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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83" title="بول فون ليتو فوربيك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بول فون ليتو فوربيك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Паўль фон Летаў-Форбек – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўль фон Летаў-Форбек" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA" title="Паўль фон Летаў-Форбэк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўль фон Летаў-Форбэк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Паул фон Летов-Форбек – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паул фон Летов-Форбек" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB_%CE%88%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BB_%CF%86%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B2-%CE%A6%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BA" title="Πάουλ Έμιλ φον Λέτοβ-Φόρμπεκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάουλ Έμιλ φον Λέτοβ-Φόρμπεκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%86_%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81-%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A8%DA%A9" title="پاول فن لتف-فربک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاول فن لتف-فربک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9A%B8_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A0%88%ED%86%A0%ED%8F%AC%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%A0%ED%81%AC" title="파울 폰 레토포어베크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파울 폰 레토포어베크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A7" title="פאול פון לטו-פורבק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאול פון לטו-פורבק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83" title="بول فون ليتو فوربيك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بول فون ليتو فوربيك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%82%A6%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="パウル・フォン・レットウ＝フォルベック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パウル・フォン・レットウ＝フォルベック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%AD%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Леттов-Форбек, Пауль Эмиль фон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Леттов-Форбек, Пауль Эмиль фон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2-%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Паул фон Летов-Форбек – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паул фон Летов-Форбек" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05765,_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05765%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05765%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05765%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05765%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05765%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R05765%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Der Löwe von Afrika<br /><i>The Lion of Africa</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1870-03-20</span>)</span>20 March 1870<br /><a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">9 March 1964<span style="display:none">(1964-03-09)</span> (aged 93)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (1890–1918)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1919–20)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1890–1920</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Infantry_(Germany)" title="General of the Infantry (Germany)">General der Infanterie</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/4th_Foot_Guards_(German_Empire)" title="4th Foot Guards (German Empire)">4th Foot Guards</a> <br />Schutztruppe of German<br />South-West Africa <br /><a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XI Corps (German Empire)">XI Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seebataillon" title="Seebataillon">2nd Sea Battalion</a> <br /><i><a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">Schutztruppe</a></i> of German<br />East Africa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_Wars" title="Herero Wars">Herero Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga" title="Battle of Tanga">Battle of Tanga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jassin" title="Battle of Jassin">Battle of Jassin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahiwa" title="Battle of Mahiwa">Battle of Mahiwa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano" title="Battle of Ngomano">Battle of Ngomano</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lioma" title="Battle of Lioma">Battle of Lioma</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">German Revolution of 1918–19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> with Oak Leaves</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">Public speaker, writer</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck</b> (20 March 1870 – 9 March 1964), nicknamed affectionately as the <b>Lion of Africa</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Lang-de&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Lang-de (page does not exist)">Template:Lang-de</a>), was a <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a> and the commander of its forces in the <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">campaign</a>. For four years, with a force that never exceeded about 14,000 (3,000 Germans and 11,000 Africans), he held in check a much larger force of 300,000 British, Belgian, and Portuguese troops. Essentially undefeated in the field, Lettow-Vorbeck was the only German commander to successfully invade <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">imperial British</a> soil during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. His exploits in the campaign have been described by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt" title="Edwin Palmer Hoyt">Edwin Palmer Hoyt</a> "as the greatest single <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> operation in history, and the most successful." </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saarlouis_Lettow_Vorbeck_Geburtshaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saarlouis_Lettow_Vorbeck_Geburtshaus.jpg/220px-Saarlouis_Lettow_Vorbeck_Geburtshaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saarlouis_Lettow_Vorbeck_Geburtshaus.jpg/330px-Saarlouis_Lettow_Vorbeck_Geburtshaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Saarlouis_Lettow_Vorbeck_Geburtshaus.jpg/440px-Saarlouis_Lettow_Vorbeck_Geburtshaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2991" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Birth house in <a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck was born into the <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomeranian</a> <a href="/wiki/German_nobility#Divisions_of_nobility" title="German nobility">minor nobility</a>, while his father was stationed as an army officer at <a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhine_Province" title="Rhine Province">Rhine Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201730_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201730-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated in boarding schools in Berlin and joined the corps of cadets at <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Lichterfelde" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Lichterfelde">Berlin-Lichterfelde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201734_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201734-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, he was commissioned a <i><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a></i> into the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> and was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/German_General_Staff" title="German General Staff">Great German General Staff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201737_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201737-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_career">Military career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0621-500,_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0621-500%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0621-500%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0621-500%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0621-500%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0621-500%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2007-0621-500%2C_Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Captain von Lettow-Vorbeck, stationed in <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a> in 1904</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1900, Lettow-Vorbeck was posted to <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">China</a> as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">international alliance forces</a> to quell the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201755–56_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201755–56-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not like fighting against guerrillas and considered the war detrimental to the discipline of the German Army. He returned from China in 1901 and returned to the German General Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201766_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201766-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1904, he was assigned to <a href="/wiki/German_South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="German South-West Africa">German South-West Africa</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>), during the <a href="/wiki/Nama_people" title="Nama people">Namaqua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herero_people" title="Herero people">Herero</a> insurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201782_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201782-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not participate in the <a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Namaqua_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Herero and Namaqua genocide">subsequent genocide</a>: having suffered injuries to his left eye and chest, he was evacuated to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> for treatment and recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, Lettow-Vorbeck was promoted to Major and assigned to the staff of <a href="/wiki/XI_Corps_(German_Empire)" title="XI Corps (German Empire)">XI Corps</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017102_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017102-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Gaudi says Lettow-Vorbeck was appointed "as corps adjutant of the garrison at Kassel" but doesn't say it was the 11th Army Corps (October 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From March 1909 to January 1913, he was commanding officer of the marines of <a href="/wiki/Seebataillon" title="Seebataillon"><i>II. Seebataillon</i></a> ("2nd Sea Battalion") at <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a>, German Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017105_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017105-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1913, the Imperial German army promoted him to Lieutenant Colonel and appointed him to command the German colonial forces known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">Schutztruppe</a></i> (protectorate force) in <a href="/wiki/German_Kamerun" class="mw-redirect" title="German Kamerun">German Kamerun</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, plus a portion of present-day <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>). Before he could assume this command, however, his orders were changed and he was posted — with effect from 13 April 1914 — to <a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tanganyika" class="mw-disambig" title="Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a>, the mainland territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017108–109_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017108–109-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The chronology in Gaudi's book African Kaiser doesn't quite match that of the article, which probably comes from Farwell's The Great War in Africa (October 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While travelling to his new assignment, Lettow-Vorbeck formed what would prove to be a lifelong friendship with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> author <a href="/wiki/Karen_Blixen" title="Karen Blixen">Karen Blixen</a> (also known by her pen name of Isak Dinesen), who was travelling aboard the same liner. Decades later, she recalled, "He belonged to the olden days, and I have never met another German who has given me so strong an impression of what <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial Germany</a> was and stood for."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg/170px-Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg/255px-Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg/340px-Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck_WWI_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Great War poster of Lettow-Vorbeck leading African soldiers. Above: "Colonial Warriors' Donation"; below a facsimile of Lettow-Vorbeck's signature</figcaption></figure> <p>Lettow-Vorbeck's plan for the war was quite simple: knowing that East Africa would only be a sideshow to the other theatres of war, he determined to tie down as many British troops as he could. He intended to keep them away from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>, and in this way to contribute to Germany's eventual victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017149_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017149-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1914, during the early phases of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, Lettow-Vorbeck was the commander of a small military garrison of just 2,600 German nationals and 2,472 African soldiers in fourteen <a href="/wiki/Askari" title="Askari">Askari</a> field companies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Realising the need to seize the initiative, he disregarded orders from Berlin and the colony's Governor, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schnee" title="Heinrich Schnee">Heinrich Schnee</a>, who had attempted to achieve neutrality for German East Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettow-Vorbeck simply ignored the Governor and prepared to repel a major British amphibious assault on the city of <a href="/wiki/Tanga,_Tanzania" title="Tanga, Tanzania">Tanga</a>. The attack began on 2 November 1914, and for the next four days the German forces fought one of their greatest engagements, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanga" title="Battle of Tanga">Battle of Tanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017184–203_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017184–203-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettow-Vorbeck then assembled his men and their scant supplies to attack the British railways in East Africa. He scored a second victory over the British at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jassin" title="Battle of Jassin">Jassin</a> on 19 January 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017228–234_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017228–234-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These victories gave him badly needed modern rifles and other supplies, as well as a critical boost to the morale of his men. </p><p>However, Lettow-Vorbeck also lost many experienced men, including the "splendid Captain Tom von Prince", whom he could not easily replace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Askarikompanie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3056%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Askarikompanie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><i>Schutztruppe</i> Askari Company (1914)</figcaption></figure> <p>Lettow-Vorbeck knew he could count on his highly motivated officers (their casualty rate was certainly proof of that).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although casualties remained high, Lettow insisted his commanders engage British forces. Unfortunately, the British offered few enticing targets, and forced him to conduct raids into <a href="/wiki/British_East_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="British East Africa">British East Africa</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>), targeting forts, railways, and communications, all with the goal of forcing the <i>Entente</i> to divert manpower from the main theater of war in Europe. He realised the critical needs of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a>, in that he used everything available to him in matters of supply. </p><p>The <i>Schutztruppe</i> recruited new personnel and expanded to its eventual size of some 14,000 soldiers, most of them Askaris, and all well-trained and well-disciplined. Lettow-Vorbeck's fluency in the <a href="/wiki/Swahili_language" title="Swahili language">Swahili language</a> earned the respect and admiration of his African soldiers; he appointed black officers and "said — and believed — [that] 'we are all Africans here'."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one historian's estimation, "It is probable that no white commander of the era had so keen an appreciation of the African's worth not only as a fighting man but as a man."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100,_Deutsch-Ostafrika,_Artillerie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_105-DOA3100%2C_Deutsch-Ostafrika%2C_Artillerie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption><i>Königsberg</i> guns on land</figcaption></figure> <p>He gained the men and artillery of the German cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1905)" title="SMS Königsberg (1905)">SMS <i>Königsberg</i></a> (scuttled in 1915 in the <a href="/wiki/Rufiji_River" title="Rufiji River">Rufiji River</a> delta) which had a capable crew under commander <a href="/wiki/Max_Looff" title="Max Looff">Max Looff</a>, as well as numerous guns which were converted into <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> pieces for the land fighting, the largest standard land artillery pieces used in the East African theater. In March 1916, the British under <a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">General J. C. Smuts</a> launched a formidable offensive with 45,000 men and the Belgians under General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tombeur" title="Charles Tombeur">Charles Tombeur</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tabora" title="Tabora">Tabora</a>. Lettow-Vorbeck patiently used climate and terrain as his allies, while his troops fought the British on his terms and to his advantage. The British, however, kept adding more troops and forcing Lettow-Vorbeck to yield territory. Nevertheless, he fought on, including a pivotal battle at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahiwa" title="Battle of Mahiwa">Mahiwa</a> in October 1917, where he lost 519 men killed, wounded, or missing and the British, 2,700.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the news of the battle reached Germany, he was promoted to Major-General (<i>Generalmajor</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British would recover their losses and continue to hold an overwhelming advantage in numbers of men. For the <i>Schutztruppe</i>, this was serious: there were no reserves to fill the ranks again. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg/220px-Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg/330px-Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg/440px-Der_Durchbruch_der_Schutztruppe_Deutsch-Ostafrika_%C3%BCber_den_Rowuma_MItte_November_1917._Darstellung_von_Carl_Arriens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano" title="Battle of Ngomano">Battle of Ngomano</a> in November 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Lettow-Vorbeck then began a forced withdrawal to the south, with his troops on half rations and the British in pursuit. On 25 November 1917, his advance column waded across the <a href="/wiki/Ruvuma_River" title="Ruvuma River">River Rovuma</a> into <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Portuguese Mozambique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In essence, Lettow-Vorbeck cut his own supply lines, and the <i>Schutztruppe</i> caravan became a nomadic tribe. On its first day across the river, it <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ngomano" title="Battle of Ngomano">attacked the newly replenished Portuguese garrison of Ngomano</a> and solved all its supply problems for the foreseeable future.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When it captured a river steamer with a load of medical supplies, including <a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">quinine</a>, at least some of its medical problems were no more.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For almost a year Lettow-Vorbeck's men had now lived off the land, but mainly with provisions captured from the British and Portuguese; they had replaced their old rifles with new equipment and acquired machine guns and mortars after capturing <a href="/wiki/Namakura" class="mw-redirect" title="Namakura">Namakura</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nhamacurra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nhamacurra (page does not exist)">Nhamacurra</a> in modern Mozambique) in July 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the War, they still had more ammunition than they could carry. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg/220px-Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg/330px-Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg/440px-Lettow%27s_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Lettow-Vorbeck surrendering his forces to the British at Abercorn, as drawn by an African artist</figcaption></figure> <p>On 28 September 1918, Lettow-Vorbeck again crossed the Rovuma River and returned to German East Africa with the British still in pursuit. He then turned west and raided <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a>, thus evading a trap the British had prepared for him in German East Africa. On 13 November 1918, two days after the armistice, he took the town of <a href="/wiki/Kasama,_Zambia" title="Kasama, Zambia">Kasama</a>, which the British had evacuated,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued heading south-west towards <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga</a>. When he reached the <a href="/wiki/Chambeshi_River" title="Chambeshi River">Chambeshi River</a> on the morning of 14 November, the British magistrate Hector Croad appeared under a white flag and delivered a message from the allied General <a href="/wiki/Jacob_van_Deventer_(general)" title="Jacob van Deventer (general)">Jacob van Deventer</a>, informing him of the armistice.<sup id="cite_ref-NRJ_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRJ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettow-Vorbeck agreed to a cease-fire at the spot now marked by the <a href="/wiki/Chambeshi_Monument" title="Chambeshi Monument">Chambeshi Monument</a> in present-day Zambia. He was instructed by the British to march north to Abercorn (now <a href="/wiki/Mbala,_Zambia" title="Mbala, Zambia">Mbala</a>) to surrender his undefeated army, which he did, arriving there on 25 November.<sup id="cite_ref-NRJ_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRJ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His remaining men then consisted of just thirty German officers, 125 German non-commissioned officers and other enlisted ranks, 1,168 Askaris, and some 3,500 porters.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="East_African_war_and_the_population">East African war and the population</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg/220px-Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg/330px-Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg/440px-Vorbeck-Schnee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption>General von Lettow-Vorbeck and colonial Governor Heinrich Schnee</figcaption></figure> <p>The British and Belgian invasions of German East Africa set off a chain of events with devastating ramifications for the natives and their German overlords. The invasions caused interruptions throughout the colony, so that the land no longer "basked in a climate of plenty."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As military commander, Lettow-Vorbeck's first obligation was to his army, over the objections of Governor Heinrich Schnee: the governor regarded war as the worst possible calamity that could befall German East Africa; it would "undo everything his social and economic reforms had accomplished."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lettow-Vorbeck knew he would have to give ground and escape confrontations with Allied forces. He thus established food depots along his intended line of march from Neu Moshi to the <a href="/wiki/Uluguru_Mountains" title="Uluguru Mountains">Uluguru Mountains</a>, and if the neighboring villages were near starvation, that was a misfortune of war.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 145px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 220px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_(1915).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A 20 German East African rupie provisional banknote issued in Dar es Salaam due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from naval blockade." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_%281915%29.jpg/220px-GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_%281915%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_%281915%29.jpg/330px-GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_%281915%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_%281915%29.jpg/440px-GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_%281915%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5068" data-file-height="6616" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GEA-45a-Deutsch_Ostafrikanische_Bank-20_Rupien_(1915).jpg" title="File:GEA-45a-Deutsch Ostafrikanische Bank-20 Rupien (1915).jpg"> </a></div>A 20 <a href="/wiki/German_East_African_rupie" title="German East African rupie">German East African rupie</a> provisional banknote issued in <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> due to a significant lack of provisions resulting from naval blockade. </div> </div> </div> <p>Scarcely any aid from Germany could penetrate the British naval blockade to alleviate the enormous supply deficiencies, and only two ships running the blockade succeeded in reaching the colony. On 14 April 1915, the freighter <i>Kronborg</i> arrived off Tanga at <a href="/wiki/Manza_Bay" title="Manza Bay">Manza Bay</a> after a two months' journey from <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a> and was promptly attacked by the British cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hyacinth_(1898)" title="HMS Hyacinth (1898)">HMS <i>Hyacinth</i></a>. Fortunately for the Germans, <i>Kronborg</i> had been scuttled by her captain to avoid a coal fire after repeated hits by the British cruiser, and the ship settled in shallow water; nearly her entire cargo could be salvaged.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when the steamer <i>Marie von Stettin</i> arrived south of <a href="/wiki/Lindi" title="Lindi">Lindi</a> on 17 March 1916,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its cargo of 1,500 tons was of only very modest help.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An attempt in November 1917 to resupply German forces by <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_LZ104" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeppelin LZ104">Zeppelin airship</a> failed. By late September 1916, all of coastal German East Africa, including <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Line_(Tanzania)" title="Central Line (Tanzania)">Central Railway</a>, was under British control, with the west of the colony occupied by Belgian forces.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, in December 1917, the German colony was officially declared an Allied protectorate.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettow-Vorbeck and his caravan of Europeans, Askaris, porters, women, and children marched on, deliberately bypassing the tribal home lands of the native soldiers in an effort to forestall desertions. They traversed difficult territory: "swamps and jungles . . . what a dismal prospect there is in front of me", stated the Allied commander, General J. C. Smuts. But Smuts did not flinch. His new approach and objective was not to fight the <i>Schutztruppe</i> at all, but to go after their food supply.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end eventually came, with Smuts in London and Gen. J. L. van Deventer in command in East Africa. </p><p>In a book published in 1919, Ludwig Deppe, a doctor of medicine who campaigned with Lettow-Vorbeck and who had formerly headed the hospital at Tanga, looked back ruefully and lamented the tragedy that German forces had imposed on East Africa in their war with the invading Allies: "Behind us we leave destroyed fields, ransacked magazines and, for the immediate future, starvation. We are no longer the agents of culture, our track is marked by death, plundering and evacuated villages, just like the progress of our own and enemy armies in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edward Paice estimates 365,000 civilians died from famine and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Paice_2007,_p._1._41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paice_2007,_p._1.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Spanish_influenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish influenza">Spanish influenza</a> epidemic swept into eastern Africa in 1918–1919, it struck down thousands of natives and Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-Farwell,_p._354_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farwell,_p._354-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weakened state of many natives made them especially susceptible; this included the caged Askaris and porters of the German <i>Schutztruppe</i> in prisoner-of-war camps at <a href="/wiki/Tabora" title="Tabora">Tabora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-war_career">Post-war career</h2></div> <p>After hostilities ended, the British transferred the German soldiers and POWs to Dar es Salaam for eventual repatriation. Lettow-Vorbeck tried to ensure decent treatment and an early as possible release for the German Askaris imprisoned at Tabora.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268,_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P008268%2C_General_Paul_von_Lettow-Vorbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Lettow-Vorbeck at a parade in Berlin in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Lettow-Vorbeck returned home to Germany in early March 1919 to a hero's welcome. On a black charger he led the veterans of the <i>Schutztruppe</i> in their tattered tropical uniforms on a victory parade through the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_Gate" title="Brandenburg Gate">Brandenburg Gate</a>, which was decorated in their honour.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he ultimately surrendered as ordered, he had frequently won against great odds and was the only German commander to invade British territory successfully during the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lettow-Vorbeck was greatly respected by his white officers, non-commissioned officers and Askaris, and even Allied forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Farwell,_p._354_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farwell,_p._354-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field when rations had to be reduced and supplies dwindled, </p> <dl><dd>"it was a measure of the Askaris' loyalty to their commander that they accepted the cuts and did not desert en masse. Some did desert, of course … [as did British, Belgian and Portuguese native troops]. But the German Askaris were by far the most loyal as well as the most effective, and it all went back to… Lettow-Vorbeck's brand of discipline, which bound him and his German officers as much as his black soldiers".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The historian Michael von Herff says the loyalty of Askaris during the campaign had little to do with Von Lettow's character or his 'brand of discipline', but was due to them having formed a military caste within the colonial structure, who had largely separated themselves from tribal roots.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of Lettow-Vorbeck's junior officers, <a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Hippel" title="Theodor von Hippel">Theodor von Hippel</a>, used his experience in Africa to be instrumental in forming the <a href="/wiki/Brandenburgers" title="Brandenburgers">Brandenburgers</a>, the commando unit of the German <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a> intelligence agency in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his return from Africa, Lettow-Vorbeck married Martha Wallroth (1884–1953) in 1919; they had two sons – Rüdiger (1921–1940) and Arnd (1922–1941) – and two daughters – Heloise (1923) and Ursula (1927). Many people tried to get him involved in the chaotic politics of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. He remained in the Army. Only fourteen months after his return to Germany, Lettow-Vorbeck commanded the troops that ended (without any use of force) the <a href="/wiki/Spartacist_uprising" title="Spartacist uprising">Spartacist uprising</a> in Hamburg.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p._331-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the confusion following the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> at about the same time, Lettow-Vorbeck lost his commission in the army in the summer of 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then worked in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> as an import-export manager. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27605,_Herbstman%C3%B6ver_bei_Celle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27605%2C_Herbstman%C3%B6ver_bei_Celle.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27605%2C_Herbstman%C3%B6ver_bei_Celle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27605%2C_Herbstman%C3%B6ver_bei_Celle.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27605%2C_Herbstman%C3%B6ver_bei_Celle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27605%2C_Herbstman%C3%B6ver_bei_Celle.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H27605%2C_Herbstman%C3%B6ver_bei_Celle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption>Lettow-Vorbeck (right) as a guest of General <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_von_Kluge" title="Günther von Kluge">Günther von Kluge</a> during army maneuvers in 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1926, Lettow-Vorbeck met Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Meinertzhagen" title="Richard Meinertzhagen">Richard Meinertzhagen</a> in Bremen, the <a href="/wiki/British_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Intelligence">British Intelligence</a> officer with whom he had fought a battle of wits until Meinertzhagen was invalided back to England in December 1916 (he was later posted to Palestine).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three years later, Lettow-Vorbeck accepted an invitation to London, where he met face-to-face for the first time <a href="/wiki/J._C._Smuts" class="mw-redirect" title="J. C. Smuts">J. C. Smuts</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the two men formed a lasting friendship. When Smuts died in 1950, Lettow-Vorbeck sent his widow a moving letter of sympathy.<sup id="cite_ref-Farwell,_p._357_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farwell,_p._357-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar oft-quoted claim states that Lettow-Vorbeck also apologised for the "ungentlemanly death" of the British hunter <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Selous" title="Frederick Selous">Frederick Selous</a> at the hands of one of his snipers;<sup id="cite_ref-selous_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-selous-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this claim, however, is not supported by contemporary evidence. </p><p>Between May 1928 and July 1930, the former General served as a <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> deputy for the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchist">monarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>. He intensely "distrusted <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> and his movement,"<sup id="cite_ref-Farwell,_p._357_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farwell,_p._357-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and approached his relative <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_von_Blumenthal" title="Hans-Jürgen von Blumenthal">Hans-Jürgen von Blumenthal</a> with an idea to form a coalition with the <a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Stahlhelm</a> against the Nazis. This resulted in the Vorbeck-Blumenthal Pact. Later, when Hitler offered him the ambassadorship to the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_St_James%27s" title="Court of St James's">Court of St James's</a> in 1935, he "declined with frigid hauteur."; the suggestion for the nomination as ambassador to the Court of St James had come from retired Colonel <a href="/wiki/Richard_Meinertzhagen" title="Richard Meinertzhagen">Richard Meinertzhagen</a> during a visit to Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p._331-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Miller_(author)" title="Charles Miller (author)">Charles Miller</a> asked the nephew of a <i>Schutztruppe</i> officer, "I understand that von Lettow told Hitler to go fuck himself." The nephew responded, "That's right, except that I don't think he put it that politely."<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p._331-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his blunt refusal, Lettow "was kept under continual surveillance" and his home office was searched.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p._331-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only rehabilitation due to his legendary status among the German people came in 1938, when at the age of 68 he was promoted to the rank of General for Special Purposes, but he was never recalled to active service. </p><p>By the end of the Second World War in 1945, Lettow-Vorbeck was destitute. His two sons, Rüdiger and Arnd, had both been <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">killed in action</a> serving in the <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i>. His house in Bremen had been destroyed by Allied bombs, and he depended for a time on food packages from his friends Meinertzhagen and Smuts. However, with the <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">postwar economic boom</a>, he began to enjoy comfortable circumstances again.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller,_p._331-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1953, he visited his former home, East Africa, where he was heartily welcomed by surviving Askaris, who greeted him with their old marching song <i>Heia Safari!</i><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was also received with military honours by British colonial officials.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, eleven days before his 94th birthday, Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck died in Hamburg. The West German government and the <i><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i> flew in two former Askaris as state guests, so that they could attend the funeral of their general.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several officers of the <i>Bundeswehr</i> were assigned as an honour guard, and West Germany's Minister of Defence, <a href="/wiki/Kai-Uwe_von_Hassel" title="Kai-Uwe von Hassel">Kai-Uwe von Hassel</a>, gave the <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogy</a>, saying that the deceased, "was truly undefeated in the field". Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck was buried in <a href="/wiki/Pronstorf" title="Pronstorf">Pronstorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, in the graveyard of Vicelin Church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <p>In the year of Lettow-Vorbeck's death, 1964, the West German <i><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i> voted to give back-dated pay to all surviving Askaris from the German forces of the First World War. A temporary cashier's office was set up in <a href="/wiki/Mwanza" title="Mwanza">Mwanza</a> on Lake Victoria. Of the 350 old soldiers who gathered, only a handful could produce the certificates that Lettow-Vorbeck had given them in 1918. Others presented pieces of their old uniforms as proof of service. The German banker who had brought the money had an idea: each claimant was asked to step forward, was handed a broom and was ordered in German to perform the <a href="/wiki/Manual_of_arms" title="Manual of arms">manual of arms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Farwell,_p._357_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farwell,_p._357-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not one man failed the test.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four barracks of the Federal German Army, or <i>Bundeswehr</i>, were once named in his honour. They were situated at <a href="/wiki/Leer" class="mw-disambig" title="Leer">Leer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>-Jenfeld, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bad_Segeberg" title="Bad Segeberg">Bad Segeberg</a>. Following the recent closure of 178 military installations, the only one remaining is the Lettow-Vorbeck-Kaserne in <a href="/wiki/Leer" class="mw-disambig" title="Leer">Leer</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>. The former Hamburg-Jenfeld barracks houses the "Tanzania Park", a group of large <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> relief sculptures of Lettow-Vorbeck and his Askari soldiers, now closed to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another sculpture of Lettow-Vorbeck and the Askaris is on display at Mühlenteich, near the <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a> memorial at <a href="/wiki/Friedrichsruh" title="Friedrichsruh">Friedrichsruh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 2010, the City Council of <a href="/wiki/Saarlouis" title="Saarlouis">Saarlouis</a> renamed <i>Von Lettow-Vorbeck-Straße</i>, mainly for Lettow-Vorbeck's involvement in the 1920 <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, "Lettow-Vorbeck Straße" was renamed "<a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> Straße". In <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuxhaven" title="Cuxhaven">Cuxhaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6nchengladbach" title="Mönchengladbach">Mönchengladbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halle,_North_Rhine-Westphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle, North Rhine-Westphalia">Halle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radolfzell" title="Radolfzell">Radolfzell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graz,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Graz, Austria">Graz, Austria</a> there are still streets named after General von Lettow-Vorbeck, while in Radolfzell a procedure for renaming the road is nearing completion.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dryosauridae" title="Dryosauridae">dryosaurid</a> species <i><a href="/wiki/Dysalotosaurus" title="Dysalotosaurus">Dysalotosaurus</a> lettowvorbecki</i> was named after Lettow-Vorbeck. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>Lettow-Vorbeck appears in a 1993 episode of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a></i>. The episode, which was titled "The Phantom Train of Doom", begins with <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones" title="Indiana Jones">Indiana Jones</a> as an officer in the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Army">Belgian Army</a> during the First World War. Determined to destroy a <i><a href="/wiki/Schutztruppe" title="Schutztruppe">Schutztruppe</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Armored_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored train">armored train</a>, Indiana takes General von Lettow-Vorbeck (played by <a href="/wiki/Tom_Bell_(actor)" title="Tom Bell (actor)">Tom Bell</a>) hostage and attempts to return with him behind Allied lines. When the <i>Schutztruppe</i> tracks them down, Indy draws his revolver in order to shoot the general, but ultimately decides to let him go. The general magnanimously gives him a <a href="/wiki/Compass" title="Compass">compass</a> and the two part as friends. </p><p>Lettow-Vorbeck is the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> of <i>The Ghosts of Africa</i>, a 1980 <a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">historical novel</a> by Anglo-Canadian novelist <a href="/wiki/William_Stevenson_(Canadian_writer)" title="William Stevenson (Canadian writer)">William Stevenson</a> about the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="East African Campaign (World War I)">East African Campaign</a> which highlighted the long-distance resupply mission of the <a href="/wiki/Zeppelin_LZ104" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeppelin LZ104">giant German rigid airship <i>L.59</i></a>. </p><p>Lettow-Vorbeck also appears as a character in <a href="/wiki/Peter_H%C3%B8eg" title="Peter Høeg">Peter Høeg</a>'s short story, "Journey into a Dark Heart", which is the opening story in his 1990 collection, <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_Night_(H%C3%B8eg_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tales of the Night (Høeg book)">Tales of the Night</a></i>. In this story Høeg imagines Lettow-Vorbeck travelling through Africa by train at night accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>. </p><p>Much of the history of Lettow-Vorbeck's war campaign in East Africa is detailed in the book <i>Speak Swahili, Dammit!</i> (2011) by James Penhaligon, as well as in a novel of the same year, <i>The Bridge Builders</i> (<i>Brobyggarna</i> in Swedish) by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Guillou" title="Jan Guillou">Jan Guillou</a>. </p><p>A German film, <i>Lettow-Vorbeck: Der deutsch-ostafrikanische Imperativ</i>, was produced in 1984.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <ul><li>Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul Emil von, <i>Heia Safari! Deutschlands Kampf in Ostafrika</i> [Heia Safari! Germany's Campaign in East Africa]. Leipzig: Hase & Köhler. 1920.</li> <li>Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul Emil von, <i>Meine Erinnerungen aus Ostafrika</i>. Leipzig: Hase & Köhler, 1920. Published in Great Britain as <i>My Reminiscences of East Africa</i>. London: Hurst & Blackett, Paternoster House, 1920. U.S. edition entitled <i>East African Campaigns</i> with an introduction by John Gunther. New York: Robert Speller & Sons, 1957. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myreminiscenceso00lettuoft"><i>My Reminiscences of East Africa</i> at archive.org (English)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meineerinnerunge00lettuoft">(German)</a></li> <li>Lettow-Vorbeck, Paul Emil von, <i>Mein Leben</i>. Biberach an der Riss: Koehlers Verlag. 1957. – <i>My Life</i>. Loves Park, Illinois: Rilling Enterprises, 2012. First English translation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Detzner" title="Hermann Detzner">Hermann Detzner</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201730-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201730_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 30.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201734-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201734_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 34.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201737-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201737_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 37.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201755–56-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201755–56_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, pp. 55–56.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201766-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201766_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 66.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi201782-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi201782_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 82.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, <i>The Great War in Africa</i>, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017102-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017102_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 102.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017105-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017105_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 105.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017108–109-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017108–109_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, pp. 108–109.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, <i>The Great War in Africa</i>, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017149-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017149_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, p. 149.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The governor relied on the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Congo Act</a> of 1885, by which the European colonial powers promised to keep their overseas possessions neutral in any European wars. Gaudi 2017, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017184–203-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017184–203_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, pp. 184–203.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017228–234-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudi2017228–234_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudi2017">Gaudi 2017</a>, pp. 228–234.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaudi2017 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom von Prince had a Scots father and German mother and was born on <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>. After he was orphaned, von Prince and his sister were educated in England. Later his mother's family brought him to Germany, where he and Lettow-Vorbeck were classmates at the Kassel Military Academy (<i>Kadettenanstalt Kassel</i>). Prince eventually settled in the Usambara region of German East Africa. He was recalled to active duty as <i>Hauptmann</i> (captain) and given command of the Askaris of the 13th Field Company and of the 7th and 8th <i>Schützenkompagnies</i> (rifle companies composed mainly of the sons of German settlers). Prince's exploits earned him the nickname <i>Bwana Sakarani</i> — the wild one — from his Askaris. He was killed at Tanga on 4 November 1914. Gaudi 2017, pp. 35, 145–148, 200<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Gaudi's book African Kaiser confirms most of the information in this footnote but not all (October 2017)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, <i>Guerilla</i>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garfield, <i>The Meinertzhagen Mystery</i>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Charles (1974), <i>Battle for the Bundu, The First World War in East Africa</i> p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, p. 175; on a comparison chart this rank was equivalent to Brigadier General in the British or American armies: <i>i.e.</i>, the lowest general-officer rank.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A state of war had existed since 9 March 1916 between Germany and Portugal: when neutral Portugal complied with a British demand to confiscate German ships interned in Portuguese ports, Germany reacted by declaring war on Portugal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willmott, <i>World War One</i>, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V4N5/V4N5.htm">"The Evacuation of Kasama in 1918".</a> <i>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia_Journal" title="Northern Rhodesia Journal">Northern Rhodesia Journal</a></i>. <b>IV</b> (5) (1961). pp. 440–442. Retrieved 7 March 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRJ-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRJ_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRJ_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/NRJ/V2N5/V2N5.htm">Gore-Browne, Sir Stewart (1954). "The Chambeshi Memorial".</a> <i>The Northern Rhodesia Journal</i>, <b>2</b> (5) pp. 81–84 (1954). Retrieved 18 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lettow-Vorbeck, <i>My Life</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haupt, <i>Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918</i>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, p. 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis, <i>Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies 1914–1919</i>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, <i>Empire</i>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paice_2007,_p._1.-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paice_2007,_p._1._41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paice 2007 p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farwell,_p._354-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farwell,_p._354_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farwell,_p._354_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, p. 354.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 327.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, pp. 355–356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 17 of the Armistice did not require his "surrender" but simply "evacuation of all German forces operating in East Africa." [Farwell, p. 353]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoyt, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>They Walk Through The Fire Like The Blondest German – African Soldiers Serving the Kaiser in German East Africa 1888–1918</i>. Michael von Herff MA Thesis, McGill University, Montreal 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lefèvre, <i>Brandenburg Division</i>, pp. 17–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller,_p._331-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miller,_p._331_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 331</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lettow Vorbeck. <i>My Life</i> pp. 142ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, p. 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garfield, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garfield, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farwell,_p._357-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Farwell,_p._357_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farwell,_p._357_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Farwell,_p._357_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Farwell, p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-selous-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-selous_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/topic/Frederick_Selous">"Frederick Selous"</a>. enotes.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frederick+Selous&rft.pub=enotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enotes.com%2Ftopic%2FFrederick_Selous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+von+Lettow-Vorbeck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hMzPOUy8wdM"><span class="plainlinks">Heia Safari!</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This trip was sponsored by the German news magazine <a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)"><i>Stern</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Uwe Schulte-Varendorff, <i>Kolonialheld für Kaiser und Führer. General Lettow-Vorbeck – Mythos und Wirklichkeit</i> (Ch. Links, Berlin 2006), p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 333.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~geostein/docs/SteinmetzGermanic.pdf"><i>A Monument under Lock and Key: Seeking Germany's Colonial Lieux of Mémoire</i></a> by George Steinmetz. The Germanic Review, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panoramio.com/photo/22561619">Lettow-Vorbeck und seine Askari</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:De_icon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:De icon (page does not exist)">Template:De icon</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saarbruecker-zeitung.de/sz-berichte/dillingen/Lettow-Vorbeck-Strasse-Umbenennung;art2809,3279852">"Stadtrat beschließt neue Straßennamen"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcker_Zeitung" title="Saarbrücker Zeitung">Saarbrücker Zeitung</a></i>, 3 May 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.suedkurier.de/region/kreis-konstanz/radolfzell/Lettow-Vorbeck-Strasse-hat-ausgedient;art372455,5743258">"Lettow-Vorbeck-Straße hat ausgedient"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCdkurier" title="Südkurier">Südkurier</a></i>, 25 October 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li>Anderson, Ross. <i>The Forgotten Front: The East African Campaign, 1914–1918</i>. London: Tempus Publishing, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2344-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2344-4">0-7524-2344-4</a>.</li> <li>Crowson, Thomas A. <i>When Elephants clash. A critical analysis of Major General Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck in the East African Theatre of the Great War</i>. (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Faculty of the US Army Command and General Staff College, Masterarbeit, 2003). Washington, DC: Storming Media, 2003. NTIS, Springfield, VA. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">Microform</a>-Edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Farwell" title="Byron Farwell">Farwell, Byron</a>. <i>The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30564-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30564-3">0-393-30564-3</a>.</li> <li>Ferguson, Niall. <i>Empire. The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power</i>. New York: Basic Books. 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02328-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02328-2">0-465-02328-2</a></li> <li>Garfield, Brian. <i>The Meinertzhagen Mystery</i>. Washington, DC: Potomac Books, Inc. 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59797-041-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59797-041-7">1-59797-041-7</a></li> <li>Gaudi, Robert <i>African Kaiser, General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and the Great War in Africa, 1914–1918</i>. New York: Caliber, 2017, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425283714" title="Special:BookSources/9780425283714">9780425283714</a></li> <li>Haupt, Werner. <i>Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918</i> [Germany's Overseas Protectorates 1884–1918]. Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7909-0204-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7909-0204-7">3-7909-0204-7</a></li> <li>Hoyt, Edwin P. <i>The Germans who never lost</i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1968, and London: Leslie Frewin, 1969. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-096400-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-096400-4">0-09-096400-4</a>. Note: This book is a study of Captain Max Looff and his crew of the light cruiser <i>Königsberg</i>. The main sources are German admiralty records and published accounts by crew members. The book is listed here for reference only, since, as the author explains, he "had gotten off the track as far as [Paul Emil] von Lettow-Vorbeck was concerned." Thus, all footnotes for "Hoyt" on this page refer to his book <i>Guerilla</i>. See <a href="/wiki/SMS_K%C3%B6nigsberg_(1905)" title="SMS Königsberg (1905)">SMS <i>Königsberg</i></a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt1981" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Palmer_Hoyt" title="Edwin Palmer Hoyt">Hoyt, Edwin P.</a> (1981), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zimmerer.typepad.com/Documents/Guerrilla%20Von%20Lettow%20New.pdf"><i>Guerilla: Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-555210-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-555210-4"><bdi>0-02-555210-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guerilla%3A+Colonel+von+Lettow-Vorbeck+and+Germany%27s+East+African+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MacMillan+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-02-555210-4&rft.aulast=Hoyt&rft.aufirst=Edwin+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzimmerer.typepad.com%2FDocuments%2FGuerrilla%2520Von%2520Lettow%2520New.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaul+von+Lettow-Vorbeck" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Lefėvre, Eric. <i>Brandenburg Division, Commandos of the Reich</i>. Paris: Histoire & Collections. 2000 (translated from the French by Julia Finel. Originally published as <i>La Division Brandenburg 1939–1945</i>. Paris: Presses de la Cité. 1983). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-908182-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/2-908182-73-4">2-908182-73-4</a>.</li> <li>Louis, Wm. Roger. <i>Great Britain and Germany's Lost Colonies 1914–1919</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1967.</li> <li>Michels, Eckart <i>"Der Held von Deutsch-Ost-Afrika" Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck Ein preussischer Kolonialoffizier</i>, Fredinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-76370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-76370-9">978-3-506-76370-9</a>.</li> <li>Miller, Charles. <i>Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in German East Africa</i>. London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1974; and New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-584930-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-584930-1">0-02-584930-1</a>.</li> <li>Mosley, Leonard. <i>Duel for Kilimanjaro</i>. New York: Ballantine Books, 1963.</li> <li>Paice, Edward. <i>Tip and Run. The untold tragedy of the Great War in Africa</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84709-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84709-0">0-297-84709-0</a>.</li> <li>Schulte-Varendorff, Uwe. <i>Kolonialheld für Kaiser und Führer. General Lettow-Vorbeck – Eine Biographie</i> [Colonial Hero for Kaiser and Führer. A General Lettow-Vorbeck Biography]. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86153-412-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-86153-412-6">3-86153-412-6</a>.</li> <li>Sibley, J. R. <i>Tanganyikan Guerrilla</i>. New York: Ballantine Books, 1973. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-09801-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-09801-3">0-345-09801-3</a>.</li> <li>Stephenson, William. <i>Der Löwe von Afrika. Der legendäre General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck und sein Kampf um Ostafrika</i> [The Lion of Africa. The legendary General Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck and his campaign for East Africa]. Munich: Goldmann, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-442-06719-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-442-06719-7">3-442-06719-7</a>.</li> <li>Strachan, Hew. <i>The First World War 1914–1918</i>. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-926191-1">0-19-926191-1</a>.</li> <li>Stratis, John C. <i>A Case Study in Leadership. Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck</i>. Springfield, VA.: NTIS, 2002. <a href="/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">Microform</a>-Edition.</li> <li>Willmott, H. P. <i>World War One</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a>. 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-9627-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-9627-5">0-7894-9627-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paul_Emil_von_Lettow-Vorbeck" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck">Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/lettowvorbeck.htm">Biography of Lettow-Vorbeck at First World War.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrzam.org.uk/Site%20Resources/KasamaPics/Chambeshi.jpg">British article from 1964</a> of the conclusion of Lettow-Vorbeck's campaign</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lettow-vorbeck.de/literat.htm#afrika">Website of the Lettow-Vorbeck family (has extracts from his autobiography <i>Mein Leben</i>)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tokencoins.com/gea04a.htm">Summary of Oberst Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck's extraordinary military campaigns against the allies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118779737">Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011321">Newspaper clippings about Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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