CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head > <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style type="text/css"> .slide-excerpt { width: 100%; } .slide-excerpt { top: 0; } .slide-excerpt { left: 0; } .flexslider { max-width: 737px; max-height: 400px; } .slide-image { max-height: 400px; } </style> <style type="text/css"> @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { .slide-excerpt { display: none !important; } } </style>  <title>What are active baluns?</title> <meta name="description" content="To achieve the datasheet performance of ultra-high-speed data converters, now clocking to 64 GS/sec, the handoff to and from the microwave domain must be near perfect. To preserve the data converters’ spurious-free dynamic range, a new category of component has been developed that converts between the differential and single-ended signal domains while amplifying and filtering out-of-band signals." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="What are active baluns?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="To achieve the datasheet performance of ultra-high-speed data converters, now clocking to 64 GS/sec, the handoff to and from the microwave domain must be near perfect. To preserve the data converters’ spurious-free dynamic range, a new category of component has been developed that converts between the differential and single-ended signal domains while amplifying and filtering out-of-band signals." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Analog IC Tips" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-05-23T18:54:27+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1800" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="984" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta name="author" content="Aimee Kalnoskas" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@aimeejune" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@AnalogICTips" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="Aimee Kalnoskas" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="8 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.analogictips.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/","url":"https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/","name":"What are active baluns?","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.analogictips.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2.png","datePublished":"2024-05-23T18:54:27+00:00","dateModified":"2024-05-23T18:54:27+00:00","author":{"@id":"https://www.analogictips.com/#/schema/person/c24128dc00cd9c702f872c5c5d958330"},"description":"To achieve the datasheet performance of ultra-high-speed data converters, now clocking to 64 GS/sec, the handoff to and from the microwave domain must be near perfect. To preserve the data converters’ spurious-free dynamic range, a new category of component has been developed that converts between the differential and single-ended signal domains while amplifying and filtering out-of-band signals.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/#primaryimage","url":"https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2.png","contentUrl":"https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2.png","width":1800,"height":984},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.analogictips.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Active baluns bridge the microwave and digital worlds"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://www.analogictips.com/#website","url":"https://www.analogictips.com/","name":"Analog IC Tips","description":"Analog IC Design, Products, Tools Layout","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://www.analogictips.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.analogictips.com/#/schema/person/c24128dc00cd9c702f872c5c5d958330","name":"Aimee Kalnoskas","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://www.analogictips.com/#/schema/person/image/","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7e6627a43d9ea9a6d52ae4c102cfa887?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/7e6627a43d9ea9a6d52ae4c102cfa887?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Aimee Kalnoskas"},"sameAs":["https://x.com/aimeejune"],"url":"https://www.analogictips.com/author/akalnoskas/"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//static.addtoany.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//kit.fontawesome.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Analog IC Tips » Feed" href="https://www.analogictips.com/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Analog IC Tips » Comments Feed" href="https://www.analogictips.com/comments/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Analog IC Tips » Active baluns bridge the microwave and digital worlds Comments Feed" href="https://www.analogictips.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/www.analogictips.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.7"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='news-pro-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/style.css?ver=3.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh_prestitial_main_style-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/main.css?ver=1.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wtwh_prestitial_style-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/css/prestitial.css?ver=1.1.0' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='widgetopts-styles-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/widget-options/assets/css/widget-options.css?ver=4.0.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='dashicons-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.7' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Raleway%3A400%2C700&ver=3.2.3' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='addtoany-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.css?ver=1.16' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='slider_styles-css' href='https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-responsive-slider/assets/style.css?ver=1.0.1' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" id="addtoany-core-js-before"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.a2a_config=window.a2a_config||{};a2a_config.callbacks=[];a2a_config.overlays=[];a2a_config.templates={}; a2a_config.track_links = 'bitly'; a2a_config.track_links_key = 'addtoany|R_cc6a4017b0274d1d86f2397771b70136'; // username|API key delimited by | a2a_config.templates = { twitter: "${title} ${link} @AnalogICTips" }; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://static.addtoany.com/menu/page.js" id="addtoany-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/add-to-any/addtoany.min.js?ver=1.1" id="addtoany-jquery-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://kit.fontawesome.com/0db18eb627.js?ver=6.7" id="wtwh_prestitial_fontAwesome_js-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/8393" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://www.analogictips.com/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://www.analogictips.com/?p=8393' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Factive-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Factive-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds%2F&format=xml" />  <script> var contentHash = '224bbcb945faba6c069ad2453dea588a'; var cat_target='224bbcb945faba6c069ad2453dea588a, applications, featured, featured-contributions, wireless-applications, ros'; </script>  <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MMC9PJ9');</script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-M7LWHDQ');</script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; googletag.cmd.push(function() { var pathParts = window.location.pathname.substr(1).split('/'); var mapHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([768, 200], [728, 90]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapLargeHeader = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 200], [[970, 90], [970, 250]]) .addSize([0, 0], [300, 250]) .build(); var mapWallpaper = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1024, 500], [[1, 1]]) .addSize([0, 0], [[1, 1]]) .build(); var gptSlots = []; gptSlots[0] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/analog_header', [[300, 250], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-analog-header') .defineSizeMapping(mapHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[1] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/analog_largeleader', [[970, 90], [970, 250]], 'div-gpt-analog_largeleader') .defineSizeMapping(mapLargeHeader) .addService(googletag.pubads()); gptSlots[2] = googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/analog_wallpaper', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-analog_wallpaper') .defineSizeMapping(mapWallpaper) .addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/analog_allstreamflex', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-analog_allstreamflex').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/analog_allstreamprelude', [[1, 1]], 'div-gpt-analog_allstreamprelude').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/analog_sidebar1', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-analog_sidebar1').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/5272491/ee_network/analog_sidebarbottom', [[300, 250], [300, 600]], 'div-gpt-analog_sidebarbottom').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting('articletitle', pathParts[0] ? pathParts[0]: 'home-page').setTargeting('cat_target', [cat_target]); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <style type="text/css">.site-title a { background: url(https://analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016-analogic-logo-1.png) no-repeat !important; }</style> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-300x300.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/cropped-favicon-512x512-1-300x300.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> /*** MOBILE SLIDER TITLE ***/ @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { .slide-excerpt { display: block !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { h2 { font-size: 18px; } } /*** LYTICS IMAGE RESIZE ***/ .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget, .pf-widget-img { border-radius: 0px !important; width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; top: 0px !important; left: 0px !important; margin: 0px !important; } .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget, .pf-widget-content, .pf-widget-headline { margin-top: 100px; } .pf-widget.pf-widget-variant-2.image-widget .pf-widget-img { z-index: 0; } .pf-widget.image-widget, .pf-widget-close { color: white !important; z-index: 1; } /*** END LYTICS IMAGE RESIZE ***/ /*EE Classrooms Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } /* THREE FOOTERS */ .footer-widgets-1, .footer-widgets-2, .footer-widgets-3 { width: 330px; } .dropbtn { background-color: #04AA6D; color: white; padding: 16px; font-size: 16px; border: none; } .dropdown { display: inline-block; } .dropdown-content { display: none; position: absolute; background-color: #f1f1f1; min-width: 160px; box-shadow: 0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2); z-index: 1; } .dropdown-content a { color: black; padding: 12px 16px; text-decoration: none; display: block; } .dropdown-content a:hover {background-color: #ddd;} .dropdown:hover .dropdown-content {display: block;} .dropdown:hover .dropbtn {background-color: #3e8e41;} /*Design Guide Drop Down Menu*/ .motion-design-guides { font-size: 14px; font-family: Raleway, sans-serif; width: 270px; height: 50px; text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; border-radius: 0px; background-color: white; color: #000; border-top: 3px solid #000; border-left: none; border-right: none; border-bottom: 1px solid #e3e3e3; text-transform: uppercase; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guide-option { text-align: center; text-align-last: center; -moz-text-align-last: center; text-transform: uppercase; width: 270px; white-space: wrap; } .motion-design-guides:after { content: ""; border: solid #000; border-width: 0 2px 2px 0; margin-left: 30px; margin-bottom: 3px; display: inline-block; padding: 2.5px; transform: rotate(45deg); -webkit-transform: rotate(45deg); } #algolia-powered-by { display:none; } /*** FEATURED CONTRIBUTIONS ***/ #featured-post-5 h4.entry-title { font-size: 15px; } /* Search Page */ body.search .site-inner { padding-left: unset; padding-right: unset; } </style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-8393 single-format-standard custom-header header-image content-sidebar genesis-breadcrumbs-hidden genesis-footer-widgets-visible news-pro-blue">  <div id="prestitial" style="opacity: 0;"> <div id="prestitial-overlay"></div> <div id="prestitial-grid"> <div class="prestitial-logo"> <div class="title-area"> <h1 class="site-title"> <a href="#"><img src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/cropped-aictlogo-235x160.png"></a></h1> </div> </div> <div class="close-cta"> Continue to Site <i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i> </div> <div id="prestitial-banner"></div> </div> </div>  <div id="body-wrapper" style="opacity: 0;"> <div class="site-container"><ul class="genesis-skip-link"><li><a href="#genesis-nav-primary" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to primary navigation</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-content" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to main content</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-sidebar-primary" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to primary sidebar</a></li><li><a href="#genesis-footer-widgets" class="screen-reader-shortcut"> Skip to footer</a></li></ul><div class="site-container-wrap"><header class="site-header"><div class="wrap"><div class="title-area"><p class="site-title"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/">Analog IC Tips</a></p><p class="site-description">Analog IC Design, Products, Tools Layout</p></div><div class="widget-area header-widget-area"><section id="text-10" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><div id='div-gpt-analog-header'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog-header'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div></section> </div></div></header><nav class="nav-primary" aria-label="Main" id="genesis-nav-primary"><div class="wrap"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu genesis-nav-menu menu-primary js-superfish"><li id="menu-item-9" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-9"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/products/"><span >Products</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1160" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1160"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/products/amplifiers-products/"><span >Amplifiers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-10" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-10"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/products/clocks-timing/"><span >Clocks & Timing</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-11" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-11"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/products/data-converters/"><span >Data Converters</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8218" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8218"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/products/emi-rfi/"><span >EMI/RFI</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-12" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-12"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/products/interface-isolation/"><span >Interface & Isolation</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-13" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-13"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/products/mems-sensors/"><span >MEMS & Sensors</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-8" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-has-children menu-item-8"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/"><span >Applications</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-8213" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8213"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/audio-applications/"><span >Audio</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8227" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8227"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/automotive/"><span >Automotive/Transportation</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8228" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8228"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/industrial/"><span >Industrial</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8214" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8214"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/iot-applications/"><span >IoT</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8225" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8225"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/medical-applications/"><span >Medical</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8216" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8216"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/telecommunications/"><span >Telecommunications</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8215" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-8215"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/wireless/"><span >Wireless</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-8220" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-8220"><a href="#"><span >Learn</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5051" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5051"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-tips/"><span >eBooks / Tech Tips</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5944" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-5944"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/faq/"><span >FAQs</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5231" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5231"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center"><span >EE Learning Center</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8222" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8222"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/"><span >EE Training Days</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8547" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8547"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/"><span >Tech Toolboxes</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5055" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5055"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/ee-world-webinars-and-digital-events/"><span >Webinars & Digital Events</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5050" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-5050"><a><span >Resources</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-7118" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7118"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/design-guide-library"><span >Design Guide Library</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8226" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8226"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/digital-edition-back-issue/"><span >Digital Issues</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-8221" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8221"><a href="https://www.designworldonline.com/category/news/women-in-engineering/"><span >Engineering Diversity & Inclusion</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5053" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5053"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/2023-leap-awards-winners-are-announced/"><span >LEAP Awards</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5054" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5054"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/podcasts/"><span >Podcasts</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5056" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5056"><a href="http://www.engineeringwhitepapers.com/category/electricalelectronic/"><span >White Papers</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-2074" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-2074"><a href="http://www.designfast.com"><span >DesignFast</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-2073" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-2073"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/analog-ic-videos/"><span >Video</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-7786" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7786"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.powerelectronictips.com/ee-world-online-videos/"><span >EE Videos</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-7787" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-7787"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/teardown-videos/"><span >Teardown Videos</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-5458" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-5458"><a><span >EE Forums</span></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-5459" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5459"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.edaboard.com/"><span >EDABoard.com</span></a></li> <li id="menu-item-5460" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-5460"><a target="_blank" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/"><span >Electro-Tech-Online.com</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-8224" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-8224"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/"><span >Engineering Training Days</span></a></li> </ul></div></nav><div style="padding-top:10px;text-align:center"> <div id='div-gpt-analog_largeleader'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog_largeleader'); }); </script> </div></div><div class="site-inner"><div class="content-sidebar-wrap"><main class="content" id="genesis-content"><article class="post-8393 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-applications category-featured category-featured-contributions category-wireless-applications entry" aria-label="Active baluns bridge the microwave and digital worlds"><header class="entry-header"><h1 class="entry-title">Active baluns bridge the microwave and digital worlds</h1> <p class="entry-meta"><time class="entry-time">May 23, 2024</time> By <span class="entry-author"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/author/akalnoskas/" class="entry-author-link" rel="author"><span class="entry-author-name">Aimee Kalnoskas</span></a></span> </p></header><div class="entry-content"><div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_top"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_16 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.analogictips.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/" data-a2a-title="Active baluns bridge the microwave and digital worlds"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Factive-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds%2F&linkname=Active%20baluns%20bridge%20the%20microwave%20and%20digital%20worlds" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/x?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Factive-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds%2F&linkname=Active%20baluns%20bridge%20the%20microwave%20and%20digital%20worlds" title="X" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_linkedin" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/linkedin?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.analogictips.com%2Factive-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds%2F&linkname=Active%20baluns%20bridge%20the%20microwave%20and%20digital%20worlds" title="LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div><p><em>To achieve the datasheet performance of ultra-high-speed data converters, now clocking to 64 GS/sec, the handoff to and from the microwave domain must be near perfect. To preserve the data converters’ spurious-free dynamic range, a new category of component has been developed that converts between the differential and single-ended signal domains while amplifying and filtering out-of-band signals.</em></p> <p><em><strong>By Seyed Tabatabaei, mmTron</strong></em></p> <p>As silicon geometries shrink, they increase the processing capability of each SoC generation. Surprisingly, sampling frequencies for data converters are now running above 10 GS/sec and as high as 64 GS/Sec from companies such as Texas Instruments (TI), Analog Devices, Intel, and Teledyne e2v.</p> <p>Among the many system benefits, this integration and speed combination is transforming the architecture of microwave front-ends. The historical receiver with down-conversion from RF to IF is bowing to direct RF sampling, where the microwave signal is directly converted to digital. That’s the concept behind software-defined radio.</p> <p>Although direct RF sampling systems running at the highest data rates can consume significant DC power — digital processors must keep up with the data rate — they simplify the RF block diagram with the attendant benefits of cost, size, and weight while adding flexibility and performance improvements. For systems with multiple parallel channels, such as fully active phased-array radar, direct RF sampling improves synchronization and phase coherence across the channels. These architectural tradeoffs favor direct RF sampling, judging by the defense, communications, and instrumentation systems that are adopting it.</p> <p><strong>Moving to mmWave</strong><br /> Designing a system that will use direct RF sampling, Nyquist sampling theory requires the sampling frequency, f<sub>s</sub>, to be more than twice the highest frequency being sampled to ensure the digital data accurately represents the original signal without aliasing. This means a 64 GS/Sec analog-to-digital converter (ADC) can theoretically convert signals with frequencies to 32 GHz. This frequency band is called the first Nyquist zone. To illustrate, <strong>Figure 1(a)</strong> shows a sampled baseband signal (the blue spectrum), with the images generated by sampling shown in red. Aliasing occurs when the band of the sampled signal is greater than fs/2, which causes the image and baseband spectrums to overlap.</p> <figure id="attachment_19434" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19434" style="width: 740px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig1.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-19434 size-large" src="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig1-1024x333.png" alt="" width="740" height="241" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19434" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 1. The case of sampling a signal (a) within the first Nyquist zone, where the upper frequency of the signal is less than f<sub>S</sub>/2. The closest images of the sampled spectrum fall in the second and third Nyquist zones. In the case of undersampling, the band sampled falls in the second Nyquist zone, and the closest images are in the first and third Nyquist zones.</figcaption></figure> <p>Direct RF sampling extends to frequencies above the first Nyquist zone if the signal bandwidth being sampled does not exceed fs/2. This is termed under-sampling or harmonic sampling. Figure 1(b) illustrates this case, where the spectrum sampled lies in the second Nyquist zone. Because under-sampling handles signal bandwidths to fs/2, it is useful for mmWave systems, where the bandwidth is typically large because of the spectrum available.</p> <p><strong>The data converter sets the performance</strong><br /> The data converter drives the performance of a direct RF sampling system. In the receiver, the RF signal presented to the ADC must be optimally matched to the ADC’s input requirements. In the transmitter, the interface at the output of the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) must maintain the fidelity of the digital signal.</p> <p>Most ultra-high-speed ADCs and DACs use a differential signal flow, which provides significant advantages:</p> <ul> <li>reduced second-order distortion,</li> <li>suppressed common-mode interference,</li> <li>better grounding,</li> <li>immunity to substrate coupling,</li> <li>lower parasitic coupling, and</li> <li>improved power supply noise rejection.</li> </ul> <p>RF systems are, however, typically single-ended with a 50 Ω characteristic impedance. While the conversion between differential and single-ended can be accomplished with a lossy passive balun, the sensitive interface between the differential data converters and the single-ended RF signal chains calls for active baluns specifically designed to maximize the performance of the expensive data converters.</p> <p><strong>Role of the Active Balun</strong><br /> In the receiver, the microwave signal driving the ADC must be filtered and amplified to the ADC’s maximum input level, adding minimal noise, harmonics, and intermodulation distortion or spurs. On the transmit side, the differential output of the DAC must be converted to single-ended and amplified sufficiently to drive the transmitter’s power amplifier chain, adding minimal noise, harmonics, and intermodulation. An active balun integrates the passive balun with filtering and low noise/high linearity amplification.</p> <p><strong>Figure 2</strong> shows the block diagram of a direct RF sampling transceiver and where the active baluns fit in the signal flow. While the same circuit functions are integrated @mdash; a passive balun, anti-alias filtering, and quasi-differential low noise amplifiers @mdash; the transmit and receive paths have opposite signal flow, requiring separate MMICs for an ADC and DAC.</p> <figure id="attachment_19435" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19435" style="width: 1800px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2.png" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-19435 size-full" src="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2.png" alt="Signal flow from RF to baseband" width="1800" height="984" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19435" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 2. In a transceiver using direct RF sampling, the active balun integrates a passive balun with anti-alias filtering and low noise, high linearity, broadband amplifiers. The signal flow for a DAC is opposite that for the ADC.</figcaption></figure> <p>Active baluns optimize the interface with the data converter, providing wide bandwidth, high linearity, low noise figure, high common-mode rejection, and a high voltage swing compatible with the ADC or DAC. For example, the noise floor of the active balun should be much lower than the ADC’s noise floor. In addition to helping maximize system performance, the active balun will reduce the area on the printed circuit board (PCB), as maintaining the phase balance between differential signals adds to the circuit size and complexity of the PCB layout.</p> <p><strong>Powering the Active Balun</strong><br /> Wide bandwidth, low noise figure, high linearity, and high common-mode rejection ratio are key requirements for an active balun. The circuit must handle the full-scale voltage swing of the data converter, and its noise floor should be much lower than the noise of either the ADC or DAC.</p> <p>You can meet these requirements with an active balun that uses a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) process. GaAs HBTs can achieve good performance through 20 GHz, and InP has been used for low noise amplifiers to above 100 GHz. Active baluns fabricated in HBT are very small, enabling a compact surface-mount footprint on the PCB. They also have low phase noise, 10x to 20x lower than a design fabricated with a pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) process.</p> <p>The main drawback of HBT devices is their relatively high noise figure. For example, a mmTron Ka-Band active balun designed for a 64 GS/Sec ADC has a minimum noise figure of 6 dB, compared to its pHEMT design with a noise figure below 3.5 dB. The area of the HBT-based design, however, is 3x smaller than the equivalent pHEMT MMIC.</p> <p>Whichever process technology it uses, an active balun forces a tradeoff between achieving the lowest noise figure or the highest linearity. For example, the pHEMT devices used in mmTron’s TMC160 active balun achieve 1.5 dB average noise figure across a 3 GHz to 20 GHz operating bandwidth and an input IP3 of 15 dBm. Increasing the input IP3 to 21 dBm increases the noise figure to 3.5 dB. These and other trade-offs are part of the active balun’s design, which is often optimized to work with specific data converters.</p> <figure id="attachment_19436" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19436" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig3_1800.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19436 size-medium" src="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig3_1800-300x279.jpg" alt="Texas Instruments DAC evaluation board" width="300" height="279" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19436" class="wp-caption-text">Figure 3. This evaluation board for a Texas Instruments dual-channel DAC uses an active balun at each output. Each active balun is integrated in a 7 mm × 7 mm air-cavity QFN package.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>Figure 3</strong> shows the evaluation board for a TI multi-Nyquist, dual-channel DAC (DAC39RF10). With both channels processing, the maximum input data rate is 10.24 GS/SEC, which doubles to 20.48 GS/SEC if only a single channel is used. Each output of the DAC feeds an mmTron active balun, each integrated in a 7 mm x 7 mm air-cavity QFN package. The use of active baluns simplifies the design of the interface and doesn’t consume much PCB area. To support multi-channel data converters, several active balun channels can be integrated in a single QFN package.</p> <p><strong>The future</strong><br /> The adoption of direct RF sampling in microwave and mmWave systems has created an opportunity for a new category of microwave component, the active balun. Its role is to interface between the high-speed data converters and traditional microwave and mmWave signal chains, preserving the spur-free dynamic range of the DAC and ADC. The active balun integrates the traditional passive balun with amplification and filtering in a small surface-mount package, simplifying system design and PCB layout.</p> <p> </p> <p><a href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Seyed_Tabatabaei_mmTron_150x150.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="alignleft size-full wp-image-19438" src="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Seyed_Tabatabaei_mmTron_150x150.jpg" alt="Seyed Tabatabaei mmTron" width="150" height="150" /></a> Seyed Tabatabaei founded mmTron in 2020, inspired to develop disruptive MMIC products that deliver new levels of output power, efficiency, and linearity for mmWave applications.<br /> Previously, Tabatabaei was CEO of Teramics, a design services company also focused on the mmWave market. His mmWave experience extends to Endwave Corporation, one of the pioneering companies in the industry, where he served as VP of semiconductor products.<br /> Earlier roles include engineering manager of the microelectronics organization within Hewlett Packard (now Keysight Technologies), M/A-COM, and the Laboratory for Physical Sciences.<br /> Dr. Tabatabaei has a Ph.D. from the University of Maryland, College Park, and a management certificate from the MIT Sloan School of Business.</p> <div class="bawmrp"> <h3>You may also like:</h3> <ul> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/if-youre-designing-rfics-here-are-some-tools-to-consider/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/tools5-1-150x150.png" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="" /><br />If you’re designing RFICs, here are some tools to consider</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/how-many-types-of-radar-are-there/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/radar-types-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="" /><br />How many types of radar are there?</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/faq-on-luneburg-lens-to-increase-radar-signature-part-1/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/WTWH_Luneburg_lens_Pt1_Fig1-150x150.png" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="" /><br />FAQ on Luneburg lens to increase radar signature: Part 1</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/basics-of-vswr-and-impedance-part-1-faq/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/VSWR-and-impedance-matching-part-1-featured-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="VSWR and impedance" /><br />The basics of VSWR and impedance, Part 1</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/laminates-5g-millimeter-wave-applications/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/MC80551_122240_CLTEMWImage-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="" /><br />Laminates for 5G and other millimeter wave applications</a></li> <li style="float:left;width:120px;height:auto;overflow:hidden;list-style:none;border-right: 1px solid #ccc;text-align:center;padding:0px 5px;" class="bawmrp_manual"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/adcs-sufficient-sampling-nyquists-rate/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/sampling-rate-opener-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-100x100 size-100x100 wp-post-image" alt="" /><br />Nyquist rate basics and sufficient sampling for ADCs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> </div><footer class="entry-footer"><p class="entry-meta"><span class="entry-categories">Filed Under: <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/" rel="category tag">Applications</a>, <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/featured/" rel="category tag">Featured</a>, <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/featured-contributions/" rel="category tag">Featured Contributions</a>, <a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/applications/wireless-applications/" rel="category tag">Wireless</a></span> </p></footer></article></main><aside class="sidebar sidebar-primary widget-area" role="complementary" aria-label="Primary Sidebar" id="genesis-sidebar-primary"><h2 class="genesis-sidebar-title screen-reader-text">Primary Sidebar</h2><section id="search-3" class="extendedwopts-hide extendedwopts-tablet extendedwopts-mobile widget widget_search"><div class="extendedwopts-hide extendedwopts-tablet extendedwopts-mobile widget-wrap"><form class="search-form" method="get" action="https://www.analogictips.com/" role="search"><label class="search-form-label screen-reader-text" for="searchform-1">Search this website</label><input class="search-form-input" type="search" name="s" id="searchform-1" placeholder="Search this website"><input class="search-form-submit" type="submit" value="Search"><meta content="https://www.analogictips.com/?s={s}"></form></div></section> <section id="custom_html-5" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"> <div id='div-gpt-analog_sidebar1'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog_sidebar1'); }); </script> </div></div></div></section> <section id="featured-post-5" class="widget featured-content featuredpost"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Featured Contributions</h3> <article class="post-8393 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-applications category-featured category-featured-contributions category-wireless-applications entry" aria-label="Active baluns bridge the microwave and digital worlds"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="82" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-150x82.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-150x82.png 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-300x164.png 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-1024x560.png 1024w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-768x420.png 768w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-1536x840.png 1536w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-740x400.png 740w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2-737x400.png 737w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mmTron_Active-Balun_Fig2.png 1800w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/active-baluns-bridge-the-microwave-and-digital-worlds/">Active baluns bridge the microwave and digital worlds</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-8137 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-analog-ics category-featured category-featured-contributions category-industry-experts tag-perforce entry" aria-label="Managing design complexity and global collaboration with IP-centric design"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/managing-design-complexity-and-global-collaboration-with-ip-centric-design/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="81" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-2-150x81.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-2-150x81.jpg 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-2-300x162.jpg 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-2-737x400.jpg 737w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Untitled-2.jpg 740w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/managing-design-complexity-and-global-collaboration-with-ip-centric-design/">Managing design complexity and global collaboration with IP-centric design</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-7737 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-featured-contributions category-pcb-design entry" aria-label="PCB design best practices for ECAD/MCAD collaboration"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/pcb-design-best-practices-for-ecad-mcad-collaboration-faq/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="64" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ECAD-MCAD-flow-150x64.png" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ECAD-MCAD-flow-150x64.png 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ECAD-MCAD-flow-300x128.png 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ECAD-MCAD-flow-1024x435.png 1024w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ECAD-MCAD-flow-768x326.png 768w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ECAD-MCAD-flow-1536x653.png 1536w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/ECAD-MCAD-flow.png 1642w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/pcb-design-best-practices-for-ecad-mcad-collaboration-faq/">PCB design best practices for ECAD/MCAD collaboration</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-7723 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-featured-contributions tag-microchip entry" aria-label="Open RAN networks pass the time"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/open-ran-networks-pass-the-time/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="90" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5GHB23_Microchip_Feature_art-150x90.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5GHB23_Microchip_Feature_art-150x90.jpg 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5GHB23_Microchip_Feature_art-300x181.jpg 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5GHB23_Microchip_Feature_art-1024x617.jpg 1024w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5GHB23_Microchip_Feature_art-768x463.jpg 768w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/5GHB23_Microchip_Feature_art.jpg 1488w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/open-ran-networks-pass-the-time/">Open RAN networks pass the time</a></h4></header></article><article class="post-7686 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-faq category-featured category-featured-contributions category-pcb-design tag-faq entry" aria-label="Why should you be using rigid-flex PCBs rather than flex PCBs in your next project?"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/why-use-rigid-flex-pcbs-rather-flex-pcbs/" class="alignleft" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"><img width="150" height="84" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/rigid-flex-pcb-featured-150x84.jpg" class="entry-image attachment-post" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/rigid-flex-pcb-featured-150x84.jpg 150w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/rigid-flex-pcb-featured-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/rigid-flex-pcb-featured.jpg 740w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" /></a><header class="entry-header"><h4 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/why-use-rigid-flex-pcbs-rather-flex-pcbs/">Why should you be using rigid-flex PCBs rather than flex PCBs in your next project?</a></h4></header></article><p class="more-from-category"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/category/featured-contributions/" title="Featured Contributions">More Featured Contributions</a></p></div></section> <section id="custom_html-9" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE TECH TOOLBOX</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/EE-TechToolbox-T_and_M_Page_01-scaled.jpg" alt=“ee tech toolbox”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">Tech Toolbox: Test & Measurement</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;"> Everything needs testing and testing needs measurement. This Tech Toolbox covers measurement fundamentals, accuracy, precision, and resolution. A look at the Smith chart, a handy tool for RF engineers, is also reviewed. </span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/tech-toolbox-test-measurement/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">Download PDF</button></a></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/tech-toolboxes/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">View All Tech Toolboxes</button></a></div> </div> </center> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-3" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE LEARNING CENTER</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/learning-center" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/300x250-2-EE-LearnCtr.png" alt="EE Learning Center" style="max-width: 270px;" /></a> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; margin-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">BROWSE CLASSROOMS</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/machine-vision-and-cabling-classroom" target="_blank">Machine Vision & Cabling</a> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/programmable-power-classroom" target="_blank">PROGRAMMABLE POWER</a> </div> </div></div> </center> <center> <div class="dropdown" style="text-align: center; padding-top: 10px;"> <button class="motion-design-guides">Browse Design Guides</button> <div class="dropdown-content"> <a class="motion-design-guide-option" href="https://eeworldonline.tradepub.com/free/w_defa3475/" target="_blank">5G Connectivity</a> </div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center> <div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; width: 300px;"> <div align="center"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/newsletter-subscription-form/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Analog-300x100-1.jpg" alt=“analog newsletter”></a></div> <div align="center" style="width: 300px; line-height: 20px; padding-top: 10px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; color: #0c506d; text-align: center; font-size: 20px;">EXPAND YOUR KNOWLEDGE AND STAY CONNECTED</span></div> <div align="center" style="line-height: 16px; padding-top: 5px;"><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 16px;">Get the latest info on technologies, tools and strategies for EE professionals.</span></div> <div align="center" style="padding-top: 10px;"><a href="https://www.analogictips.com/newsletter-subscription-form/" target="_blank"><button style="background-color: #57bf9b; color: white; font-weight: bold; border: none; padding: 10px; font-size: 16px; cursor: pointer;">GET THE ENEWSLETTER</button></a></div> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-7" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE ENGINEERING TRAINING DAYS</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><div style="display: flex; flex-direction: column; width: 270px;"><a href="https://eetrainingdays.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/300x250-side-bar-graphic.png" alt="engineering" /></a> </div> </center></div></div></section> <section id="rss-2" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="http://www.edaboard.com/external.php?type=RSS"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.edaboard.com/">Current EDABoard.com discussions</a></h3> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/low-frequency-modulation-in-high-frequency-dds-generated-signal.413002/'>Low frequency modulation in high frequency DDS generated signal</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/unknown-inductor-and-smps-transformer.413087/'>Unknown inductor and smps transformer</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/power-current-measurment.413116/'>Power & current measurment</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/electronic-load-needed.413112/'>Electronic load needed</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.edaboard.com/threads/no-name-chip-replacement-with-pic-in-a-chinese-toy.413110/'>No-Name chip replacement with PIC in a Chinese Toy</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="rss-3" class="widget widget_rss"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/forums/-/index.rss"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="RSS" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://www.electro-tech-online.com/">Current Electro-Tech-Online.com Discussions</a></h3> <ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/display-tft-st7789-oshonsoft-basic.166219/'>Display TFT ST7789 (OshonSoft Basic).</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/what-to-do-with-switches.166912/'>What to do with switches?</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/help-identifying-component.166932/'>Help identifying component</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/stepper-motor-help-needed.166936/'>Stepper motor help needed</a></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/helper-instruments-sinadder-linear-5-sl105.166935/'>Helper Instruments Sinadder Linear 5 SL105</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="custom_html-6" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"> <div id='div-gpt-analog_sidebarbottom'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog_sidebarbottom'); }); </script> </div> </div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-8" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><center><a href="https://www.eeworldonline.com/category/bill-schweber-blogs/" target="_blank"><img src="https://www.eeworldonline.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/300x250-V2.5.jpg" alt=“bills blog”></a></center></div></div></section> <section id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="widget_text widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Design Fast</h3> <div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><style type="text/css">/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers. * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS. */ html { line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /* Sections ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the margin in all browsers. */ body { margin: 0; } /** * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /* Grouping content ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox. * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE. */ hr { box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */ height: 0; /* 1 */ overflow: visible; /* 2 */ } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox. */ button, select { /* 1 */ text-transform: none; } /** * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. */ button, [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; } /** * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, [type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner { border-style: none; padding: 0; } /** * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule. */ button:-moz-focusring, [type="button"]:-moz-focusring, [type="reset"]:-moz-focusring, [type="submit"]:-moz-focusring { outline: 1px dotted ButtonText; } /** * Correct the padding in Firefox. */ fieldset { padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em; } /** * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE. * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE. * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #fff; background-color: #1074fb; border: 10px solid #1074fb; } </style><style>/*! normalize.css v8.0.0 | MIT License | github.com/necolas/normalize.css */ /* Document ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Correct the line height in all browsers. * 2. Prevent adjustments of font size after orientation changes in iOS. */ html { line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */ } /* Sections ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the margin in all browsers. */ body { margin: 0; } /** * Correct the font size and margin on `h1` elements within `section` and * `article` contexts in Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. */ h1 { font-size: 2em; margin: 0.67em 0; } /* Grouping content ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in Firefox. * 2. Show the overflow in Edge and IE. */ hr { box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */ height: 0; /* 1 */ overflow: visible; /* 2 */ } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ pre { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /* Text-level semantics ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the gray background on active links in IE 10. */ a { background-color: transparent; } /** * 1. Remove the bottom border in Chrome 57- * 2. Add the correct text decoration in Chrome, Edge, IE, Opera, and Safari. */ abbr[title] { border-bottom: none; /* 1 */ text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */ text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font weight in Chrome, Edge, and Safari. */ b, strong { font-weight: bolder; } /** * 1. Correct the inheritance and scaling of font size in all browsers. * 2. Correct the odd `em` font sizing in all browsers. */ code, kbd, samp { font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */ font-size: 1em; /* 2 */ } /** * Add the correct font size in all browsers. */ small { font-size: 80%; } /** * Prevent `sub` and `sup` elements from affecting the line height in * all browsers. */ sub, sup { font-size: 75%; line-height: 0; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; } sub { bottom: -0.25em; } sup { top: -0.5em; } /* Embedded content ========================================================================== */ /** * Remove the border on images inside links in IE 10. */ img { border-style: none; } /* Forms ========================================================================== */ /** * 1. Change the font styles in all browsers. * 2. Remove the margin in Firefox and Safari. */ button, input, optgroup, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; /* 1 */ font-size: 100%; /* 1 */ line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */ margin: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Show the overflow in IE. * 1. Show the overflow in Edge. */ button, input { /* 1 */ overflow: visible; } /** * Remove the inheritance of text transform in Edge, Firefox, and IE. * 1. Remove the inheritance of text transform in Firefox. */ button, select { /* 1 */ text-transform: none; } /** * Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. */ button, [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"] { -webkit-appearance: button; } /** * Remove the inner border and padding in Firefox. */ button::-moz-focus-inner, [type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner, [type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner { border-style: none; padding: 0; } /** * Restore the focus styles unset by the previous rule. */ button:-moz-focusring, [type="button"]:-moz-focusring, [type="reset"]:-moz-focusring, [type="submit"]:-moz-focusring { outline: 1px dotted ButtonText; } /** * Correct the padding in Firefox. */ fieldset { padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em; } /** * 1. Correct the text wrapping in Edge and IE. * 2. Correct the color inheritance from `fieldset` elements in IE. * 3. Remove the padding so developers are not caught out when they zero out * `fieldset` elements in all browsers. */ legend { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ color: inherit; /* 2 */ display: table; /* 1 */ max-width: 100%; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 3 */ white-space: normal; /* 1 */ } /** * Add the correct vertical alignment in Chrome, Firefox, and Opera. */ progress { vertical-align: baseline; } /** * Remove the default vertical scrollbar in IE 10+. */ textarea { overflow: auto; } /** * 1. Add the correct box sizing in IE 10. * 2. Remove the padding in IE 10. */ [type="checkbox"], [type="radio"] { box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */ padding: 0; /* 2 */ } /** * Correct the cursor style of increment and decrement buttons in Chrome. */ [type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button, [type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button { height: auto; } /** * 1. Correct the odd appearance in Chrome and Safari. * 2. Correct the outline style in Safari. */ [type="search"] { -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */ outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */ } /** * Remove the inner padding in Chrome and Safari on macOS. */ [type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration { -webkit-appearance: none; } /** * 1. Correct the inability to style clickable types in iOS and Safari. * 2. Change font properties to `inherit` in Safari. */ ::-webkit-file-upload-button { -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */ font: inherit; /* 2 */ } /* Interactive ========================================================================== */ /* * Add the correct display in Edge, IE 10+, and Firefox. */ details { display: block; } /* * Add the correct display in all browsers. */ summary { display: list-item; } /* Misc ========================================================================== */ /** * Add the correct display in IE 10+. */ template { display: none; } /** * Add the correct display in IE 10. */ [hidden] { display: none; } #box { background-color: #1d2765; width: 300px; height: 250px; } .img-padding { padding-top: 5%; } .center { text-align: center; } #header { display: flex; } #header-text { font-family: 'Open Sans', Arial, sans-serif !important; font-size: 21px; color: #ffffff !important; line-height: 20px !important; text-align: center; display: inline-block; flex: 0 60%; } /* Style used in WP Ad, overriding here. */ #df-form input { box-shadow: none; padding: 0; } #df-form { display: flex; justify-content: center; margin-top: 5%; } #header-image { display: inline-block; flex: 0 40%; } #header-image img { width: 100px; height: 100px; } #search-input { background-color: #36428c; border: 10px solid #36428c; max-width: 70%; color:#fff; font-size: 12px; } #search-input::placeholder { color: #fff; } #submit-btn { color: #fff; background-color: #1074fb; border: 10px solid #1074fb; } </style> <div id="box">  <div class="center img-padding"> <img src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/c4988f59a6e50d1a1d4c5d5f9e5dcd72.png"> </div>  <div id="header">  <div id="header-text"> Component Selection Made Simple.<br><br>Try it Today </div>  <div id="header-image"> <img alt="design fast globle" src="https://images.designworldonline.com/newsletters/images/037373d010e86f50d2d8462d161945b4.png" /> </div> </div>   <form id="df-form"> <input type="text" name="searchbox" id="search-input" size="32" placeholder="Search for a part or datasheet" /> <input type="submit" value="GO" id="submit-btn" /> </form>  </div> <script type="text/javascript">!function(e){var t={};function n(r){if(t[r])return t[r].exports;var o=t[r]={i:r,l:!1,exports:{}};return e[r].call(o.exports,o,o.exports,n),o.l=!0,o.exports}n.m=e,n.c=t,n.d=function(e,t,r){n.o(e,t)||Object.defineProperty(e,t,{enumerable:!0,get:r})},n.r=function(e){"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},n.t=function(e,t){if(1&t&&(e=n(e)),8&t)return e;if(4&t&&"object"==typeof e&&e&&e.__esModule)return e;var r=Object.create(null);if(n.r(r),Object.defineProperty(r,"default",{enumerable:!0,value:e}),2&t&&"string"!=typeof e)for(var o in e)n.d(r,o,function(t){return e[t]}.bind(null,o));return r},n.n=function(e){var t=e&&e.__esModule?function(){return e.default}:function(){return e};return n.d(t,"a",t),t},n.o=function(e,t){return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t)},n.p="",n(n.s=0)}([function(e,t,n){n(1),n(3);let r=document.querySelector("#df-form");function o(){const e=r.elements[0].value;window.open("https://www.app.designfast.com/search?q="+e)}r.addEventListener("submit",function(e){if(!e)window.event;e.preventDefault(),o()}),r.addEventListener("keydown",function(e){13===e.key&&o()})},function(e,t,n){},,function(e,t,n){}]);</script> </div></div></section> </aside></div></div><div class="footer-widgets" id="genesis-footer-widgets"><h2 class="genesis-sidebar-title screen-reader-text">Footer</h2><div class="wrap"><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-1 footer-widget-area"><section id="text-19" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"> <div class="textwidget"><img src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/2016-analogic-logo-white.png" width="260" height="37" alt="Analog IC Tips" /></div> </div></section> </div><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-2 footer-widget-area"><section id="text-17" class="widget widget_text"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">EE WORLD ONLINE NETWORK</h3> <div class="textwidget"><ul> <li><a href="https://www.5gtechnologyworld.com/" target="_blank">5G Technology World</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.eeworldonline.com/" target="_blank">EE World Online</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.engineersgarage.com/" target="_blank">Engineers Garage</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.batterypowertips.com/" target="_blank">Battery Power Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.connectortips.com/" target="_blank">Connector Tips</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.DesignFast.com/" target="_blank">DesignFast</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.edaboard.com/" target="_blank">EDA Board Forums</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.electro-tech-online.com/" target="_blank">Electro Tech Online Forums</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.evengineeringonline.com/" target="_blank">EV Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.microcontrollertips.com/" target="_blank">Microcontroller Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.powerelectronictips.com/" target="_blank">Power Electronic Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.sensortips.com/" target="_blank">Sensor Tips</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.testandmeasurementtips.com/" target="_blank">Test and Measurement Tips</a></li> </ul></div> </div></section> </div><div class="widget-area footer-widgets-3 footer-widget-area"><section id="list-2" class="widget widget_link_list"><div class="widget-wrap"><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">ANALOG IC TIPS</h3> <ul class="list"> <li class=''><a href='/newsletter-subscription-form/'>Subscribe to our newsletter</a></li><li class=''><a href='https://marketing.wtwhmedia.com/2024-ee-world-online-media-guide/' target='_blank'>Advertise with us</a></li><li class=''><a href='/contact-us/'>Contact us</a></li><li class=''><a href='/about-us/'>About us</a></li></ul></div></section> <section id="a2a_follow_widget-2" class="widget widget_a2a_follow_widget"><div class="widget-wrap"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_34 a2a_follow addtoany_list"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/EEWorldOnline" title="Facebook" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/eeworldonline" title="Instagram" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_x" href="https://x.com/AnalogICTips" title="X" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_youtube_channel" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCiii-uV5Stls72T19oVWKTQ" title="YouTube Channel" rel="noopener" target="_blank"></a></div></div></section> </div></div></div><footer class="site-footer"><div class="wrap"><p>Copyright © 2024 · WTWH Media LLC and its licensors. All rights reserved.<br /> The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of WTWH Media.</p> <a href="http://www.wtwhmedia.com/privacy-policy/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a> </div></footer></div></div>  </div> <script> var GAMaccountID = 5272491; var GAMnetworkName = 'ee_network'; var GAMadUnitName = 'analog_prestitial'; googletag.slots = googletag.slots || {}; </script>  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MMC9PJ9" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-M7LWHDQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div id='div-gpt-analog_wallpaper'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog_wallpaper'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-analog_allstreamflex'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog_allstreamflex'); }); </script> </div> <div id='div-gpt-analog_allstreamprelude'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-analog_allstreamprelude'); }); </script> </div> <script type='text/javascript'>jQuery(document).ready(function($) {$(".flexslider").flexslider({controlsContainer: "#genesis-responsive-slider",animation: "slide",directionNav: 0,controlNav: 1,animationDuration: 800,slideshowSpeed: 4000 }); });</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/prestitial/assets/js/adlogic.js?ver=1.1.0" id="wtwh_prestitial_core_js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js?ver=6.7" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2" id="hoverIntent-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/menu/superfish.min.js?ver=1.7.10" id="superfish-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/menu/superfish.args.min.js?ver=3.5.0" id="superfish-args-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/themes/genesis/lib/js/skip-links.min.js?ver=3.5.0" id="skip-links-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/jquery.matchHeight.min.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-match-height-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/global.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-global-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="news-responsive-menus-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var genesis_responsive_menu = {"mainMenu":"Menu","subMenu":"Submenu","menuClasses":{"combine":[".nav-secondary",".nav-primary",".nav-header"]}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/themes/news-pro/js/responsive-menus.min.js?ver=3.2.3" id="news-responsive-menus-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/genesis-responsive-slider/assets/js/jquery.flexslider.js?ver=1.0.1" id="flexslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var q2w3_sidebar_options = [{"sidebar":"sidebar","use_sticky_position":false,"margin_top":0,"margin_bottom":0,"stop_elements_selectors":"","screen_max_width":0,"screen_max_height":0,"widgets":["#custom_html-2"]}]; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.analogictips.com/wp-content/plugins/q2w3-fixed-widget/js/frontend.min.js?ver=6.2.3" id="q2w3_fixed_widget-js"></script> </body></html>