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<span>Ruling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ruling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ruling subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ruling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_to_rule_on_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_to_rule_on_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Power to rule on issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_to_rule_on_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Previous_state_of_unfair_competition_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Previous_state_of_unfair_competition_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Previous state of unfair competition law</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">International News Service v. Associated Press</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued May 2–3, 1918<br />Decided December 23, 1918</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>International News Service v. Associated Press</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">248 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/248/215/case.html">215</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_248" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 248">more</a></i>)<div>39 S. Ct. 68; 63 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed." class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed.">L. Ed.</a> 211</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">While the information found in AP news was not copyrightable and subject to <a href="/wiki/Publici_juris" title="Publici juris">publici juris</a>, AP has a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-property" title="Quasi-property">quasi-property</a> interest during the production of "hot news".</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward D. White</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">Joseph McKenna</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver W. Holmes Jr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">William R. Day</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Willis_Van_Devanter" title="Willis Van Devanter">Willis Van Devanter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Mahlon Pitney</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">James C. McReynolds</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/John_Hessin_Clarke" title="John Hessin Clarke">John H. Clarke</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Pitney, joined by White, Day, Van Devanter, McReynolds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Holmes, joined by McKenna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Brandeis</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Clarke took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Common_law_copyright" title="Common law copyright">Common law copyright</a>; <a href="/wiki/Publici_juris" title="Publici juris">publici juris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">U.S. Const. art I § 8 clause 8</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="background-color: #B60000; color: white; font-weight: bold">Overruled by</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co._v._Stiffel_Co." title="Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.">Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compco_Corp._v._Day-Brite_Lighting,_Inc." title="Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.">Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>International News Service v. Associated Press</b></i>, 248 U.S. 215 (1918), also known as <i><b>INS v. AP</b></i> or simply the <b><i>INS</i> case</b>, is a 1918 decision of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> that enunciated the <a href="/wiki/Misappropriation_doctrine" title="Misappropriation doctrine">misappropriation doctrine</a> of federal <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> common law: a "quasi-property right" may be created against others by one's investment of effort and money in an intangible thing, such as information or a design. The doctrine is highly controversial and criticized by many legal scholars, but it has its supporters.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>INS</i> decision recognized the doctrine of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law">copyright law</a> that there is no <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> in facts, which the Supreme Court later greatly elaborated in the <a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications_v._Rural_Telephone_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Feist Publications v. Rural Telephone Service"><i>Feist</i> case</a> in 1991, but <i>INS</i> nonetheless extended the prior law of <a href="/wiki/Unfair_competition" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfair competition">unfair competition</a> to cover an additional type of interference with business expectations: "misappropriation" of the product of "sweat of the brow." The case was decided when a body of federal common law existed for business practices and torts, which the Supreme Court had power to declare or create, but two decades later, the Supreme Court abolished that body of substantive law and held that state law must govern the field henceforth. Accordingly, the <i>INS</i> case no longer has precedential force although state courts are free to follow its reasoning if they so choose. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two competing United States news services (<a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">INS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>) were in the business of reporting in the U.S. on <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Their businesses hinged on getting fast and accurate reports published. After reporting that was perceived by the Allied Powers (Britain and France) as unduly favorable to the Central Powers (Germany and Austria) by <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>'s INS, the Allies barred INS from using Allied telegraph lines to report news,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which effectively shut down INS's war reporting.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To continue publishing news about the war, INS gained access to AP news by examination of AP news bulletin boards and early editions of newspapers affiliated with AP. INS members would rewrite the news and publish it as their own without attribution to AP. Although INS newspapers had to wait for AP to post news before they went to press, INS newspapers in the West had no such disadvantage relative to their AP counterparts. The AP brought an action seeking to enjoin INS from copying AP-gathered news. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ruling">Ruling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ruling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_to_rule_on_issues">Power to rule on issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Power to rule on issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1918, the federal courts, particularly the Supreme Court, had the power to declare and create binding law in commercial matters such as bills and notes and torts such as negligence and business interference. This was under the doctrine of <i><a href="/wiki/Swift_v._Tyson" title="Swift v. Tyson">Swift v. Tyson</a></i>, 41 U.S. 1 (1842), which had held that the federal courts, when deciding matters not specifically addressed by the state legislature, had the authority to develop a federal common law. In 1938, in <i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i>, 304 U.S. 64 (1938), the Supreme Court overruled <i>Swift v. Tyson</i>. As Justice Brandeis wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Congress has no power to declare substantive rules of common law applicable in a state whether they be local in their nature or "general," be they commercial law or a part of the law of torts. And no clause in the Constitution purports to confer such a power upon the federal courts.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, because the <i>INS</i> case had been decided in 1918, the Supreme Court could declare or create applicable tort law to govern the controversy between INS and AP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Previous_state_of_unfair_competition_law">Previous state of unfair competition law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Previous state of unfair competition law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <i>INS</i> case, unfair competition was generally considered to be limited to cases of "palming off" in which the defendant deceived customers by causing them erroneously to believe that the defendant's product emanated from the plaintiff and as a result diverted trade from the plaintiff to the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majority_opinion">Majority opinion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Majority opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court held in favor of AP, with Justice <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Pitney" title="Mahlon Pitney">Pitney</a> writing the majority opinion. Justices <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Holmes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_D._Brandeis" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis D. Brandeis">Brandeis</a> wrote dissenting opinions. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahlon_Pitney_cph.3b30300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mahlon_Pitney_cph.3b30300.jpg/150px-Mahlon_Pitney_cph.3b30300.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mahlon_Pitney_cph.3b30300.jpg/225px-Mahlon_Pitney_cph.3b30300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Mahlon_Pitney_cph.3b30300.jpg/300px-Mahlon_Pitney_cph.3b30300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>Justice Pitney</figcaption></figure> <p>The majority opinion recognized that the information found in the AP news was not copyrightable as "the information respecting current events contained in the literary production is not the creation of a writer but is a report of matters that ordinarily are <i><a href="/wiki/Publici_juris" title="Publici juris">publici juris</a></i>; it is the history of the day."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Pitney approached the issue from the perspective of unfair competition. He found that there was a <a href="/wiki/Quasi-property" title="Quasi-property">quasi-property</a> right in the news as it is "stock in trade to be gathered at the cost of enterprise, organization, skill, labor and money, and to be distributed and sold to those who will pay money for it."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the "economic value" of the news, a company can "therefore" have a limited property interest in it against a competitor but not the general public that attempted to take advantage of the information.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court characterized INS's behavior as <a href="/wiki/Misappropriation" title="Misappropriation">misappropriation</a>. The tenuous value of "hot" news made Pitney narrow the period for which the proprietary right would apply: the doctrine "postpones participation by complainant's competitor in the processes of distribution and reproduction of news that it has not gathered, and only to the extent necessary to prevent that competitor from reaping the fruits of complainant's efforts and expenditure."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court justified its creation of a "quasi-property right" in these terms: </p><p>[INS] is taking material that has been acquired by AP <b>as the result of organization and the expenditure of labor, skill, and money</b>, and which is salable by AP for money, and that INS in appropriating it and selling it as its own is <b>endeavoring to reap where it has not sown</b>, and by disposing of it to newspapers that are competitors of AP's members is appropriating to itself the harvest of those who have sown. </p><p>Stripped of all disguises, the process amounts to an unauthorized interference with the normal operation of AP's legitimate business precisely at the point where the profit is to be reaped, in order to <b>divert a material portion of the profit from those who have earned it to those who have not</b>; with special advantage to INS in the competition because it is not burdened with any part of the expense of gathering the news. The transaction speaks for itself and a <a href="/wiki/Court_of_equity" title="Court of equity">court of equity</a> ought not to hesitate long in characterizing it as unfair competition in business. </p><p>The underlying principle is much the same as that which lies at the base of the equitable theory of consideration in the law of trusts—that he who has fairly paid the price should have the beneficial use of the property. It is no answer to say that AP spends its money for that which is too fugitive or evanescent to be the subject of property. That might, and for the purposes of the discussion we are assuming that it would furnish an answer in a common-law controversy. But in a court of equity, where the question is one of unfair competition, if that which AP has acquired fairly at substantial cost may be sold fairly at substantial profit, a competitor who is misappropriating it for the purpose of disposing of it to his own profit and to the disadvantage of AP cannot be heard to say that it is too fugitive or evanescent to be regarded as property. It has all the attributes of property necessary for determining that <b>a misappropriation of it by a competitor is unfair competition because contrary to good conscience.</b><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holmes's_dissent"><span id="Holmes.27s_dissent"></span>Holmes's dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Holmes's dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/150px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/225px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg/300px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr_circa_1930-edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>Justice Holmes <i>circa</i> 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Justice Holmes began by challenging the Court's concept of property, or "quasi-property," as the majority opinion termed it: </p> <blockquote><p>Property, a creation of law, does not arise from value, although exchangeable—a matter of fact. Many exchangeable values may be destroyed intentionally without compensation. Property depends upon exclusion by law from interference, and a person is not excluded from using any combination of words merely because some one has used it before, even if it took labor and genius to make it. If a given person is to be prohibited from making the use of words that his neighbors are free to make some other ground must be found.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Holmes then turned to the law of unfair competition, which the majority claimed was the basis of the ruling. He said that the law of unfair competition requires a misrepresentation. If the misrepresentation was that some people may think AP copied the news from INS, the proper remedy would be only to prohibit INS for a limited time from copying from AP unless it provided a notice that it had copied from AP.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brandeis's_dissent"><span id="Brandeis.27s_dissent"></span>Brandeis's dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brandeis's dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandeisl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandeisl.jpg/150px-Brandeisl.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandeisl.jpg/225px-Brandeisl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brandeisl.jpg/300px-Brandeisl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Justice Brandeis</figcaption></figure> <p>Justice Brandeis objected, first, to the creation of a new property right even if it was called "quasi-property:" </p> <blockquote><p>The knowledge for which protection is sought in the case at bar is not of a kind upon which the law has heretofore conferred the attributes of property; nor is the manner of its acquisition or use nor the purpose to which it is applied, such as has heretofore been recognized as entitling a plaintiff to relief."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Next, he denied that "reaping where another sowed" is an actionable tort: </p> <blockquote><p>To appropriate and use for profit, knowledge and ideas produced by other men, without making compensation or even acknowledgment, may be inconsistent with a finer sense of propriety; but, with the exceptions indicated above [<i>i.e.</i>, misrepresentation, physical or moral coercion, or by inducing breaches of contract], the law has heretofore sanctioned the practice. Thus it was held that one may ordinarily make and sell anything in any form, may copy with exactness that which another has produced, or may otherwise use his ideas without his consent and without the payment of compensation, and yet not inflict a legal injury; and that ordinarily one is at perfect liberty to find out, if he can by lawful means, trade secrets of another, however valuable, and then use the knowledge so acquired gainfully, although it cost the original owner much in effort and in money to collect or produce.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>He objected to the majority's saying that "INS cannot be heard to say" such and such "in a court of equity, where the question is one of unfair competition." He said that there was no basis to invoke equity: </p> <blockquote><p> The case presents no elements of equitable title or of breach of trust. The only possible reason for resort to a court of equity in a case like this is that the remedy which the law gives is inadequate. If the plaintiff has no legal cause of action, the suit necessarily fails. There is nothing in the situation of the parties which can estop [INS] from saying so.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Brandeis closed his dissent with an argument that the Court was ill-suited to act as a legislature and that the matter should be left to the wisdom of Congress: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The creation or recognition by courts of a new private right may work serious injury to the general public, unless the boundaries of the right are definitely established and wisely guarded. In order to reconcile the new private right with the public interest, it may be necessary to prescribe limitations and rules for its enjoyment; and also to provide administrative machinery for enforcing the rules. . . . A Legislature, urged to enact a law by which one news agency or newspaper may prevent appropriation of the fruits of its labors by another, would consider such facts and possibilities and others which appropriate inquiry might disclose [regarding possible adverse effects on the public and other businesses]. Legislators might conclude that it was impossible to put an end to the obvious injustice involved in such appropriation of news, without opening the door to other evils, greater than that sought to be remedied. </p><p>Courts are ill-equipped to make the investigations which should precede a determination of the limitations which should be set upon any property right in news or of the circumstances under which news gathered by a private agency should be deemed affected with a public interest. Courts would be powerless to prescribe the detailed regulations essential to full enjoyment of the rights conferred or to introduce the machinery required for enforcement of such regulations. </p><p> Considerations such as these should lead us to decline to establish a new rule of law in the effort to redress a newly disclosed wrong, although the propriety of some remedy appears to be clear.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications_and_aftermath">Implications and aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implications and aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although it was a landmark case when it was decided, subsequent developments have diminished its significance. A leading copyright law scholar has commented: </p> <blockquote><p>It has been suggested that the credence due the <i>International News Service</i> case today is minimal: that subsequent decisions have restricted its doctrine to the news context and that, in any event, it is but a derelict of the federal common law, untenable after <i>Erie R.R. v. Tompkins</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Seventh Circuit Judge <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a> similarly remarked that <i>INS</i> is "a decision no longer authoritative because it was based on the federal courts' subsequently abandoned authority to formulate common law principles in suits arising under state law though litigated in federal court."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Hot_news"_cases"><span id=".22Hot_news.22_cases"></span>"Hot news" cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: "Hot news" cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Twentieth Century Sporting Club, Inc. v. Transradio Press Service</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the court found misappropriation when a press service stationed "spotters" on rooftops who watched a boxing match in a nearby stadium. The defendant combined that information with information that was broadcast by plaintiff's exclusive licensee (NBC) to produce a simulated ringside, blow-by-blow broadcast of a boxing match.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The narrowest implication of <i>INS</i> was that there was now a "hot news" doctrine that protected first comers in their creation of an ephemeral time-sensitive information asset at appreciable expense against "free riders." Thus, in <i><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association_v._Motorola,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc.">National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc.</a> (NBA)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Second Circuit held that under New York State law, a "hot-news" <i>INS</i>-like claim exists in "cases where: (i) a plaintiff generates or gathers information at a cost; (ii) the information is time-sensitive; (iii) a defendant's use of the information constitutes free riding on the plaintiff's efforts; (iv) the defendant is in direct competition with a product or service offered by the plaintiffs; and (v) the ability of other parties to free-ride on the efforts of the plaintiff or others would so reduce the incentive to produce the product or service that its existence or quality would be substantially threatened."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, after the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">1976 Copyright Act</a>, the "hot news" doctrine began to suffer reverses. The Second Circuit held that the "hot news" tort had been largely pre-empted by the 1976 Act in the <i>NBA</i> case.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_copying_cases">Other copying cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other copying cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1972, federal copyright law did not extend to sound recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, several states acted against "record piracy" (the copying of phonograph records or tape recordings) under the <i>INS</i> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Goldstein v. California</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Goldstein_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Supreme Court held that the California penal statute against the unlicensed copying of records was not preempted by federal copyright law since Congress had not regulated the subject matter.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>John Roberts Mfg. Co. v. University of Notre Dame du Lac</i>, an unlicensed manufacturer distributed class rings in competition with the "official" product sponsored by the university.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since in making his rings, the copyist used the Notre Dame name, seal, and monogram without the university's consent, a misappropriation of property rights that the Seventh Circuit equated, without citing <i>INS</i>, to the theft of cash from the university's safe deposit box.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Flint v. Oleet Jewelry Mfg. Co.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the defendant copied the plaintiff's unpatented, uncopyrighted "Mustard Seed Remembrancer" locket, containing a mustard seed to remind users of the power of "so much faith as a grain of mustard" to move mountains (<i>Matt</i>. 17:20). The court found misappropriation under the <i>INS</i> doctrine and held that <a href="/wiki/Secondary_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary meaning">secondary meaning</a> was no longer an essential element of unfair competition law in New York. </p><p>In <i>Metropolitan Opera Ass'n v. Wagner-Nichols Recorder Corp.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the trial court described New York misappropriation law as standing for the "broader principle that property rights of commercial value are to be and will be protected from any form of commercial immorality"; that misappropriation law developed "to deal with business malpractices offensive to the ethics of [] society"; and that the doctrine is "broad and flexible."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that case, the defendant engaged in a "business malpractice offensive to the ethics of society"<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since it copied and recorded the Met's opera broadcasts, which interfered with the Met's exclusive recording contract with Columbia Records. (At the time, the Copyright Act did not yet extend to sound recordings.) That was not a "hot news" case but rather an improper copying case. It shows the expansion of the <i>INS</i> doctrine beyond "hot news" to a more general misappropriation doctrine. </p><p>However, the Second Circuit subsequently held that New York law, so interpreted, was pre-empted by the 1976 Copyright Act. After quoting the foregoing language from <i>Metropolitan Opera</i>, the Second Circuit said: </p> <blockquote><p>However, we believe that <i>Metropolitan Opera</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s broad misappropriation doctrine based on amorphous concepts such as "commercial immorality" or society's "ethics" is preempted. Such concepts are virtually synonymous for wrongful copying and are in no meaningful fashion distinguishable from infringement of a copyright. The broad misappropriation doctrine relied upon by the district court is, therefore, the equivalent of exclusive rights in copyright law.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>At the same time, other Second Circuit case law, beginning shortly after the <i>INS</i> decision, has greatly limited the application of <i>INS</i> to general product copying. In those cases, typically, the doctrine requiring "<a href="/wiki/Secondary_meaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary meaning">secondary meaning</a>" is invoked to bar plaintiff's recovery. </p><p>An illustrative case is the 1929 decision in <i>Cheney Bros. v. Doris Silk Corp.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cheney_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheney-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was decided a decade after <i>INS</i>. Many of the plaintiff's fabric designs (80%) were unsuccessful; plaintiff copied successful designs. The designs were not practicably copyrighted or patented and so "the plaintiff, which is put to much ingenuity and expense in fabricating them, finds itself without protection of any sort for its pains."<sup id="cite_ref-Cheney_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheney-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the designs were short lived, plaintiff sought "hot-news" type of protection from equity, for less than a year. The Second Circuit, per Judge Learned Hand, denied relief: "In the absence of some recognized right at common law, or under the statutes—and the plaintiff claims neither—a man's property is limited to the chattels which embody his invention. Others may imitate these at their pleasure."<sup id="cite_ref-Cheney280_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheney280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As for the <i>INS</i> case, on which the plaintiff sought to rely, the court refused to apply it beyond its particular fact pattern: </p> <blockquote><p>Although that [case] concerned another subject-matter—printed news dispatches—we agree that, if it meant to lay down a general doctrine, it would cover this case; at least, the language of the majority opinion goes so far. We do not believe that it did. While it is of course true that law ordinarily speaks in general terms, there are cases where the occasion is at once the justification for, and the limit of, what is decided. This appears to us such an instance; we think that no more was covered than situations substantially similar to those then at bar. The difficulties of understanding it otherwise are insuperable. We are to suppose that the court meant to create a sort of common-law patent or copyright for reasons of justice. Either would flagrantly conflict with the scheme which Congress has for more than a century devised to cover the subject-matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheney280_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheney280-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another illustrative case is the 1960 decision in <i>American-Marietta Co. v. Krigsman</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving a sponge-mop replacement (for installation after the original sponge becomes worn out). The plaintiff did not attempt to protect functional features of the product, but only sought to prevent the copying of the nonfunctional arrangement of slots in the metal "presser plate" (hinged to the bottom of the mop) which is pressed against the sponge to squeeze water out. The rule against nonfunctional copying, the Second Circuit held (in an opinion by Judge Learned Hand), is restricted to cases where the nonfunctional element has acquired a secondary meaning: </p> <blockquote><p>It is indeed quite likely that buyers have assumed an identity of origin to the two mops from their general similarity; it is even possible-though we should suppose it very unlikely-that the identical form of the "slots" may have contributed to that assumption, but one who seeks to enjoin the reproduction of what is in the public domain must affirmatively show that the copied features were the reason for the confusion; it is not enough that perhaps it may have contributed [to it].<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The implication of that line of cases is that the <i>INS</i> doctrine is being given very limited scope, particularly in contexts in which copyright law may dominate the field. Decisions from other circuits are consistent with those from the Second Circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kellogg_case"><i>Kellogg</i> case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kellogg case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Co._v._National_Biscuit_Co." title="Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.">Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1938, the Supreme Court considered a case arguably akin to <i>INS</i> but, with Justice Brandeis writing for the Court and now in the majority, denied relief: </p> <blockquote><p>Kellogg Company is undoubtedly sharing in the goodwill of the article known as <i>Shredded Wheat</i>; and thus is sharing in a market which was created by the skill and judgment of plaintiff's predecessor and has been widely extended by vast expenditures in advertising persistently made. But that is not unfair. Sharing in the goodwill of an article unprotected by patent or trade-mark is the exercise of a right possessed by all—and in the free exercise of which the consuming public is deeply interested.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>One commentator maintained that one could properly </p> <blockquote><p>...view <i>Kellogg</i> as vindication of the views that he [Brandeis] expressed in <i>INS</i>. That Nabisco had invested in the shredded wheat product did not give it control over the use of the pillow shape (or the term SHREDDED WHEAT); it had no property right against misappropriation of the shape after the expiry of the patents. Instead, Brandeis inquired [only] whether Kellogg had engaged in any acts of misrepresentation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sears_and_Compco_cases"><i>Sears</i> and <i>Compco</i> cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sears and Compco cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1964 decisions of the Supreme Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Sears_v._Stiffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears v. Stiffel">Sears v. Stiffel</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Compco_v._Day-Brite" class="mw-redirect" title="Compco v. Day-Brite">Compco v. Day-Brite</a></i> undermined the application of the <i>INS</i> doctrine to prohibit or penalize the copying of product designs to the point that the First Circuit said in 1967 that <i>INS</i> "has clearly been overruled."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those cases held that federal patent law preempts state laws that duplicate the patent laws or disturb the balance that patent law sets between competition and monopoly protection for inventions; as one commentator explained: </p> <blockquote><p>The implement selected by the Court to vindicate the competition–monopoly balance may be characterized as a per se rule. Any state law which operates to jar the balance, however incidentally, is, per se, an illegitimate impediment and to be condemned. In the view of Mr. Justice Black, writing for the majority, just "as a State cannot encroach upon the federal patent laws directly, it cannot, under some other law . . . give protection of a kind that clashes with the objectives of the federal patent laws." . . . Though <i>International News Service</i> has never been expressly overruled, the Court was, in <i>Sears</i> and <i>Compco</i>, apparently rejecting its approach.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Accordingly, such <i>INS</i>-based decisions as the Notre Dame ring case, the Flint mustard seed case, <i>Haeger Potteries, Inc. v. Gilner Potteries</i>, in which the court held that copying an ash-tray design "in precise detail as to design, shape and color, and in every other respect than quality, is nothing less than piracy,"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Dior v. Milton</i>, in which the court held that there was no good reason "why the rights of the plaintiff [in a dress design] should receive less protection than those of the sponsor of sporting events and the disseminator of news,"<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can no longer survive: they have been given "the death knell."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is said that— </p> <blockquote><p><i>Stiffel</i> and <i>Compco</i> now have made it clear that the misappropriation theory as applied to cases involving article duplication is to be rejected. . . . By applying the doctrine of preemption of the field by congressional enactment of federal patent and copyright laws, the Supreme Court has . . . rung the death knell for the misappropriation theory as applied to product simulation.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_248" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 248">List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 248</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press_v._United_States" title="Associated Press v. United States">Associated Press v. United States</a></i> (1945), an antitrust Supreme Court case</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_v._Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Feist v. Rural">Feist v. Rural</a></i> (1991), holding that "copyright awards originality, not effort"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barclays_Capital_Inc._v._Theflyonthewall.com,_Inc." title="Barclays Capital Inc. v. Theflyonthewall.com, Inc.">Barclays Capital Inc. v. Theflyonthewall.com, Inc.</a></i> (2d Cir. 2011)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the Columbia Symposium, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3719&context=fss_papers"><i>Product Simulation: A Right or a Wrong</i></a>, 64 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Columb. L. Rev.</span> 1178 (1964), for a group of articles on <i>INS</i> and related case law. See also Dennis Karjala, <i>Misappropriation As A Third Intellectual Property Paradigm</i>, 94 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Colum. L. Rev</span>. 2594 (1994) (arguing for application of <i>INS</i> misappropriation doctrine to data retrieval systems); Leo J. Raskind, <i>The Misappropriation Doctrine As A Competitive Norm of Intellectual Property Law</i>, 75 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Minn. L. Rev.</span> 875 (1991) (criticizing misappropriation doctrine); Richard H. Stern & Joel E. Hoffman, <i>Public Injury and the Public Interest: Secondary Meaning in the Law of Unfair Competition</i>, 110 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">U. Pa. L. Rev.</span> 935, 966-971 (1962) (arguing that misappropriation doctrine is anticompetitive and too vague to serve any predictive function).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justice Brandeis observed in his dissenting opinion, "For aught that appears, this prohibition may have been wholly undeserved." <i>International News Service v. Associated Press</i>, 248 U.S. 215, 263 (1918).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50D1FF6345B11738DDDAA0894DD405B888DF1D3">News Pirating Case in Supreme Court</a></i>, N.Y. Times, May 3, 1918.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">304 U.S. at 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Paul Goldstein, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1120873?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents"><i>Federal System Ordering of the Copyright Interest</i></a>, 69 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Columb. L. Rev.</span> 49, 58 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at .<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 239-40. (Emphasis added. Emphasized passages are those widely quoted in later cases.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">248 U.S. at 262-64, 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Goldstein, <i>Federal System Ordering of the Copyright Interest</i>, 69 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Colum. L. Rev.</span> 49, 49 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Confold Pacific, Inc. v. Polaris Indus., Inc.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/433/952/546150/">433 F.3d 952</a>, 960 (<a href="/wiki/7th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="7th Cir.">7th Cir.</a> 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Twentieth Century Sporting Club, Inc. v. Transradio Press Serv.</i></cite>, 300 N.Y.S. 159 (N.Y. Sup. Ct. 1937).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, to the same effect, <i>Mutual Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Muzak</i>, 177 Misc. 489, 30 N.Y.S.2d 419 (Sup. Ct. 1941) (rebroadcast of World Series).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Ass%27n_v._Motorola,_Inc." title="National Basketball Ass'n v. Motorola, Inc.">National Basketball Ass'n v. Motorola, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/105/841/598844/">105 F.3d 841</a> (<a href="/wiki/2d_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="2d Cir.">2d Cir.</a> 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Basketball Ass'n</i>, 105 F.3d at 845.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Accord <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Barclays_Capital_Inc._v._Theflyonthewall.com,_Inc." title="Barclays Capital Inc. v. Theflyonthewall.com, Inc.">Barclays Capital Inc. v. Theflyonthewall.com, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20110620004t">650 F.3d 876</a> (2d Cir. 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Goldstein_v._California" title="Goldstein v. California">Goldstein v. California</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_412" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 412">412</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/412/546/#562-63">546, 562-63</a> (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>Capitol Records, Inc. v. Greatest Records, Inc.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7245178477222721436">43 Misc. 2d 878</a>, 252 N.Y. Supp. 2d 553 (1964); <i>Capitol Records, Inc. v. Erickson</i>, 2 <a href="/wiki/California_courts_of_appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="California courts of appeal">Cal. App. 3d</a> 526, 532, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=10574392377908253849">82 Cal. Rptr. 798</a> (1969); <i>Capitol Records v. Spies</i>, 130 <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Appellate_Court" title="Illinois Appellate Court">Ill. App. 2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/2198901/capitol-records-v-spies/">429</a>, 432, 264 <a href="/wiki/N.E.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="N.E.2d">N.E.2d</a> 874 (1970); <i>National Broadcasting Co., Inc. v. Nance</i>, 506 <a href="/wiki/S.W.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="S.W.2d">S.W.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/missouri/court-of-appeals/1974/35239-0.html">483</a>, 484-85 (<a href="/wiki/Missouri_Court_of_Appeals" title="Missouri Court of Appeals">Mo. Ct. App.</a> 1974); <i>Liberty/U A, Inc. v. Eastern Tape Corp.</i>, 11 <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Court_of_Appeals" title="North Carolina Court of Appeals">N.C. App.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/north-carolina/court-of-appeals/1971/7126sc259-1.html">20</a>, 22, 180 <a href="/wiki/S.E.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="S.E.2d">S.E.2d</a> 414 (1971), cert. denied, 278 N.C. 702, 181 S.E.2d 600 (1971); <i>Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Custom Recording Co., Inc.</i>, 258 <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Supreme_Court" title="South Carolina Supreme Court">S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/south-carolina/supreme-court/1972/19430-1.html">465</a>, 478, 189 S.E.2d 305 (1972).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Note, <i>Copyrights: States Allowed to Protect Works Not Copyrightable Under Federal Law</i>, 58 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Minn. Law Rev.</span> 316, 324 (1973).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John Roberts Mfg. Co. v. University of Notre Dame du Lac</i>, 152 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp." class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp.">F. Supp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/152/269/1515537/">269</a> (<a href="/wiki/N.D._Ind." class="mw-redirect" title="N.D. Ind.">N.D. Ind.</a> 1957), aff'd, 258 <a href="/wiki/F.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.2d">F.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/258/256/412628/">256</a> (7th Cir. 1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>John Roberts Mfg. Co.</i>, 258 F.2d at 259, 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Flint v. Oleet Jewelry Mfg. Co.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/133/459/1981368/">133 F. Supp. 459</a> (<a href="/wiki/S.D.N.Y." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D.N.Y.">S.D.N.Y.</a> 1955).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Metropolitan Opera Ass'n v. Wagner-Nichols Recorder Corp.</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16203135322913830587">199 Misc. 786</a>, 101 N.Y.S.2d 483 (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court" title="New York Supreme Court">N.Y. Sup. Ct.</a> 1950), aff'd, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5096561093728480527">279 A.D. 632</a>, 107 N.Y.S.2d 795 (1st Dep't 1951).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Metropolitan Opera</i>, 101 N.Y.S.2d at 492, 488-89).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">101 N.Y.S.2d at 492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Basketball Ass'n</i>, 105 F.3d at 851.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheney-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheney_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheney_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Cheney Bros. v. Doris Silk Corp.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/35/279/1488347/">35 F.2d 279</a> (2d Cir. 1929).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheney280-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheney280_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheney280_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cheney Bros.</i>, 35 F.2d at 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>American-Marietta Co. v. Krigsman</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/275/287/215824/">275 F.2d 287</a> (2d Cir. 1960).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Krigsman</i>, 275 F.2d at 290.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Pagliero v. Wallace China Co.</i>, 198 <a href="/wiki/F.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.2d">F.2d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/198/339/202861/">339</a>, 343 (<a href="/wiki/9th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="9th Cir.">9th Cir.</a> 1952); <i>Supreme Records, Inc. v. Decca Records, Inc.</i>, 90 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp." class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp.">F. Supp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/90/904/1505284/">904</a>, 908 (<a href="/wiki/S.D._Cal." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Cal.">S.D. Cal.</a> 1950) ("I do not believe that the Supreme Court intended the decision in [<i>INS</i>] to apply to appropriations of a different character.") (citing <i>Cheney</i> case); <i>Triangle Pubs., Inc. v. New England Newspaper Pub. Co.</i>, 46 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp." class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp.">F. Supp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/46/198/1555084/">198</a>, 203 (<a href="/wiki/D._Mass." class="mw-redirect" title="D. Mass.">D. Mass.</a> 1942) ("The courts of Massachusetts, perhaps mindful of the views held by the Massachusetts brethren on the Supreme Court of the United States, perhaps from their general hostility to new trends in the law of torts, and perhaps observing that the federal courts now seem to feel Mr. Justice Pitney's <i>dicta</i> went too far in [<i>INS</i>]." But see <i>Mercury Record Productions, Inc. v. Economic Consultants, Inc.</i>, 64 Wis.2d 163, 182, 218 N.W.2d 705 (1974) (rejecting "the line of precedents originating with Judge Learned Hand").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Co._v._National_Biscuit_Co." title="Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.">Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_305" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 305">305</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/305/111/">111</a> (1938).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">305 U.S. at 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graeme B. Dinwoodie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1028&context=graeme_dinwoodie">The Story of Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.: Breakfast with Brandeis</a> 29 (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_L._Kaminstein" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_L._Kaminstein" title="Abraham L. Kaminstein">Abraham L. Kaminstein</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copyright.gov/reports/annual/archive/ar-1968.pdf">71st Annual Report of the Register of Copyrights</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). United States Copyright Office. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=71st+Annual+Report+of+the+Register+of+Copyrights&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=United+States+Copyright+Office&rft.au=Abraham+L.+Kaminstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copyright.gov%2Freports%2Fannual%2Farchive%2Far-1968.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInternational+News+Service+v.+Associated+Press" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Goldstein, 69 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Colum. L. Rev.</span> 49, 64 (1969).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Haeger Potteries, Inc. v. Gilner Potteries</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/123/261/1509237/">123 F. Supp. 261</a>, 270-71 (<a href="/wiki/S.D._Cal." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Cal.">S.D. Cal.</a> 1954).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dior v. Milton</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12824590270108691321">419 Misc. 2d 425</a>, 155 N.Y.S. 2d 443 (Sup. Ct.), aff'd per curiam, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=6952588675882267736">2 App. Div. 2d 878</a>, 156 N.Y.S. 2d 996 (1956).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Wylie A. Aitken, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/mulr/vol48/iss4/9"><i>Case Note: Product Simulation: The Death Knell for the Misappropriation Theory—the Stiffel and Compco Cases</i></a>, 48 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Marq. L. Rev.</span> 596 (1965).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aitken, at 605.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Howard B. Abrams, <i>Copyright, Misappropriation, and Preemption: Constitutional and Statutory Limits of State Law Protection</i>. 1983 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Sup. Ct. Rev.</span> 509.</li> <li>Douglas G. Baird, <i>The Story of INS v. AP: Property, Natural Monopoly, and the Uneasy Legacy of Concocted Controversy</i> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Intellectual Property Stories</span> 9 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jane_C._Ginsberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jane C. Ginsberg (page does not exist)">Jane C. Ginsberg</a> and Rochelle Cooper eds., 2005).</li> <li>Douglas G. Baird, <i>Common Law Intellectual Property and the Legacy of International News Service v. Associated Press</i>, 50 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">U. Chi L. Rev.</span> 411 (1983).</li> <li>Richard A. Epstein, <i>International News Service v. Associated Press: Custom and Law as Sources of Property Rights in News</i>, 78 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Va. L. Rev.</span> 85 (1992).</li> <li>Victoria Smith Ekstrand, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">News Piracy and the Hot News Doctrine: Origins in Law and Implications for the Digital Age</span> (2005).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_S._Karjala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis S. Karjala">Dennis S. Karjala</a>, <i>Copyright and Misappropriation</i>, 17 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">U. Dayton L. Rev.</span> 885 (1992).</li> <li>Matthias Leistner, <i>The legacy of International News Service v. Associated Press</i> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Landmark Intellectual Property Cases and Their Legacy</span> 33 (Christopher Heath and Anselm Kamperman Sanders eds., 2010).</li> <li>Gary Myers, <i>The Restatement's Rejection of the Misappropriation Tort: A Victory for the Public Domain</i>, 47 S.C.L. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Rev</span>. 673 (1996).</li> <li>Leo J. Raskind, <i>The Misappropriation Doctrine as a Competitive Norm of Intellectual Property Law</i>, 75 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Minn. L. Rev.</span> 875 (1991).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/International News Service v. Associated Press">International News Service v. Associated Press</a> at Wikisource</li> <li>Text of <i>International News Service v. Associated Press</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_248" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 248">248</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 215 (1918) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/99248/internatl-news-serv-v-asso-press/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/248/215.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/248/215/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep248/usrep248215/usrep248215.pdf">Library of Congress</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/metaschool/fisher/linking/doctrine/">The Doctrine of Misappropriation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Enumeration_Clause_of_Section_II2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Apportionment_of_Representatives_and_taxes" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Enumeration Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_2:_House_of_Representatives" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Utah_v._Evans" title="Utah v. Evans">Utah v. Evans</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Commerce_v._New_York" title="Department of Commerce v. New York">Department of Commerce v. New York</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Qualifications_Clauses_of_Sections_II_and_III2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Qualifications_of_Members" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Qualifications Clauses of Sections II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Qualifications_of_senators" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">III</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Powell_v._McCormack" title="Powell v. McCormack">Powell v. McCormack</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton" title="U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton">U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cook_v._Gralike" title="Cook v. Gralike">Cook v. Gralike</a></i> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Elections_Clause_of_Section_IV2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_Time,_place,_and_manner_of_holding" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Elections Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_4:_Congressional_elections" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section IV</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Siebold" title="Ex parte Siebold">Ex parte Siebold</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smiley_v._Holm" title="Smiley v. Holm">Smiley v. Holm</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton" title="U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton">U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Speech_or_Debate_Clause_of_Section_VI2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_6:Compensation,_privileges,_and_restrictions_on_holding_civil_office" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VI</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kilbourn_v._Thompson" title="Kilbourn v. Thompson">Kilbourn v. Thompson</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Johnson_(1966)" title="United States v. Johnson (1966)">United States v. Johnson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gravel_v._United_States" title="Gravel v. United States">Gravel v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Origination_Clause_of_Section_VII2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_7:_Bills" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flint_v._Stone_Tracy_Co." title="Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.">Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Munoz-Flores" title="United States v. Munoz-Flores">United States v. Munoz-Flores</a></i> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presentment_Clause_of_Section_VII2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment Clause</a> of Section VII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_Veto_Case" title="Pocket Veto Case">Pocket Veto Case</a> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._Chadha" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha">Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._City_of_New_York" title="Clinton v. City of New York">Clinton v. City of New York</a></i> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxing_and_Spending_Clause_of_Section_VIII2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section VIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hylton_v._United_States" title="Hylton v. United States">Hylton v. United States</a></i> (1796)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collector_v._Day" title="Collector v. Day">Collector v. Day</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Springer_v._United_States" title="Springer v. United States">Springer v. United States</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pollock_v._Farmers%27_Loan_%26_Trust_Co." title="Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.">Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brushaber_v._Union_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.">Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailey_v._Drexel_Furniture_Co." title="Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.">Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Butler" title="United States v. Butler">United States v. Butler</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helvering_v._Davis" title="Helvering v. Davis">Helvering v. Davis</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Dole" title="South Dakota v. Dole">South Dakota v. Dole</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabri_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabri v. United States (page does not exist)">Sabri v. United States</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Commerce_Clause_of_Section_VIII2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Maryland" title="Brown v. Maryland">Brown v. Maryland</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Willson_v._Black-Bird_Creek_Marsh_Co." title="Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.">Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooley_v._Board_of_Wardens" title="Cooley v. Board of Wardens">Cooley v. Board of Wardens</a></i> (1852)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wabash,_St._Louis_%26_Pacific_Railway_Co._v._Illinois" title="Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois">Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swift_%26_Co._v._United_States" title="Swift & Co. v. United States">Swift & Co. v. United States</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_%26_Sons_Co._v._Malloy" title="George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy">George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_v._G.A.F._Seelig,_Inc." title="Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.">Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._California" title="Edwards v. California">Edwards v. California</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Co._v._Arizona" title="Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona">Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dean_Milk_Co._v._City_of_Madison" title="Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison">Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_Bros._Co._v._Maryland" title="Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland">Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibb_v._Navajo_Freight_Lines,_Inc." title="Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.">Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Bellas_Hess_v._Illinois" title="National Bellas Hess v. Illinois">National Bellas Hess v. Illinois</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pike_v._Bruce_Church,_Inc." title="Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.">Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hughes_v._Alexandria_Scrap_Corp." title="Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.">Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Auto_Transit,_Inc._v._Brady" title="Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady">Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunt_v._Washington_State_Apple_Advertising_Commission" title="Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission">Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Philadelphia_v._New_Jersey" title="City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey">City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Corp._v._Governor_of_Maryland" title="Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland">Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reeves,_Inc._v._Stake" title="Reeves, Inc. v. Stake">Reeves, Inc. v. Stake</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassel_v._Consolidated_Freightways_Corp." title="Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.">Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sporhase_v._Nebraska_ex_rel._Douglas" title="Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas">Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_v._Mass._Council_of_Construction_Employers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers (page does not exist)">White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South-Central_Timber_Development,_Inc._v._Wunnicke" title="South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke">South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maine_v._Taylor" title="Maine v. Taylor">Maine v. Taylor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Healy_v._Beer_Institute,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc. (page does not exist)">Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quill_Corp._v._North_Dakota" title="Quill Corp. v. North Dakota">Quill Corp. v. North Dakota</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Waste_Management,_Inc._v._Hunt" title="Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt">Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Waste_Systems,_Inc._v._Department_of_Environmental_Quality_of_Oregon" title="Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon">Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%26A_Carbone,_Inc._v._Town_of_Clarkstown" title="C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown">C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Lynn_Creamery,_Inc._v._Healy" title="West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy">West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Granholm_v._Heald" title="Granholm v. Heald">Granholm v. Heald</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Haulers_Ass%27n_v._Oneida-Herkimer_Solid_Waste_Management_Authority" title="United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority">United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_of_Kentucky_v._Davis" title="Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis">Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_of_the_Treasury_of_Maryland_v._Wynne" title="Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne">Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_v._Wayfair,_Inc." title="South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.">South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Wine_and_Spirits_Retailers_Assn._v._Thomas" title="Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas">Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Pork_Producers_Council_v._Ross" title="National Pork Producers Council v. Ross">National Pork Producers Council v. Ross</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibbons_v._Ogden" title="Gibbons v. Ogden">Gibbons v. Ogden</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Passenger_Cases" title="Passenger Cases">Passenger Cases</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v._Virginia" title="Paul v. Virginia">Paul v. Virginia</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Manufacturing_Co._v._Ferguson" title="Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson">Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kidd_v._Pearson" title="Kidd v. Pearson">Kidd v. Pearson</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Debs" title="In re Debs">In re Debs</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._E._C._Knight_Co." title="United States v. E. C. Knight Co.">United States v. E. C. Knight Co.</a></i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Champion_v._Ames" title="Champion v. Ames">Champion v. Ames</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Railway_Co._v._United_States" title="Southern Railway Co. v. United States">Southern Railway Co. v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoke_v._United_States" title="Hoke v. United States">Hoke v. United States</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Houston_East_%26_West_Texas_Railway_Co._v._United_States" title="Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States">Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hammer_v._Dagenhart" title="Hammer v. Dagenhart">Hammer v. Dagenhart</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade_of_City_of_Chicago_v._Olsen" title="Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen">Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A.L.A._Schechter_Poultry_Corp._v._United_States" title="A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States">A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panama_Refining_Co._v._Ryan" title="Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan">Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carter_v._Carter_Coal_Co." title="Carter v. Carter Coal Co.">Carter v. Carter Coal Co.</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NLRB_v._Jones_%26_Laughlin_Steel_Corp." title="NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.">NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Carolene_Products_Co." title="United States v. Carolene Products Co.">United States v. Carolene Products Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McGoldrick_v._Berwind-White_Coal_Mining_Co." title="McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.">McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Darby_Lumber_Co." title="United States v. Darby Lumber Co.">United States v. Darby Lumber Co.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wrightwood_Dairy_Co." title="United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.">United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wickard_v._Filburn" title="Wickard v. Filburn">Wickard v. Filburn</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._South-Eastern_Underwriters_Ass%27n" title="United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n">United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_American_Co._v._SEC" title="North American Co. v. SEC">North American Co. v. SEC</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H.P._Hood_%26_Sons_v._Du_Mond" title="H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond">H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henderson_v._United_States_(1950)" title="Henderson v. United States (1950)">Henderson v. United States</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canton_Railroad_Co._v._Rogan" title="Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan">Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maryland_v._Wirtz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maryland v. Wirtz (page does not exist)">Maryland v. Wirtz</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Cities_v._Usery" title="National League of Cities v. Usery">National League of Cities v. Usery</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hodel_v._Virginia_Surface_Mining_%26_Reclamation_Association,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc. (page does not exist)">Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Edison_Co._v._Montana" title="Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana">Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EEOC_v._Wyoming" title="EEOC v. Wyoming">EEOC v. Wyoming</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garcia_v._San_Antonio_Metropolitan_Transit_Authority" title="Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority">Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._United_States" title="New York v. United States">New York v. United States</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lopez" title="United States v. Lopez">United States v. Lopez</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Tribe_of_Florida_v._Florida" title="Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida">Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._Condon" title="Reno v. Condon">Reno v. Condon</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Locke" title="United States v. Locke">United States v. Locke</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_v._United_States_(2000)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones v. United States (2000) (page does not exist)">Jones v. United States</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business_v._Sebelius" title="National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius">National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._United_States_(2016)" title="Taylor v. United States (2016)">Taylor v. United States</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Coinage_Clause_of_Section_VIII2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Enumerated_powers" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Coinage Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Legal_Tender_Cases26" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Cases</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Knox_v._Lee" title="Knox v. Lee">Knox v. Lee</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_v._Greenman" title="Juilliard v. Greenman">Juilliard v. Greenman</a></i> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Copyright_Clause_of_Section_VIII2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1790" title="Copyright Act of 1790">Copyright Act of 1790</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paige_v._Banks" title="Paige v. Banks">Paige v. Banks</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globe_Newspaper_Co._v._Walker" title="Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker">Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker</a></i> (1908)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_patent_law#Patent_Act_of_1793" title="History of United States patent law">Patent Act of 1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyler_v._Tuel" title="Tyler v. Tuel">Tyler v. Tuel</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Eaton_(1818)" title="Evans v. Eaton (1818)">Evans v. Eaton</a></i> (1818)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Eaton_(1822)" title="Evans v. Eaton (1822)">Evans v. Eaton</a></i> (1822)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Hettich" title="Evans v. Hettich">Evans v. Hettich</a></i> (1822)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement_under_United_States_law" title="Patent infringement under United States law">Patent infringement</a> case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Evans_v._Jordan" title="Evans v. Jordan">Evans v. Jordan</a></i> (1815)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hollister_v._Benedict_%26_Burnham_Manufacturing_Co." title="Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.">Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rowell_v._Lindsay" title="Rowell v. Lindsay">Rowell v. Lindsay</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bauer_%26_Cie._v._O%27Donnell" title="Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell">Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_Talking_Pictures_Corp._v._Western_Electric_Co." title="General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.">General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.</a></i> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patentability" title="Patentability">Patentability</a> case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pennock_v._Dialogue" title="Pennock v. Dialogue">Pennock v. Dialogue</a></i> (1829)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hotchkiss_v._Greenwood" title="Hotchkiss v. Greenwood">Hotchkiss v. Greenwood</a></i> (1851)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_v._Morse" title="O'Reilly v. Morse">O'Reilly v. Morse</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cochrane_v._Deener" title="Cochrane v. Deener">Cochrane v. Deener</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Elizabeth_v._American_Nicholson_Pavement_Co." title="City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.">City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Egbert_v._Lippmann" title="Egbert v. Lippmann">Egbert v. Lippmann</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Safety-Valve_Co._v._Crosby_Steam_Gauge_%26_Valve_Co." title="Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.">Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voss_v._Fisher" title="Voss v. Fisher">Voss v. Fisher</a></i> (1885)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1831" title="Copyright Act of 1831">Copyright Act of 1831</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Wheaton_v._Peters" title="Wheaton v. Peters">Wheaton v. Peters</a></i> (1834)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backus_v._Gould" title="Backus v. Gould">Backus v. Gould</a></i> (1849)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stephens_v._Cady" title="Stephens v. Cady">Stephens v. Cady</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stevens_v._Gladding" title="Stevens v. Gladding">Stevens v. Gladding</a></i> (1854)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Hall" title="Little v. Hall">Little v. Hall</a></i> (1856)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paige_v._Banks" title="Paige v. Banks">Paige v. Banks</a></i> (1872)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Selden" title="Baker v. Selden">Baker v. Selden</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higgins_v._Keuffel" title="Higgins v. Keuffel">Higgins v. Keuffel</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holmes_v._Hurst" title="Holmes v. Hurst">Holmes v. Hurst</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Daly" title="Brady v. Daly">Brady v. Daly</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolles_v._Outing_Co." title="Bolles v. Outing Co.">Bolles v. Outing Co.</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_v._R._H._White_Company" title="Mifflin v. R. H. White Company">Mifflin v. R. H. White Company</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mifflin_v._Dutton" title="Mifflin v. Dutton">Mifflin v. Dutton</a></i> (1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1870" title="Copyright Act of 1870">Copyright Act of 1870</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perris_v._Hexamer" title="Perris v. Hexamer">Perris v. Hexamer</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trade-Mark_Cases" title="Trade-Mark Cases">Trade-Mark Cases</a></i> (1879)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merrell_v._Tice" title="Merrell v. Tice">Merrell v. Tice</a></i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schreiber_v._Sharpless" title="Schreiber v. Sharpless">Schreiber v. Sharpless</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burrow-Giles_Lithographic_Co._v._Sarony" title="Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony">Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornton_v._Schreiber" title="Thornton v. Schreiber">Thornton v. Schreiber</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banks_v._Manchester" title="Banks v. Manchester">Banks v. Manchester</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Callaghan_v._Myers" title="Callaghan v. Myers">Callaghan v. Myers</a></i> (1888)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thompson_v._Hubbard" title="Thompson v. Hubbard">Thompson v. Hubbard</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Higgins_v._Keuffel" title="Higgins v. Keuffel">Higgins v. Keuffel</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Belford_v._Scribner" title="Belford v. Scribner">Belford v. Scribner</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Daly" title="Brady v. Daly">Brady v. Daly</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolles_v._Outing_Co." title="Bolles v. Outing Co.">Bolles v. Outing Co.</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bleistein_v._Donaldson_Lithographing_Co." title="Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.">Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLoughlin_v._Raphael_Tuck_%26_Sons_Co." title="McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.">McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tobacco_Co._v._Werckmeister" title="American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister">American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Werckmeister_v._American_Tobacco_Co." title="Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.">Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Dictionary_Co._v._G._%26_C._Merriam_Co." title="United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.">United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dun_v._Lumbermen%27s_Credit_Ass%27n" title="Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n">Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill_Co._v._Straus" title="Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus">Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scribner_v._Straus" title="Scribner v. Straus">Scribner v. Straus</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bong_v._Campbell_Art_Co." title="Bong v. Campbell Art Co.">Bong v. Campbell Art Co.</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_v._A.B._Dick_Co." title="Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.">Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.</a></i> (1912)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act_of_1890" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890">Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Straus_v._American_Publishers_Association" title="Straus v. American Publishers Association">Straus v. American Publishers Association</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Circuit,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States">Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC" title="Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC">Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Paramount_Pictures,_Inc." title="United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.">United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_Music,_Inc._v._CBS_Inc." title="Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.">Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.</a></i> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Copyright_Act_of_1891" title="International Copyright Act of 1891">International Copyright Act of 1891</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Press_Pub._Co._v._Monroe" title="Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe">Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLoughlin_v._Raphael_Tuck_%26_Sons_Co." title="McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.">McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tobacco_Co._v._Werckmeister" title="American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister">American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White-Smith_Music_Publishing_Co._v._Apollo_Co." title="White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.">White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Globe_Newspaper_Co._v._Walker" title="Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker">Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bong_v._Campbell_Art_Co." title="Bong v. Campbell Art Co.">Bong v. Campbell Art Co.</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caliga_v._Inter_Ocean_Newspaper_Co." title="Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.">Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.</a></i> (1909)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hills_and_Co._v._Hoover" title="Hills and Co. v. Hoover">Hills and Co. v. Hoover</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalem_Co._v._Harper_Bros." title="Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.">Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.</a></i> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1909" title="Copyright Act of 1909">Copyright Act of 1909</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hills_and_Co._v._Hoover" title="Hills and Co. v. Hoover">Hills and Co. v. Hoover</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeJonge_and_Co._v._Breuker_%26_Kessler_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.">DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herbert_v._Shanley_Co." title="Herbert v. Shanley Co.">Herbert v. Shanley Co.</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manners_v._Morosco" title="Manners v. Morosco">Manners v. Morosco</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Knowles" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles">Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Jewell-LaSalle_Realty_Co." title="Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.">Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Douglas_v._Cunningham" title="Douglas v. Cunningham">Douglas v. Cunningham</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washingtonian_Pub._Co._v._Pearson" title="Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson">Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Metro-Goldwyn_Pictures_Corp." title="Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.">Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fred_Fisher_Music_Co._v._M._Witmark_%26_Sons" title="Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons">Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Co._v._Contemporary_Arts,_Inc." title="F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.">F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazer_v._Stein" title="Mazer v. Stein">Mazer v. Stein</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Sylva_v._Ballentine" title="De Sylva v. Ballentine">De Sylva v. Ballentine</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_%26_Co._v._Stiffel_Co." title="Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.">Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_%26_Wilkins_Co._v._United_States" title="Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States">Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States</a></i> (1973)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patent_misuse" title="Patent misuse">Patent misuse</a> case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Patents_Co._v._Universal_Film_Manufacturing_Co." title="Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.">Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morton_Salt_Co._v._G.S._Suppiger_Co." title="Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.">Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.</a></i> (1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act_of_1914" title="Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914">Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashion_Originators%27_Guild_of_America_v._FTC" title="Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC">Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dowling_v._United_States_(1985)" title="Dowling v. United States (1985)">Dowling v. United States</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lanham_Act" title="Lanham Act">Lanham Act</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Inwood_Laboratories,_Inc._v._Ives_Laboratories,_Inc." title="Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.">Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Arts_%26_Athletics,_Inc._v._United_States_Olympic_Committee" title="San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee">San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Pesos,_Inc._v._Taco_Cabana,_Inc." title="Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.">Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qualitex_Co._v._Jacobson_Products_Co." title="Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.">Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Industries,_Inc._v._Leatherman_Tool_Group,_Inc." title="Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.">Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TrafFix_Devices,_Inc._v._Marketing_Displays,_Inc." title="TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.">TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dastar_Corp._v._Twentieth_Century_Fox_Film_Corp." title="Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.">Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moseley_v._V_Secret_Catalogue,_Inc." title="Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.">Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lexmark_International,_Inc._v._Static_Control_Components,_Inc.#Scope_of_federal_statutory_torts:_2014_ruling_at_the_Supreme_Court" title="Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.">Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/POM_Wonderful_LLC_v._Coca-Cola_Co." title="POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.">POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matal_v._Tam" title="Matal v. Tam">Matal v. Tam</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iancu_v._Brunetti" title="Iancu v. Brunetti">Iancu v. Brunetti</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romag_Fasteners,_Inc._v._Fossil,_Inc." title="Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.">Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co." title="Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.">Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mills_Music,_Inc._v._Snyder" title="Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder">Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Creative_Non-Violence_v._Reid" title="Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid">Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stewart_v._Abend" title="Stewart v. Abend">Stewart v. Abend</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feist_Publications,_Inc.,_v._Rural_Telephone_Service_Co." title="Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.">Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fogerty_v._Fantasy,_Inc." title="Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.">Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lotus_Dev._Corp._v._Borland_Int%27l,_Inc." title="Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.">Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quality_King_Distributors_Inc.,_v._L%27anza_Research_International_Inc." title="Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.">Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feltner_v._Columbia_Pictures_Television,_Inc." title="Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.">Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_Co._v._Tasini" title="New York Times Co. v. Tasini">New York Times Co. v. Tasini</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eldred_v._Ashcroft" title="Eldred v. Ashcroft">Eldred v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_Elsevier,_Inc._v._Muchnick" title="Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick">Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Golan_v._Holder" title="Golan v. Holder">Golan v. Holder</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirtsaeng_v._John_Wiley_%26_Sons,_Inc." title="Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.">Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Petrella_v._Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer,_Inc." title="Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.">Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Cos.,_Inc._v._Aereo,_Inc." title="American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.">American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Athletica,_LLC_v._Varsity_Brands,_Inc." title="Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.">Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate_Public_Benefit_Corp._v._Wall-Street.com" title="Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com">Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rimini_Street_Inc._v._Oracle_USA_Inc." title="Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.">Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Remedy_Clarification_Act" title="Copyright Remedy Clarification Act">Allen v. Cooper</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Public.Resource.Org,_Inc." title="Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.">Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_copyright_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court copyright case law">copyright cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Lithographic_Co._v._Werkmeister" title="American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister">American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ferris_v._Frohman" title="Ferris v. Frohman">Ferris v. Frohman</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict_of_New_Jersey_v._Steinhauser" title="Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser">Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">International News Service v. Associated Press</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L._A._Westermann_Co._v._Dispatch_Printing_Co." title="L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.">L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lumiere_v._Mae_Edna_Wilder,_Inc." title="Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.">Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Educational_Films_Corp._v._Ward" title="Educational Films Corp. v. Ward">Educational Films Corp. v. Ward</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Doyal" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal">Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_v._Victor_Talking_Machine_Co." title="George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.">George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KVOS_v._Associated_Press" title="KVOS v. Associated Press">KVOS v. Associated Press</a></i> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_v._Buck" title="Gibbs v. Buck">Gibbs v. Buck</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Gallagher" title="Buck v. Gallagher">Buck v. Gallagher</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_v._Wodehouse" title="Commissioner v. Wodehouse">Commissioner v. Wodehouse</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_Music_Corp._v._Charles_N._Daniels,_Inc." title="Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.">Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pub._Affairs_Associates,_Inc._v._Rickover" title="Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover">Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortnightly_Corp._v._United_Artists_Television,_Inc." title="Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.">Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldstein_v._California" title="Goldstein v. California">Goldstein v. California</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleprompter_Corp._v._Columbia_Broadcasting" title="Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting">Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Music_Corp._v._Aiken" title="Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken">Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken</a></i> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_patent_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court patent case law">patent cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Paper_Bag_Co._v._Eastern_Paper_Bag_Co." title="Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.">Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minerals_Separation,_Ltd._v._Hyde" title="Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde">Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._General_Electric_Co." title="United States v. General Electric Co.">United States v. General Electric Co.</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Univis_Lens_Co." title="United States v. Univis Lens Co.">United States v. Univis Lens Co.</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_%26_Carroll_Co._v._Interchemical_Corp." title="Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.">Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Funk_Bros._Seed_Co._v._Kalo_Inoculant_Co." title="Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.">Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Atlantic_%26_Pacific_Tea_Co._v._Supermarket_Equipment_Corp." title="Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.">Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graver_Tank_%26_Manufacturing_Co._v._Linde_Air_Products_Co." title="Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.">Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aro_Manufacturing_Co._v._Convertible_Top_Replacement_Co." title="Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.">Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compco_Corp._v._Day-Brite_Lighting,_Inc." title="Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.">Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilbur-Ellis_Co._v._Kuther" title="Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther">Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brulotte_v._Thys_Co." title="Brulotte v. Thys Co.">Brulotte v. Thys Co.</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Walker_Process_Equipment,_Inc._v._Food_Machinery_%26_Chemical_Corp." title="Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.">Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._John_Deere_Co." title="Graham v. John Deere Co.">Graham v. John Deere Co.</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Adams" title="United States v. Adams">United States v. Adams</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brenner_v._Manson" title="Brenner v. Manson">Brenner v. Manson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lear,_Inc._v._Adkins" title="Lear, Inc. v. Adkins">Lear, Inc. v. Adkins</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson%27s-Black_Rock,_Inc._v._Pavement_Salvage_Co." title="Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.">Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zenith_Radio_Corp._v._Hazeltine_Research,_Inc." title="Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.">Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_v._Benson" title="Gottschalk v. Benson">Gottschalk v. Benson</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Glaxo_Group_Ltd." title="United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.">United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dann_v._Johnston" title="Dann v. Johnston">Dann v. Johnston</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sakraida_v._Ag_Pro_Inc." title="Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.">Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parker_v._Flook" title="Parker v. Flook">Parker v. Flook</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Chakrabarty" title="Diamond v. Chakrabarty">Diamond v. Chakrabarty</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Diehr" title="Diamond v. Diehr">Diamond v. Diehr</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonito_Boats,_Inc._v._Thunder_Craft_Boats,_Inc." title="Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.">Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_%26_Co._v._Medtronic,_Inc." title="Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.">Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markman_v._Westview_Instruments,_Inc." title="Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.">Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warner-Jenkinson_Co._v._Hilton_Davis_Chemical_Co." title="Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.">Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfaff_v._Wells_Electronics,_Inc." title="Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.">Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickinson_v._Zurko" title="Dickinson v. Zurko">Dickinson v. Zurko</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank" title="Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank">Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J._E._M._Ag_Supply,_Inc._v._Pioneer_Hi-Bred_International,_Inc." title="J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.">J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Festo_Corp._v._Shoketsu_Kinzoku_Kogyo_Kabushiki_Co." title="Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.">Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merck_KGaA_v._Integra_Lifesciences_I,_Ltd." title="Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.">Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EBay_Inc._v._MercExchange,_L.L.C." title="EBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.">eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Tool_Works_Inc._v._Independent_Ink,_Inc." title="Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.">Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LabCorp_v._Metabolite,_Inc." title="LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.">LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MedImmune,_Inc._v._Genentech,_Inc." title="MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.">MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KSR_International_Co._v._Teleflex_Inc." title="KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.">KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._AT%26T_Corp." title="Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.">Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Computer,_Inc._v._LG_Electronics,_Inc." title="Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.">Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bilski_v._Kappos" title="Bilski v. Kappos">Bilski v. Kappos</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Global-Tech_Appliances,_Inc._v._SEB_S.A." title="Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.">Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_v._Roche_Molecular_Systems,_Inc." title="Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.">Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corp._v._i4i_Ltd._Partnership" title="Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership">Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Collaborative_Services_v._Prometheus_Laboratories,_Inc." title="Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.">Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kappos_v._Hyatt" title="Kappos v. Hyatt">Kappos v. Hyatt</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowman_v._Monsanto_Co." title="Bowman v. Monsanto Co.">Bowman v. Monsanto Co.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gunn_v._Minton" title="Gunn v. Minton">Gunn v. Minton</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Molecular_Pathology_v._Myriad_Genetics,_Inc." title="Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.">Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FTC_v._Actavis,_Inc." title="FTC v. Actavis, Inc.">FTC v. Actavis, Inc.</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Corp._v._CLS_Bank_International" title="Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International">Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akamai_Techs.,_Inc._v._Limelight_Networks,_Inc.#Supreme_Court" title="Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.">Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teva_Pharmaceuticals_USA,_Inc._v._Sandoz,_Inc." title="Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.">Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimble_v._Marvel_Entertainment,_LLC" title="Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC">Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc._v._Samsung_Electronics_Co." title="Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.">Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TC_Heartland_LLC_v._Kraft_Foods_Group_Brands_LLC" title="TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC">TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_v._NantKwest,_Inc." title="Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.">Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_trademark_case_law" title="List of United States Supreme Court trademark case law">trademark cases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/G._%26_C._Merriam_Co._v._Syndicate_Pub._Co." title="G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.">G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kellogg_Co._v._National_Biscuit_Co." title="Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.">Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patent_and_Trademark_Office_v._Booking.com_B._V." title="Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.">Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Necessary_and_Proper_Clause_of_Section_VIII2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper Clause</a> of Section VIII</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McCulloch_v._Maryland" title="McCulloch v. Maryland">McCulloch v. Maryland</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lambert_v._Yellowley" title="Lambert v. Yellowley">Lambert v. Yellowley</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabri_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabri v. United States (page does not exist)">Sabri v. United States</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Raich" title="Gonzales v. Raich">Gonzales v. Raich</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Comstock" title="United States v. Comstock">United States v. Comstock</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Kebodeaux" title="United States v. Kebodeaux">United States v. Kebodeaux</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Habeas_corpus_Suspension_Clause_of_Section_IX2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections" title="Article One of the United States Constitution"><i>Habeas corpus</i> Suspension Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9:_Limits_on_Federal_power" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section IX</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Merryman" title="Ex parte Merryman">Ex parte Merryman</a></i> (1861)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Endo" title="Ex parte Endo">Ex parte Endo</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service_v._St._Cyr" title="Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr">Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boumediene_v._Bush" title="Boumediene v. Bush">Boumediene v. Bush</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Thuraissigiam" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam">Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="No_Bills_of_Attainder_or_Ex_post_facto_Laws_Clause_of_Section_IX2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clauses_2_and_3:_Civil_and_legal_protections" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">No Bills of Attainder or <i>Ex post facto</i> Laws Clause</a> of Section IX</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calder_v._Bull" title="Calder v. Bull">Calder v. Bull</a></i> (1798)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield" title="Sturges v. Crowninshield">Sturges v. Crowninshield</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Garland" title="Ex parte Garland">Ex parte Garland</a></i> (1866)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawker_v._New_York" title="Hawker v. New York">Hawker v. New York</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuels_v._McCurdy" title="Samuels v. McCurdy">Samuels v. McCurdy</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Board_of_Public_Works" title="Garner v. Board of Public Works">Garner v. Board of Public Works</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Veau_v._Braisted" title="De Veau v. Braisted">De Veau v. Braisted</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barr_v._City_of_Columbia" title="Barr v. City of Columbia">Barr v. City of Columbia</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teague_v._Lane" title="Teague v. Lane">Teague v. Lane</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kansas_v._Hendricks" title="Kansas v. Hendricks">Kansas v. Hendricks</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Doe" title="Smith v. Doe">Smith v. Doe</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contract_Clause_of_Section_X2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract Clause</a> of <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_10:_Limits_on_the_States" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Section X</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Legal_Tender_Cases" title="Legal Tender Cases">Legal Tender Cases</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_v._Griswold" title="Hepburn v. Griswold">Hepburn v. Griswold</a></i> (1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fletcher_v._Peck" title="Fletcher v. Peck">Fletcher v. Peck</a></i> (1810)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College_v._Woodward" title="Dartmouth College v. Woodward">Dartmouth College v. Woodward</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sturges_v._Crowninshield" title="Sturges v. Crowninshield">Sturges v. Crowninshield</a></i> (1819)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ogden_v._Saunders" title="Ogden v. Saunders">Ogden v. Saunders</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_River_Bridge_v._Warren_Bridge" title="Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge">Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge</a></i> (1837)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronson_v._Kinzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronson v. Kinzie (page does not exist)">Bronson v. Kinzie</a></i> (1843)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stone_v._Mississippi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stone v. Mississippi (page does not exist)">Stone v. Mississippi</a></i> (1880)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smyth_v._Ames" title="Smyth v. Ames">Smyth v. Ames</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Block_v._Hirsh" title="Block v. Hirsh">Block v. Hirsh</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Home_Building_%26_Loan_Ass%27n_v._Blaisdell" title="Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell">Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=W.B._Worthen_Co._v._Kavanaugh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh (page does not exist)">W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_of_El_Paso_v._Simmons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City of El Paso v. Simmons (page does not exist)">City of El Paso v. Simmons</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=U.S._Trust_Co._of_N.Y._v._New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey (page does not exist)">U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allied_Structural_Steel_Co._v._Spannaus" title="Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus">Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Reserves_Group_v._Kansas_P._%26_L._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co. (page does not exist)">Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exxon_Corp._v._Eagerton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton (page does not exist)">Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Bituminous_Coal_Ass%27n_v._DeBenedictis" title="Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis">Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sveen_v._Melin" title="Sveen v. Melin">Sveen v. Melin</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Import-Export_Clause_of_Section_X2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export Clause</a> of Section X</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Maryland" title="Brown v. Maryland">Brown v. Maryland</a></i> (1827)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canton_Railroad_Co._v._Rogan" title="Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan">Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan</a></i> (1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Compact_Clause_of_Section_X2072" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Compact_Clause" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Compact Clause</a> of Section X</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_v._Georgia_(1855)" title="Florida v. Georgia (1855)">Florida v. Georgia</a></i> (1855)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._West_Virginia" title="Virginia v. West Virginia">Virginia v. West Virginia</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Tennessee" title="Virginia v. Tennessee">Virginia v. Tennessee</a></i> (1893)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wharton_v._Wise" title="Wharton v. Wise">Wharton v. Wise</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_New_England#Formation_and_interstate_growth" title="Bank of New England">Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_v._New_York" title="New Jersey v. New York">New Jersey v. New York</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._Maryland" title="Virginia v. Maryland">Virginia v. Maryland</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polar_Tankers,_Inc._v._City_of_Valdez" title="Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez">Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._New_Mexico_and_Colorado" title="Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado">Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&oldid=1177931672">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_News_Service_v._Associated_Press&oldid=1177931672</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1918_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1918 in United States case law">1918 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Overruled_United_States_Supreme_Court_decisions" title="Category:Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions">Overruled United States Supreme Court decisions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_White_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the White Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_copyright_case_law" title="Category:United States copyright case law">United States copyright case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Associated_Press" title="Category:Associated Press">Associated Press</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 30 September 2023, at 15:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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