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Ogawa</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Haruko Ogawa"> <meta name="keywords" content="Haruko Ogawa"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Haruko Ogawa"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Haruko Ogawa</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Genetic Characteristics of Chicken Anemia Virus Circulating in Northern Vietnam</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hieu%20Van%20Dong">Hieu Van Dong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giang%20Thi%20Huong%20Tran"> Giang Thi Huong Tran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giap%20Van%20Nguyen"> Giap Van Nguyen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tung%20Duy%20Dao"> Tung Duy Dao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vuong%20Nghia%20Bui"> Vuong Nghia Bui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Le%20Thi%20My%20Huynh"> Le Thi My Huynh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohei%20Takeda"> Yohei Takeda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruko%20Ogawa"> Haruko Ogawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunitoshi%20Imai"> Kunitoshi Imai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Chicken anemia virus (CAV) has a ubiquitous and worldwide distribution in chicken production. Our group previously reported high seroprevalence of CAV in chickens in northern Vietnam. In the present study, 330 tissue samples collected from commercial and breeder chicken farms in eleven provinces in northern Vietnam were tested for the CAV infection. We found that 157 out of 330 (47.58%) chickens were positive with CAV genes by real-time PCR method. Nine CAV strains obtained from the different location and time were forwarded to the full-length sequence of CAV VP1 gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the Vietnamese CAV vp1 gene indicated that the CAVs circulating in northern Vietnam were divided into three distinct genotypes, II, III, and V, but not clustered with the vaccine strains. Among the three genotypes, genotype III was the major one widely spread in Vietnam, and that included three sub-genotypes, IIIa, IIIb, and IIIc. The Vietnamese CAV strains were closely related to the Chinese, Taiwanese, and USA strains. All the CAV isolates had glutamine at amino acid position 394 in the VP1 gene, suggesting that they might be highly pathogenic strains. One strain was defined to be genotype V, which had not been reported for Vietnamese CAVs. Additional studies are required to further evaluate the pathogenicity of CAV strains circulating in Vietnam. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chicken%20anemia%20virus" title="chicken anemia virus">chicken anemia virus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genotype" title=" genotype"> genotype</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20characteristics" title=" genetic characteristics"> genetic characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vietnam" title=" Vietnam"> Vietnam</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105191/genetic-characteristics-of-chicken-anemia-virus-circulating-in-northern-vietnam" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">167</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Phylogenetic Analyses of Newcastle Disease Virus Isolated from Unvaccinated Chicken Flocks in Kyrgyzstan from 2015 to 2016</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Giang%20Tran%20Thi%20Huong">Giang Tran Thi Huong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hieu%20Dong%20Van"> Hieu Dong Van</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tung%20Dao%20Duy"> Tung Dao Duy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saadanov%20Iskender"> Saadanov Iskender</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Isakeev%20Mairambek"> Isakeev Mairambek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsutomu%20Omatsu"> Tsutomu Omatsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yukie%20Katayama"> Yukie Katayama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tetsuya%20Mizutani"> Tetsuya Mizutani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuki%20Ozeki"> Yuki Ozeki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yohei%20Takeda"> Yohei Takeda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruko%20Ogawa"> Haruko Ogawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunitoshi%20Imai"> Kunitoshi Imai</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a contagious viral disease of the poultry industry and other birds throughout the world. At present, very little is known about molecular epidemiological data regarding the causes of ND outbreak in commercial poultry farms in Kyrgyzstan. In the current study, the NDV isolated from the one out of three samples from the unvaccinated flock was confirmed as NDV. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that this NDV strain is clustered in the Class II subgenotype VIId, and closely related to the Chinese NDV isolate. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the isolated NDV strain has an origin different from the 4 NDV strains previously identified in Kyrgyzstan. According to the mean death time (MDT: 61.1 h) and a multibasic amino acid (aa) sequence at the F0 proteolytic cleavage site (¹¹²R-R-Q-K-R-F¹¹⁷), the NDV isolate was determined as mesogenic strain. Several mutations in the neutralizing epitopes (notably, ³⁴⁷E→K) and the global head were observed in the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of the current isolate. The present study represents the molecular characterization of the coding gene region of NDV in Kyrgyzstan. Additionally, further study will be investigated on the antigenic characterization using monoclonal antibody. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Newcastle%20disease" title=" Newcastle disease"> Newcastle disease</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genotype" title=" genotype"> genotype</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genome%20characterization" title=" genome characterization"> genome characterization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105195/phylogenetic-analyses-of-newcastle-disease-virus-isolated-from-unvaccinated-chicken-flocks-in-kyrgyzstan-from-2015-to-2016" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105195.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Hypoglycemic Coma in Elderly Patients with Diabetes mellitus</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Furuya">D. Furuya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Ryujin"> H. Ryujin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Takahira"> S. Takahira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sekine"> Y. Sekine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Oya"> Y. Oya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Sonoda"> K. Sonoda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Ogawa"> H. Ogawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Nomura"> Y. Nomura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Maruyama"> R. Maruyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Kim"> H. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Kudo"> T. Kudo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Nakano"> A. Nakano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Saruta"> T. Saruta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Sugita"> S. Sugita</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Nemoto"> M. Nemoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Tanahashi"> N. Tanahashi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Purpose: To study the clinical characteristics of hypoglycemic coma in adult patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: Participants in this retrospective study comprised 91 patients (54 men, 37 women; mean age ± standard deviation, 71.5 ± 12.6 years; range, 42-97 years) brought to our emergency department by ambulance with disturbance of consciousness in the 7 years from April 2007 to March 2014. Patients with hypoglycemia caused by alcoholic ketoacidosis, nutrition disorder, malignancies and psychological disorder were excluded. Results: Patients with type 1 (8 of 91) or type 2 DM (83 of 91) were analyzed. Mean blood sugar level was 31.6 ± 10.4 in all patients. A sulfonylurea (SU) was more commonly used in elderly (>75 years old; n=44)(70.5%) than in younger patients (36.2%, p < 0.05). Cases showing prolonged unconsciousness (range, 1 hour to 21 days; n=30) included many (p < 0.05) patients with dementia (13.3%; 0.5% without dementia) and fewer (p < 0.05) patients with type 1 DM (0%; 13.1% in type 2 DM). Specialists for DM (n=33) used SU less often (24.2%) than general physicians (69.0%, p < 0.05). Conclusion: In cases of hypoglycemic coma, SU was frequently used in elderly patients with DM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hypoglycemic%20coma" title="hypoglycemic coma">hypoglycemic coma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diabetes%20mellitus" title=" Diabetes mellitus"> Diabetes mellitus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unconsciousness" title=" unconsciousness"> unconsciousness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elderly%20patients" title=" elderly patients"> elderly patients</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20274/hypoglycemic-coma-in-elderly-patients-with-diabetes-mellitus" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20274.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Fabrication of Hollow Germanium Spheres by Dropping Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kunal%20D.%20Bhagat">Kunal D. Bhagat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Truong%20V.%20Vu"> Truong V. Vu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20C.%20Wells"> John C. Wells</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hideyuki%20Takakura"> Hideyuki Takakura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Kawano"> Yu Kawano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fumio%20Ogawa"> Fumio Ogawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Hollow germanium alloy quasi-spheres of diameters 1 to 2 mm with a relatively smooth inner and outer surface have been produced. The germanium was first melted at around 1273 K and then exuded from a coaxial nozzle into an inert atmosphere by argon gas supplied to the inner nozzle. The falling spheres were cooled by water spray and collected in a bucket. The spheres had a horn type of structure on the outer surface, which might be caused by volume expansion induced by the density difference between solid and gas phase. The frequency of the sphere formation was determined from the videos to be about 133 Hz. The outer diameter varied in the range of 1.3 to 1.8 mm with a wall thickness in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mm. Solid silicon spheres are used for spherical silicon solar cells (S₃CS), which have various attractive features. Hollow S₃CS promise substantially higher energy conversion efficiency if their wall thickness can be kept to 0.1–0.2 mm and the inner surface can be passivated. Our production of hollow germanium spheres is a significant step towards the production of hollow S₃CS with, we hope, higher efficiency and lower material cost than solid S₃CS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hollow%20spheres" title="hollow spheres">hollow spheres</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=semiconductor" title=" semiconductor"> semiconductor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compound%20jet" title=" compound jet"> compound jet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dropping%20method" title=" dropping method"> dropping method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133344/fabrication-of-hollow-germanium-spheres-by-dropping-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133344.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">208</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Existence and Stability of Periodic Traveling Waves in a Bistable Excitable System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Osman%20Gani">M. Osman Gani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Ferdows"> M. Ferdows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshiyuki%20Ogawa"> Toshiyuki Ogawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this work, we proposed a modified FHN-type reaction-diffusion system for a bistable excitable system by adding a scaled function obtained from a given function. We study the existence and the stability of the periodic traveling waves (or wavetrains) for the FitzHugh-Nagumo (FHN) system and the modified one and compare the results. The stability results of the periodic traveling waves (PTWs) indicate that most of the solutions in the fast family of the PTWs are stable for the FitzHugh-Nagumo equations. The instability occurs only in the waves having smaller periods. However, the smaller period waves are always unstable. The fast family with sufficiently large periods is always stable in FHN model. We find that the oscillation of pulse widths is absent in the standard FHN model. That motivates us to study the PTWs in the proposed FHN-type reaction-diffusion system for the bistable excitable media. A good agreement is found between the solutions of the traveling wave ODEs and the corresponding whole PDE simulation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bistable%20system" title="bistable system">bistable system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eckhaus%20bifurcation" title=" Eckhaus bifurcation"> Eckhaus bifurcation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excitable%20media" title=" excitable media"> excitable media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FitzHugh-Nagumo%20model" title=" FitzHugh-Nagumo model"> FitzHugh-Nagumo model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=periodic%20traveling%20waves" title=" periodic traveling waves"> periodic traveling waves</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85926/existence-and-stability-of-periodic-traveling-waves-in-a-bistable-excitable-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85926.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">185</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> A Study of Electric Generation Characteristics for Thin-Film Piezoelectric PbZrTiO₃ Ceramic Plate during the Static and Cyclic Loading Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tsukasa%20Ogawa">Tsukasa Ogawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mitsuhiro%20Okayasu"> Mitsuhiro Okayasu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To examine the generation properties of electric power for piezoelectric (PbZrTiO3) ceramic plates, the electric-power generation characteristics were examined experimentally and numerically during cyclic bending under various loading fixtures with different contact condition, i.e., point and area contact. In the low applied loading condition between 10 and 50 N, increasing the load-contact area on the piezoelectric ceramic led to a nonlinear decrease in the generated voltage. Decreasing contact area, including the point contact, basically enhanced the generated voltage, although the voltage saturated during loading when the contact area is less than ϕ5 mm, which was attributed to the high strain status, resulting in the material failure, i.e., high stress concentration. In this case, severe plastic deformation and the domain switching were dominated failure modes in the ceramic. From this approach, it is clear that the applied load became more larger (50 ~100 N), larger contact area (ϕ10 ~ ϕ20 mm) became advantageous for power generation. Based upon this cyclic loading was carried out to investigate the fatigue characteristics of the piezoelectric ceramic late. For all contact conditions, electric voltage dropped in the beginning of the cyclic loading, although the higher electric generation was stable in the further cyclic loading for the contact area of ϕ10 ~ ϕ20 mm. In constant, further decrement of electric generation occurred for the point contact condition, and the low electric voltage was generated for the larger contact condition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20power%20generation" title="electric power generation">electric power generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piezoelectric%20ceramic" title=" piezoelectric ceramic"> piezoelectric ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead%20zirconate%20titanate%20ceramic" title=" lead zirconate titanate ceramic"> lead zirconate titanate ceramic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=loading%20conditions" title=" loading conditions"> loading conditions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107843/a-study-of-electric-generation-characteristics-for-thin-film-piezoelectric-pbzrtio3-ceramic-plate-during-the-static-and-cyclic-loading-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107843.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Gene Expression Analysis for Corals / Zooxanthellae under High Seawater Temperature Stress</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruka%20Ito">Haruka Ito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toru%20Maruyama"> Toru Maruyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michihiro%20Ito"> Michihiro Ito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chuya%20Shinzato"> Chuya Shinzato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Fujimura"> Hiroyuki Fujimura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshikatsu%20Nakano"> Yoshikatsu Nakano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoichiro%20Suda"> Shoichiro Suda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachiyo%20Aburatani"> Sachiyo Aburatani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruko%20Takeyama"> Haruko Takeyama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Clarifying symbiotic relationships is one of the most important theme for understanding the marine eco-system. Coral reef has been regarded as an important environmental resource. Coral holobiont composed by coral, symbiotic microalgae zooxanthellae, and bacteria have complexed relationship. Zooxanthellae mainly supply organic matter to the host corals through their photosynthetic activity. The symbiotic relationship is indispensable for corals but may easily collapses due to the rise of seawater temperature. However, the molecular mechanism how seawater temperature influences their relationships still remain unclear. In this study, the transcriptomic analysis has applied to elucidate the coral-zooxanthellae relationships under high seawater temperature stress. To observe reactions of corals and zooxanthellae against the rise of seawater temperature, meta-gene expression in coral have been analyzed. The branches from six different colonies of a stony coral, Acropora tenuis, were sampled at nine times by 2016 at two locations, Ishikawabaru and South of Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan. The mRNAs extracted from the branches including zooxanthellae were sequenced by illumina HiSeq. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) based on hyper geometric distribution was performed. The seawater temperature at 2016 summer was unusually high, which was caused by El Niño event, and the number of zooxanthellae in coral was decreased in August. GSEA derived the several specific genes expressed in A. tenuis under heat stress conditions. The upregulated genes under heat stress highly related with infection immunity. The downregulated genes significantly contained cell cycle related genes. Thu, it is considered that heat stress cause disorder in cell metabolism of A. tenuis, resulting in serious influence to coral holobiont. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coral" title="coral">coral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symbiosis" title=" symbiosis"> symbiosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20stress%20response" title=" thermal stress response"> thermal stress response</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transcriptome%20analysis" title=" transcriptome analysis"> transcriptome analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65544/gene-expression-analysis-for-corals-zooxanthellae-under-high-seawater-temperature-stress" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">272</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Genetic and Phenotypic Variability Among the Vibrio Cholerae O1 Isolates of India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sreeja%20Shaw">Sreeja Shaw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prosenjit%20Samanta"> Prosenjit Samanta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asish%20Kumar%20Mukhopadhyay"> Asish Kumar Mukhopadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cholera is still a global public health burden and is caused by Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups. Evidence from recent outbreaks in Haiti and Yemen suggested that circulating V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains are continuously changing to cause more ruinous outbreaks worldwide, and most of them have emerged from the Indian subcontinents. Therefore, we studied the changing virulence characteristics along with the antibiotic resistance profile of V. cholerae O1strains isolated from seasonal outbreaks in three cholera endemic regions during 2018, Gujarat and Maharashtra in Western India (87 strains), and to compare those features with the isolates of West Bengal in Eastern India (48 strains) collected during the same period. All the strains from Western India were of Ogawa serotype, polymyxin B-sensitive, hemolytic, and contained a large fragment deletion in VSP-II genomic region similar with Yemen outbreak strains and carried more virulent Haitian genetic alleles of major virulence associated genes ctxB, tcpA, and rtxA. Conversely, 14.6% (7/48) of the strains from Eastern India were belong to the Inaba serotype, polymyxin B-resistant, non-hemolytic, harbored intact VSP-II region, classical ctxB, Haitian tcpA, and El Tor rtxA alleles. Interestingly, resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol was seen in isolates from both regions, which are not very common among V. cholerae O1 isolates in India. Therefore, this study indicated West Bengal as a diverse region where two different types of El Tor variant hypervirulent strains are co-existed, probably competing for their better environmental survival, which may result in severe irrepressible disease outcome in the future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cholera" title="cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vibrio%20cholerae" title=" vibrio cholerae"> vibrio cholerae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymyxin%20B" title=" polymyxin B"> polymyxin B</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Non-hemolytic" title=" Non-hemolytic"> Non-hemolytic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ctxB" title=" ctxB"> ctxB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tcpA" title=" tcpA"> tcpA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rtxA" title=" rtxA"> rtxA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VSP-II" title=" VSP-II"> VSP-II</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143559/genetic-and-phenotypic-variability-among-the-vibrio-cholerae-o1-isolates-of-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">165</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Relationship between Mental Health and Food Access among Healthcare College Students in a Snowy Area in Japan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuki%20Irie">Yuki Irie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shota%20Ogawa"> Shota Ogawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hitomi%20Kosugi"> Hitomi Kosugi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiromitsu%20Shinozaki"> Hiromitsu Shinozaki</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Dropout from higher educational institutions is a major problem both for students and institutions, and poor mental health is one of the risk factors. Medical college students are at higher risk of poor mental health than general students because of their hard academic schedules. On the other hand, food insecurity has negative impacts on mental health. The healthcare college of the project site is located heavily snowy area. The students without own vehicles may be at higher risk of food insecurity, especially in the winter season. Therefore, they have many risks to mental health. The aim of the study is to clarify the relationship between mental health and its risk factors to promote students’ mental well-being. Method: A cross-sectional design was used to investigate the relationship between mental health status and lifestyle, including diet and food security among the students (n=421, 147 male, 274 females; 20.7 ± 2.8 years old). Participants were required to answer 3 questionnaires which consisted of diet, lifestyle, food security, and mental health. The survey was conducted during the snowy season from Dec. 2022 to Jan. 2023. Results: Mean mental score was 6.7±4.6 (max. score 27, a higher score means worse mental health). Significant risk factors in mental health were breakfast habit (p=0.02), subjective dietary habit (p=0.00), subjective health (p=0.00), exercise habit (p=0.02), food insecurity in the winter season (p=0.01), and vitamin A intakes (p=0.03). Conclusions: Nutrients intakes are not associated with mental health except vitamin A; however, some other lifestyle factors are significantly associated with mental health. Nutrition doesn’t lead to poor mental health directly; however, the promotion of a healthy lifestyle and improved food security in winter may be effective in better mental health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title="mental health">mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=winter" title=" winter"> winter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lifestyle" title=" lifestyle"> lifestyle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=students" title=" students"> students</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165214/relationship-between-mental-health-and-food-access-among-healthcare-college-students-in-a-snowy-area-in-japan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/165214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">91</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Outbreak of Cholera, Jalgaon District, Maharastra, 2013</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yogita%20Tulsian">Yogita Tulsian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Yadav"> A. Yadav</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: India reports 3,600 cholera cases annually. In August 2013, a cholera outbreak was reported in Jalgaon district, Maharashtra state. We sought to describe the epidemiological characteristics,identify risk factors, and recommend control measures. Methods: We collected existing stool and water testing laboratory results, and conducted a1: 1 matched case-control study. A cholera case was defined as a resident of Vishnapur or Malapur villagewith onset of acute watery diarrhea on/ after 1-July-2013. Controls were matched by age, gender and village and had not experienced any diarrhea for 3 months. We collected socio-demographic characteristics, clinical presentation, and food/travel/water exposure history and conducted conditional logistic regression. Results: Of 50 people who met the cholera case definition, 40 (80%) were from Vishnapur village and 30 (60%) were female. The median age was 8.5 years (range; 0.3-75). Twenty (45%) cases were hospitalized, twelve (60%) with severe dehydration. Three of five stool samples revealed Vibrio cholerae 01 El Tor, Ogawa and samples from 7 of 14 Vishnapur water sources contained fecal coliforms. Cases from Vishnapur were significantly more likely to drink from identified contaminated water sources (matched odds ratio (MOR) 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1-13), or from a river/canal (MOR=18.4;95%CI: 2-504). Cases from Malapur were more likely to drink from a river/canal (MOR=6.2; 95%CI: 0.6-196). Cases from both villages were significantly more likely to visit the forest (MOR 6.3; 95%CI: 2-30) or another village (MOR 3.5; 95%CI; 0.9-17). Conclusions: This outbreak was caused by Vibrio cholerae, likely through contamination of water in Vishnapur village and/or through drinking river/canal water. We recommended safe drinking water for forest visitors and all residents of these villages and use of regular water testing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cholera" title="cholera">cholera</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=case%20control%20study" title=" case control study"> case control study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contaminated%20water" title=" contaminated water"> contaminated water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river" title=" river"> river</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30228/outbreak-of-cholera-jalgaon-district-maharastra-2013" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30228.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">361</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Network Analysis to Reveal Microbial Community Dynamics in the Coral Reef Ocean</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keigo%20Ide">Keigo Ide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toru%20Maruyama"> Toru Maruyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Michihiro%20Ito"> Michihiro Ito</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Fujimura"> Hiroyuki Fujimura</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yoshikatu%20Nakano"> Yoshikatu Nakano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shoichiro%20Suda"> Shoichiro Suda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sachiyo%20Aburatani"> Sachiyo Aburatani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haruko%20Takeyama"> Haruko Takeyama</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Understanding environmental system is one of the important tasks. In recent years, conservation of coral environments has been focused for biodiversity issues. The damage of coral reef under environmental impacts has been observed worldwide. However, the casual relationship between damage of coral and environmental impacts has not been clearly understood. On the other hand, structure/diversity of marine bacterial community may be relatively robust under the certain strength of environmental impact. To evaluate the coral environment conditions, it is necessary to investigate relationship between marine bacterial composition in coral reef and environmental factors. In this study, the Time Scale Network Analysis was developed and applied to analyze the marine environmental data for investigating the relationship among coral, bacterial community compositions and environmental factors. Seawater samples were collected fifteen times from November 2014 to May 2016 at two locations, Ishikawabaru and South of Sesoko in Sesoko Island, Okinawa. The physicochemical factors such as temperature, photosynthetic active radiation, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, salinity, chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter and depth were measured at the coral reef area. Metagenome and metatranscriptome in seawater of coral reef were analyzed as the biological factors. Metagenome data was used to clarify marine bacterial community composition. In addition, functional gene composition was estimated from metatranscriptome. For speculating the relationships between physicochemical and biological factors, cross-correlation analysis was applied to time scale data. Even though cross-correlation coefficients usually include the time precedence information, it also included indirect interactions between the variables. To elucidate the direct regulations between both factors, partial correlation coefficients were combined with cross correlation. This analysis was performed against all parameters such as the bacterial composition, the functional gene composition and the physicochemical factors. As the results, time scale network analysis revealed the direct regulation of seawater temperature by photosynthetic active radiation. In addition, concentration of dissolved oxygen regulated the value of chlorophyll. Some reasonable regulatory relationships between environmental factors indicate some part of mechanisms in coral reef area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coral%20environment" title="coral environment">coral environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marine%20microbiology" title=" marine microbiology"> marine microbiology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=network%20analysis" title=" network analysis"> network analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=omics%20data%20analysis" title=" omics data analysis"> omics data analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65639/network-analysis-to-reveal-microbial-community-dynamics-in-the-coral-reef-ocean" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Angiogenic, Cytoprotective, and Immunosuppressive Properties of Human Amnion and Chorion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kenichi%20Yamahara">Kenichi Yamahara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Makiko%20Ohshima"> Makiko Ohshima</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunsuke%20Ohnishi"> Shunsuke Ohnishi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hidetoshi%20Tsuda"> Hidetoshi Tsuda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akihiko%20Taguchi"> Akihiko Taguchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toshihiro%20Soma"> Toshihiro Soma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiroyasu%20Ogawa"> Hiroyasu Ogawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jun%20Yoshimatsu"> Jun Yoshimatsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomoaki%20Ikeda"> Tomoaki Ikeda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We have previously reported the therapeutic potential of rat fetal membrane(FM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using various rat models including hindlimb ischemia, autoimmune myocarditis, glomerulonephritis, renal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and myocardial infarction. In this study, 1) we isolated and characterized MSCs from human amnion and chorion; 2) we examined their differences in the expression profile of growth factors and cytokines; and 3) we investigated the therapeutic potential and difference of these MSCs using murine hindlimb ischemia and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) models. Isolated MSCs from both amnion and chorion layers of FM showed similar morphological appearance, multipotency, and cell-surface antigen expression. Conditioned media obtained from amnion- and chorion-derived MSCs inhibited cell death caused by serum starvation or hypoxia in endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Amnion and chorion MSCs secreted significant amounts of angiogenic factors including HGF, IGF-1, VEGF, and bFGF, although differences in the cellular expression profile of these soluble factors were observed. Transplantation of human amnion or chorion MSCs significantly increased blood flow and capillary density in a murine hindlimb ischemia model. In addition, compared to human chorion MSCs, human amnion MSCs markedly reduced T-lymphocyte proliferation with the enhanced secretion of PGE2, and improved the pathological situation of a mouse model of GVHD disease. Our results highlight that human amnionand chorion-derived MSCs, which showed differences in their soluble factor secretion and angiogenic/immuno-suppressive function, could be ideal cell sources for regenerative medicine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amnion" title="amnion">amnion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chorion" title=" chorion"> chorion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fetal%20membrane" title=" fetal membrane"> fetal membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mesenchymal%20stem%20cells" title=" mesenchymal stem cells"> mesenchymal stem cells</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23111/angiogenic-cytoprotective-and-immunosuppressive-properties-of-human-amnion-and-chorion-derived-mesenchymal-stem-cells" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23111.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Preparation of hydrophobic silica membranes supported on alumina hollow fibers for pervaporation applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ami%20Okabe">Ami Okabe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daisuke%20Gondo"> Daisuke Gondo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akira%20Ogawa"> Akira Ogawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yasuhisa%20Hasegawa"> Yasuhisa Hasegawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Koichi%20Sato"> Koichi Sato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadao%20Araki"> Sadao Araki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hideki%20Yamamoto"> Hideki Yamamoto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Membrane separation draws attention as the energy-saving technology. Pervaporation (PV) uses hydrophobic ceramic membranes to separate organic compounds from industrial wastewaters. PV makes it possible to separate organic compounds from azeotropic mixtures and from aqueous solutions. For the PV separation of low concentrations of organics from aqueous solutions, hydrophobic ceramic membranes are expected to have high separation performance compared with that of conventional hydrophilic membranes. Membrane separation performance is evaluated based on the pervaporation separation index (PSI), which depends on both the separation factor and the permeate flux. Ingenuity is required to increase the PSI such that the permeate flux increases without reducing the separation factor or to increase the separation factor without reducing the flux. A thin separation layer without defects and pinholes is required. In addition, it is known that the flux can be increased without reducing the separation factor by reducing the diffusion resistance of the membrane support. In a previous study, we prepared hydrophobic silica membranes by a molecular templating sol−gel method using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) to form pores suitable for permitting the passage of organic compounds through the membrane. We separated low-concentration organics from aqueous solutions by PV using these membranes. In the present study, hydrophobic silica membranes were prepared on a porous alumina hollow fiber support that is thinner than the previously used alumina support. Ethyl acetate (EA) is used in large industrial quantities, so it was selected as the organic substance to be separated. Hydrophobic silica membranes were prepared by dip-coating porous alumina supports with a -alumina interlayer into a silica sol containing CTAB and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) as the silica precursor. Membrane thickness increases with the lifting speed of the sol in the dip-coating process. Different thicknesses of the γ-alumina layer were prepared by dip-coating the support into a boehmite sol at different lifting speeds (0.5, 1, 3, and 5 mm s-1). Silica layers were subsequently formed by dip-coating using an immersion time of 60 s and lifting speed of 1 mm s-1. PV measurements of the EA (5 wt.%)/water system were carried out using VTMS hydrophobic silica membranes prepared on -alumina layers of different thicknesses. Water and EA flux showed substantially constant value despite of the change of the lifting speed to form the γ-alumina interlayer. All prepared hydrophobic silica membranes showed the higher PSI compared with the hydrophobic membranes using the previous alumina support of hollow fiber. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20separation" title="membrane separation">membrane separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pervaporation" title=" pervaporation"> pervaporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobic" title=" hydrophobic"> hydrophobic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silica" title=" silica"> silica</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35530/preparation-of-hydrophobic-silica-membranes-supported-on-alumina-hollow-fibers-for-pervaporation-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35530.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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