;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E03A3E, inset -2px -2px 0 #E03A3E;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_navbox" title="Template:Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_navbox" title="Template talk:Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference269" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004FA3;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E03A3E, inset -2px -2px 0 #E03A3E;;width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canisius_Golden_Griffins" title="Canisius Golden Griffins">Canisius Golden Griffins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_Stags" title="Fairfield Stags">Fairfield Stags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Gaels" title="Iona Gaels">Iona Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Jaspers" title="Manhattan Jaspers">Manhattan Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes" title="Marist Red Foxes">Marist Red Foxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrimack_Warriors" title="Merrimack Warriors">Merrimack Warriors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Mary%27s_Mountaineers" title="Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers">Mount St. Mary's Mountaineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Purple_Eagles" title="Niagara Purple Eagles">Niagara Purple Eagles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinnipiac_Bobcats" title="Quinnipiac Bobcats">Quinnipiac Bobcats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_Broncs" title="Rider Broncs">Rider Broncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers" title="Sacred Heart Pioneers">Sacred Heart Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_Peacocks" title="Saint Peter's Peacocks">Saint Peter's Peacocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siena_Saints" title="Siena Saints">Siena Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004FA3;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E03A3E, inset -2px -2px 0 #E03A3E;;width:1%">Women's golf associate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Great_Danes" title="Albany Great Danes">Albany Great Danes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004FA3;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E03A3E, inset -2px -2px 0 #E03A3E;;width:1%">Rowing associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drake_Bulldogs" title="Drake Bulldogs">Drake Bulldogs</a> (women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville_Dolphins" title="Jacksonville Dolphins">Jacksonville Dolphins</a> (men & women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_Colonials" title="Robert Morris Colonials">Robert Morris Colonials</a> (women)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stetson_Hatters" title="Stetson Hatters">Stetson Hatters</a> (women)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004FA3;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E03A3E, inset -2px -2px 0 #E03A3E;;width:1%">Women's water polo associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Explorers" title="La Salle Explorers">La Salle Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LIU_Sharks" title="LIU Sharks">LIU Sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanova_Wildcats" title="Villanova Wildcats">Villanova Wildcats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets" title="VMI Keydets">VMI Keydets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Seahawks" title="Wagner Seahawks">Wagner Seahawks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#004FA3;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #E03A3E, inset -2px -2px 0 #E03A3E;;width:1%">Championships and awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_baseball_tournament" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference baseball tournament">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAAC_men%27s_basketball_tournament" title="MAAC men's basketball tournament">Men's basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAAC_women%27s_basketball_tournament" title="MAAC women's basketball tournament">Women's basketball</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Player_of_the_Year" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Player of the Year">Player of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Coach_of_the_Year" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Coach of the Year">Coach of the Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Rookie_of_the_Year" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Rookie of the Year">Rookie of the Year</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Atlantic_Athletic_Conference_men%27s_ice_hockey_tournament" title="Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference men's ice hockey tournament">Men's ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAAC_men%27s_soccer_tournament" title="MAAC men's soccer tournament">Men's soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAAC_women%27s_soccer_tournament" title="MAAC women's soccer tournament">Women's soccer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stonewall_Jackson1926" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stonewall" title="Template:Stonewall"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stonewall" title="Template talk:Stonewall"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stonewall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stonewall"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonewall_Jackson1926" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leadership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Instructor, Virginia Military Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia militia">Colonel, Virginia Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Brigade" title="Stonewall Brigade">Stonewall Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Corps,_Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Second Corps, Army of Northern Virginia">Second Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonewall_Jackson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stonewall Jackson"><img alt="Stonewall Jackson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stonewall_Jackson.jpg/100px-Stonewall_Jackson.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stonewall_Jackson.jpg/150px-Stonewall_Jackson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stonewall_Jackson.jpg/200px-Stonewall_Jackson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1750" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Veracruz" title="Siege of Veracruz">Siege of Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Battle of Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chapultepec" title="Battle of Chapultepec">Battle of Chapultepec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Mexico_City" title="Battle for Mexico City">Battle for Mexico City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a><br /> raids and expeditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Train_Raid_of_1861" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Train Raid of 1861">Great Train Raid of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romney_Expedition" title="Romney Expedition">Romney Expedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">American Civil War<br /> battles and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Manassas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson's Valley Campaign">Valley Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Virginia Campaign">Northern Virginia Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Campaign">Maryland Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Battle of Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Battle of Chancellorsville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historic items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jonathan_Jackson_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Jonathan Jackson (sculpture)"><i>Thomas Jonathan Jackson</i> (sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson%27s_Headquarters_Museum" title="Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters Museum">Winchester Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain" title="Stone Mountain">Stone Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Memorial_half_dollar" title="Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar">Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Avenue" title="Monument Avenue">Monument Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson%27s_arm" title="Stonewall Jackson's arm">Stonewall Jackson's arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ironclad_K%C5%8Dtetsu" title="Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu">CSS <i>Stonewall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Stonewall_(1863)" title="USS Stonewall (1863)">USS <i>Stonewall</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Stonewall_Jackson" title="USS Stonewall Jackson">USS <i>Stonewall Jackson</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson%27s_Way" title="Stonewall Jackson's Way">Stonewall Jackson's Way</a>" (1862 poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War">Stonewall Jackson and the American Civil War</a></i> (1898 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson:_The_Good_Soldier" title="Stonewall Jackson: The Good Soldier">Stonewall Jackson: The Good Soldier</a></i> (1928 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dream_of_Kings_(novel)" title="A Dream of Kings (novel)">A Dream of Kings</a></i> (1955 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(novel)" title="Gods and Generals (novel)">Gods and Generals</a></i> (1996 novel)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_Generals_(film)" title="Gods and Generals (film)">Gods and Generals</a></i> (2003 drama film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_1862" title="Shenandoah 1862">Shenandoah 1862</a></i> (2008 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee%E2%80%93Jackson_Day" title="Lee–Jackson Day">Lee–Jackson Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia454" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia454" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia">Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Accomack_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Accomack County, Virginia">Accomack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Albemarle_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Albemarle County, Virginia">Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alleghany_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alleghany County, Virginia">Alleghany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Amelia_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Amelia County, Virginia">Amelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Amherst_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Amherst County, Virginia">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Appomattox_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Appomattox County, Virginia">Appomattox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Augusta_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Augusta County, Virginia">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bath_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bath County, Virginia">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bedford_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bedford County, Virginia">Bedford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bland County, Virginia">Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Botetourt_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Botetourt County, Virginia">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brunswick_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brunswick County, Virginia">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buchanan_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buchanan County, Virginia">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buckingham_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buckingham County, Virginia">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Campbell_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Campbell County, Virginia">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Caroline_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Caroline County, Virginia">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Carroll_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Carroll County, Virginia">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charles_City_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charles City County, Virginia">Charles City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charlotte_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charlotte County, Virginia">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chesterfield_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chesterfield County, Virginia">Chesterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clarke_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clarke County, Virginia">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Craig_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Craig County, Virginia">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Cumberland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County, Virginia">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dickenson_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dickenson County, Virginia">Dickenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dinwiddie County, Virginia">Dinwiddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Essex_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, Virginia">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fauquier_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fauquier County, Virginia">Fauquier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Floyd_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Floyd County, Virginia">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fluvanna_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fluvanna County, Virginia">Fluvanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Virginia">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Frederick_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Frederick County, Virginia">Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Giles_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Giles County, Virginia">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gloucester_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gloucester County, Virginia">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Goochland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Goochland County, Virginia">Goochland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grayson_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Grayson County, Virginia">Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greene_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greene County, Virginia">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Greensville_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Greensville County, Virginia">Greensville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Halifax_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Halifax County, Virginia">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hanover_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hanover County, Virginia">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Henrico_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Henrico County, Virginia">Henrico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Henry_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Henry County, Virginia">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Highland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Highland County, Virginia">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Isle of Wight County, Virginia">Isle Of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_James_City_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in James City County, Virginia">James City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_King_and_Queen_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in King and Queen County, Virginia">King and Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_King_George_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in King George County, Virginia">King George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_King_William_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in King William County, Virginia">King William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lancaster_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Virginia">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lee_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, Virginia">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Loudoun_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Loudoun County, Virginia">Loudoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisa_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Louisa County, Virginia">Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lunenburg_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lunenburg County, Virginia">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Virginia">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mathews_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mathews County, Virginia">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mecklenburg_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Mecklenburg County, Virginia">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Middlesex_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Middlesex County, Virginia">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montgomery_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Montgomery County, Virginia">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nelson_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nelson County, Virginia">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Kent_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in New Kent County, Virginia">New Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Northampton_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Northampton County, Virginia">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Northumberland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Northumberland County, Virginia">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nottoway_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nottoway County, Virginia">Nottoway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, Virginia">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Page_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Page County, Virginia">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Patrick_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Patrick County, Virginia">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pittsylvania County, Virginia">Pittsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Powhatan_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Powhatan County, Virginia">Powhatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince Edward County, Virginia">Prince Edward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prince_George_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince George County, Virginia">Prince George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Prince_William_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Prince William County, Virginia">Prince William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pulaski_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pulaski County, Virginia">Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rappahannock_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rappahannock County, Virginia">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Richmond_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond County, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Roanoke_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke County, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockbridge_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockbridge County, Virginia">Rockbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockingham_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, Virginia">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Russell_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Russell County, Virginia">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Scott_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Scott County, Virginia">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Shenandoah_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Shenandoah County, Virginia">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Smyth_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Smyth County, Virginia">Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Southampton_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Southampton County, Virginia">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Spotsylvania County, Virginia">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Stafford_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Stafford County, Virginia">Stafford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Surry_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Surry County, Virginia">Surry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sussex_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sussex County, Virginia">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tazewell_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tazewell County, Virginia">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Warren_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Warren County, Virginia">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Virginia">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wise_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wise County, Virginia">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wythe_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wythe County, Virginia">Wythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_York_County,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in York County, Virginia">York</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_USA_VA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_USA_VA.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_VA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_USA_VA.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_VA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Map_of_USA_VA.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_VA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alexandria,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bristol,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bristol, Virginia">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Buena_Vista,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Buena Vista, Virginia">Buena Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Chesapeake,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Chesapeake, Virginia">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colonial_Heights,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Colonial Heights, Virginia">Colonial Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Covington,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Covington, Virginia">Covington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Danville,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Danville, Virginia">Danville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Emporia,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Emporia, Virginia">Emporia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fairfax,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Falls_Church,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Falls Church, Virginia">Falls Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin, Virginia">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Galax,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Galax, Virginia">Galax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hampton,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampton, Virginia">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Harrisonburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Harrisonburg, Virginia">Harrisonburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hopewell,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopewell, Virginia">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lexington,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lexington, Virginia">Lexington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manassas,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manassas, Virginia">Manassas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manassas_Park,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manassas Park, Virginia">Manassas Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Martinsville,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Martinsville, Virginia">Martinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Newport_News,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Newport News, Virginia">Newport News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Norfolk,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Norton,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Norton, Virginia">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Petersburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Petersburg, Virginia">Petersburg</a></li> <li>Poquoson (no listings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Radford,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Radford, Virginia">Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Richmond,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Roanoke,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Salem,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Salem, Virginia">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Staunton,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Staunton, Virginia">Staunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Suffolk,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Suffolk, Virginia">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia_Beach,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Beach, Virginia">Virginia Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Waynesboro,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Waynesboro, Virginia">Waynesboro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Winchester,_Virginia" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Virginia" title="List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia">National Historic Landmarks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785357#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1125" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785357#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785357#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5102914-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50070616">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Virginia Military Institute"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20080116013&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007269565305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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