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id="toc-Descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deadly_webcap_(Cortinarius_rubellus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deadly_webcap_(Cortinarius_rubellus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Deadly webcap <i>(Cortinarius rubellus)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deadly_webcap_(Cortinarius_rubellus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fool's_webcap_(Cortinarius_orellanus)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fool's_webcap_(Cortinarius_orellanus)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fool's webcap <i>(Cortinarius orellanus)</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fool's_webcap_(Cortinarius_orellanus)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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background-color: rgb(145,250,250)">Lethal webcaps </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortinarius_rubellus_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cortinarius_rubellus_01.jpg/220px-Cortinarius_rubellus_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cortinarius_rubellus_01.jpg/330px-Cortinarius_rubellus_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Cortinarius_rubellus_01.jpg/440px-Cortinarius_rubellus_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Deadly webcap, <i>Cortinarius rubellus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Corellanus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Corellanus.jpg/220px-Corellanus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Corellanus.jpg/330px-Corellanus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Corellanus.jpg/440px-Corellanus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Fool's webcap, <i>Cortinarius orellanus</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="division"><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="class"><a href="/wiki/Homobasidiomycetae" class="mw-redirect" title="Homobasidiomycetae">Homobasidiomycetae</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="order"><a href="/wiki/Agaricales" title="Agaricales">Agaricales</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="family"><a href="/wiki/Cortinariaceae" title="Cortinariaceae">Cortinariaceae</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="genus"><i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius" title="Cortinarius">Cortinarius</a></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. rubellus</b></i><br /><i><b>C. orellanus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(145,250,250)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><i>Cortinarius rubellus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Cubitt_Cooke" title="Mordecai Cubitt Cooke">Cooke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><b>Cortinarius orellanus</b></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Fries</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of fungus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="line-height: 1.4em; font-size:1.2em">Cortinarius rubellus<div style="float:right; margin: 0 3px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mycomorphbox" title="View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list"><img alt="View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/14px-Information_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/21px-Information_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/28px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="62" /></a></span></div><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycological characteristics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/32px-Gills_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/48px-Gills_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Gills_icon.png/64px-Gills_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><b><a href="/wiki/Lamella_(mycology)" title="Lamella (mycology)">Gills</a></b> on <a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">hymenium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Umbonate_cap_icon.svg/32px-Umbonate_cap_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Umbonate_cap_icon.svg/48px-Umbonate_cap_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Umbonate_cap_icon.svg/64px-Umbonate_cap_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="342" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Pileus_(mycology)" title="Pileus (mycology)">Cap</a> is <b>umbonate</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adnexed_gills_icon2.svg/32px-Adnexed_gills_icon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adnexed_gills_icon2.svg/48px-Adnexed_gills_icon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Adnexed_gills_icon2.svg/64px-Adnexed_gills_icon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Hymenium" title="Hymenium">Hymenium</a> is <b>adnexed</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cortina_stipe_icon.png/32px-Cortina_stipe_icon.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cortina_stipe_icon.png/48px-Cortina_stipe_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Cortina_stipe_icon.png/64px-Cortina_stipe_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Stipe_(mycology)" title="Stipe (mycology)">Stipe</a> has a <b><a href="/wiki/Partial_veil" title="Partial veil">cortina</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><div style="background-color: #5d431f; float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/32px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/48px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg/64px-Transparent_spore_print_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="202" /></span></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right"><a href="/wiki/Spore_print" title="Spore print">Spore print</a> is <b>brown</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/32px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/48px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg/64px-Mycorrhizal_fungus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right">Ecology is <b><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal">mycorrhizal</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/32px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/48px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png/64px-Mycomorphbox_Deadly.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right">Edibility is <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning"><b>deadly</b></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Orellani</b> are a group of seven related species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius" title="Cortinarius">Cortinarius</a></i> that have been classified as a section of the subgenus <i>Leprocybe</i> or a subgenus in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-gasparini04_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gasparini04-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are among world's most <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning#Poisonous_mushrooms" title="Mushroom poisoning">poisonous mushrooms</a> as they contain the highly toxic compound <a href="/wiki/Orellanine" title="Orellanine">orellanine</a>. The best-known species are the <b>deadly webcap</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius_rubellus" title="Cortinarius rubellus">Cortinarius rubellus</a></i>, formerly also known as <i>C. speciosissimus</i> or <i>C. orellanoides</i>) and the <b>fool's webcap</b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius_orellanus" title="Cortinarius orellanus">C. orellanus</a></i>. </p><p>The mushrooms' characteristics are quite common, making them difficult to identify, which often leads to <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">fatal</a> poisonings. Young examples of the species often have a veil between the cap of the mushroom and the stem. This veil looks like a cobweb, hence the name. The veil however partially or completely disappears in older specimens. Some other characteristics for each of the mushrooms are given below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptions">Descriptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deadly_webcap_(Cortinarius_rubellus)"><span id="Deadly_webcap_.28Cortinarius_rubellus.29"></span>Deadly webcap <i>(Cortinarius rubellus)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deadly webcap (Cortinarius rubellus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a> color</i>: Rusty brown to orange<br /> <i>Cap</i>: 3–7 cm rusty brown to orange. Often has a steeper and darker colored elevation at the top of the cap, but this varies greatly from specimen to specimen<br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Gill_(mushroom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill (mushroom)">Gills</a></i>: Wide gaps between the gills which can be, but are not necessarily, connected to the stem<br /> <i>Location</i>: Rare, but common in temperate parts of northern <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. Has been encountered as far north as Finnish Lapland.<br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">Habitat</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> woods with <a href="/wiki/Soil_pH" title="Soil pH">acidic</a> soil<br /> <i>Other details</i>: Young specimens contain a pale web between the cap and the stem. Sometimes parts of this web can be seen as a yellow ring on the stem or at the edge of the cap. The fruiting body of the mushroom blossoms from mid-summer to late autumn. </p><p><i>Cortinarius rainierensis</i>, described in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Smith" title="Alexander H. Smith">Alex H. Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Elliot_Stuntz" title="Daniel Elliot Stuntz">Daniel Elliot Stuntz</a> from material collected <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier_National_Park" title="Mount Rainier National Park">Mount Rainier National Park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Stuntz_1950_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuntz_1950-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a synonym.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fool's_webcap_(Cortinarius_orellanus)"><span id="Fool.27s_webcap_.28Cortinarius_orellanus.29"></span>Fool's webcap <i>(Cortinarius orellanus)</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fool's webcap (Cortinarius orellanus)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Spore color</i>: Rusty brown to orange<br /> <i>Cap</i>: 3–8.5 cm (1.2–3.3 in), concave<br /> <i>Gills</i>: Similar to those of the deadly webcap<br /> <i>Location</i>: Common throughout Europe, rare in the northern parts of Europe. Has been observed as far north as southern <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><br /> <i>Habitat</i>: In forests, around trees where the soil is <a href="/wiki/Alkaline" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline">alkaline</a> or acidic<br /> <i>Other details</i>: Young specimens of the fool's webcap also contain a web between the cap and the stem that partially or completely disappears as the specimen ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orellanine" title="Orellanine">Orellanine</a></div> <p>The deadly webcap and the fool's webcap both contain the toxin <a href="/wiki/Orellanin" class="mw-redirect" title="Orellanin">orellanin</a> and orellin, orellinin<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cortinarin A, B, C.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A characteristic of orellanin poisoning is the long latency; the first symptoms usually don't appear until 2–3 days after ingestion and can in some cases take as long as 3 weeks. The first symptoms of orellanin poisoning are similar to the common <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">flu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, vomiting, stomach pains, <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>, etc.). These symptoms are followed by early stages of <a href="/wiki/Kidney_failure" title="Kidney failure">kidney failure</a> (immense thirst, frequent urination, pain on and around the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>), and eventually decreased or nonexistent urine output and other symptoms of kidney failure occur. If left untreated, death will follow. There is no known <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a> against orellanin poisoning, but early hospitalization and treatment can sometimes prevent serious injuries and usually prevent death. If you suspect orellanin poisoning, seek emergency medical attention. </p><p>Both of these mushrooms can be confused with each other and many incidents of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">mushroom poisoning</a> have occurred where inexperienced <a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">mushroom hunters</a> have confused these mushrooms with <a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">edible mushrooms</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">chanterelle</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Psilocybin mushrooms">hallucinogenic mushrooms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme care should be taken when picking mushrooms like the <a href="/wiki/Cantharellus_tubaeformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantharellus tubaeformis">cleaned funnel chanterelles</a> as these mushrooms share the same habitat as the deadly webcap and the fool's webcap. </p><p>In Poland during the 1950s there was a small epidemic where over 100 people became ill. What caused the illness remained a mystery until 1952 when Polish physician Stanisław Grzymala discovered that everyone suffering from the illness, which by then had claimed several lives, had eaten the mushroom <i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius_orellanus" title="Cortinarius orellanus">Cortinarius orellanus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD<sub style="font-size:-1">50</sub></a> of orellanin in mice is 12–20 milligrams per kilogram (0.00019–0.00032 oz/lb) body weight. From cases of orellanine-related mushroom poisoning in humans it seems that the lethal dose for humans is considerably lower. </p><p>Several more mushrooms in the genus <i>Cortinarius</i> are suspected to contain orellanin or other deadly toxins. Among them are <i><a href="/wiki/Cortinarius_callisteus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortinarius callisteus">Cortinarius callisteus</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortinarius_limonius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortinarius limonius (page does not exist)">Cortinarius limonius</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_poisonings">Notable poisonings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notable poisonings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Evans" title="Nicholas Evans">Nicholas Evans</a>, author of <i>The Horse Whisperer</i>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gordon_Cumming" title="Charlotte Gordon Cumming">Charlotte Gordon Cumming</a>, and two other relatives were accidentally poisoned in September 2008 after consuming <i>Cortinarius rubellus</i> and/or <i>Cortinarius speciosissimus</i> that they gathered on holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the poisoning was non-lethal, Evans and the others suffered severe renal damage and had to undergo <a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">kidney dialysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All four victims were informed that they would require <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney transplant">kidney transplants</a> in the future. Several years later, Evans received a kidney donated by his daughter, Lauren.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/25px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/38px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/51px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deadly_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deadly fungi">List of deadly fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_poisoning" title="Mushroom poisoning">Mushroom poisoning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gasparini04-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gasparini04_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGasparini_B2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gasparini B (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.wix.com/ugd/86d4e0_8dc7de09f7b74fb28367b59a29975599.pdf">"<i>Cortinarius</i> subgenus <i>Orellani</i> in Australia and in the world"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australasian Mycologist</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 62–76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Mycologist&rft.atitle=Cortinarius+subgenus+Orellani+in+Australia+and+in+the+world&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62-76&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Gasparini+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.wix.com%2Fugd%2F86d4e0_8dc7de09f7b74fb28367b59a29975599.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stuntz_1950-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stuntz_1950_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith_AH,_Stuntz_DE1950" class="citation journal cs1">Smith AH, Stuntz DE (1950). "New or noteworthy Fungi from Mt. Rainier National Park". <i>Mycologia</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 80–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3755245">10.2307/3755245</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3755245">3755245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycologia&rft.atitle=New+or+noteworthy+Fungi+from+Mt.+Rainier+National+Park&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-134&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3755245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3755245%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Smith+AH%2C+Stuntz+DE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie_P._RobertsonLeesa_WrightSharmin_GamietNoelle_Machnicki2006" class="citation journal cs1">Christie P. Robertson; Leesa Wright; Sharmin Gamiet; Noelle Machnicki; Joe Ammirati; Joshua Birkebak; Colin Meyer; Alissa Allen (May 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200720144513/https://www.pnwfungi.org/index.php/pnwfungi/article/viewFile/1021/662">"<i>Cortinarius rubellus</i> Cooke from British Columbia, Canada and Western Washington, USA"</a>. <i>Pacific Northwest Fungi</i>. <b>1</b> (6): 1–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnwfungi.org/index.php/pnwfungi/article/viewFile/1021/662">the original</a> on 20 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Northwest+Fungi&rft.atitle=Cortinarius+rubellus+Cooke+from+British+Columbia%2C+Canada+and+Western+Washington%2C+USA&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.au=Christie+P.+Robertson&rft.au=Leesa+Wright&rft.au=Sharmin+Gamiet&rft.au=Noelle+Machnicki&rft.au=Joe+Ammirati&rft.au=Joshua+Birkebak&rft.au=Colin+Meyer&rft.au=Alissa+Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnwfungi.org%2Findex.php%2Fpnwfungi%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F1021%2F662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keeler 1991, p. 501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keeler 1991, p. 507</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranzRegeleKirchmair1996" class="citation journal cs1">Franz M, Regele H, Kirchmair M, et al. (November 1996). "Magic mushrooms: hope for a 'cheap high' resulting in end-stage renal failure". <i>Nephrol. Dial. Transplant</i>. <b>11</b> (11): 2324–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ndt.a027160">10.1093/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027160</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8941602">8941602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nephrol.+Dial.+Transplant.&rft.atitle=Magic+mushrooms%3A+hope+for+a+%27cheap+high%27+resulting+in+end-stage+renal+failure&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2324-27&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.ndt.a027160&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8941602&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Regele%2C+H&rft.au=Kirchmair%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li>Alina Skirgiełło and Andrzej Nespiak (1957) "Erfahrungen mit <i>Dermocybe orellana</i> (Fr.) in Polen: A. <i>Cortinarius</i> (<i>Dermocybe</i>) <i>orellanus</i> Fr. non Quél. — cause d'intoxications fongiques en Pologne en 1952-55" (Experiences with <i>Dermocybe orellana</i> (Fr.) in Poland: A. <i>Cortinarius</i> (<i>Dermocybe</i>) <i>orellanus</i> Fr. non Quél. — cause of mushroom poisoning in Poland in 1952-55) <i>Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde</i> (Journal for Mycology), vol. 23, pages 138-139.</li> <li>Stanisław Grzymala (1957) "Erfahrungen mit <i>Dermocybe orellana</i> (Fr.) in Polen: B. Massenvergiftung durch den Orangefuchsigen Hautkopf. (Experiences with <i>Dermocybe orellana</i> (Fr.) in Poland: B. Mass poisoning by the orange-red web-cap), <i>Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde</i>, vol. 23, pages 139-142.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoerkeBarry_H._Rumack1994" class="citation book cs1">Spoerke, David G.; <a href="/wiki/Barry_H._Rumack" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry H. Rumack">Barry H. Rumack</a> (1994). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handbook_of_Mushroom_Poisoning:_Diagnosis_and_Treatment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment (page does not exist)"><i>Handbook of Mushroom Poisoning: Diagnosis and Treatment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WPWsZNvOqVAC&pg=PA250">250</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-0194-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-0194-7"><bdi>0-8493-0194-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Mushroom+Poisoning%3A+Diagnosis+and+Treatment&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8493-0194-7&rft.aulast=Spoerke&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft.au=Barry+H.+Rumack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrice2011" class="citation news cs1">Grice, Elizabeth (August 2, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/8675690/Nicholas-Evans-I-wanted-to-die.-It-was-so-grim.html">"Nicholas Evans: 'I wanted to die. It was so grim'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Evans%3A+%27I+wanted+to+die.+It+was+so+grim%27&rft.date=2011-08-02&rft.aulast=Grice&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F8675690%2FNicholas-Evans-I-wanted-to-die.-It-was-so-grim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansHamiltonBello-VillalbaBingham2012" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, N.; Hamilton, A.; Bello-Villalba, M. J.; Bingham, C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e5262">"Irreversible renal damage from accidental mushroom poisoning"</a>. <i>BMJ</i>. <b>345</b>: e5262. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.e5262">10.1136/bmj.e5262</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22885396">22885396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Irreversible+renal+damage+from+accidental+mushroom+poisoning&rft.volume=345&rft.pages=e5262&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.e5262&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22885396&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+A.&rft.au=Bello-Villalba%2C+M.+J.&rft.au=Bingham%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1136%252Fbmj.e5262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/09/02/horse-whisperer-author-po_n_123268.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Horse Whisperer" Author Poisoned By Mushrooms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. September 2, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=%22Horse+Whisperer%22+Author+Poisoned+By+Mushrooms&rft.date=2008-09-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2008%2F09%2F02%2Fhorse-whisperer-author-po_n_123268.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaoust2010" class="citation news cs1">Daoust, Phil (September 16, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/sep/16/wild-mushroom-picking">"How to pick wild mushrooms"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+to+pick+wild+mushrooms&rft.date=2010-09-16&rft.aulast=Daoust&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2010%2Fsep%2F16%2Fwild-mushroom-picking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeler1991" class="citation book cs1">Keeler, R. F. (1991-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaZzj4Rn0QYC&q=orellanin+orellin+orellanine+orellinine+cortinarin&pg=PA501"><i>Handbook of Natural Toxins: Toxicology of Plant and Fungal Compounds</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824783754" title="Special:BookSources/9780824783754"><bdi>9780824783754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Natural+Toxins%3A+Toxicology+of+Plant+and+Fungal+Compounds&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991-03-01&rft.isbn=9780824783754&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaZzj4Rn0QYC%26q%3Dorellanin%2Borellin%2Borellanine%2Borellinine%2Bcortinarin%26pg%3DPA501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrellani" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21091705" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q21091705">Q21091705</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/1150712">1150712</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orellani&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mycologia.org/cgi/content/full/94/5/752">The presence of orellanine in spores and basidiocarp from <i>Cortinarius orellanus</i> and <i>Cortinarius rubellus</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=Cortinarius+rubellus&oq=Cortinarius+rubellus&gs_l=youtube.3...4732.4732.0.5886.1.1.0.0.0.0.148.148.0j1.1.0...0.0...1ac.1.C6DctQoP3V8">Videos of <i>Cortinarius orellanus</i> on YouTube</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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