CINXE.COM
Scientists are hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV - Los Angeles Times
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="page article-page is-desktop" lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <style>:root{--site-bg-color: #ffffff;--site-inverse-bg-color: #000000;--header-bg-color: #ffffff;--header-bg-color-inverse: #000000;--header-border-color: #e6e6e6;--header-border-color-inverse: #858585;--header-text-color: #333333;--header-text-color-inverse: #ffffff;--header-menu-bg-color: #ffffff;--header-menu-text-color: #333333;--header-logo-color: #000000;--nav-text-color: #333333;--nav-sub-menu-text-color: #333333;--nav-sub-menu-border-color: #666666;--nav-bg-color: #ffffff;--secondary-header-bg-color: #ffffff;--secondary-header-text-color: #333333;--section-header-bg-color: #ffffff;--section-header-border-color: #e6e6e6;--section-header-text-color: #333333;--section-nav-text-color: #333333;--section-nav-drop-down-color: #333333;--section-nav-current-indicator-color: #087da1;--footer-bg-color: #000000;--footer-text-color: #ffffff;--primary-text-color: #000000;--primary-text-color-inverse: #ffffff;--secondary-text-color: #666666;--secondary-text-color-inverse: #cccccc;--subhead-text-color: #000000;--tertiary-text-color: #999999;--tertiary-text-color-inverse: #cccccc;--pull-quote-text-color: #000000;--list-border-color: #030202;--grid-border-color: #e6e6e6;--button-bg-color: #ffffff;--button-text-color: #333333;--inverse-button-bg-color: #030202;--tag-button-bg-color: #666666;--tag-button-text-color: #ffffff;--story-stream-active-color: #eb0000;--story-stream-bg-color: #000000;--breaking-bg-color: #e12327;--live-coverage-bg-color: #eb0000;--dont-miss-bg-color: #087da1;--breaking-text-color: #ffffff;--subscriber-exclusive-accent-color:#087da1;--subscriber-exclusive-accent-hover-color:#087da1;--newsletter-button-bg-color: #087da1;--newsletter-button-bg-hover-color: #076583;--sponsored-bg-color: #cccccc;--sponsored-text-color: #333333;--live-banner-bg-color: #333333;--live-banner-text-color: #ffffff;--brand-color: #087da1;--cooking-brand-bg-color: #ffe07c;--primary-body-link-color: #087da1;--list-title-link-hover-color: #858585;--module-alternate-bg-color: #f1f1f1;--secondary-color-1: #757575;--secondary-color-2: #cccccc;--secondary-color-3: #e6e6e6;--secondary-color-4: #f5f5f5;--secondary-color-5: #ffffff;--secondary-color-6: #666666;--secondary-color-7: #333333;--secondary-color-8: #030202;--secondary-color-9: #757575;--thread-primary-color: #206743;--thread-secondary-color: #E5EBE7;--thread-tertiary-color: #000000;--secondary-headline-font: BentonGothic;--section-header-font: KisFBDisplay;--showcase-font: Default;--showcase-primary-bg-color: #000000;--showcase-primary-text-color: #FFFFFF;--headline-font: KisFBDisplay;--headline-adjust-font: TimesNewRomanAdjust;--body-font: Georgia;--primary-recipe-headline-font: BentonGothicCond-Black;--module-title-font: BentonGothicCond-Black;--service-font:var(--secondary-headline-font);--service-font-black:BentonGothicCond-Black;--tw-translate-x:0;--tw-translate-y:0;--tw-rotate:0;--tw-skew-x:0;--tw-skew-y:0;--tw-scale-x:1;--tw-scale-y:1;}</style> <meta property="og:title" content="HIV prevention is making progress. And a breakthrough vaccine appears within reach"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e3901e8/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x315+0+61/resize/1200x630!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001"> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e3901e8/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x315+0+61/resize/1200x630!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630"> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Vaccination rates among young children in the U.S. remain high. Still, measles outbreaks are on the rise, the CDC says."> <meta property="og:description" content="A spate of large-scale clinical trials has scientists hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV."> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Los Angeles Times"> <meta property="og:type" content="article"> <meta property="article:author" content="https://www.latimes.com/people/emily-baumgaertner"> <meta property="article:content_tier" content="metered"> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-09-06T13:00:13.641"> <meta property="article:opinion" content="false"> <meta property="article:section" content="Science & Medicine"> <meta property="article:tag" content="COVID-19 Pandemic"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@Emily_Baum"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="A spate of large-scale clinical trials has scientists hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/aeadc1a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x338+0+50/resize/1200x675!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Vaccination rates among young children in the U.S. remain high. Still, measles outbreaks are on the rise, the CDC says."/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@latimes"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="HIV prevention is making progress. And a breakthrough vaccine appears within reach"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="134435029966155"> <meta property="fb:pages" content="5863113009"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.google-analytics.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://static.chartbeat.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://www.googletagservices.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://c.amazon-adsystem.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ssor.platform.californiatimes.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://libs.platform.californiatimes.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://libs.platform.latimes.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://tpc.googlesyndication.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com" crossorigin > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ping.chartbeat.net" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://activate.platform.californiatimes.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://adservice.google.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.confiant-integrations.net" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://micro.rubiconproject.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fastlane.rubiconproject.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://prebid-a.rubiconproject.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://bidder.criteo.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://hbopenbid.pubmatic.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ads.pubmatic.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://api.permutive.com" crossorigin > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://rp.liadm.com" crossorigin ="use-credentials" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://aax.amazon-adsystem.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://config.aps.amazon-adsystem.com" > <meta name="robots" content="noarchive, max-image-preview:large"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://edge.platform.latimes.com" crossorigin ="use-credentials" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://sli.latimes.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://activate.latimes.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://launchpad.privacymanager.io" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://ats-wrapper.privacymanager.io" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://publish.responsiveads.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://static.adsafeprotected.com" > <link rel="preconnect" href="https://pixel.adsafeprotected.com" > <style>.sr-only{height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);border-width:0;white-space:nowrap}.pointer-events-none{pointer-events:none}.visible{visibility:visible}.invisible{visibility:hidden}.collapse{visibility:collapse}.static{position:static}.fixed{position:fixed}.absolute{position:absolute}.relative{position:relative}.sticky{position:sticky}.inset-0{inset:0}.-left-full{left:-100%}.-top-0\.5{top:-.125rem}.-top-px{top:-1px}.bottom-0{bottom:0}.left-0{left:0}.left-1\/2{left:50%}.right-0{right:0}.top-0{top:0}.top-0\.5{top:.125rem}.top-1{top:.25rem}.top-1\/2{top:50%}.top-12\.5{top:3.125rem}.top-15{top:3.75rem}.z-1{z-index:1}.z-10{z-index:10}.z-1050{z-index:1050}.z-20{z-index:20}.z-25{z-index:25}.z-50{z-index:50}.col-span-full{grid-column:1/-1}.m-0{margin:0}.m-5{margin:1.25rem}.-mx-5{margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem}.-mx-9{margin-left:-2.25rem;margin-right:-2.25rem}.mx-5{margin-left:1.25rem;margin-right:1.25rem}.mx-auto{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.my-0{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0}.my-1\.25{margin-bottom:.3125rem;margin-top:.3125rem}.my-10{margin-bottom:2.5rem;margin-top:2.5rem}.my-5{margin-bottom:1.25rem;margin-top:1.25rem}.my-6\.25{margin-bottom:1.5625rem;margin-top:1.5625rem}.\!mt-\[18px\]{margin-top:18px!important}.-mb-5{margin-bottom:-1.25rem}.-mt-0\.5{margin-top:-.125rem}.-mt-3\.75{margin-top:-.9375rem}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0}.mb-0\.5{margin-bottom:.125rem}.mb-1\.25{margin-bottom:.3125rem}.mb-10{margin-bottom:2.5rem}.mb-15{margin-bottom:3.75rem}.mb-2{margin-bottom:.5rem}.mb-2\.5{margin-bottom:.625rem}.mb-20{margin-bottom:5rem}.mb-5{margin-bottom:1.25rem}.mb-7\.5{margin-bottom:1.875rem}.mb-9{margin-bottom:2.25rem}.ml-1{margin-left:.25rem}.ml-1\.5{margin-left:.375rem}.ml-2{margin-left:.5rem}.ml-2\.5{margin-left:.625rem}.ml-20{margin-left:5rem}.ml-3{margin-left:.75rem}.ml-9{margin-left:2.25rem}.mr-3{margin-right:.75rem}.mt-0{margin-top:0}.mt-10{margin-top:2.5rem}.mt-2\.5{margin-top:.625rem}.mt-3{margin-top:.75rem}.mt-5{margin-top:1.25rem}.mt-7\.5{margin-top:1.875rem}.mt-px{margin-top:1px}.block{display:block}.inline-block{display:inline-block}.inline{display:inline}.flex{display:flex}.inline-flex{display:inline-flex}.table{display:table}.grid{display:grid}.contents{display:contents}.hidden{display:none}.aspect-\[3\/2\]{aspect-ratio:3/2}.aspect-\[9\/16\]{aspect-ratio:9/16}.aspect-video{aspect-ratio:16/9}.h-0{height:0}.h-1\.25{height:.3125rem}.h-10{height:2.5rem}.h-12\.5{height:3.125rem}.h-15{height:3.75rem}.h-2\.75{height:.6875rem}.h-3\.5{height:.875rem}.h-4{height:1rem}.h-4\.25{height:1.0625rem}.h-4\.75{height:1.1875rem}.h-5{height:1.25rem}.h-6{height:1.5rem}.h-6\.25{height:1.5625rem}.h-7{height:1.75rem}.h-\[17px\]{height:17px}.h-full{height:100%}.h-screen{height:100vh}.max-h-7\.5{max-height:1.875rem}.min-h-15{min-height:3.75rem}.w-1\.25{width:.3125rem}.w-10{width:2.5rem}.w-15{width:3.75rem}.w-2\.75{width:.6875rem}.w-3\.5{width:.875rem}.w-35{width:8.75rem}.w-4{width:1rem}.w-4\.75{width:1.1875rem}.w-40{width:10rem}.w-5{width:1.25rem}.w-6{width:1.5rem}.w-6\.25{width:1.5625rem}.w-7{width:1.75rem}.w-\[11px\]{width:11px}.w-fit{width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content}.w-full{width:100%}.max-w-1\/3{max-width:33.33%}.max-w-142{max-width:35.5rem}.max-w-170{max-width:42.5rem}.max-w-280{max-width:70rem}.max-w-300{max-width:75rem}.max-w-5{max-width:1.25rem}.max-w-64\.5{max-width:16.25rem}.max-w-70{max-width:17.5rem}.max-w-\[1240px\]{max-width:1240px}.max-w-\[800px\]{max-width:800px}.max-w-lg{max-width:32rem}.flex-\[3_1_0\%\]{flex:3 1 0%}.shrink-0{flex-shrink:0}.flex-grow{flex-grow:1}.border-collapse{border-collapse:collapse}.-translate-x-1\/2{--tw-translate-x:-50%}.-translate-x-1\/2,.-translate-y-1\/2{transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.-translate-y-1\/2{--tw-translate-y:-50%}.translate-y-0{--tw-translate-y:0px}.translate-y-0,.translate-y-full{transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.translate-y-full{--tw-translate-y:100%}.rotate-90{--tw-rotate:90deg}.rotate-90,.scale-150{transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.scale-150{--tw-scale-x:1.5;--tw-scale-y:1.5}.transform{transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.cursor-pointer{cursor:pointer}.resize{resize:both}.list-none{list-style-type:none}.grid-cols-1{grid-template-columns:repeat(1,minmax(0,1fr))}.flex-row{flex-direction:row}.flex-col{flex-direction:column}.flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap}.items-start{align-items:flex-start}.items-end{align-items:flex-end}.items-center{align-items:center}.items-baseline{align-items:baseline}.justify-center{justify-content:center}.justify-between{justify-content:space-between}.gap-2{gap:.5rem}.gap-2\.5{gap:.625rem}.gap-3{gap:.75rem}.gap-4{gap:1rem}.gap-5{gap:1.25rem}.gap-7\.5{gap:1.875rem}.self-center{align-self:center}.overflow-auto{overflow:auto}.overflow-hidden{overflow:hidden}.overflow-y-auto{overflow-y:auto}.overflow-x-hidden{overflow-x:hidden}.rounded-sm{border-radius:.125rem}.border{border-width:1px}.border-0{border-width:0}.border-x-2{border-left-width:2px;border-right-width:2px}.border-b{border-bottom-width:1px}.border-b-2{border-bottom-width:2px}.border-r{border-right-width:1px}.border-t{border-top-width:1px}.border-t-2{border-top-width:2px}.border-solid{border-style:solid}.border-none{border-style:none}.border-header-border-color{border-color:var(--header-border-color)}.border-secondary-color-2{border-color:var(--secondary-color-2)}.border-secondary-color-3{border-color:var(--secondary-color-3)}.border-secondary-color-6{border-color:var(--secondary-color-6)}.border-sponsored-bg-color{border-color:var(--sponsored-bg-color)}.bg-\[\#000\]{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(0 0 0/var(--tw-bg-opacity))}.bg-\[\#F8F8F8\]{--tw-bg-opacity:1;background-color:rgb(248 248 248/var(--tw-bg-opacity))}.bg-\[--showcase-primary-bg-color\]{background-color:var(--showcase-primary-bg-color)}.bg-\[rgba\(0\2c 0\2c 0\2c \.65\)\]{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.65)}.bg-color-black{background-color:var(--color-black)}.bg-footer-bg-color{background-color:var(--footer-bg-color)}.bg-header-bg-color{background-color:var(--header-bg-color)}.bg-header-bg-color-inverse{background-color:var(--header-bg-color-inverse)}.bg-nav-bg-color{background-color:var(--nav-bg-color)}.bg-secondary-color-4{background-color:var(--secondary-color-4)}.bg-secondary-header-bg-color{background-color:var(--secondary-header-bg-color)}.bg-site-bg-color{background-color:var(--site-bg-color)}.bg-site-inverse-bg-color{background-color:var(--site-inverse-bg-color)}.bg-sponsored-bg-color{background-color:var(--sponsored-bg-color)}.bg-transparent{background-color:initial}.bg-center{background-position:50%}.fill-header-text-color{fill:var(--header-text-color)}.fill-nav-text-color{fill:var(--nav-text-color)}.fill-secondary-color-8{fill:var(--secondary-color-8)}.fill-sponsored-text-color{fill:var(--sponsored-text-color)}.stroke-footer-text-color{stroke:var(--footer-text-color)}.p-0{padding:0}.p-2\.5{padding:.625rem}.p-5{padding:1.25rem}.px-0{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.px-2{padding-left:.5rem;padding-right:.5rem}.px-2\.5{padding-left:.625rem;padding-right:.625rem}.px-3{padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem}.px-5{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}.px-7\.5{padding-left:1.875rem;padding-right:1.875rem}.py-0{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0}.py-1\.25{padding-bottom:.3125rem;padding-top:.3125rem}.py-10{padding-bottom:2.5rem;padding-top:2.5rem}.py-2{padding-bottom:.5rem;padding-top:.5rem}.py-2\.25{padding-bottom:.5625rem;padding-top:.5625rem}.py-2\.5{padding-bottom:.625rem;padding-top:.625rem}.py-3{padding-bottom:.75rem;padding-top:.75rem}.py-3\.25{padding-bottom:.8125rem;padding-top:.8125rem}.py-4{padding-bottom:1rem;padding-top:1rem}.py-7\.5{padding-bottom:1.875rem;padding-top:1.875rem}.\!pb-0{padding-bottom:0!important}.pb-1\.25{padding-bottom:.3125rem}.pb-12\.5{padding-bottom:3.125rem}.pb-15{padding-bottom:3.75rem}.pb-2{padding-bottom:.5rem}.pb-2\.5{padding-bottom:.625rem}.pb-5{padding-bottom:1.25rem}.pb-7\.5{padding-bottom:1.875rem}.pl-5{padding-left:1.25rem}.pl-6{padding-left:1.5rem}.pl-9{padding-left:2.25rem}.pr-0{padding-right:0}.pr-12\.5{padding-right:3.125rem}.pr-6{padding-right:1.5rem}.pt-0{padding-top:0}.pt-3{padding-top:.75rem}.pt-3\.75{padding-top:.9375rem}.pt-4{padding-top:1rem}.pt-4\.5{padding-top:1.125rem}.pt-5{padding-top:1.25rem}.pt-7\.5{padding-top:1.875rem}.text-left{text-align:left}.text-center{text-align:center}.text-right{text-align:right}.font-body{font-family:var(--body-font),"times new roman",times,serif}.font-headline{font-family:var(--headline-font),"times new roman",times,serif}.font-service{font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif}.font-serviceblack{font-family:var(--service-font-black),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif}.text-2xl{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:2rem}.text-2xl-1{font-size:1.625rem}.text-base{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.5rem}.text-lg{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.75rem}.text-sm{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.25rem}.text-sm-1{font-size:.9375rem}.text-xs{font-size:.75rem;line-height:1rem}.text-xs-1{font-size:.8125rem}.text-xxs{font-size:.625rem}.text-xxs-1{font-size:.6875rem}.font-bold{font-weight:700}.font-light{font-weight:300}.font-medium{font-weight:500}.font-normal{font-weight:400}.uppercase{text-transform:uppercase}.italic{font-style:italic}.leading-3{line-height:.75rem}.leading-3\.5{line-height:.875rem}.leading-4{line-height:1rem}.leading-4\.5{line-height:1.125rem}.leading-5{line-height:1.25rem}.leading-6{line-height:1.5rem}.leading-6\.5{line-height:1.625rem}.leading-7\.5{line-height:1.875rem}.leading-7\.75{line-height:1.9375rem}.leading-none{line-height:1}.tracking-normal{letter-spacing:0}.text-\[\#fff\]{--tw-text-opacity:1;color:rgb(255 255 255/var(--tw-text-opacity))}.text-color-black{color:var(--color-black)}.text-footer-text-color{color:var(--footer-text-color)}.text-header-text-color{color:var(--header-text-color)}.text-nav-sub-menu-text-color{color:var(--nav-sub-menu-text-color)}.text-nav-text-color{color:var(--nav-text-color)}.text-primary-body-link-color{color:var(--primary-body-link-color)}.text-primary-text-color{color:var(--primary-text-color)}.text-primary-text-color-inverse{color:var(--primary-text-color-inverse)}.text-secondary-color-5{color:var(--secondary-color-5)}.text-secondary-color-6{color:var(--secondary-color-6)}.text-secondary-color-7{color:var(--secondary-color-7)}.text-secondary-header-text-color{color:var(--secondary-header-text-color)}.text-secondary-text-color{color:var(--secondary-text-color)}.text-site-bg-color{color:var(--site-bg-color)}.text-sponsored-text-color{color:var(--sponsored-text-color)}.underline{text-decoration-line:underline}.no-underline{text-decoration-line:none}.antialiased{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale}.opacity-0{opacity:0}.shadow{--tw-shadow:0 1px 3px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.1),0 1px 2px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);--tw-shadow-colored:0 1px 3px 0 var(--tw-shadow-color),0 1px 2px -1px var(--tw-shadow-color);box-shadow:var(--tw-ring-offset-shadow,0 0 #0000),var(--tw-ring-shadow,0 0 #0000),var(--tw-shadow)}.blur{--tw-blur:blur(8px)}.blur,.grayscale{filter:var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow)}.grayscale{--tw-grayscale:grayscale(100%)}.filter{filter:var(--tw-blur) var(--tw-brightness) var(--tw-contrast) var(--tw-grayscale) var(--tw-hue-rotate) var(--tw-invert) var(--tw-saturate) var(--tw-sepia) var(--tw-drop-shadow)}.transition{transition-duration:.15s;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,-webkit-backdrop-filter;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,backdrop-filter;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke,opacity,box-shadow,transform,filter,backdrop-filter,-webkit-backdrop-filter;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}.transition-colors{transition-duration:.15s;transition-property:color,background-color,border-color,text-decoration-color,fill,stroke;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}.transition-left{transition-duration:.15s;transition-property:left;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}.transition-transform{transition-duration:.15s;transition-property:transform;transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(.4,0,.2,1)}.duration-400{transition-duration:.4s}.ease-out{transition-timing-function:cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1)}.border-b-secondary-color-3{border-bottom-color:var(--secondary-color-3)}.border-t-color-black{border-top-color:var(--color-black)}.keep-all{word-break:keep-all}.clearfix:after{clear:both;content:" ";display:block}.\[border\:unset\]{border:unset}.hidden{display:none!important}.ct-hidden{display:none}.invisible{visibility:hidden}.visually-hidden{border:0;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);overflow:hidden}.visually-hidden-undo,.visually-hidden.focusable:active,.visually-hidden.focusable:focus{height:auto;margin:0;position:static;width:auto;clip:auto;overflow:visible}.ct-sticky-top{display:block;left:0;position:sticky;right:0;top:0;z-index:25}.loading-icon{animation-fill-mode:both;animation:load 1.8s ease-in-out infinite;animation-delay:-.16s;border-radius:50%;color:var(--primary-text-color);font-size:10px;height:1.5em;margin:0 auto;position:relative;text-indent:-9999em;transform:translateZ(0);width:1.5em}.loading-icon:after,.loading-icon:before{animation-fill-mode:both;animation:load 1.8s ease-in-out infinite;border-radius:50%;content:"";height:1.5em;position:absolute;top:0;width:1.5em}.loading-icon:before{animation-delay:-.32s;left:-3.5em}.loading-icon:after{left:3.5em}@keyframes load{0%,80%,to{box-shadow:0 1.5em 0 -1.3em}40%{box-shadow:0 1.5em 0 0}}.overlay-zero-percent{opacity:0}.overlay-ten-percent{opacity:.1}.overlay-twenty-percent{opacity:.2}.overlay-thirty-percent{opacity:.3}.overlay-forty-percent{opacity:.4}.overlay-fifty-percent{opacity:.5}.overlay-sixty-percent{opacity:.6}.overlay-seventy-percent{opacity:.7}.overlay-eighty-percent{opacity:.8}.overlay-ninety-percent{opacity:.9}.overlay-hundred-percent{opacity:1}@media(max-width:768px){.overlay.desktop{opacity:0}}body{-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-moz-osx-font-smoothing:grayscale;color:var(--primary-text-color)}blockquote,figure{margin:0}hr{background-color:var(--secondary-color-2);border:0;height:1px;margin:40px 0}ol,ul{margin:0;padding:0}a{color:var(--primary-text-color)}a,a:hover{text-decoration:none}img{display:block}img,svg{height:auto;max-width:100%}iframe{border:0}*,:after,:before{box-sizing:border-box}h1,h2,h3,h4,h5{margin:0}ps-actionbar,ps-iframe-embed,ps-interactive-project,ps-liveblog,ps-newsletter-module,ps-promo,ps-storystack-page,ps-video-playlist{display:block}.button{align-items:center;cursor:pointer;display:flex;justify-content:center;transition:color .15s,background .15s,border .15s}.chevron-button{background-color:var(--button-bg-color);border:1px solid var(--color-silver);color:var(--button-text-color);display:inline-flex;height:40px;width:30px}.chevron-button:focus,.chevron-button:hover{background-color:var(--brand-color);border:1px solid var(--brand-color)}.chevron-button:focus .icon:before,.chevron-button:hover .icon:before{border-color:var(--color-white)}.load-more-button{background-color:var(--button-bg-color);border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-2);color:var(--secondary-color-6);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;height:40px;line-height:2.375rem;margin:20px auto 0;width:280px}.load-more-button:focus,.load-more-button:hover{background-color:var(--button-bg-color);border:1px solid var(--brand-color);color:var(--brand-color)}.promo-live[data-promo-live]{display:none}html{line-height:1.5}body{margin:0}audio,canvas,iframe,img,svg,video{vertical-align:middle}svg.icon{max-height:30px;max-width:50px}.podcast-links-icon svg{max-height:30px;max-width:30px}.promo-anchor-icon svg{max-height:40px;max-width:40px}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Proxima Nova";font-style:normal;font-weight:400;src:url(/styleguide/assets/ProximaNova-Regular.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Proxima Nova";font-style:normal;font-weight:600;src:url(/styleguide/assets/ProximaNova-SemiBold.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-display:swap;font-family:"Proxima Nova";font-style:normal;font-weight:700;src:url(/styleguide/assets/ProximaNova-CondensedBold.woff2) format("woff2")}@font-face{font-family:"Proxima Nova Adjust";font-style:normal;size-adjust:98%;src:local("Arial")}[data-sponsored-content] .page-content *,[data-sponsored-content] .page-lead *,[data-sponsored-content] .page-main *,[data-sponsored-content] [class$=-category],[data-sponsored-content] [class$=-description],[data-sponsored-content] [class$=-heading],[data-sponsored-content] [class$=-timestamp],[data-sponsored-content] [class$=-title]{font-family:"Proxima Nova","Proxima Nova Adjust",arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif!important}.page{--header-offset:50px}@media(min-width:1024px){.page{--header-offset:60px}}.page .page-body{background:var(--site-bg-color)}.page .page-body.has-contextual-navigation{padding-top:0}.page[data-toggle-header=search-overlay],.page[data-toggle-header=search-overlay] .page-body{height:100%;overflow:hidden;position:relative}@media(min-width:768px){.page[data-toggle-header=search-overlay],.page[data-toggle-header=search-overlay] .page-body{height:auto;overflow:initial;position:static}}.page-above-header{background-color:#f5f5f5;z-index:10}.page-above{background:var(--site-bg-color);border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);position:relative;z-index:10}.page-above>*{padding-bottom:20px;padding-top:20px}.page-above .google-dfp-ad-wrapper{padding-bottom:10px;padding-top:10px}.page-above .google-dfp-ad[data-out-of-page=true]{padding:0}.page-above .list-p{display:none;padding:10px 0}@media(min-width:768px){.page-above .list-p{display:flex}}.page-above .list-j{border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);display:none}@media(min-width:1024px){.page-above .list-j{display:block}}@media(min-width:1440px){.page-above .list-j{padding:20px 40px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.page-above .list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous{left:-40px}.page-above .list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next{right:-40px}}.page-heading{color:var(--section-header-text-color);font-family:var(--headline-font),var(--headline-adjust-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:2.125rem;max-width:970px;padding:0 20px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase}.page-heading img{margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;text-align:center}.page-heading .figure-content{display:none}@media(min-width:768px){.page-heading{font-size:2.25rem;line-height:2.375rem}}.page-banner{position:relative;z-index:10}.page-content{margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px;padding:30px 20px;position:relative}@media(min-width:1240px){.page-content{padding-left:0;padding-right:20px}}.page-below{border-top:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);padding:20px 0}.page-body{height:auto}.page-body[data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu]{height:100vh;overflow:hidden}@media(min-width:1024px){.page-body[data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu]:after{background:rgba(0,0,0,.5);bottom:0;content:"";left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;z-index:25}}.page-main{min-height:300px}@media(min-width:1024px){.page-ad-margins{background:var(--site-bg-color);margin-left:140px;margin-right:140px;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;position:relative;z-index:10}}@media(min-width:1240px)and (max-width:1289px){.page-ad-margins{margin-left:115px;margin-right:115px}}@media(min-width:1480px){.page-ad-margins{margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px}}.minimized-header.page{--header-offset:0px}.minimized-header .has-contextual-navigation .contextual-navigation,.minimized-header .page-body:not(.has-contextual-navigation) [data-element=page-header]{transform:translateY(-100%)}[data-element=page-header-custom].ct-sticky-top{z-index:1050}@media print{[data-element=page-header-custom].ct-sticky-top{position:static}}[data-element=page-header-custom][data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu]{position:fixed}[data-toggle-header=search-overlay] [data-element=page-header]{transform:none;transition:none}[data-element=page-header-logo] g{fill:var(--header-logo-color)}[data-element=page-header-logo] img,[data-element=page-header-logo] svg{height:auto;max-height:100%;object-fit:contain;width:142px}@media only screen and (min-width:360px){[data-element=page-header-logo] img,[data-element=page-header-logo] svg{width:160px}}@media only screen and (min-width:500px){[data-element=page-header-logo] img,[data-element=page-header-logo] svg{width:200px}}@media(min-width:768px){[data-element=page-header-logo] img,[data-element=page-header-logo] svg{width:265px}}@media(min-width:1024px){[data-element=page-header-logo] img,[data-element=page-header-logo] svg{width:310px}}[data-toggle-header=search-overlay] [data-element=page-header-end] [data-element=search-button] [data-element=magnify-icon]{display:none}[data-toggle-header=search-overlay] [data-element=page-header-end] [data-element=search-button] [data-element=close-icon],[data-toggle-header=search-overlay] [data-element=page-header-end] [data-element=search-overlay]{display:block}[data-element=page-footer] [data-element=group]:first-of-type{margin-bottom:30px}@media(min-width:568px){[data-element=page-footer] [data-element=group]:first-of-type{width:50%}}@media(min-width:1024px){[data-element=page-footer] [data-element=group]:first-of-type{max-width:380px;width:35%}}[data-element=page-footer] [data-element=group]:first-of-type [data-element=rich-text-module]:first-of-type .enhancement{margin:0}[data-element=page-footer] [data-element=group]:first-of-type [data-element=rich-text-module]:first-of-type .enhancement:not(:first-child){margin-top:30px}[data-element=page-footer] [data-element=group]>div:not(:first-child){margin-top:20px}[data-element=page-footer-content] [data-element=rich-text-module] p{font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.875rem}[data-element=page-footer-content] [data-element=rich-text-module] p a{color:var(--primary-text-color-inverse);line-height:1;text-decoration:none}[data-element=page-footer-content] [data-element=rich-text-module] p a:hover{color:var(--secondary-color-2);text-decoration:underline}[data-element=page-footer-social] .social-bar .social-bar-heading{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:.75rem;margin-bottom:15px}[data-element=page-footer] [data-element=page-footer-social] .social-bar .social-bar-heading{color:var(--footer-text-color)}[data-element=page-footer-social] .social-bar .social-bar-menu{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none}[data-element=page-footer-social] .social-bar .social-bar-menu li{margin:0 10px 10px 0}[data-element=page-footer-social] .social-bar .social-bar-menu li:last-of-type{margin-right:0}[data-element=footer-navigation-menu] li:first-of-type [data-element=footer-navigation-submenu]{align-content:space-between;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;height:120px}@media(min-width:568px){[data-element=footer-navigation-menu] li:first-of-type [data-element=footer-navigation-submenu]{display:block;height:auto}}[data-element=footer-navigation-submenu] a{color:var(--footer-text-color);display:block;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.125rem;width:-moz-fit-content;width:fit-content;word-break:keep-all}[data-element=footer-navigation-submenu] a:hover{opacity:.8}@media(min-width:768px){[data-element=footer-navigation-submenu] a{font-size:.875rem;line-height:2.125rem}}[data-element=footer-navigation-menu-more-text] [data-element=chevron-icon]{transform:rotate(90deg) translateX(3px) scale(.6)}.ct-footer-navigation-menu-open [data-element=footer-navigation-menu-more-text] [data-element=chevron-icon]{transform:rotate(-90deg) translateX(6px) scale(.6)}.ct-footer-navigation-menu-open [data-element=footer-navigation-menu-grouped]{height:auto}[data-element=footer-navigation-menu-column] [data-element=footer-navigation-submenu]{align-content:space-between;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;height:120px}@media(min-width:568px){[data-element=footer-navigation-menu-column] [data-element=footer-navigation-submenu]{display:block;height:auto}}[data-element=navigation-button]:hover span,[data-element=navigation-button]:hover svg{opacity:.8}[data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu] [data-element=navigation-button] [data-element=burger-menu-icon]{display:none}[data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu] [data-element=navigation-button] [data-element=close-icon]{display:block}[data-element=navigation-panel]{content-visibility:hidden}[data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu] [data-element=navigation-panel]{box-shadow:0 2px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.5);content-visibility:visible;left:0;visibility:visible}@media(min-width:1024px){[data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu] [data-element=navigation-panel]{box-shadow:none}}[data-toggle-header=hamburger-menu] [data-element=navigation]{display:block}@media(min-width:1024px){[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-click=true]:after,[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-click=true]:before,[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-hover=true]:after,[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-hover=true]:before{border:solid transparent;content:"";height:0;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:29px;top:20px;width:0;z-index:25}[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-click=true]:after,[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-hover=true]:after{border-right-color:var(--secondary-color-5);border-width:10px;margin-top:-10px}[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-click=true]:before,[data-element=navigation-item][data-item-hover=true]:before{border-right-color:var(--nav-sub-menu-border-color);border-width:11px;margin-top:-11px}[data-element=subnavigation-button] [data-element=chevron-icon]{top:-2px;transform:rotate(0deg)}}[data-item-click=true] [data-element=subnavigation-button] [data-element=chevron-icon]{top:-4px;transform:rotate(270deg)}@media(min-width:1024px){[data-item-click=true] [data-element=subnavigation-button] [data-element=chevron-icon],[data-item-hover=true] [data-element=subnavigation-button] [data-element=chevron-icon]{top:-2px;transform:rotate(0deg)}}[data-item-click=true] [data-element=navigation-item-menu]{display:block}@media(min-width:1024px){[data-item-click=true] [data-element=navigation-item-menu],[data-item-hover=true] [data-element=navigation-item-menu]{box-shadow:0 0 20px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.5);height:auto;visibility:visible;width:280px;word-break:normal}}[data-element=page-header-disclaimer] a{color:var(--nav-text-color)}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] .link{color:var(--header-text-color);transition-duration:.15s}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] .link[href]:hover{opacity:.8}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] [data-element=quick-links-item]>.link{border-bottom:4px solid var(--secondary-header-bg-color);padding-bottom:1rem;padding-top:1.5rem}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] [data-element=quick-links-item].item-selected .link{border-color:var(--secondary-color-2)}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] [data-element=quick-links-item].item-selected [data-element=quick-link-categories]{display:block}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] [data-element=navigation-link]{color:var(--header-text-color);line-height:1rem}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] [data-element=navigation-link]:hover{color:var(--brand-color)}[data-element=navigation-quick-links] [data-element=quick-link-categories]{display:none}.section-navigation{margin:0;opacity:0}.section-navigation--visible{opacity:1}.section-navigation-custom-element{display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;width:100%}@media(min-width:568px){.section-navigation-custom-element{overflow:visible}}.section-navigation-wrapper{width:100%}@media(min-width:768px){.section-navigation-wrapper{width:auto}}.section-navigation-menu{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:center;list-style:none}.section-navigation-menu li{color:var(--section-nav-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:.875rem;margin:0 13px;padding-bottom:19px;position:relative}.section-navigation-menu li[data-current-nav-item]:before{background-color:var(--section-nav-current-indicator-color);bottom:0;content:"";height:3px;position:absolute;width:100%}.section-navigation-menu li[data-hide],.section-navigation-menu li[data-sub-trigger]{display:none}.section-navigation-menu li[data-sub-trigger]:hover .section-navigation-submenu,.section-navigation-menu li[data-sub-trigger][data-hover] .section-navigation-submenu{display:block}.section-navigation-menu li[data-sub-trigger]:hover .section-navigation-submenu-item a,.section-navigation-menu li[data-sub-trigger][data-hover] .section-navigation-submenu-item a{white-space:normal}.section-navigation-menu li[data-sub-trigger] svg{height:16px;margin-left:5px;position:relative;top:2px;width:11px;fill:var(--section-nav-text-color);transform:rotate(90deg)}.section-navigation-menu li[data-sub-trigger=show]{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-shrink:0}.section-navigation-menu li.section-navigation-submenu-item:last-of-type{padding-bottom:0}.section-navigation-menu a{color:var(--section-nav-text-color);white-space:nowrap}.section-navigation-menu a:hover{opacity:.8}.section-navigation-submenu{background-color:var(--primary-text-color-inverse);box-shadow:0 0 20px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);display:none;list-style:none;padding:15px;position:absolute;top:35px;width:235px;z-index:1}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-submenu{right:0;top:50px;z-index:25}.section-navigation-submenu a{display:block}.section-navigation .flickity-viewport{min-height:31px;overflow:initial;width:100%}.section-navigation-story{border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);font-weight:500;text-transform:uppercase;width:100vw}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu{min-height:50px}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-slider>li,.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu>li{font-size:.75rem;line-height:.875rem;margin:0;padding:2px 13px}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-slider>li:not(:nth-last-child(2)),.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu>li:not(:nth-last-child(2)){border-right:1px solid var(--secondary-color-2)}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-slider>li[data-parent-nav-item],.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu>li[data-parent-nav-item]{border-right:1px solid var(--secondary-color-7);font-weight:900}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-slider>li[data-sub-trigger=show],.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu>li[data-sub-trigger=show]{align-self:stretch;border-right:hidden}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-slider>li[data-sub-trigger=show] .section-navigation-item,.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu>li[data-sub-trigger=show] .section-navigation-item{font-size:.75rem;line-height:.875rem}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-slider>li[data-current-nav-item]:before,.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu>li[data-current-nav-item]:before{display:none}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-viewport{min-height:50px}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-viewport .flickity-slider{align-items:center;display:flex}.section-navigation-story .section-navigation-menu .flickity-viewport .flickity-slider li:nth-last-child(2){border-right:hidden}.contextual-navigation{transform:translateY(0);transition:transform .4s ease-out}.contextual-navigation-wrapper{background-color:var(--header-bg-color);border-bottom:1px solid var(--header-border-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:.875rem}.contextual-navigation [data-element=navigation-link]{color:var(--secondary-header-text-color);padding:3px 0;white-space:nowrap}.contextual-navigation [data-element=navigation-link]:hover{color:var(--secondary-header-text-color);opacity:.8}@media(min-width:1024px){.contextual-navigation [data-element=navigation-link]:hover{background-color:transparent}}.contextual-navigation [data-element=navigation-link] .chevron-wrapper{white-space:nowrap}.contextual-navigation [data-element=navigation-link] .chevron-icon{height:10px;width:10px;fill:var(--secondary-header-text-color);margin-bottom:2px;margin-left:5px;pointer-events:none}.contextual-navigation [data-current-nav-item] [data-element=navigation-link]{border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-header-text-color)}.contextual-navigation-container{display:flex;justify-content:center}.contextual-navigation-menu{align-items:center;color:var(--primary-text-color);display:inline-flex;margin:0 auto;min-height:50px}@media(min-width:1024px){.contextual-navigation-menu{justify-content:center;min-height:60px}}.contextual-navigation-item{padding:0 14px}.contextual-navigation-item.show-all{display:none}@media(min-width:768px){.contextual-navigation-item.show-all{display:inline-flex}}.contextual-navigation-item.show-all [data-element=navigation-link]{font-weight:700}.contextual-navigation-label{align-items:center;align-self:center;display:flex;white-space:nowrap}.contextual-navigation-label-text{border-right:1px solid var(--header-border-color);padding:0 14px}.contextual-navigation-label-text .contextual-navigation-label-content{align-items:center;color:var(--secondary-header-text-color);display:inline-flex;font-weight:700;inline-size:-moz-max-content;inline-size:max-content;max-width:140px;min-height:26px;text-align:left;white-space:normal}.contextual-navigation-label-text .contextual-navigation-label-content [data-element=navigation-link]{font-weight:inherit;white-space:normal}.contextual-navigation-label-text .contextual-navigation-label-content [data-element=navigation-link] .chevron-icon{margin:0}@media(min-width:768px){.contextual-navigation-label-text .contextual-navigation-label-content [data-element=navigation-link] .chevron-icon{display:none}.contextual-navigation-label-text .contextual-navigation-label-content{max-width:none;white-space:nowrap}}.contextual-navigation-label-logo{align-items:center;align-self:stretch;padding-left:14px}.contextual-navigation-label-logo [data-element=navigation-link]{border-bottom:0}.contextual-navigation-label-logo .contextual-navigation-label-content{align-items:center;border-right:1px solid var(--header-border-color);display:flex;padding:0 14px}.contextual-navigation-label-logo .contextual-navigation-label-content img{max-width:none}@media print{.contextual-navigation{position:static}}ps-draggable-menu{display:block;position:relative}ps-draggable-menu:before{background-image:linear-gradient(to right,hsla(0,0%,100%,0) 0,var(--header-bg-color) 80%);content:"";height:100%;position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:25px;z-index:10}ps-draggable-menu[data-dark-shadow]:before{background-image:linear-gradient(to right,transparent 0,var(--header-bg-color-inverse) 80%)}[data-draggable-menu-list],ps-draggable-menu{width:100%}[data-draggable-menu-list]{scrollbar-width:none;-ms-overflow-style:none;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}[data-draggable-menu-list]::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}[data-draggable-menu-list] li{display:inline-flex}[data-draggable-menu-list] li:last-child{padding-right:25px}.banner{background-color:var(--breaking-bg-color);box-shadow:0 1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);display:none;width:100%}.banner[data-type=LIVE_COVERAGE]{background-color:var(--live-coverage-bg-color)}.banner[data-type=DONT_MISS]{background-color:var(--dont-miss-bg-color)}.banner[data-show]{display:block}.banner-content{margin:0 auto;max-width:984px;padding:11px 60px 11px 20px;width:100%}@media(min-width:768px){.banner-content{align-items:flex-start;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center}}@media(min-width:1024px){.banner-content{padding:11px 40px 11px 20px}}.banner-title{color:var(--breaking-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.125rem;margin:0;text-transform:uppercase}@media(min-width:768px){.banner-title{white-space:nowrap}}.banner-message{display:flex;margin-top:10px;order:1}@media(min-width:768px){.banner-message{margin:0 0 0 16px}}.banner-link,.banner-text{color:var(--breaking-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.2px;line-height:1.125rem}.banner-text{margin:0}.banner-close-button{background-color:transparent;border:0;height:14px;position:absolute;right:20px;top:14px;width:14px}.banner-close-button .close-icon{height:14px;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:14px;fill:var(--breaking-text-color)}.banner-wrapper{margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px;position:relative}@media(min-width:768px){.banner-wrapper{display:flex;justify-content:flex-start}}@media(min-width:1024px){.banner-wrapper{margin-left:140px;margin-right:140px}}@media(min-width:1480px){.banner-wrapper{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}@media(min-width:1240px){.banner{padding:0}}.banner-module-media{display:none}.banner-module-media-mobile{display:block}@media(min-width:768px){.banner-module-media{display:block}.banner-module-media-mobile{display:none}}.sponsored-banner-toggler-custom-element[data-toggle-in=sponsored-dropdown] .sponsored-banner-dropdown{display:block}.sponsored-banner-toggler-custom-element[data-toggle-in=sponsored-dropdown] .sponsored-banner-dropdown-trigger{text-decoration:underline}.sponsored-banner-toggler-custom-element[data-toggle-in=sponsored-dropdown] .sponsored-banner-dropdown-trigger svg{top:-4px;transform:rotate(-90deg)}.sponsored-banner-dropdown:before{border-bottom:6px solid var(--sponsored-text-color);border-left:6px solid transparent;border-right:6px solid transparent;left:calc(100% - 77px)}@media(min-width:1024px){.sponsored-banner-dropdown:before{left:calc(100% - 37px)}}@media(min-width:1240px){.sponsored-banner-dropdown:before{border-bottom-width:10px;border-left-width:10px;border-right-width:10px;left:calc(100% - 42px)}}ps-google-dfp-ad{display:block}.google-dfp-ad{text-align:center;width:100%}.google-dfp-ad *{z-index:1000!important}.google-dfp-ad iframe,.google-dfp-ad>div{max-width:100%}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:normal;text-align:center}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-hide-ad=true]{height:auto;margin:auto;min-height:auto!important;overflow:auto;padding:0}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-hide-ad=true] .google-dfp-ad-caption,.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-render-conditions]{display:none}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-sticky]{background-color:var(--site-bg-color);bottom:0;box-shadow:0 0 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);left:50%;margin:0 auto;overflow:visible;padding:5px 0;position:fixed;transform:translate(-50%);width:100%;z-index:100}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-sticky] .google-dfp-close-button{background-color:var(--site-bg-color);background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;charset=utf-8,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' width='13' height='13' viewBox='341 8 13 13'%3E%3Cpath fill='%234F4F4F' fill-rule='evenodd' d='M354 9.31 352.69 8l-5.19 5.19L342.31 8 341 9.31l5.19 5.19-5.19 5.19 1.31 1.31 5.19-5.19 5.19 5.19 1.31-1.31-5.19-5.19z'/%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-position:9px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:13px 13px;border:none;border-radius:12px 0 0;box-shadow:0 -1px 1px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);cursor:pointer;height:28px;position:absolute;right:0;top:-28px;width:28px}@media(min-width:568px){.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-sticky]{display:none}}.is-mobile .met-toaster-open .google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-sticky]{display:none!important}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-article-dynamic-aside=true]{--ad-gutter-top:200px;display:none}@media(min-width:1240px){.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-article-dynamic-aside=true]{padding-top:var(--ad-gutter-top)}.listicle-page .rail-content .google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-article-dynamic-aside=true]:first-child{margin-top:0}}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper[data-ad-dynamic-height=true]{transition:min-height .4s}.google-dfp-ad-wrapper-sticky{left:0;position:sticky;top:calc(var(--header-offset) - var(--ad-gutter-top) + 10px);transition:top .4s ease-out}.google-dfp-ad-caption{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:.75rem;margin-bottom:5px;text-transform:uppercase}.google-dfp-ad[data-out-of-page=true]{height:0;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding:0}.google-dfp-ad-placeholder{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center}.has-dfp-sticky-ad [data-element=page-footer]{padding-bottom:150px}@media(min-width:1024px){.column-container .google-dfp-ad-wrapper .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width],.page-above .google-dfp-ad-wrapper .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width],.page-main>.google-dfp-ad-wrapper .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width]{left:50%;position:relative;transform:translate(-50%);width:100vw}}.enhancement .google-dfp-ad{width:auto}.enhancement .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width],.enhancement .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=x-large]{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.focus-enabled .enhancement .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width],.gallery-page .enhancement .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width],.live-blog-page .enhancement .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width],.long-form-page .enhancement .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width],.story-stack-page .enhancement .google-dfp-ad[data-ad-format=full-width]{left:50%;margin:auto;position:relative;transform:translate(-50%);width:100vw}}[data-content-type=page] .two-column-container-5050-column:nth-of-type(2)>.google-dfp-ad-wrapper:nth-of-type(2),[data-content-type=page] .two-column-container-7030-column:nth-of-type(2)>.google-dfp-ad-wrapper:nth-of-type(2){padding-bottom:200px;padding-top:200px}@media(min-width:1024px){html.focus:not(.focus-enabled) [data-render-conditions*=focusMode]{display:none!important}}.teads-inread .teads-ui-components-credits a,.teads-inread .teads-ui-components-label{color:var(--secondary-text-color)!important}.teads-inread .teads-ui-components-credits-colored{color:#79bbe9!important}.list [data-text-align-center] .promo-content,.listicle [data-text-align-center] .promo-content{text-align:center}.list [data-text-align-right] .promo-content,.listicle [data-text-align-right] .promo-content{text-align:right}.list-spacer-bottom .list-items-item,.list-spacer-bottom li{border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);list-style:none;margin-bottom:20px;padding-bottom:20px}.list-spacer-bottom .list-items-item:last-of-type,.list-spacer-bottom li:last-of-type{border:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0}.list-spacer-bottom.list-e .list-items-item,.list-spacer-bottom.list-e li,.list-spacer-bottom.list-f .list-items-item,.list-spacer-bottom.list-f li{border-bottom:0}.list-p{align-items:center;display:flex;justify-content:center}@media(min-width:1024px){.article-page .page-above .list-p{border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px}}.list-p .list-menu{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none;row-gap:.625rem;visibility:visible}.list-p .list-menu li{margin-right:10px}.list-p .list-title{color:var(--secondary-color-6);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:.75rem;margin:0 10px 0 0;position:relative;text-transform:uppercase;top:3px}.list-j{display:block;padding:20px;width:100%}.list-j .list-slide{display:none}.list-j .list-slide:first-of-type,.list-j .list-slides.flickity-enabled .list-slide{display:block}.list-j .flickity-page-dots{margin-top:20px;position:static}.list-j .flickity-page-dots .dot{background-color:var(--secondary-color-1);border-radius:100%;height:5px;margin:0 5px;width:5px}.list-j .flickity-page-dots .dot.is-selected{background-color:var(--primary-text-color)}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button{background:var(--secondary-color-5);border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);border-radius:0;height:40px;top:44%;width:30px;z-index:1}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button svg.flickity-button-icon{height:54%;max-width:inherit;top:14px;width:37px;fill:var(--secondary-color-8)}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button:hover{background:var(--brand-color);border:1px solid var(--brand-color)}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button:hover svg.flickity-button-icon{fill:var(--secondary-color-5)}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous{border-left:0;left:0}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous svg.flickity-button-icon{left:-4px;top:3px;transform:rotate(-90deg)}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next{border-right:0;right:0}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next svg.flickity-button-icon{left:-3px;transform:rotate(-90deg)}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button:disabled{cursor:default;opacity:1}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button:disabled svg.flickity-button-icon{fill:var(--secondary-color-2)}@media(min-width:1024px){.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous{left:-8px}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next{right:-8px}}@media(min-width:768px){.list-j{padding:20px 30px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.list-j{padding:20px 40px}.article-page .page-above .list-j{background:var(--secondary-color-5);margin-left:-140px;margin-right:-140px;width:calc(100% + 280px)}}@media(min-width:1240px){.list-j{padding:20px 60px}}@media(min-width:1240px)and (max-width:1289px){.article-page .page-above .list-j{margin-left:-115px;margin-right:-115px;width:calc(100% + 230px)}}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button{display:block}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next{right:-20px}@media(min-width:768px){.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next{right:-30px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next{right:-40px}}@media(min-width:1240px){.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.next{border-right:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);right:-60px}}.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous{left:-20px}@media(min-width:768px){.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous{left:-30px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous{left:-40px}}@media(min-width:1240px){.list-j .flickity-prev-next-button.previous{border-left:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);left:-60px}}.list-j .list-slides{width:100%}@media(min-width:1240px){.list-j .list-slides{margin:0 auto;max-width:1440px}}.list-j .list-slide{padding:0 20px;width:100%}@media(min-width:768px){.list-j .list-slide{border-right:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);width:50%}}@media(min-width:1024px){.list-j .list-slide{width:33.333%}}@media(min-width:1240px){.list-j .list-slide{width:25%}}@media(min-width:768px){.list-j .list-slide:nth-of-type(2n){border-right:0}}@media(min-width:1024px){.list-j .list-slide:nth-of-type(2n){border-right:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3)}.list-j .list-slide:nth-of-type(3n){border-right:0}}@media(min-width:1240px){.list-j .list-slide:nth-of-type(3n){border-right:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3)}}.list-j .list-slide:nth-of-type(4n){border-right:0}@media(min-width:1240px){.list-j .list-slide:nth-of-type(4n){border-right:0}}.promo:after,.promo:before{content:"";display:table;line-height:0}.promo:after{clear:both}.promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.promo-banner{color:var(--breaking-bg-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:.625rem;margin:0 0 10px;text-transform:uppercase}.promo-banner[data-live]{color:var(--live-coverage-bg-color)}.promo-category{color:var(--secondary-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:.625rem;margin:0 0 10px;text-transform:uppercase}.promo-category a{color:inherit}.promo-category a:hover{color:var(--brand-color)}.promo-category-image img,.promo-category-image svg{display:inline;max-height:20px;max-width:45px}.promo-title{margin:0 0 10px}.promo-title:hover>a{opacity:.8}.promo-media{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;grid-template-rows:min-content;position:relative}.promo-media:empty:before{background-color:var(--secondary-color-4);content:"";padding-bottom:66.6%}.promo-media>*{grid-column-start:1;grid-row-start:1}.promo-media [data-element=video-disclaimer]{grid-row-start:-3}.promo .promo-media [data-video-player],.promo-media [data-promotable]{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.promo-media:has([data-promotable]:not(.hidden)) .promo-placeholder,.promo-media:has([data-video-player]:not(.hidden)) .promo-placeholder{display:none}.promo-media [data-promotable] .carousel-slideshow{margin:0}.promo-media .youtube-video-player{display:table;width:100%}.promo-media .gvp{height:100%}[data-content-type=video] .promo-media .gvp .vjs-suggested-video a:after,[data-content-type=video] .promo-media .gvp .vjs-suggested-video a:before{display:none}[data-content-type=document] .promo-media{width:30px}.promo-media img{width:100%}[data-content-type=document] .promo-media img{display:none}.promo-media a{display:block;position:relative}[data-content-type=document] .promo-media a{height:30px;width:30px}[data-has-live-video] .promo-media:after{background-color:var(--breaking-bg-color);bottom:10px;color:var(--breaking-text-color);content:"live";font-family:var(--secondary-headline-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;height:18px;line-height:1.125rem;position:absolute;right:11px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;width:30px;z-index:2}[data-has-live-video]:not(.promo-small):not(.promo-amp):not(.playlist-item) .promo-media:after{font-family:var(--secondary-headline-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;height:24px;line-height:1.625rem;width:40px}.promo-media img{color:transparent}.promo-media{margin-bottom:10px;overflow:hidden}.promo-content{order:2}.promo-content>:only-child .promo-title{margin-bottom:0}.promo-description{color:var(--secondary-color-6);font-family:var(--body-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:.9375rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25rem;margin:0 0 10px}.promo-timestamp{color:var(--secondary-text-color);display:block;font-size:.625rem;font-weight:700;line-height:.625rem;margin:0;text-transform:none}.promo-byline,.promo-timestamp{font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-style:normal}.promo-byline{color:var(--secondary-color-7);font-size:.6875rem;font-weight:500;line-height:.75rem;margin:10px 0;text-transform:uppercase}.promo-items{margin-top:20px;padding-left:15px}.promo-items-item{color:var(--primary-text-color);display:list-item;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:1.125rem;list-style-type:disc}.promo-items-item:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:10px}.promo[data-bottom-right] .promo-wrapper,.promo[data-top-right] .promo-wrapper{display:block}.promo-full-width .promo-media{display:none}@media(min-width:768px){.promo-full-width .promo-media{display:block}}.promo-full-width .promo-media .link{padding-bottom:27.2%}.promo-full-width .promo-media-mobile{display:block}@media(min-width:768px){.promo-full-width .promo-media-mobile{display:none}}.promo-full-width .promo-media-mobile .link{height:auto;padding-bottom:0}.promo-full-width-lead.promo .promo-wrapper{display:flex}.promo-full-width-lead .promo-media{display:none}@media(min-width:1024px){.promo-full-width-lead .promo-media{display:block}}.promo-full-width-lead .promo-media .link{padding-bottom:27.2%}.promo-full-width-lead .promo-media-mobile{display:block}@media(min-width:1024px){.promo-full-width-lead .promo-media-mobile{display:none}}.promo-super-lead-x-large .promo-media .link{height:0;padding-bottom:66.6%}.promo-super-lead-x-large .promo-media-wide .link{padding-bottom:33.3%}.promo-super-lead-x-large .promo-media-img .link{height:0;padding-bottom:33.3%}.promo-media .carousel-slide-media-wrapper,.promo-media .promo-placeholder,.recipe-card-module-media .carousel-slide-media-wrapper,.recipe-card-module-media .promo-placeholder{background-color:var(--secondary-color-4);display:block;height:0;padding-bottom:66.6%}.promo-media img[src*=".png"],.promo-media img[src*=".svg"],.recipe-card-module-media img[src*=".png"],.recipe-card-module-media img[src*=".svg"]{background-color:var(--site-bg-color)}.promo-media .carousel-slides,.recipe-card-module-media .carousel-slides{overflow:hidden}[data-promo-image-crop=basicPromoVertical] .promo-placeholder{padding-bottom:125%}[data-promo-image-crop=basicPromoSquare] .promo-placeholder{padding-bottom:100%}.promo-link{background-color:var(--secondary-color-6);border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-6);color:var(--secondary-color-5);display:block;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.125rem;padding:0 5px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;word-break:keep-all}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-right] .promo-media,.promo-position-small[data-top-right] .promo-media{float:right;margin:0 0 20px 20px;max-width:none;width:110px}.promo-position-small[data-left-center] .promo-media{flex-shrink:0;margin:0 20px 0 0;max-width:180px;order:1;width:36%}.promo-position-small[data-left-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.promo-position-small[data-right-center] .promo-media{flex-shrink:0;margin:0 0 0 20px;max-width:180px;width:36%}.promo-position-small[data-right-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row-reverse}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-right] .promo-media,.promo-position-large[data-left-center] .promo-media,.promo-position-large[data-right-center] .promo-media,.promo-position-large[data-top-right] .promo-media{float:right;margin:0 0 20px 20px;max-width:150px;width:35%}.promo-position-large[data-left-center] .promo-wrapper,.promo-position-large[data-right-center] .promo-wrapper{display:block}@media(min-width:768px){.promo-position-large[data-bottom-right] .promo-media,.promo-position-large[data-top-right] .promo-media{width:50%}.promo-position-large[data-right-center] .promo-media{flex-shrink:0;float:none;margin:0 0 0 20px;max-width:270px;min-width:270px;width:100%}.promo-position-large[data-right-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row-reverse}.promo-position-large[data-left-center],.promo-position-large[data-right-center]{margin:0!important}.promo-position-large[data-left-center] .promo-content,.promo-position-large[data-right-center] .promo-content{margin-bottom:0}.promo-position-large[data-left-center] .promo-media{flex-shrink:0;float:none;margin:0 20px 0 0;max-width:270px;min-width:270px;order:1;width:100%}.promo-position-large[data-left-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row}}.promo-link{transition:color .15s,background .15s,border .15s}.promo-link:hover{background:var(--brand-color);border:1px solid var(--brand-color)}.promo-link[data-recent]{color:var(--breaking-bg-color)}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-center] .promo-content,.promo-position-small[data-left-center] .promo-content,.promo-position-small[data-right-center] .promo-content,.promo-position-small[data-top-center] .promo-content{margin:0}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-center],.promo-position-small[data-left-center],.promo-position-small[data-right-center],.promo-position-small[data-top-center]{margin:0!important}.promo-position-small[data-top-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.promo-position-small[data-top-center] .promo-media{margin:0 0 10px;max-width:none;width:100%}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-center] .promo-media{margin:20px 0 0;max-width:none;width:100%}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-right],.promo-position-small[data-top-right]{margin-bottom:-20px}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-right] .promo-content,.promo-position-small[data-top-right] .promo-content{margin-bottom:20px}.promo-position-small[data-bottom-right] .promo-title-container-dupe{margin-bottom:10px}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-center] .promo-content,.promo-position-large[data-top-center] .promo-content{margin:0}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-center],.promo-position-large[data-top-center]{margin:0!important}.promo-position-large[data-top-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.promo-position-large[data-top-center] .promo-media{margin:0 0 10px;max-width:none;width:100%}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-center] .promo-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:column-reverse}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-center] .promo-media{margin:20px 0 0;max-width:none;width:100%}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-right],.promo-position-large[data-left-center],.promo-position-large[data-right-center],.promo-position-large[data-top-right]{margin-bottom:-20px}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-right] .promo-content,.promo-position-large[data-left-center] .promo-content,.promo-position-large[data-right-center] .promo-content,.promo-position-large[data-top-right] .promo-content{margin-bottom:20px}.promo-position-large[data-bottom-right] .promo-title-container-dupe{margin-bottom:10px}[data-content-type=video] .promo-media>.link:before{border-color:transparent;border-style:inset;border-width:6px 12px;border-left:12px solid var(--secondary-color-5);bottom:20px;content:"";display:inline-block;height:0;left:20px;position:absolute;width:0;z-index:2}[data-content-type=video] .promo-media>.link:after{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-5);bottom:10px;content:" ";height:30px;left:10px;position:absolute;width:30px;z-index:1}[data-show-video][data-content-type=video] .promo-media:after,[data-show-video][data-content-type=video] .promo-media:before{display:none}[data-content-type=gallery] .promo-media a:before{background-image:url(/styleguide/assets/icon-grid-14x14-ffffff.svg);bottom:18px;content:" ";height:14px;left:18px;position:absolute;width:14px;z-index:2}[data-content-type=gallery] .promo-media a:after{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-5);bottom:10px;content:" ";height:30px;left:10px;position:absolute;width:30px;z-index:1}[data-content-type=document] .promo-media a:before{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:30px;content:" ";height:30px;left:9px;position:absolute;top:8px;width:30px;z-index:2}[data-content-type=document] .promo-media a:after{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-6);content:" ";height:30px;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:30px;z-index:1}[data-content-type=document] .promo-media:hover a:after,[data-content-type=gallery] .promo-media:hover a:after,[data-content-type=video] .promo-media:hover a:after{background-color:var(--brand-color);border-color:var(--brand-color)}.article-page .enhancement .promo-media{overflow:visible}[data-settings-type-loopable] .promo-media:after,[data-settings-type-loopable] .promo-media:before{display:none}.promo[data-preview-draft] .promo-title:after{content:"(Draft)"}.promo-small[data-content-type=document] .promo-media{display:block;width:30px}.promo-small .promo-title{font-family:var(--headline-font),var(--headline-adjust-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:-.2px;line-height:1.3125rem}.enhancement .ct-module-wrapper>.promo-small,.enhancement>.promo-small{border-bottom:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);border-top:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);padding:20px 0}.enhancement .ct-module-wrapper>.promo-small .promo-description,.enhancement>.promo-small .promo-description{display:none}.enhancement .ct-module-wrapper>.promo-small .promo-media,.enhancement>.promo-small .promo-media{flex-shrink:0;margin:0 20px 0 0;max-width:110px;order:1;width:36%}.enhancement .ct-module-wrapper>.promo-small .promo-wrapper,.enhancement>.promo-small .promo-wrapper{flex-direction:row}.enhancement .ct-module-wrapper>.promo-small[data-has-live-video] .promo-media,.enhancement>.promo-small[data-has-live-video] .promo-media{margin-bottom:auto}.enhancement .ct-module-wrapper>.promo-small[data-show-description] .promo-description,.enhancement>.promo-small[data-show-description] .promo-description{display:block}@media(min-width:1240px){.enhancement[data-align-left]>.promo-small,.enhancement[data-align-right]>.promo-small{margin:0}.enhancement[data-align-left]>.promo-small{margin-left:-80px}.article-page .enhancement[data-align-left]>.promo-small{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-page .enhancement[data-align-left]>.promo-small{margin-left:-40px}.article-page .enhancement[data-align-right]>.promo-small{margin-right:-40px}}.enhancement .list-c [data-left-center] .promo-small .promo-media,.enhancement .list-c [data-right-center] .promo-small .promo-media{max-width:110px}.promo-small-b .promo-title{font-family:var(--headline-font),var(--headline-adjust-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.002rem;line-height:1.5rem;margin-bottom:0}.promo-small-c{border-top:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);padding-top:20px}.promo-small-c .promo-title{font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.125rem;margin-bottom:0}.flickity-viewport{overflow:hidden}.page-above .list-slides>.list-slide{height:103px;visibility:hidden}ps-carousel .list-slide{display:none}ps-carousel .list-slide:first-of-type{display:block}ps-carousel .carousel-slides:not(.flickity-enabled) .carousel-slide:not(:first-child){display:none}@keyframes module-placholder-anime{0%{opacity:.5}50%{opacity:.75}to{opacity:1}}.module-placeholder{animation:module-placholder-anime 1s cubic-bezier(.76,1,.3,1) infinite alternate;background:linear-gradient(to right,var(--secondary-color-4) 0,var(--secondary-color-3) 20%,var(--secondary-color-4) 50%,var(--secondary-color-4) 100%),linear-gradient(to right,var(--secondary-color-4) 0,var(--secondary-color-3) 20%,var(--secondary-color-4) 50%,var(--secondary-color-4) 100%),linear-gradient(to right,var(--secondary-color-4) 0,var(--secondary-color-3) 20%,var(--secondary-color-4) 50%,var(--secondary-color-4) 100%),linear-gradient(to right,var(--secondary-color-4) 0,var(--secondary-color-3) 20%,var(--secondary-color-4) 50%,var(--secondary-color-4) 100%);background-position:0 0,0 42px,0 72px,0 102px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:65% 24px,100% 14px,100% 14px,100% 14px;min-height:12.5rem}.newsletter-module{border-top:2px solid var(--secondary-text-color-inverse);z-index:0}.newsletter-module .module-icon{margin:10px 15px 20px 0;text-align:center}.newsletter-module .module-icon svg{height:20px;width:50px}.newsletter-module .module-container{align-items:center;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25rem;padding-top:20px}.newsletter-module .module-container span{text-align:center}@media(min-width:768px){.newsletter-module .module-container span{margin-left:22px;text-align:left}}.newsletter-module .module-title{font-family:var(--headline-font),var(--headline-adjust-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.25rem;margin:0 0 5px;text-align:center}[data-element=page-footer] .newsletter-module .module-title{color:var(--secondary-color-5)}.newsletter-module .module-description{font-size:.875rem;letter-spacing:-.14px;line-height:1.1875rem;margin:0 0 15px;text-align:center}.newsletter-module .module-description,.newsletter-module .module-disclaimer,.newsletter-module .module-success{color:var(--secondary-color-9);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-style:normal;font-weight:500}.newsletter-module .module-disclaimer,.newsletter-module .module-success{display:inline-block;font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:normal;line-height:1.125rem;margin-top:10px;text-align:left}.newsletter-module .module-cta{color:var(--primary-body-link-color);text-align:center;text-decoration:underline}@media(min-width:768px){.newsletter-module .module-cta{text-align:left}}[data-vjs-player]{display:none}.gvp.gvp-controls-minimal .vjs-control:not(.vjs-mute-control,.vjs-volume-panel){display:none!important}.gvp.gvp-controls-minimal .vjs-waiting .gvp-overlay{display:block}.gvp.gvp-controls-minimal .vjs-waiting .gvp-overlay-header{display:none}.gvp.gvp-controls-minimal .vjs-waiting .vjs-loading-spinner{z-index:1}.video-player{background-color:#000;display:block;height:0;margin:0 auto;padding-bottom:56.25%;position:relative}.video-player .video-js,.video-player iframe,.video-player video{border:0;height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%}.page-lead-media .video-enhancement-player{margin-bottom:15px}.youtube-video-player-facade-button{display:none}.enhancement .figure{margin:0 -20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.enhancement .figure{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1240px){.enhancement .figure{margin:0 -80px}.article-page .enhancement .figure{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-page .enhancement .figure{margin:0 -40px}}@media(min-width:1240px){.listicle-page .enhancement .figure{margin:0 -20px}.enhancement .figure-content,.enhancement .figure-title{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}@media(min-width:768px){.enhancement[data-align-left] .figure,.enhancement[data-align-right] .figure{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1240px){.enhancement[data-align-left] .figure,.enhancement[data-align-right] .figure{margin:0}.enhancement[data-align-left] .figure{margin-left:-80px}.article-page .enhancement[data-align-left] .figure{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-page .enhancement[data-align-left] .figure{margin-left:-40px}}@media(min-width:1240px){.enhancement[data-align-right] .figure{margin-right:-80px}.article-page .enhancement[data-align-right] .figure{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-page .enhancement[data-align-right] .figure{margin-right:-40px}}.figure img{margin-bottom:10px;width:100%}.figure-content{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:.875rem;margin:0 0 20px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.figure-content{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.figure-caption,.figure-caption p,.figure-credit,.figure-credit p{display:inline}.figure-caption a,.figure-credit a{color:var(--primary-body-link-color);text-decoration:underline}.figure-caption a:hover,.figure-credit a:hover{text-decoration:none}.figure-credit{margin-left:5px}.ct-rich-text-children>p{margin:30px 0}.ct-rich-text-children>p:first-of-type{margin-top:0}.ct-rich-text-children>p:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.ct-rich-text-children>ol,.ct-rich-text-children>ul{margin:20px 0;padding:0 0 0 40px}.ct-rich-text-children>ol li,.ct-rich-text-children>ul li{margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:5px}.ct-rich-text-children>ol a,.ct-rich-text-children>p a,.ct-rich-text-children>ul a{color:var(--primary-body-link-color);text-decoration:underline}.ct-rich-text-children>ol a:hover,.ct-rich-text-children>p a:hover,.ct-rich-text-children>ul a:hover{text-decoration:none}.subhead{color:var(--subhead-text-color);font-family:var(--secondary-headline-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.09px;line-height:2rem;margin:43px 0 12px}@media(min-width:768px){.subhead{font-size:1.875rem;line-height:2.125rem}}.long-form-page .subhead{text-align:center}.subhead+h3.subhead{margin-top:24px}h3.subhead{font-family:var(--secondary-headline-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.75rem}.cms-textAlign-center{text-align:center}.cms-textAlign-right{text-align:right}.label-subscriber-exclusive{color:var(--subscriber-exclusive-accent-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:.625rem;margin-bottom:10px;text-transform:uppercase}.label-subscriber-exclusive-link{color:inherit;display:inline-block}.label-subscriber-exclusive-link:hover{color:var(--subscriber-exclusive-accent-hover-color)}.label-page-wrapper .label-subscriber-exclusive{margin-bottom:15px}.toggle-text{display:block;margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:0}.toggle-text[data-toggle-in] .toggle-text-content{transition:max-height .15s}.toggle-text[data-toggle-in] .chevron-icon{bottom:6px;position:relative;transform:rotate(-90deg)}.toggle-text[data-toggle-in] .toggle-text-more .less-text{display:inline}.toggle-text[data-toggle-in] .toggle-text-more .more-text{display:none}.toggle-text-content{max-height:9em;overflow:hidden}.toggle-text-content>:first-child{margin-top:0}.toggle-text-content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.toggle-text .chevron-icon{height:10px;margin-top:5px;transform:rotate(90deg);width:10px;stroke:var(--secondary-color-7);stroke-width:6px}.toggle-text-more{align-items:center;background:var(--button-bg-color);color:var(--button-text-color);cursor:pointer;display:flex;height:4rem;justify-content:center;margin:10px auto 0;width:100%}@media(min-width:568px){.toggle-text-more{width:284px}}.toggle-text-more:hover{text-decoration:underline}.toggle-text-more .less-text{display:none;margin:0 10px}.toggle-text-more .more-text{display:inline;margin:0 10px}.divider{text-align:center}.article-page [data-element=story-body] hr.divider,hr.divider{background-color:var(--primary-text-color);height:10px;margin:35px auto;padding:0;width:80px}.divider .image{display:inline;max-height:40px}.breadcrumbs{margin-bottom:10px}.breadcrumbs a{background:none;border:0;color:var(--secondary-color-6);cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.125rem;margin:0 10px 10px 0;padding:2px 5px 0;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;transition:color .15s,background .15s,border .15s;word-break:keep-all}.breadcrumbs a:hover{color:var(--brand-color)}.breadcrumbs a[data-recent]{color:var(--breaking-bg-color)}.breadcrumbs span.link{pointer-events:none}.breadcrumbs.story-collection{margin-bottom:30px}.breadcrumbs.story-collection a{align-items:center;color:var(--primary-text-color);display:flex;flex-direction:row;font-size:.875rem;line-height:.625rem;margin:0;padding:0}.breadcrumbs.story-collection img{height:24px;margin-right:10px;width:auto}.breadcrumbs.story-collection span{line-height:1rem}.headline{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--headline-font),var(--headline-adjust-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.2px;line-height:2.125rem;margin-bottom:20px}@media(min-width:768px){.headline{font-size:2.5rem;line-height:2.8125rem}}@media(min-width:1024px){.headline{font-size:3.125rem;line-height:3.375rem;margin-bottom:40px}}.subheadline{color:var(--secondary-color-7);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1.375rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-.2px;line-height:1.875rem;margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px}@media(min-width:768px){.subheadline{margin:40px auto 37px;max-width:680px}}.bylines{margin-bottom:20px}.bylines-multimedia{align-items:center}.byline,.bylines-multimedia{display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap}.byline{align-items:flex-start;font-size:.875rem;justify-content:space-between;line-height:1.125rem;margin-bottom:15px}@media(min-width:768px){.byline{flex-wrap:nowrap;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:680px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.byline{justify-content:normal;margin-bottom:15px}}.byline-multimedia{font-family:var(--secondary-headline-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:1.125rem}.byline-multimedia-prefix{text-transform:lowercase}.byline-multimedia-role-name{text-transform:none}.byline-text{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.25rem;margin-bottom:10px}@media(min-width:768px){.byline-text{margin-right:10px;width:auto}}.byline-suffix{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--body-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25rem}.byline .byline-suffix{display:block}.byline .byline-suffix,.modified-date,.published-date{font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:1.25rem}.modified-date,.published-date{color:var(--secondary-text-color);word-break:keep-all}.published-date{margin-bottom:15px}.published-date-label,.published-date-updated-label{font-weight:700}.with-update-date .published-date-updated-date{display:inline-block}@media(min-width:568px){.with-update-date .published-date-updated-date{display:inline}.with-update-date .published-date-updated-label:before{content:"|";display:inline;font-weight:400;padding-right:5px}}.dateline{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.125rem}.dateline+p{display:inline}.rail{flex-shrink:0;margin-top:40px}.rail-content{height:100%}.rail-content>*{margin-bottom:40px}.rail-content>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}@media(min-width:1240px){.rail{margin-left:40px;margin-top:0;width:320px}}.corrections{border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);border-top:2px solid var(--secondary-color-7);font-style:italic;margin:20px 0;padding:20px}.rail .corrections{display:none;margin-bottom:40px;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:1240px){.corrections[data-with-aside=true]{display:none}.listicle-page .corrections[data-with-aside=true],.long-form-page .corrections[data-with-aside=true],.rail .corrections,.story-stack-page .corrections[data-with-aside=true]{display:block}}.revisions-label{font-family:var(--body-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:italic;font-weight:700;line-height:1.75rem;margin:0!important}@media(min-width:1024px){.revisions-label{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.875rem}}.revision{margin:0!important}.revision-date,.revision-text{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.75rem}@media(min-width:1024px){.revision-date,.revision-text{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.875rem}}.revision-date{font-weight:700;margin-right:5px}.revision-date,.revision-text{font-family:var(--body-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-style:italic}.revision-text{font-weight:400}.revision a{color:var(--primary-body-link-color);text-decoration:underline}.revision a:hover{text-decoration:none}.authors{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:12px}.author-info{margin-top:20px}.author-info:after,.author-info:before{content:"";display:table;line-height:0}.author-info:after{clear:both}.bylines .author-info{border-top:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);padding-top:20px}.bylines .author-info:first-child{border-top:0}@media(min-width:768px){.author-info{text-align:left}}.author-avatar{flex-shrink:0;float:left;margin-right:20px;width:60px}@media(min-width:1024px){.author-avatar{width:100px}}.page-intro .author-avatar{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}@media(min-width:768px){.page-intro .author-avatar{margin-right:20px}}.author-avatar img{border:2px solid var(--secondary-color-3);border-radius:100%}.author-name{font-family:var(--headline-font),var(--headline-adjust-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.375rem}@media(min-width:1024px){.author-name{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.75rem}}.byline .author-name{display:inline;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.25rem}.bylines .author-name{align-items:center;display:flex;height:60px;margin-bottom:10px}@media(min-width:1024px){.bylines .author-name{display:block;height:auto;margin-top:15px}}.author-name a{color:var(--primary-text-color)}.author-contributors{display:inline;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:.875rem}.author-bio-text{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--body-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.125rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.9375rem;margin:30px 0}.author-bio-text:first-of-type{margin-top:0}.author-bio-text p:last-of-type,.author-bio-text:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.author-bio-text a{color:var(--primary-body-link-color);text-decoration:underline}@media(min-width:1024px){.author-bio-text{margin-top:10px}}.author-title{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--body-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:.9375rem;font-weight:400;margin-bottom:20px}.author-title,.byline .author-title{font-style:normal;line-height:1.25rem}.byline .author-title{display:block;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-weight:500;margin-bottom:0}.author-social-media{margin-bottom:20px}.author-social-media .social-bar .social-bar-heading{display:none}.author-social-media .social-bar .social-bar-menu{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;list-style:none}.author-social-media .social-bar .social-bar-menu li{margin:0 10px 10px 0}.author-social-media .social-bar .social-bar-menu li:last-of-type{margin-right:0}.author-social-media .social-bar [data-element=social-link]{border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);border-radius:50%;color:var(--primary-text-color);height:32px;width:32px}@media(hover:hover)and (min-width:768px){.author-social-media .social-bar [data-element=social-link]:hover{background-color:var(--secondary-color-3)}}.author-social-media .social-bar [data-element=social-link] svg{height:16px;width:16px;fill:currentcolor}.author-social-media .social-bar [data-element=social-link] span{border:0;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);overflow:hidden}.authors-names{display:inline}.page-actions{margin-bottom:30px}@media(min-width:768px){.page-actions{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:680px}}.page-wrapper{margin-top:20px}@media(min-width:768px){.page-wrapper{margin-top:40px}}@media(min-width:1240px){.page-wrapper{display:flex}}.page-main hr{width:70px}.page-content-footer{margin-top:20px}.page-content-footer>:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:40px}.page-ad-margins{background:var(--site-bg-color)}.page-updates{border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);border-top:2px solid var(--secondary-color-7);margin:20px 0;padding:20px}.action-bar-content{position:relative}.action-bar-content-visible{display:block}.action-bar-menu,.action-bar-menu li{display:flex}.action-bar-menu li:not(:last-child){margin-right:8px}.action-bar-menu .action-link{align-items:center;border-radius:40px;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;height:28px;line-height:.875rem;padding:0 5px}.action-bar-menu .action-link span{padding-right:5px}.action-bar-modal{background:var(--site-bg-color);border-radius:8px 8px 0 0;bottom:0;left:0;position:fixed;width:100vw;z-index:1060}@media(min-width:1024px){.action-bar-modal{border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);border-radius:8px;bottom:auto;box-shadow:4px 4px 10px 0 var(--secondary-color-3);max-width:-moz-max-content;max-width:max-content;position:absolute;top:5px;z-index:3}.action-bar-modal:after{border-radius:8px;box-shadow:4px 4px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);content:"";height:100%;left:0;position:absolute;top:0;width:100%;z-index:-1}}.action-bar-modal-header{align-items:flex-start;color:var(--primary-text-color);display:flex;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;justify-content:space-between;line-height:.875rem;padding:10px 10px 0;position:relative}@media(min-width:1024px){.action-bar-modal-header{font-size:.75rem;line-height:.875rem;padding-left:20px}}.action-bar-modal-header span{padding-top:10px}.action-bar-modal-menu{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:10px;list-style:none;padding:10px}@media(min-width:1024px){.action-bar-modal-menu{padding:10px 20px 20px}}.action-bar-modal-menu .action-link{align-items:center;border-radius:100%;height:44px;justify-content:center;width:44px}.action-bar-modal-menu .action-link span{border:0;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);overflow:hidden}.action-bar-overlay{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.5);height:100vh;left:0;position:fixed;right:0;top:0;z-index:1050}@media(min-width:1024px){.action-bar-overlay{display:none}}.action-bar-overlay-visible{overflow-y:hidden}@media(min-width:1024px){.action-bar-overlay-visible{overflow-y:initial}}.action-bar .close-button{background:none;border:0;padding:0}.action-bar .close-button svg{align-items:center;display:flex;height:16px;justify-content:center;margin-right:-3px;padding:3px;width:16px;fill:var(--primary-text-color)}.action-bar .close-button:hover svg{fill:var(--brand-color)}.action-bar .close-button:focus{outline:5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color}.action-bar .action-link{border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-3);color:var(--primary-text-color);cursor:pointer;display:flex}@media(hover:hover)and (min-width:768px){.action-bar .action-link:hover{background-color:var(--secondary-color-3)}}.action-bar .action-link svg{align-items:center;display:flex;height:30px;justify-content:center;padding:6px;width:30px;fill:currentcolor}.coral-count:not([data-coral-count]):after,[data-coral-count="0"]:after,[data-coral-count="1"]:after,[data-coral-count="2"]:after,[data-coral-count="3"]:after,[data-coral-count="4"]:after,[data-coral-count="5"]:after,[data-coral-count="6"]:after,[data-coral-count="7"]:after,[data-coral-count="8"]:after,[data-coral-count="9"]:after{content:attr(data-comment)}.coral-count:not([data-coral-count]) span,[data-coral-count="0"] span,[data-coral-count="1"] span,[data-coral-count="2"] span,[data-coral-count="3"] span,[data-coral-count="4"] span,[data-coral-count="5"] span,[data-coral-count="6"] span,[data-coral-count="7"] span,[data-coral-count="8"] span,[data-coral-count="9"] span{display:none}.enhancement{clear:both;margin:30px 0;width:100%}@media(min-width:768px){.enhancement[data-align-left]{float:left;margin-right:40px;margin-top:0;width:50%}.enhancement[data-align-left] .facebook-embed,.enhancement[data-align-left] .facebook-embed iframe{width:100%}.enhancement[data-align-right]{float:right;margin-left:40px;margin-top:0;width:50%}}.enhancement[data-align-center-height-constrained]>.figure{display:flex;flex-direction:column;margin:0}.enhancement[data-align-center-height-constrained]>.figure picture,.enhancement[data-align-center-height-constrained]>.figure>.link{margin:0 auto}.enhancement[data-align-center-height-constrained]>.figure .image{max-height:80vh}@media(min-width:768px){.enhancement[data-align-center-narrow]{margin:30px auto;width:50%}}.enhancement>iframe{max-width:100%}.enhancement .social-embed{display:flex;justify-content:center;overflow:hidden;text-align:center;width:100%}.enhancement .social-embed-simple-link{text-align:left;width:100%}.enhancement .social-embed-simple-link a{color:var(--primary-body-link-color);text-decoration:underline}.enhancement .instagram-url{margin:0 auto;max-width:540px}.enhancement blockquote.twitter-tweet{border:1px solid #c4cfd6;border-radius:12px;padding:16px}.enhancement blockquote.twitter-tweet p{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.25rem;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:1024px){.video-enhancement{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.enhancement .video-enhancement{margin:0 -20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.enhancement .video-enhancement{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1240px){.enhancement .video-enhancement{margin:0 -80px}.article-page .enhancement .video-enhancement{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-page .enhancement .video-enhancement{margin:0 -40px}}@media(min-width:1240px){.listicle-page .enhancement .video-enhancement{margin:0 -20px}.enhancement .video-enhancement-content,.enhancement .video-enhancement-title{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}@media(min-width:768px){.enhancement[data-align-left] .video-enhancement,.enhancement[data-align-right] .video-enhancement{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1240px){.enhancement[data-align-left] .video-enhancement,.enhancement[data-align-right] .video-enhancement{margin:0}.enhancement[data-align-left] .video-enhancement{margin-left:-80px}.article-page .enhancement[data-align-left] .video-enhancement{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-page .enhancement[data-align-left] .video-enhancement{margin-left:-40px}}@media(min-width:1240px){.enhancement[data-align-right] .video-enhancement{margin-right:-80px}.article-page .enhancement[data-align-right] .video-enhancement{margin:0}}@media(min-width:1440px){.article-page .enhancement[data-align-right] .video-enhancement{margin-right:-40px}}.video-enhancement-title{color:var(--primary-text-color);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;line-height:.875rem;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:10px;padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px}.badge{--badge-primary-color:var(--primary-body-link-color);align-items:center;display:flex;margin-bottom:20px}.badge,.badge .link{text-transform:uppercase}.badge .link{border:0;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;margin:0 10px 10px 0;text-align:center;transition:color .15s,background .15s,border .15s;word-break:keep-all}.badge-label{background-color:var(--badge-primary-color);color:var(--primary-text-color-inverse);font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.8125rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:.4px;line-height:1.4375rem;margin:0 8px 0 0;padding:3px 8px 0}.badge-label-outlined{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid var(--badge-primary-color);font-family:var(--secondary-headline-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;line-height:.625rem;padding:5px 5px 3px}.badge-label-outlined,.badge-text{color:var(--badge-primary-color);font-style:normal;font-weight:700}.badge-text{font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;line-height:.875rem;margin-top:2px}.badge a.badge-text:hover{color:var(--header-text-color)}.badge-element{--badge-element-primary-color:var(--primary-text-color);gap:6px}.badge-element-label{background-color:var(--badge-element-primary-color);color:var(--primary-text-color-inverse);padding:6px 6px 3px}.badge-element-text{margin-top:3px}.badge-element-text [data-element=chevron-icon]{height:12px;width:12px}.tags{margin-bottom:20px}@media(min-width:768px){.tags{margin:0 auto 40px;max-width:680px}}.tags a{align-items:center;background-color:var(--tag-button-bg-color);border:1px solid var(--tag-button-bg-color);color:var(--tag-button-text-color);display:inline-flex;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.625rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.125rem;margin:0 10px 10px 0;padding:0 5px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;transition:color .15s,background .15s,border .15s;word-break:keep-all}.tags a:hover{background:var(--brand-color);border:1px solid var(--brand-color)}.tags a[data-recent]{color:var(--breaking-bg-color)}.tags span.link{pointer-events:none}[data-element=story-summary].ct-rich-text-children>ul{padding:0 0 0 20px}[data-element=story-summary].ct-rich-text-children>.link{color:var(--primary-body-link-color);text-decoration:underline}[data-element=story-summary].ct-rich-text-children>.link:hover{text-decoration:none}@media(min-width:1024px){.article-page .page-above{background:none;border-bottom:0;margin-left:140px;margin-right:140px}}@media(min-width:1240px)and (max-width:1289px){.article-page .page-above{margin-left:115px;margin-right:115px}}@media(min-width:1024px){.article-page .page-content{background:var(--site-bg-color);margin-left:140px;margin-right:140px;z-index:10}}@media(min-width:1240px)and (max-width:1289px){.article-page .page-content{margin-left:115px;margin-right:115px}}@media(min-width:1480px){.article-page .page-content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}.article-page .page-lead-media{margin:0 -20px 20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.article-page .page-lead-media{margin:0 0 40px}}.article-page .page-lead-media .carousel-slideshow img{max-height:none;max-width:none}@media(min-width:1240px){.article-page .page-main{width:calc(100% - 320px)}.article-page .story{width:100%}}.article-page [data-element=story-body] .list-article-body-items{list-style:none}.article-page [data-element=story-body] .list-article-body-item{margin:30px auto}.article-page [data-element=story-body] .list-article-body-item .headline{font-family:var(--headline-font),var(--headline-adjust-font),"times new roman",times,serif;font-size:1.25rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:-.2px;line-height:1.5rem;margin-bottom:40px}@media(min-width:1024px){.article-page [data-element=story-body] .list-article-body-item .headline{font-size:1.5rem;line-height:1.75rem}}.article-page .page-lead{margin:0 -20px 20px}@media(min-width:1024px){.article-page .page-lead{margin:0 0 40px}}.article-page .page-below{margin:0 auto;max-width:1200px}.article-page .page-titleline{color:var(--primary-text-color);display:flex;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:.875rem;margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:-10px;text-transform:uppercase}@media(min-width:768px){.article-page .page-titleline{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:680px}}.article-page .author-info{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:680px}.article-page .page-content-footer{margin-top:20px}.article-page .page-content-footer>:not(:last-child){padding-bottom:40px}.article-page.has-thread-module .page-article-container hr{margin:30px 0;visibility:hidden}.byline-enhanced{font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:.875rem}.byline-enhanced .author-avatar{height:46px;margin-right:0;width:46px}.byline-enhanced .author-avatar:hover img{border-color:var(--primary-body-link-color)}.byline-enhanced .author-info{margin-top:0;vertical-align:middle}.article-page .byline-enhanced .author-info{margin-left:0}.byline-enhanced .author-name a{color:var(--primary-text-color)}.byline-enhanced .author-name a:hover{color:var(--primary-body-link-color)}.byline-enhanced .author-social{color:var(--primary-text-color);display:inline-block;vertical-align:inherit}.byline-enhanced .author-social-link{align-items:center;color:var(--primary-text-color);display:flex;font-family:var(--service-font),arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.125rem}.byline-enhanced .author-social-link:hover{color:var(--primary-body-link-color)}.byline-enhanced .author-social-text{margin-left:3px}.byline-enhanced .author-social-icon{height:14px;width:14px}.byline-enhanced .author-title{color:var(--primary-text-color);display:inline;margin-left:0;vertical-align:inherit}.byline-enhanced .author-title:before{content:none}.byline-enhanced .author-title:after{content:" | ";margin:0 4px}.byline-enhanced .authors{margin-bottom:30px}.byline-enhanced .authors-avatars{margin-bottom:10px}.byline-enhanced .authors-byline{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center}.byline-enhanced .authors:not(.multiple-author){flex-direction:row}.byline-enhanced .authors:not(.multiple-author) .authors-avatars{margin-right:10px}.article-page .byline-enhanced .authors:not(.multiple-author) .authors-avatars{margin-bottom:0}.byline-enhanced .multiple-author{margin-bottom:10px}.byline-enhanced .multiple-author .author-avatar:nth-child(2){margin-left:15px}.last\:mb-0:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.last\:border-0:last-child{border-width:0}.last\:pb-0:last-child{padding-bottom:0}.last\:pr-0:last-child{padding-right:0}.first-of-type\:block:first-of-type{display:block}.hover\:border-secondary-color-5:hover{border-color:var(--secondary-color-5)}.hover\:text-brand-color:hover{color:var(--brand-color)}.hover\:text-list-title-link-hover-color:hover{color:var(--list-title-link-hover-color)}.hover\:underline:hover{text-decoration-line:underline}.hover\:opacity-80:hover{opacity:.8}.before\:absolute:before{position:absolute}.before\:top-0:before{top:0}.before\:block:before{display:block}.before\:-translate-y-full:before{--tw-translate-y:-100%;transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.before\:content-empty:before{--tw-content:"";content:var(--tw-content)}@media (min-width:320px){.xs\:-mb-5{margin-bottom:-1.25rem}.xs\:px-5{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}}@media (min-width:440px){.xs-5\:h-6{height:1.5rem}.xs-5\:w-6{width:1.5rem}.xs-5\:px-5{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}}@media (min-width:568px){.sm\:mt-10{margin-top:2.5rem}.sm\:block{display:block}.sm\:hidden{display:none}.sm\:h-6{height:1.5rem}.sm\:w-1\/2{width:50%}.sm\:w-1\/3{width:33.333333%}.sm\:w-2\/3{width:66.666667%}.sm\:w-6{width:1.5rem}.sm\:w-full{width:100%}.sm\:shrink-0{flex-shrink:0}.sm\:flex-row{flex-direction:row}.sm\:justify-between{justify-content:space-between}.sm\:border-0{border-width:0}.sm\:border-t{border-top-width:1px}.sm\:border-solid{border-style:solid}.sm\:border-secondary-color-6{border-color:var(--secondary-color-6)}.sm\:p-0{padding:0}.sm\:px-0{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.sm\:text-1xl{font-size:1.375rem}.sm\:leading-7\.5{line-height:1.875rem}.sm\:\[border\:unset\]{border:unset}}@media (min-width:768px){.md\:not-sr-only{height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;padding:0;position:static;width:auto;clip:auto;white-space:normal}.md\:absolute{position:absolute}.md\:relative{position:relative}.md\:bottom-auto{bottom:auto}.md\:left-0{left:0}.md\:top-1\.25{top:.3125rem}.md\:top-15{top:3.75rem}.md\:-mx-5{margin-left:-1.25rem;margin-right:-1.25rem}.md\:mx-auto{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.md\:my-10{margin-bottom:2.5rem;margin-top:2.5rem}.md\:-mr-7\.5{margin-right:-1.875rem}.md\:-mt-22\.5{margin-top:-5.625rem}.md\:-mt-7\.5{margin-top:-1.875rem}.md\:mb-0{margin-bottom:0}.md\:mb-1\.25{margin-bottom:.3125rem}.md\:mb-10{margin-bottom:2.5rem}.md\:mb-12\.5{margin-bottom:3.125rem}.md\:mb-20{margin-bottom:5rem}.md\:ml-2\.5{margin-left:.625rem}.md\:ml-5{margin-left:1.25rem}.md\:mt-0{margin-top:0}.md\:mt-5{margin-top:1.25rem}.md\:flex{display:flex}.md\:h-15{height:3.75rem}.md\:h-25{height:6.25rem}.md\:h-3\.75{height:.9375rem}.md\:h-7\.5{height:1.875rem}.md\:w-10{width:2.5rem}.md\:w-25{width:6.25rem}.md\:w-3\.75{width:.9375rem}.md\:w-53\.75{width:13.4375rem}.md\:w-7\.5{width:1.875rem}.md\:w-80{width:20rem}.md\:max-w-170{max-width:42.5rem}.md\:max-w-87\.5{max-width:21.875rem}.md\:grow{flex-grow:1}.md\:basis-0{flex-basis:0px}.md\:grid-cols-2{grid-template-columns:repeat(2,minmax(0,1fr))}.md\:grid-cols-3{grid-template-columns:repeat(3,minmax(0,1fr))}.md\:grid-cols-6{grid-template-columns:repeat(6,minmax(0,1fr))}.md\:flex-row{flex-direction:row}.md\:flex-wrap{flex-wrap:wrap}.md\:items-center{align-items:center}.md\:justify-start{justify-content:flex-start}.md\:gap-10{gap:2.5rem}.md\:gap-5{gap:1.25rem}.md\:rounded-sm{border-radius:.125rem}.md\:border{border-width:1px}.md\:border-b-0{border-bottom-width:0}.md\:border-r{border-right-width:1px}.md\:border-solid{border-style:solid}.md\:border-header-border-color{border-color:var(--header-border-color)}.md\:p-0{padding:0}.md\:p-10{padding:2.5rem}.md\:px-10{padding-left:2.5rem;padding-right:2.5rem}.md\:px-5{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}.md\:py-0{padding-bottom:0;padding-top:0}.md\:py-10{padding-bottom:2.5rem;padding-top:2.5rem}.md\:py-7\.5{padding-bottom:1.875rem;padding-top:1.875rem}.md\:pt-22\.5{padding-top:5.625rem}.md\:text-left{text-align:left}.md\:text-4xl-1{font-size:2.5rem}.md\:text-lg{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.75rem}.md\:leading-6\.5{line-height:1.625rem}.md\:shadow-sm-2{--tw-shadow:0 5px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.15);--tw-shadow-colored:0 5px 5px 0 var(--tw-shadow-color);box-shadow:var(--tw-ring-offset-shadow,0 0 #0000),var(--tw-ring-shadow,0 0 #0000),var(--tw-shadow)}.md\:hover\:text-secondary-color-7:hover{color:var(--secondary-color-7)}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg\:invisible{visibility:hidden}.lg\:absolute{position:absolute}.lg\:relative{position:relative}.lg\:left-67\.5{left:16.875rem}.lg\:top-0{top:0}.lg\:z-25{z-index:25}.lg\:z-initial{z-index:auto}.lg\:m-0{margin:0}.lg\:mx-0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.lg\:mx-2\.5{margin-left:.625rem;margin-right:.625rem}.lg\:mx-4{margin-left:1rem;margin-right:1rem}.lg\:mx-auto{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.lg\:-mt-4\.5{margin-top:-1.125rem}.lg\:ml-0{margin-left:0}.lg\:ml-3\.75{margin-left:.9375rem}.lg\:mt-0\.75{margin-top:.1875rem}.lg\:block{display:block}.lg\:flex{display:flex}.lg\:h-0{height:0}.lg\:h-full{height:100%}.lg\:w-0{width:0}.lg\:w-80{width:20rem}.lg\:w-\[173px\]{width:173px}.lg\:w-\[65\%\]{width:65%}.lg\:w-full{width:100%}.lg\:w-screen{width:100vw}.lg\:max-w-170{max-width:42.5rem}.lg\:max-w-none{max-width:none}.lg\:flex-auto{flex:1 1 auto}.lg\:-translate-x-5{--tw-translate-x:-1.25rem;transform:translate(var(--tw-translate-x),var(--tw-translate-y)) rotate(var(--tw-rotate)) skewX(var(--tw-skew-x)) skewY(var(--tw-skew-y)) scaleX(var(--tw-scale-x)) scaleY(var(--tw-scale-y))}.lg\:cursor-pointer{cursor:pointer}.lg\:flex-row{flex-direction:row}.lg\:items-center{align-items:center}.lg\:justify-evenly{justify-content:space-evenly}.lg\:gap-15{gap:3.75rem}.lg\:break-keep{word-break:keep-all}.lg\:border{border-width:1px}.lg\:border-solid{border-style:solid}.lg\:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color{border-color:var(--nav-sub-menu-border-color)}.lg\:bg-nav-bg-color{background-color:var(--nav-bg-color)}.lg\:bg-transparent{background-color:initial}.lg\:p-0{padding:0}.lg\:p-12\.5{padding:3.125rem}.lg\:px-2\.5{padding-left:.625rem;padding-right:.625rem}.lg\:px-5{padding-left:1.25rem;padding-right:1.25rem}.lg\:py-10{padding-bottom:2.5rem;padding-top:2.5rem}.lg\:py-5{padding-bottom:1.25rem;padding-top:1.25rem}.lg\:pb-12\.5{padding-bottom:3.125rem}.lg\:pl-10{padding-left:2.5rem}.lg\:pl-2\.5{padding-left:.625rem}.lg\:pr-0{padding-right:0}.lg\:pt-12\.5{padding-top:3.125rem}.lg\:pt-15{padding-top:3.75rem}.lg\:pt-3\.75{padding-top:.9375rem}.lg\:text-center{text-align:center}.lg\:scrollbar-hidden{scrollbar-width:none;-ms-overflow-style:none}.lg\:scrollbar-hidden::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.lg\:before\:fixed:before{position:fixed}.lg\:before\:-z-1:before{z-index:-1}.lg\:before\:block:before{display:block}.lg\:before\:h-full:before{height:100%}.lg\:before\:w-80:before{width:20rem}.lg\:before\:content-empty:before{--tw-content:"";content:var(--tw-content)}}@media (min-width:1240px){.xl\:mx-auto{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.xl\:w-53\.75{width:13.4375rem}.xl\:p-15{padding:3.75rem}.xl\:px-3{padding-left:.75rem;padding-right:.75rem}.xl\:pl-11{padding-left:2.75rem}.xl\:pl-12\.5{padding-left:3.125rem}.xl\:pr-11{padding-right:2.75rem}}@media (min-width:1440px){.xxl\:-mx-10{margin-right:-2.5rem}.xxl\:-ml-10,.xxl\:-mx-10{margin-left:-2.5rem}.xxl\:-mr-10{margin-right:-2.5rem}.xxl\:flex-1{flex:1 1 0%}}@media (min-width:768px){.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(-n\+2\)\]\:col-span-3 [data-element=media-set-media-container]:nth-of-type(-n+2){grid-column:span 3/span 3}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(-n\+3\)\]\:col-span-2 [data-element=media-set-media-container]:nth-of-type(-n+3){grid-column:span 2/span 2}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(1\)\]\:col-span-full [data-element=media-set-media-container]:first-of-type{grid-column:1/-1}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(1\)\]\:\[grid-row\:_1\/3\] [data-element=media-set-media-container]:first-of-type{grid-row:1/3}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(3\)\]\:col-span-full [data-element=media-set-media-container]:nth-of-type(3){grid-column:1/-1}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(3\)\]\:\[grid-column\:_2\/3\] [data-element=media-set-media-container]:nth-of-type(3){grid-column:2/3}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(3\)\]\:\[grid-row\:_1\/3\] [data-element=media-set-media-container]:nth-of-type(3){grid-row:1/3}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(n\+3\)\]\:col-span-2 [data-element=media-set-media-container]:nth-of-type(n+3){grid-column:span 2/span 2}.md\:\[\&_\[data-element\=\'media-set-media-container\'\]\:nth-of-type\(n\+4\)\]\:col-span-3 [data-element=media-set-media-container]:nth-of-type(n+4){grid-column:span 3/span 3}}.\[\&_a\]\:text-secondary-color-5 a{color:var(--secondary-color-5)}.\[\&_a\]\:no-underline a{text-decoration-line:none}.\[\&_img\]\:h-auto img{height:auto}.\[\&_img\]\:h-full img{height:100%}.\[\&_img\]\:w-\[230px\] img{width:230px}.\[\&_svg\]\:h-auto svg{height:auto}.\[\&_svg\]\:w-\[230px\] svg{width:230px}@media print{.\[\@media_print\]\:hidden{display:none}}[data-element=page-footer] .\[\[data-element\=\'page-footer\'\]_\&\]\:fill-secondary-color-5{fill:var(--secondary-color-5)} </style><style data-critical-fonts>@font-face{font-family:KisFBDisplay;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:swap;src:url("https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/assets/KisFBDisplay-Roman.6f505bd99ff1b58341f6ac7abe7fc12a.woff2") format('woff2');}@font-face{font-family:KisFBDisplay;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url("https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/assets/KisFBDisplay-Bold.4046c096f268453d9b0ff36ff067feec.woff2") format('woff2');}@font-face{font-family:TimesNewRomanAdjust;src:local('Times New Roman');font-weight:500;size-adjust:88.71%;}@font-face{font-family:TimesNewRomanAdjust;src:local('Times New Roman Bold');font-weight:700;size-adjust:91.5%;}@font-face{font-family:BentonGothic;font-style:normal;font-weight:300;font-display:swap;src:url("https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/assets/BentonGothic-Regular.0c532721f81fc3dc5537f4f33e2023d8.woff2") format('woff2');}@font-face{font-family:BentonGothic;font-style:normal;font-weight:500;font-display:swap;src:url("https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/assets/BentonGothic-Medium.0af2a448f6d58f8dd85f039eba38b50f.woff2") format('woff2');}@font-face{font-family:BentonGothic;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;font-display:swap;src:url("https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/assets/BentonGothic-Bold.0173e1397f3e876c231fe162dd06864a.woff2") format('woff2');}@font-face{font-family:BentonGothicCond-Black;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;font-display:swap;src:url("https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/assets/BentonGothicCond-Black.296bb6689af9a44513ffcc30e4f20962.woff2") format('woff2');}@font-face{font-family:FranklinGothic;font-style:normal;font-weight:900;font-display:swap;src:url("https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/assets/FranklinGothic-Bold.46a8e0772f0c116a099063431fcb82e1.woff2") format('woff2');}</style> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/styles-creative.min.41636293fb3fa201287ba0b2dfdcac16.gz.css" media="print" onload='this.media="all",this.onload=null' /><style>@media screen and (max-width: 768px) { .google-dfp-ad-wrapper:not([data-sticky="true"]):not([data-hide-ad="true"]) { min-height: 160px !important; } }</style> <style>.page-content-footer > ps-personalized-module { display: block; }</style> <style>.toggle-switch label{color:var(--header-text-color);font-family:arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:.875rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1rem;padding:0 0 0 10px}.toggle-switch-button{background-color:#ccc;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:3rem;height:1.875rem;margin:0 0 0 10px;transition:all .3s ease;width:3.5rem}.toggle-switch-button:after{background-color:var(--primary-text-color-inverse);border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-2);border-radius:50%;content:"";height:1.75rem;position:absolute;right:26px;top:0;width:1.75rem}.toggle-switch-button:hover,.toggle-switch-button:hover:after{border:1px solid var(--secondary-color-6)}.toggle-switch-button.is-checked{background-color:#09b109;border:1px solid #09b109}.toggle-switch-button.is-checked:after{right:0}.focus .page-body{overflow-x:hidden}.focus .rail-content{opacity:1;visibility:visible}@media(min-width:1240px){.focus .rail-content{width:320px}}.focus .about-box,.focus .newsletter-module,.focus .page-content-footer,.focus .revcontent{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:840px;transition:max-width .3s ease}.focus-toggle{display:none;position:relative}.focus .focus-toggle{margin-right:10px}@media(min-width:1240px){.focus .focus-toggle{display:flex}}.focus-transition .page-main,.focus-transition .rail,.focus-transition .rail-content{transition:all .6s ease-in-out}.focus-transition .toggle-switch-button{transition:all .3s ease}.focus-enabled .about-box,.focus-enabled .newsletter-module,.focus-enabled .page-content-footer,.focus-enabled .revcontent{max-width:680px}.focus-enabled .page-body .page-main{width:100%}.focus-enabled .rail{margin-left:0;width:0}.focus-enabled .rail-content{opacity:0;transform:translateX(40px);visibility:hidden}.focus-enabled .rail-content .google-dfp-ad-wrapper{display:none!important}@media(min-width:1024px){.focus-enabled .enhancement .google-dfp-ad-wrapper{margin:0 -165px;width:auto}}.focus-enabled .corrections[data-with-aside=true]{display:block}@media(min-width:1240px){.focus-enabled .page-content{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}}.focus-toggle-tooltip{background-color:var(--primary-body-link-color);border-radius:5px;box-shadow:2px 2px 20px rgba(0,0,0,.3);color:var(--primary-text-color-inverse);font-family:arial,"helvetica neue",helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-style:normal;font-weight:400;line-height:1.25rem;opacity:1;padding:20px 40px 20px 20px;top:50px;transform:translateX(-50%);transition:all .6s ease-out;visibility:visible;width:260px}.focus-toggle-tooltip-close{color:inherit;right:10px;top:10px}.focus-toggle-tooltip-close .icon{width:14px}.focus-toggle-tooltip:before{border-bottom:8px solid var(--primary-body-link-color);border-left:8px solid transparent;border-right:8px solid transparent;content:"";height:0;left:50%;margin-left:-10px;position:absolute;top:-8px;width:0}.focus-toggle-tooltip.fade-out{opacity:0;visibility:hidden} </style> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><title>Scientists are hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV - Los Angeles Times</title><meta name="description" content="A spate of large-scale clinical trials has scientists hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV."><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine"><meta name="brightspot.contentId" content="0000016c-d6c9-d93c-abec-f6ff1f410000"> <link rel="preload" as="image" imagesrcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/dd092e4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/320x233!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/60e571b/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/568x414!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/56aa38e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/768x559!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1b36677/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/1024x746!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 1024w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/85bb4a5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/1200x874!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 1200w" imagesizes="100vw"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-32x32.png"><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="/favicon-16x16.png"><script id="head-dl">var dataLayer = {"primarySection":"00000168-869a-d5d8-a76d-efdbcc330000","rootId":"","pageTitle":"Scientists are hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV - Los Angeles Times","publishDate":"09-06-2019 06:00","source":"latimes","pageName":"lat:science-medicine:hiv-vaccine:story.","platform":"22","sectionName":"science-medicine","cmsSlug":"hiv-vaccine","leadImage":{"bspContentUuid":"00000169-0ccf-dbbe-a16f-4eefa9880000","attribution":"(Mark Boster / Los Angeles Times)"},"ownerSite":"latimes","pageTypeCode":"story","isMobile":false,"headline":"HIV prevention is making progress. And a breakthrough vaccine appears within reach","urlSlug":"hiv-vaccine","publishTime":"2019-09-06T13:00:13.641Z","wordCount":1396,"bspContentUuid":"0000016c-d6c9-d93c-abec-f6ff1f410000","fullUrl":"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine","bspContentType":"story","isAccessibleForFree":false,"url":"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine","sectionFullPath":"science-medicine","tags":"COVID-19 Pandemic","sitePath":"/","sectionFullPathName":"science-medicine","site":"latimes","paywallTier":"metered","domain":"www.latimes.com","permalink":"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine","authors":"Emily Baumgaertner"};dataLayer.pixelId = '' + Date.now() + Math.ceil(window.crypto ? window.crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint32Array(1))[0] : Math.random());</script><script id="head-experiments">var personalizationConfig = {"experiments":[],"fixedConfiguration":{}};</script><script id="head-read-content-tracker-config">var readContentTrackerConfig = {"enableTracker":true,"delaySeconds":5};</script><script> var componentStyles = { gvp: 'https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/styles-gvp.min.e624f41b358f2fb3153dacb78bac1156.gz.css', poi: 'https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/styles-poi.min.e71f07828151d2fc325bd516b81a4099.gz.css', weather: 'https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/styles-weather.min.f7bcc9ce34364f82dc318cec6f869183.gz.css' }; var jsPrefetch = { } </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","isAccessibleForFree":false,"articleBody":"First there were the drugs that could knock back HIV to undetectable levels, and the virus was no longer synonymous with a death sentence. Then came a treatment that allowed people who were HIV-negative to remain that way, even if their partners weren't. But to truly defeat the virus that causes AIDS, doctors need a vaccine. And after decades of dead ends and dashed hopes, they may finally be on the verge of having one. With a large-scale clinical trial launching this fall and several others already underway, scientists say they are cautiously optimistic that they'll soon have a way to fight HIV long before a person is ever exposed. “When you have a disease that is transmitted without symptoms, you’re going to acquire it when you least expect it,\" said Dr. Larry Corey, principal investigator of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network. In such situations, \"the only base control measure ever proven to be effective is a vaccine.” Researchers and public health experts agree that the surest way to eliminate a disease for good is by deploying a vaccine. It worked for smallpox. It worked for polio. And, if combined with antiretroviral therapy and pre-exposure prophylaxis, it could work for HIV too. A vaccine would mean \"the end of the AIDS story as we know it,” said Dr. Robert C. Gallo, director of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. More than 37 million people around the world are living with HIV, and they spread it to about 5,000 others every day, Corey said. There are also about 180,000 transmissions to newborns each year. “This virus is unfortunately doing very well,” he said. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks a specific type of white blood cell the body relies on to fight off infections. If left untreated for several years, a patient's white blood cell count becomes critically low, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). That makes the body vulnerable to bacteria and fungi that can cause tuberculosis, meningitis, certain types of cancer and other serious diseases that can lead to death. Once Gallo and other scientists identified HIV as the cause of AIDS in 1984, it didn't take long for them to recognize the need for a way to inoculate people against the virus. Even back then, he said, “We were already planning for a vaccine.\" Vaccines prime the immune system for a dangerous invader by introducing a dead or weakened version of it. That way, if the real threat comes along later, the body is already equipped to recognize it and beat it back. With classic threats like measles or polio, the vast majority of people are already able to suppress the virus and eradicate it from their bodies. In those cases, developing a vaccine is as simple as finding a safe way to mimic a natural infection — perhaps by introducing a modified version that has been stripped of its weaponry. But HIV is different, because no patient has ever been known to overcome the virus on his or her own. That means scientists working on a vaccine don't have a natural cheat sheet at their disposal. It also means that a successful vaccine will have to work extra hard to achieve its goal. “If we want to make a durable vaccine, we have to be even more clever than the natural infection. We’ve never had that challenge with any other virus,” said Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “I don’t think it’s going to be impossible. But we need to understand the relationship between the pathogen and the immune system in a way we’ve never had to before.” HIV is a wily opponent. The virus doesn't just defend itself against attacking immune cells, it invades them, integrating itself into the victim's DNA. It can also envelop itself in sugar molecules to keep antibodies from latching onto its shell. Then there are genetic complications. HIV has more genetic diversity than any other known virus. It makes frequent mistakes as it replicates, and it can survive without correcting them. This ability to rapidly mutate makes it a moving target — no match for a vaccine designed to protect against a single strain. On top of that, there are different HIV subtypes in different parts of the world. (Subtype B is common in North America and Europe, for example, while subtype C is found in southern and eastern Africa.) An effective vaccine must be based on components drawn from a mosaic of HIV variants in order to work against many strains. “You have to protect against all that variability,” said Dr. Susan Buchbinder, director of Bridge HIV, a prevention research unit in the San Francisco Department of Public Health. That strategy will be tested this fall in a large-scale efficacy trial called Mosaico. The experimental vaccine, made by Johnson & Johnson, contains an array of genetic sequences from various HIV strains. In preclinical trials, the vaccine effectively protected about 66% of nonhuman primates against HIV-like viruses. Follow-up studies in people helped finalize its makeup. Now scientists plan to enroll some 3,800 healthy participants at more than 50 trial sites across North and South America and Europe. All of them will be drawn from groups that are at high risk of contracting HIV, including men who have sex with men and transgender people. They will receive four vaccinations over the course of a year. The study will be double-blind, meaning that neither the participants nor the researchers will know who has been randomly selected to receive the experimental vaccine and who is getting a placebo. If the vaccine proves successful, researchers hope it will be used around the world. “We’re really excited about this one,” said Buchbinder, the protocol chair for the Mosaico trial. Focusing on high-risk populations is paramount, researchers say. Men who have sex with men constitute almost two-thirds of new HIV infections in the United States. And the world's approximately 25 million transgender people are almost 50 times more likely to be living with HIV than the general population. As part of the study enrollment process, the researchers will educate volunteers on the benefits of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and urge them to take that drug in lieu of joining the study. Only those who say they still want to forgo the treatment will be able to participate. Other trials are already underway. In sub-Saharan Africa, a similar vaccine is being tested on 2,600 women, the group that's most at risk in that region. That trial began in 2017, and results won't be available until 2021 at the earliest. Two parallel studies that began in 2016 are intended to test whether infusions of a broadly neutralizing antibody can prevent a person from acquiring HIV and, if so, what levels are needed to sustain that protection. Lab studies showed that these antibodies stop up to 90% of HIV strains from infecting human cells. These trials are taking place in sub-Saharan Africa and North and South America. Another clinical trial underway in South Africa is testing an enhanced version of a vaccine that was the first to show even limited effectiveness against HIV. That vaccine provided sustained protection in about one-third of those tested in a 2009 landmark study in Thailand. “It wasn’t good enough for prime time, but it helped us,” Fauci said. He said experts decided not to deploy the vaccine, in part because it might make people think they were immune to HIV when in reality they were only partially protected. No vaccine is foolproof, and scientists say they don't have to be. Researchers with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative determined that a vaccine that's 70% effective would do more to prevent new infections than PrEP. The Mosaico trial is pushing for 65% effectiveness, Buchbinder said. “Even a more modestly effective vaccine could alter the course of the epidemic,\" she said. Many other vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. Gallo and his colleagues are working on their own HIV vaccine that they expect will enter a Phase II trial to test its efficacy in the near future. “We’ve clearly had our ups and downs, but science is all about testing our hypotheses, even if the outcome is, ‘Nope, definitely not working,’” Buchbinder said. “The only failed experiment is one in which you don’t find an answer to your question.”","articleSection":"Science & Medicine","url":"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine","dateModified":"2019-09-06T13:01:01.622Z","datePublished":"2019-09-06T13:00:13.641Z","description":"A spate of large-scale clinical trials has scientists hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV.","hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".paywall"},"image":[{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","height":437,"url":"https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c64646e/2147483647/strip/false/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/600x437!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001","width":600},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","height":675,"url":"https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/6ce774a/2147483647/strip/false/crop/600x338+0+50/resize/1200x675!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001","width":1200}],"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"Los Angeles Times","productID":"lanews:all-access"},"mainEntityOfPage":{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine"},"author":[{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Person","affiliation":"Los Angeles Times","description":"Emily Baumgaertner was a national correspondent for the Los Angeles Times focused on medical investigations and features. ","name":"Emily Baumgaertner","url":"https://www.latimes.com/people/emily-baumgaertner"}],"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Los Angeles Times","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/954b438/2147483647/strip/false/crop/382x60+0+0/resize/382x60!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fde%2F5f%2F46c2d05b430cbc6e775301df1062%2Flogo-full-black.png","width":382,"height":60}},"name":"Scientists are hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV - Los Angeles Times","headline":"Scientists are hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV"}</script> <meta name="brightspot.cached" content="false"> <script>var relativeTimeLocalization = {"promo.minuteAgo":"{t} minute ago","promo.hourAgo":"{t} hour ago","promo.hoursAgo":"{t} hours ago","promo.minutesAgo":"{t} minutes ago","timeToken":"{t}"};</script> <script> function loadUA() { !function(n,r,e,t,c){var i,o="Promise"in n,u={then:function(){return u},catch:function(n){ return n(new Error("Airship SDK Error: Unsupported browser")),u}},s=o?new Promise((function(n,r){i=function(e,t){e?r(e):n(t)}})):u ;s._async_setup=function(n){if(o)try{i(null,n(c))}catch(n){i(n)}},n[t]=s;var a=r.createElement("script");a.src=e,a.async=!0,a.id="_uasdk", a.rel=t,r.head.appendChild(a)}(window,document, 'https://aswpsdkus.com/notify/v1/ua-sdk.min.js', 'UA', { vapidPublicKey: 'BLadq-gNwSoSjF1twrj519LVpJ-6OP0sDDTO4Ez7rtClyNbIcsJGs85ZpGCNYWZGi4cTi6sKJ2vwpmv34QPOJsI=', appKey: 'gCzCX0PfQWeVj1r-bBhQgA', token: 'MTpnQ3pDWDBQZlFXZVZqMXItYkJoUWdBOmhkc1NoLUxuLXpEeGx6TExqdS1Wa2RlcGd4M0RsWHU2TW4xX1ZtNDhKWFE', websitePushId: 'web.com.latimes' }); return {"appearDelay":6,"disappearDelay":30,"dismissAskAgainDelay":86400,"ignoreAskAgainDelay":1800,"isEnableSoftAsk":false,"targetTags":["v2-Breaking News"]}; } </script> <script src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/resource/0000016e-6bb5-d505-abef-fbb7e4420000/styleguide/Core.min.81f746d1c278123ec0ccfc3193d8e51b.gz.js" defer="defer"></script> <script src="https://libs.platform.latimes.com/meteringjs/latspot.js" async ></script> <script src="https://ssor.platform.californiatimes.com/reg/tribune/latspot.min.js" defer="defer" ></script> <script>window.meteringEnabled=!0</script> <script src="https://ads.pubmatic.com/AdServer/js/pwt/161814/7004/pwt.js" defer="defer" ></script> <script src="https://launchpad-wrapper.privacymanager.io/16fec6cd-e34e-4823-9716-b0a6c24a8a62/launchpad-liveramp.js" defer="defer" ></script> <script src="https://micro.rubiconproject.com/prebid/dynamic/20520.js" defer="defer" ></script> <script src="https://cdn.confiant-integrations.net/GfBGK_P3Adzw1hvTTkQjebew6Z4/gpt_and_prebid/config.js" async ></script> <script >(window.meteringjs || (window.meteringjs = [])).push({ status: function (info) { if (meteringjs.dataLayer && meteringjs.dataLayer.showPaywall) { console.log('Skipping FC for metered view'); if (window.scrollY === 0 && document.querySelector('.google-dfp-ad-sticky')) { console.log('Triggering DFP SA'); window.scrollTo(window.scrollX, window.scrollY + 1); window.scrollTo(window.scrollX, window.scrollY - 1); } return; } const subLevels = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '888']; if (info.subscriptionLevels && info.subscriptionLevels.some(function (level) { return subLevels.includes(level); })) { console.log('Skipping FC Sub'); return; } function loadFc() { (window.deferredScripts || (window.deferredScripts = [])).push({src: 'https://www.latimes.com/api/scripts/js/gfc.js', timing: 'immediately'}) } document.readyState !== 'complete' ? window.addEventListener('load', () => loadFc()) : loadFc(); } });</script> <script src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js" async ></script> <script> var dfpKV = dfpKV || {};dfpKV.refreshInterval = 30;dfpKV.refreshExcludedSizes = [[1, 1], [5, 1], [1800, 220]];dfpKV.maxRbSync = 3;dfpKV.pageType = 'story';dfpKV.visibilityThreshold = 0.5;dfpKV.fetchOffset = 1.5;dfpKV.stickyAdFetchOffset = 0.0;dfpKV.rdpMode = 'cookie';dfpKV.amazonTamClientId = '3886';dfpKV.targeting = {"pagetype":"story","slugwords":["hiv","vaccine"],"contentidentifier":"hiv-vaccine","primarysection":"science-medicine","platform":"web","contenttype":"story","design":"bs","topictags":"covid-19-pandemic","slug":"hiv-vaccine"};dfpKV.liveRampPid = '13735';</script> <script>!function(n,t,e,a,i,s,c){function o(e,a){t[n]._Q.push([e,a])}t[n]||(t[n]={init:function(){o("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){o("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]},(s=e.createElement(a)).async=!0,s.src="//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js",(c=e.getElementsByTagName(a)[0]).parentNode.insertBefore(s,c))}("apstag",window,document,"script")</script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; if (document.cookie.indexOf('c_mId=') > -1) { (window.meteringjs || (window.meteringjs = [])).push({ status: (info) => { const subLevels = ['1','2','3','4','555','888']; dfpKV.subLevels = info && Array.isArray(info.subscriptionLevels) ? info.subscriptionLevels : []; const isSub = dfpKV.subLevels.some(level => subLevels.includes(level)); dfpKV.sub_status = isSub ? '1' : '0'; dfpKV.ready = true; const dfpReadyEvent = new window.CustomEvent('googledfp:ready', {bubbles: true}); window.dispatchEvent(dfpReadyEvent); } }); } else { dfpKV.ready = true; dfpKV.sub_status = '0'; dfpKV.subLevels = []; } googletag.cmd.push(() => { googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableAsyncRendering(); googletag.pubads().enableVideoAds(); googletag.companionAds().setRefreshUnfilledSlots(false); if (window.dataLayer) window.dataLayer.renderedAds = []; }); window.pbjs = window.pbjs || {que: []}; if (navigator.globalPrivacyControl || document.cookie.indexOf('c_rdp=1') > -1) { document.cookie = '_pbjs_id_optout=1;path=/;secure'; }var pbto = 3000;var apstagSlots = {}; var apstag = apstag || {};</script><script >!function(n,e,i){if(!n){n=n||{},window.permutive=n,n.q=[],n.config=i||{},n.config.apiKey=e,n.config.environment=n.config.environment||"production";for(var o=["addon","identify","track","trigger","query","segment","segments","ready","on","once","user","consent"],r=0;r<o.length;r++){var t=o[r];n[t]=function(e){return function(){var i=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0);n.q.push({functionName:e,arguments:i})}}(t)}}}(window.permutive,"5d77544a-6fe3-4644-bf31-bccb6eef1a61",{}); window.googletag=window.googletag||{},window.googletag.cmd=window.googletag.cmd||[],window.googletag.cmd.push(function(){if(0===window.googletag.pubads().getTargeting("permutive").length){var g=window.localStorage.getItem("_pdfps");window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("permutive",g?JSON.parse(g):[]);var o=window.localStorage.getItem("permutive-id");o&&(window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("puid",o),window.googletag.pubads().setTargeting("ptime",Date.now().toString()))}});</script> <script src="https://68547f8f-2fd8-4ff3-9b63-51e86e2edee8.edge.permutive.app/68547f8f-2fd8-4ff3-9b63-51e86e2edee8-web.js" async ></script> <script> window.permutiveData = window.permutiveData || {}; window.permutiveData.page = {"content":{"type":"story","pageType":"story","publishDate":"2019-09-06T13:00:13.641Z","publisher":"latimes","adUnit":"web.latimes/science","leadArtType":"image","id":"0000016c-d6c9-d93c-abec-f6ff1f410000","title":"HIV prevention is making progress. And a breakthrough vaccine appears within reach","description":"A spate of large-scale clinical trials has scientists hopeful about a vaccine to prevent HIV.","slug":"hiv-vaccine","paywallTier":"metered","isSponsored":false,"topicTags":["covid-19-pandemic"],"section":"science-medicine","authors":["Emily Baumgaertner"],"source":"latimes","wordCount":1396},"classifications_watson":{"keywords":"$alchemy_keywords","sentiment":"$alchemy_document_sentiment"}};permutiveData.identities = ["1P_UUID","SSOR_ID"]; </script> <script src="https://libs.platform.latimes.com/modalityjs/latest.js" async ></script> <script src="https://libs.platform.californiatimes.com/newsletter-campaign-manager/latest.js" async ></script> <script >LUX=function(){function n(){return Date.now?Date.now():+new Date}var r,e=n(),t=window.performance||{},a=t.timing||{navigationStart:(null===(r=window.LUX)||void 0===r?void 0:r.ns)||e};function o(){return t.now?(r=t.now(),Math.floor(r)):n()-a.navigationStart;var r}(LUX=window.LUX||{}).ac=[],LUX.addData=function(n,r){return LUX.cmd(["addData",n,r])},LUX.cmd=function(n){return LUX.ac.push(n)},LUX.getDebug=function(){return[[e,0,[]]]},LUX.init=function(){return LUX.cmd(["init"])},LUX.mark=function(){for(var n=[],r=0;r<arguments.length;r++)n[r]=arguments[r];if(t.mark)return t.mark.apply(t,n);var e=n[0],a=n[1]||{};void 0===a.startTime&&(a.startTime=o());LUX.cmd(["mark",e,a])},LUX.markLoadTime=function(){return LUX.cmd(["markLoadTime",o()])},LUX.measure=function(){for(var n=[],r=0;r<arguments.length;r++)n[r]=arguments[r];if(t.measure)return t.measure.apply(t,n);var e,a=n[0],i=n[1],u=n[2];e="object"==typeof i?n[1]:{start:i,end:u};e.duration||e.end||(e.end=o());LUX.cmd(["measure",a,e])},LUX.send=function(){return LUX.cmd(["send"])},LUX.ns=e;var i=LUX;if(window.LUX_ae=[],window.addEventListener("error",(function(n){window.LUX_ae.push(n)})),window.LUX_al=[],"function"==typeof PerformanceObserver&&"function"==typeof PerformanceLongTaskTiming){var u=new PerformanceObserver((function(n){for(var r=n.getEntries(),e=0;e<r.length;e++)window.LUX_al.push(r[e])}));try{u.observe({type:"longtask"})}catch(n){}}return i}();</script> <script src="https://cdn.speedcurve.com/js/lux.js?id=20201913" defer="defer" ></script> <script >var _lb = '1';</script> <script src="https://activate.platform.californiatimes.com/caltimes/latimes/Bootstrap.js" defer="defer" ></script> </head> <body class="page-body" > <svg id="iconsMap" class="icons-map" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="display:none;"> <symbol id="mono-icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 10 19"> <path d="M2.6 17.6V9.5H0V5.9h2.6V4.6c0-2.4 1.8-4.6 4-4.6h2.9v3.6H6.6c-.3 0-.7.4-.7 1V6h3.6v3.6H5.9v8.1" fill-rule="evenodd"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-instagram" viewBox="0 0 17 17"> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M8.281 4.207c.727 0 1.4.182 2.022.545a4.055 4.055 0 0 1 1.476 1.477c.364.62.545 1.294.545 2.021 0 .727-.181 1.4-.545 2.021a4.055 4.055 0 0 1-1.476 1.477 3.934 3.934 0 0 1-2.022.545c-.726 0-1.4-.182-2.021-.545a4.055 4.055 0 0 1-1.477-1.477 3.934 3.934 0 0 1-.545-2.021c0-.727.182-1.4.545-2.021A4.055 4.055 0 0 1 6.26 4.752a3.934 3.934 0 0 1 2.021-.545zm0 6.68a2.54 2.54 0 0 0 1.864-.774 2.54 2.54 0 0 0 .773-1.863 2.54 2.54 0 0 0-.773-1.863 2.54 2.54 0 0 0-1.864-.774 2.54 2.54 0 0 0-1.863.774 2.54 2.54 0 0 0-.773 1.863c0 .727.257 1.348.773 1.863a2.54 2.54 0 0 0 1.863.774zM13.45 4.03c-.023.258-.123.48-.299.668a.856.856 0 0 1-.65.281.913.913 0 0 1-.668-.28.913.913 0 0 1-.281-.669c0-.258.094-.48.281-.668a.913.913 0 0 1 .668-.28c.258 0 .48.093.668.28.187.188.281.41.281.668zm2.672.95c.023.656.035 1.746.035 3.269 0 1.523-.017 2.62-.053 3.287-.035.668-.134 1.248-.298 1.74a4.098 4.098 0 0 1-.967 1.53 4.098 4.098 0 0 1-1.53.966c-.492.164-1.072.264-1.74.3-.668.034-1.763.052-3.287.052-1.523 0-2.619-.018-3.287-.053-.668-.035-1.248-.146-1.74-.334a3.747 3.747 0 0 1-1.53-.931 4.098 4.098 0 0 1-.966-1.53c-.164-.492-.264-1.072-.299-1.74C.424 10.87.406 9.773.406 8.25S.424 5.63.46 4.963c.035-.668.135-1.248.299-1.74.21-.586.533-1.096.967-1.53A4.098 4.098 0 0 1 3.254.727c.492-.164 1.072-.264 1.74-.3C5.662.394 6.758.376 8.281.376c1.524 0 2.62.018 3.287.053.668.035 1.248.135 1.74.299a4.098 4.098 0 0 1 2.496 2.496c.165.492.27 1.078.317 1.757zm-1.687 7.91c.14-.399.234-1.032.28-1.899.024-.515.036-1.242.036-2.18V7.689c0-.961-.012-1.688-.035-2.18-.047-.89-.14-1.524-.281-1.899a2.537 2.537 0 0 0-1.512-1.511c-.375-.14-1.008-.235-1.899-.282a51.292 51.292 0 0 0-2.18-.035H7.72c-.938 0-1.664.012-2.18.035-.867.047-1.5.141-1.898.282a2.537 2.537 0 0 0-1.512 1.511c-.14.375-.234 1.008-.281 1.899a51.292 51.292 0 0 0-.036 2.18v1.125c0 .937.012 1.664.036 2.18.047.866.14 1.5.28 1.898.306.726.81 1.23 1.513 1.511.398.141 1.03.235 1.898.282.516.023 1.242.035 2.18.035h1.125c.96 0 1.687-.012 2.18-.035.89-.047 1.523-.141 1.898-.282.726-.304 1.23-.808 1.512-1.511z"></path> </g> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-email" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path d="M14.9 2.4H3.1A2.22 2.22 0 0 0 .9 4.6v8.8a2.22 2.22 0 0 0 2.2 2.2h11.7a2.22 2.22 0 0 0 2.2-2.2V4.6c.1-1.2-.9-2.2-2.1-2.2zM3.1 3.9h11.7c.3 0 .5.2.7.4L9 8.8 2.5 4.3c.1-.3.3-.4.6-.4zm11.8 10.2H3.1a.68.68 0 0 1-.7-.7V6l6.2 4.3c.1.1.3.1.4.1s.3 0 .4-.1L15.6 6v7.4a.68.68 0 0 1-.7.7z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-print" viewBox="0 0 21 21"> <path d="M17.5 7.1h-1V1.8c0-.4-.3-.8-.8-.8H5.2c-.4 0-.7.3-.7.8v5.4h-1C2.1 7.1 1 8.2 1 9.6V14c0 1.4 1.1 2.5 2.5 2.5h1v2.8c0 .4.3.8.8.8h10.5c.4 0 .8-.3.8-.8v-2.8h1c1.4 0 2.5-1.1 2.5-2.5V9.6c-.1-1.4-1.2-2.5-2.6-2.5zM6 2.5h9v4.6H6V2.5zm9 16H6V13h9v5.5zm3.5-4.5a.94.94 0 0 1-1 1h-1v-2.8c0-.4-.3-.8-.8-.8H5.2c-.4 0-.8.3-.8.8V15h-1a.94.94 0 0 1-1-1V9.6a.94.94 0 0 1 1-1h14a.94.94 0 0 1 1 1V14z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-copylink" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path d="M5.4 17s-.1 0 0 0c-1.2 0-2.3-.5-3.1-1.3-.9-.8-1.3-1.9-1.3-3 0-1.2.4-2.3 1.2-3.1l2.2-2.2c.4-.4 1-.8 1.6-1 .6-.3 1.2-.4 1.8-.3.6 0 1.2.2 1.8.5s1 .7 1.4 1.2c.2.3.2.8-.1 1s-.8.2-1-.1c-.3-.3-.6-.6-1-.8-.3-.2-.7-.3-1.2-.4-.4 0-.8 0-1.2.2-.4.1-.8.4-1 .7l-2.2 2.2c-.5.5-.8 1.3-.8 2.1s.3 1.5.9 2c.5.5 1.3.9 2 .9.8 0 1.5-.3 2.1-.8l1.2-1.2c.3-.3.8-.3 1 0 .3.3.3.8 0 1l-1.3 1.3c-.8.7-1.9 1.1-3 1.1zm5.1-5.1h-.3c-.6 0-1.2-.2-1.8-.5s-1-.7-1.4-1.2c-.2-.3-.2-.8.1-1s.8-.2 1 .1c.3.3.6.6.9.8.4.2.8.3 1.2.4.4 0 .8 0 1.2-.2.4-.1.8-.4 1-.7l2.2-2.2c.5-.5.8-1.3.8-2.1 0-1.6-1.3-2.9-2.9-2.9-.8 0-1.5.3-2.1.8L9.3 4.5c-.3.3-.8.3-1 0-.3-.3-.3-.7 0-1l1.3-1.3c.8-.8 1.9-1.3 3.1-1.2C15 1 17 3 17 5.3c0 1.2-.4 2.3-1.2 3.1l-2.2 2.2c-.4.4-1 .8-1.6 1-.5.2-1 .3-1.5.3z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-check-mark" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path d="M15.6 3.9c-.3-.3-.7-.3-1 0l-8 8-4-4.1c-.3-.3-.7-.3-1 0L.2 9.2c-.3.3-.3.7 0 1l6 6.1c.3.3.7.3 1 0l9.9-9.9c.3-.3.3-.7 0-1l-1.5-1.5z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 22 22"> <path d="M.734 2.204c0-.812.675-1.471 1.508-1.471H19.76c.833 0 1.508.658 1.508 1.471v17.592c0 .812-.675 1.471-1.508 1.471H2.242c-.833 0-1.508-.658-1.508-1.471V2.204zm6.344 15.718V8.65H3.997v9.272h3.081zM5.538 7.384c1.074 0 1.743-.711 1.743-1.602-.019-.91-.667-1.602-1.722-1.602s-1.744.693-1.744 1.602c0 .891.669 1.602 1.703 1.602h.021zm6.299 10.539v-5.178c0-.277.021-.554.103-.752.222-.553.729-1.127 1.581-1.127 1.115 0 1.561.85 1.561 2.097v4.96h3.081v-5.318c0-2.849-1.519-4.173-3.547-4.173-1.635 0-2.368.898-2.778 1.531v.032h-.02l.02-.032V8.65h-3.08v9.272h3.08z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-twitter" viewBox="0 0 16 15"> <path d="M9.4 6.6l5.5-6h-1.3L8.8 5.8 5 .7H.7l5.7 7.8-5.7 6.2H2l5-5.5 4 5.5h4.4l-6-8.1h0 0zm-1.8 2L7 7.8 2.4 1.6h2l3.7 5 .6.8 4.8 6.5h-2L7.6 8.6h0 0z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-youtube" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M508.6,148.8c0-45-33.1-81.2-74-81.2C379.2,65,322.7,64,265,64c-3,0-6,0-9,0s-6,0-9,0c-57.6,0-114.2,1-169.6,3.6 c-40.8,0-73.9,36.4-73.9,81.4C1,184.6-0.1,220.2,0,255.8C-0.1,291.4,1,327,3.4,362.7c0,45,33.1,81.5,73.9,81.5 c58.2,2.7,117.9,3.9,178.6,3.8c60.8,0.2,120.3-1,178.6-3.8c40.9,0,74-36.5,74-81.5c2.4-35.7,3.5-71.3,3.4-107 C512.1,220.1,511,184.5,508.6,148.8z M207,353.9V157.4l145,98.2L207,353.9z"></path> </g> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-reddit" viewBox="0 0 21 21"> <path d="M12.9 10.5a1.11 1.11 0 0 0-1.1 1.1 1.11 1.11 0 0 0 1.1 1.1h0 .1 0c.6 0 1-.5 1-1.1a1.11 1.11 0 0 0-1.1-1.1zm-.2 3.6c-.6.5-1.4.7-2.2.6-.8 0-1.6-.2-2.2-.7H8c-.1.1-.1.3 0 .4.7.6 1.7.8 2.6.8s1.8-.2 2.6-.8h0 0c.1-.1.1-.3 0-.4s-.4-.1-.5.1z"/><path d="M9.1 11.6A1.11 1.11 0 0 0 8 10.5c-.5 0-1 .5-1 1.1s.5 1 1.1 1.1c.5-.1 1-.6 1-1.1zM10.5 0a10.5 10.5 0 1 0 0 21 10.5 10.5 0 1 0 0-21zm6.2 11.9v.5c0 2.4-2.7 4.3-6.1 4.3s-6.1-1.9-6.1-4.3v-.5a1.38 1.38 0 0 1-.4-.3 1.46 1.46 0 0 1-.2-2.1c.6-.6 1.5-.6 2.2-.1 1.2-.8 2.6-1.3 4.1-1.3l.8-3.7h0c0-.2.2-.3.4-.2l2.6.5c.2-.3.5-.5.8-.5.6-.1 1.1.4 1.2.9.1.6-.4 1.1-.9 1.2s-1.1-.4-1.2-.9l-2.2-.5-.7 3.3c1.4 0 2.8.5 4 1.3.3-.3.6-.4 1-.4.8 0 1.6.6 1.6 1.5h0 0c-.1.5-.4 1-.9 1.3z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-whatsapp" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path d="M13.318 10.343l-1.58-.747a.91.91 0 0 0-.306-.067c-.177 0-.326.088-.442.262-.131.195-.528.659-.65.797-.016.018-.038.04-.051.04a4.69 4.69 0 0 1-.276-.11c-1.408-.612-2.476-2.082-2.623-2.33-.021-.036-.022-.052-.022-.052.005-.019.052-.066.077-.091.072-.071.149-.164.224-.254l.106-.126c.109-.126.157-.225.213-.338l.029-.059c.137-.272.02-.502-.018-.576-.031-.062-.585-1.399-.644-1.54-.142-.339-.329-.497-.589-.497l-.101.004c-.123.005-.794.094-1.091.281-.315.198-.847.831-.847 1.943 0 1.001.635 1.946.908 2.306l.037.054c1.044 1.525 2.347 2.656 3.667 3.183 1.271.508 1.873.566 2.215.566.144 0 .259-.011.36-.021l.064-.006c.439-.039 1.404-.539 1.623-1.149.173-.48.218-1.005.104-1.196-.079-.13-.215-.195-.386-.277h-.001zM9.16 0C4.285 0 .319 3.936.319 8.775a8.71 8.71 0 0 0 1.212 4.437L.012 17.691c-.028.084-.007.176.054.239.045.046.105.07.167.07a.25.25 0 0 0 .071-.011l4.671-1.484a8.9 8.9 0 0 0 4.185 1.043c4.874 0 8.84-3.936 8.84-8.774S14.034 0 9.16 0zm0 15.721c-1.376 0-2.708-.397-3.853-1.149-.038-.025-.083-.038-.128-.038-.024 0-.048.004-.071.011l-2.34.744.755-2.228c.025-.072.012-.152-.033-.213a6.85 6.85 0 0 1-1.333-4.072c0-3.83 3.141-6.947 7.003-6.947s7.002 3.116 7.002 6.947-3.141 6.946-7.002 6.946h0z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="mono-icon-threads" viewBox="0 0 17 18"> <path d="M8.395 17.8c-.438 0-.87-.028-1.287-.085s-.822-.144-1.214-.257-.766-.259-1.124-.431-.7-.372-1.02-.603-.622-.488-.9-.778a6.87 6.87 0 0 1-.763-.95c-.231-.346-.436-.721-.613-1.124s-.325-.836-.445-1.301l-.17-.794-.113-.806-.064-.804-.019-.792.021-.763.054-.723.08-.669.104-.603.16-.662.233-.702.306-.719.382-.712a7.63 7.63 0 0 1 .457-.681c.165-.219.344-.431.537-.629s.396-.384.615-.554.45-.323.697-.457a7.52 7.52 0 0 1 .792-.37c.269-.108.54-.198.813-.276l.818-.191.808-.115.78-.047.738.012.679.061.601.104.681.172.634.21.591.252.549.295.509.337.474.382a6.28 6.28 0 0 1 .438.429l.405.476.375.528.306.514.243.481.184.434.134.37.09.292.049.196.019.085-.184.035-.184.035-.184.035-.184.035-.184.035-.184.035-.184.035-.012-.054-.04-.146-.071-.226-.106-.29-.149-.342-.193-.382-.243-.405-.297-.417-.321-.377-.344-.337-.372-.299-.403-.264a5.08 5.08 0 0 0-.436-.229l-.474-.198-.511-.167-.554-.139-.533-.09-.587-.049-.627-.005-.653.045-.664.099-.665.158-.648.222a5.93 5.93 0 0 0-.62.29c-.203.108-.391.238-.568.382a4.45 4.45 0 0 0-.495.471c-.153.17-.295.349-.424.535l-.356.57-.29.582-.226.566-.167.525-.111.457-.09.521-.071.589-.047.643-.019.683.014.709.054.721.099.721.151.705.205.669a6.02 6.02 0 0 0 .259.615 5.64 5.64 0 0 0 .311.563c.113.179.233.349.363.509s.269.313.417.455a5.1 5.1 0 0 0 .469.403c.165.125.337.24.521.346a5.65 5.65 0 0 0 .57.292 6.23 6.23 0 0 0 .69.255 6.91 6.91 0 0 0 .712.17l.716.094.709.028.686-.031.648-.078.596-.116.53-.146c.163-.052.325-.115.483-.191s.313-.158.462-.252.295-.196.434-.304a4.29 4.29 0 0 0 .394-.349c.123-.123.24-.25.344-.382s.203-.269.287-.408a3.42 3.42 0 0 0 .219-.422 2.69 2.69 0 0 0 .144-.429c.045-.184.073-.363.09-.537s.019-.342.009-.504-.033-.318-.068-.469a2.57 2.57 0 0 0-.141-.431 2.53 2.53 0 0 0-.212-.394 2.86 2.86 0 0 0-.28-.356c-.104-.111-.219-.217-.344-.313a3.37 3.37 0 0 0-.405-.271l-.113.589c-.045.191-.099.372-.162.547a5.33 5.33 0 0 1-.207.502 4.44 4.44 0 0 1-.255.455c-.092.144-.191.278-.297.403s-.219.243-.339.349-.247.205-.379.292-.273.165-.42.231a3.88 3.88 0 0 1-.676.233 3.94 3.94 0 0 1-.702.104c-.236.014-.471.007-.705-.017a4.37 4.37 0 0 1-.683-.132c-.222-.061-.436-.144-.636-.24s-.391-.212-.568-.342-.332-.276-.471-.436a2.52 2.52 0 0 1-.353-.523c-.052-.104-.099-.21-.137-.318l-.097-.33a2.71 2.71 0 0 1-.054-.337c-.012-.113-.016-.226-.014-.339s.012-.226.028-.339.04-.222.068-.332a2.44 2.44 0 0 1 .108-.32 2.6 2.6 0 0 1 .151-.304 1.87 1.87 0 0 1 .141-.217c.057-.078.12-.158.193-.238s.158-.165.254-.247a2.99 2.99 0 0 1 .32-.24c.118-.078.25-.151.394-.219s.302-.13.474-.184.358-.101.561-.137.422-.061.655-.073l.33-.014.323-.007h.316l.309.009.299.016.292.026.285.033.278.04-.073-.344-.111-.349a2.56 2.56 0 0 0-.155-.337c-.061-.108-.13-.214-.207-.311A1.82 1.82 0 0 0 10 6.237a1.78 1.78 0 0 0-.335-.219c-.123-.061-.259-.113-.408-.148a2.37 2.37 0 0 0-.49-.066c-.163-.007-.313-.002-.455.009a3.2 3.2 0 0 0-.396.057c-.123.026-.236.059-.339.097s-.2.082-.287.13a2 2 0 0 0-.24.153c-.073.054-.139.113-.198.17s-.113.12-.16.179l-.125.179-.16-.099-.16-.099-.16-.099-.16-.099-.16-.099-.16-.099-.16-.099-.16-.099.156-.231.226-.273c.087-.094.189-.193.302-.29a3.66 3.66 0 0 1 .382-.285 3.55 3.55 0 0 1 .471-.257 3.87 3.87 0 0 1 .566-.203c.205-.057.427-.099.665-.127a5.12 5.12 0 0 1 .773-.026 3.87 3.87 0 0 1 .735.097 3.61 3.61 0 0 1 .665.224c.21.094.405.21.587.346s.349.287.502.46.29.361.412.568a4.03 4.03 0 0 1 .316.667c.089.238.16.492.214.761a5.96 5.96 0 0 1 .106.848c.28.113.544.245.787.391s.467.311.669.488a4.18 4.18 0 0 1 .547.575 4.15 4.15 0 0 1 .422.65c.12.229.217.467.29.714s.125.504.153.771a4.68 4.68 0 0 1 .014.815 5.21 5.21 0 0 1-.132.851c-.05.207-.118.415-.2.62a4.72 4.72 0 0 1-.299.599c-.115.196-.245.386-.386.57s-.297.361-.464.53a6.39 6.39 0 0 1-.53.478c-.186.151-.384.29-.587.417s-.415.243-.634.346a5.65 5.65 0 0 1-.669.264l-.316.094-.335.085-.351.075-.365.064-.379.052-.391.04-.401.024-.41.009.002.014zm.738-8.565l-.339.005-.351.016-.353.038-.344.066c-.111.028-.219.061-.323.101a1.78 1.78 0 0 0-.292.146 1.44 1.44 0 0 0-.25.198 1.22 1.22 0 0 0-.196.254c-.026.045-.047.09-.066.137l-.049.144c-.014.049-.024.099-.031.151a1.12 1.12 0 0 0-.012.153l.007.156c.005.052.014.104.026.153s.026.101.045.151l.064.146c.049.097.115.186.193.269a1.53 1.53 0 0 0 .276.224c.104.066.217.125.339.177s.252.092.386.123.273.054.412.066a2.82 2.82 0 0 0 .422.005 2.68 2.68 0 0 0 .415-.061c.134-.033.266-.075.389-.132.094-.042.186-.097.271-.155a1.84 1.84 0 0 0 .245-.207 2.28 2.28 0 0 0 .217-.255c.066-.092.13-.193.186-.302s.108-.221.155-.344a3.66 3.66 0 0 0 .125-.384l.092-.422.059-.457-.196-.038-.2-.031-.207-.026-.212-.021-.219-.016-.224-.012-.229-.007-.236-.002.005-.005z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-magnify" viewBox="0 0 512 512"> <g> <path d="M337.509,305.372h-17.501l-6.571-5.486c20.791-25.232,33.922-57.054,33.922-93.257 C347.358,127.632,283.896,64,205.135,64C127.452,64,64,127.632,64,206.629s63.452,142.628,142.225,142.628 c35.011,0,67.831-13.167,92.991-34.008l6.561,5.487v17.551L415.18,448L448,415.086L337.509,305.372z M206.225,305.372 c-54.702,0-98.463-43.887-98.463-98.743c0-54.858,43.761-98.742,98.463-98.742c54.7,0,98.462,43.884,98.462,98.742 C304.687,261.485,260.925,305.372,206.225,305.372z"></path> </g> </symbol> <symbol id="burger-menu" viewBox="0 0 14 10"> <g> <path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M0 5.5v-1h14v1H0zM0 1V0h14v1H0zm0 9V9h14v1H0z"></path> </g> </symbol> <symbol id="close-x" viewBox="0 0 14 14"> <g> <path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M6.336 7L0 .664.664 0 7 6.336 13.336 0 14 .664 7.664 7 14 13.336l-.664.664L7 7.664.664 14 0 13.336 6.336 7z"></path> </g> </symbol> <symbol id="share-more-arrow" viewBox="0 0 32 32"> <path d="M29.2 13.1l-10.8-9c-.3-.2-.9-.3-1.4-.1a1.3 1.3 0 0 0-.8 1.2v3.7H16C12.3 8.9.2 10 .2 24.4c0 .6.5 1.2 1.1 1.3h.3c.6 0 1-.3 1.1-.7 2.7-5.1 7.2-6.2 10.6-6.2a12.65 12.65 0 0 1 2.8.3v4.1c0 .5.3 1 .9 1.2.3.1 1 .2 1.4-.2l10.8-9c.2-.2.5-.7.5-1.1 0-.2 0-.7-.5-1zm-12.1 4.7c-1.1-.3-2.3-.4-3.7-.4-3.7 0-8.6 1.2-11.7 6.6.3-12.6 11-13.6 14.3-13.6h1.6v-5l10.7 8.8L17.7 23v-5l-.6-.2z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="chevron" viewBox="0 0 100 100"> <g> <path d="M22.4566257,37.2056786 L-21.4456527,71.9511488 C-22.9248661,72.9681457 -24.9073712,72.5311671 -25.8758148,70.9765924 L-26.9788683,69.2027424 C-27.9450684,67.6481676 -27.5292733,65.5646602 -26.0500598,64.5484493 L20.154796,28.2208967 C21.5532435,27.2597011 23.3600078,27.2597011 24.759951,28.2208967 L71.0500598,64.4659264 C72.5292733,65.4829232 72.9450684,67.5672166 71.9788683,69.1217913 L70.8750669,70.8956413 C69.9073712,72.4502161 67.9241183,72.8848368 66.4449048,71.8694118 L22.4566257,37.2056786 Z" transform="translate(22.500000, 50.000000) rotate(90.000000) translate(-22.500000, -50.000000) "></path> </g> </symbol> <symbol id="filter" viewBox="0 0 16 12"> <path d="M0 2V0h16v2H0zm2.4 5V5h11.2v2H2.4zm2.4 5v-2h6.4v2H4.8z"></path> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-flying-envelope" viewBox="0 0 50 20"> <g transform="translate(0 4)"> <path d="M41.614,47.737c0-.435-.382-.746-.916-.746H24.529c-.534,0-.915.311-.915.746a.846.846,0,0,0,.991.747H40.7C41.232,48.484,41.614,48.173,41.614,47.737Z" transform="translate(-23.614 -46.991)"/> <path d="M41.134,61.628H33.892c-.545,0-.934.312-.934.747s.389.746.934.746h7.242c.545,0,.935-.311.935-.746A.829.829,0,0,0,41.134,61.628Z" transform="translate(-24.569 -53.499)"/> <path d="M41.134,54.311H30.155c-.545,0-.935.312-.935.75s.39.75.935.75H41.134c.545,0,.935-.312.935-.75A.873.873,0,0,0,41.134,54.311Z" transform="translate(-24.569 -50.245)"/> </g> <path d="M56.064,52.362V33.59a.626.626,0,0,0-.638-.614H28.7a.626.626,0,0,0-.638.614V52.362a.626.626,0,0,0,.638.614H55.426A.626.626,0,0,0,56.064,52.362ZM29.34,34.9l8.69,7.916-8.69,8.206ZM43.6,43.421a2.117,2.117,0,0,1-3.067-.018l-10.1-9.2H53.777Zm-4.637.241.68.62A3.51,3.51,0,0,0,42.069,45.3h.03a3.5,3.5,0,0,0,2.385-1l.739-.669,8.6,8.117H30.395Zm7.2-.872,8.634-7.816v15.97Z" transform="translate(-6.064 -32.976)"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-list-menu" viewBox="0 0 20 15"> <rect x="5" y="0.5" width="15" height="2" rx="1"/> <rect x="5" y="6.5" width="15" height="2" rx="1"/> <rect x="5" y="12.5" width="15" height="2" rx="1"/> <circle cx="1.5" cy="1.5" r="1.5"/> <circle cx="1.5" cy="7.75" r="1.5"/> <circle cx="1.5" cy="13.5" r="1.5"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-filters" viewBox="0 0 20 20"> <path d="M19,2H14A2.98287,2.98287,0,0,0,8.36743,2H1A1,1,0,0,0,1,4H8.36743A2.98287,2.98287,0,0,0,14,4h5a1,1,0,0,0,0-2ZM11.18372,4.27673A1.27673,1.27673,0,1,1,12.46045,3,1.27675,1.27675,0,0,1,11.18372,4.27673Z"/> <path d="M1,11H5a2.98287,2.98287,0,0,0,5.63257,0H19a1,1,0,0,0,0-2H10.63257A2.98287,2.98287,0,0,0,5,9H1a1,1,0,0,0,0,2ZM7.81628,8.72327A1.27673,1.27673,0,1,1,6.53955,10,1.27675,1.27675,0,0,1,7.81628,8.72327Z"/> <path d="M19,16H14a2.98287,2.98287,0,0,0-5.63257,0H1a1,1,0,0,0,0,2H8.36743A2.98287,2.98287,0,0,0,14,18h5a1,1,0,0,0,0-2Zm-7.81628,2.27673A1.27673,1.27673,0,1,1,12.46045,17,1.27675,1.27675,0,0,1,11.18372,18.27673Z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-chevron-up" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none"> <path d="M5 16L12 9L19 16" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> </symbol> <symbol id="comment" viewBox="0 0 32 32"> <path d="M28.6 14.7c-.1-2.9-1.3-5.7-3.5-7.9-2.1-2.1-4.9-3.4-7.8-3.5h-.6c-4 0-7.7 2-10 5.4-2.3 3.5-2.6 7.9-.9 11.7l-2.5 7.3c-.1.2 0 .5.1.7.1.1.3.3.6.3h.1l7.3-2.5c3.6 1.8 7.9 1.5 11.5-.8s5.7-6.1 5.6-10.2l.1-.5zM15.4 25.8c-1.1 0-2-.4-3-.9l-.4-.1c-.3-.2-.5-.1-.6 0l-6.2 2 2-6.2v-.5-.1c-1.7-3.1-1.5-6.9.5-10.1 2-3.1 5.3-5.1 8.8-5.1h.8c5.2.2 9.8 4.7 10 9.9v.7c0 3-1.2 5.7-3.4 7.7-2.3 1.9-5.3 3-8.5 2.7z"/> </symbol> <symbol id="icon-pin" viewBox="0 0 14 15"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M8.42283 0.820557L7.20763 2.03493C6.7668 2.47575 6.74501 3.15375 7.09532 3.64402L4.88869 5.85067C4.85936 5.88 4.84092 5.91604 4.82248 5.95124C3.74892 5.50622 2.4256 5.70149 1.57998 6.54711L0.865102 7.26282L3.91569 10.3126L0.122571 14.1057C-0.0408571 14.2691 -0.0408571 14.5339 0.122571 14.6982C0.204701 14.7795 0.311976 14.8206 0.419251 14.8206C0.526526 14.8206 0.633801 14.7795 0.715092 14.6982L4.5082 10.9051L7.55795 13.9557L8.27367 13.24C8.82763 12.6868 9.13269 11.9502 9.13269 11.1666C9.13269 10.7567 9.04469 10.3629 8.8863 9.99829C8.90641 9.98488 8.92904 9.9765 8.94664 9.95807L11.1633 7.74136C11.3762 7.89557 11.6293 7.98273 11.8975 7.98273C12.2336 7.98273 12.5487 7.85198 12.7867 7.61397L14.0019 6.39877L8.42283 0.820557Z"/> </symbol> </svg> <ps-header data-element="page-header-custom" class="ct-sticky-top block static" data-minimized data-focus-mode > <div data-element="navigation-panel" class="invisible fixed z-25 top-12.5 -left-full h-screen w-full max-w-142 pb-15 bg-nav-bg-color text-nav-sub-menu-text-color overflow-y-auto transition-left md:top-15 md:w-80 lg:top-0 lg:w-screen lg:z-initial lg:max-w-none lg:p-0 lg:pt-15 lg:bg-transparent lg:scrollbar-hidden lg:before:block lg:before:fixed lg:before:-z-1 lg:before:content-empty lg:before:w-80 lg:before:h-full"> <div data-element="navigation-panel-inner" class="lg:w-80 lg:h-full lg:bg-nav-bg-color"> <div data-element="navigation-wrapper" class="lg:pt-3.75 lg:bg-nav-bg-color"> <div class="mx-5 mb-2.5" data-reg-role="trial"></div> <nav data-element="navigation" class="ct-hidden w-full h-full pb-2.5 border-solid border-0 border-b border-b-secondary-color-3" > <ul data-element="navigation-menu" class="w-full"> <li data-click="nav0" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/" >News</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/" > Home Page </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/california" > California</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/election-2024" > Election 2024</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing" > Housing & Homelessness</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/politics" > Politics</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/science" > Science & Medicine</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation" > World & Nation</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav1" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/business" >Business</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/artificial-intelligence" > Artificial Intelligence</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/business/autos" > Autos</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/jobs-labor" > Jobs, Labor & Workplace</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/business/real-estate" > Real Estate</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/business/technology" > Technology and the Internet</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav2" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/california" >California</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/california-law-politics" > California Politics </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/earthquakes" > Earthquakes</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/education" > Education</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/homeless-housing" > Housing & Homelessness</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/la-influential" > L.A. Influential</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/la-politics" > L.A. Politics </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/mental-health" > Mental Health</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav3" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/environment" >Climate & Environment</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/global-warming" > Global Warming</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/california-drought" > Water & Drought</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav4" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts" >Entertainment & Arts</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/arts" > Arts</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/books" > Books</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/comedy" > Stand-Up Comedy</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business" > Hollywood Inc.</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/awards" > The Envelope (Awards)</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies" > Movies</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music" > Music</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub7"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv" > Television</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub8"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/things-to-do" > Things to Do</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav5" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/delos" >De Los</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav6" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/espanol/" >En Español</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav7" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/food" >Food</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/food/list/101-best-restaurants-los-angeles" > 101 best restaurants in L.A.</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/food/recipes" > Recipes</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav8" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/image" >Image</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav9" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle" >Lifestyle</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/wellness" > Health & Wellness</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/home-design" > Home Design</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/la-affairs" > L.A. Affairs</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/plants" > Plants</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/travel" > Travel & Experiences</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/weekend" > Weekend</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/things-to-do" > Things to Do in L.A.</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav10" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/obituaries" >Obituaries</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav11" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion" >Opinion</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/editorials" > Editorials</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/letters-to-the-editor" > Letters to the Editor</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/op-ed" > Op-Ed</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/shortdocs" > Short Docs</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav12" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/sports" >Sports</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/angels" > Angels</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/angel-city-fc" > Angel City FC</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/chargers" > Chargers</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/clippers" > Clippers</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers" > Dodgers</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/hockey/ducks" > Ducks</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/soccer/galaxy" > Galaxy </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub7"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/highschool" > High School Sports</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub8"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/hockey/kings" > Kings</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub9"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/lakers" > Lakers</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub10"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics" > Olympics</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub11"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/usc" > USC </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub12"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/ucla" > UCLA </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub13"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/rams" > Rams</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub14"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/sparks" > Sparks</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav13" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation" >World & Nation</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/immigration" > Immigration & the Border</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/israel-hamas" > Israel-Hamas</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/mexico-americas" > Mexico & the Americas</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/ukraine" > Ukraine</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav14" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/topics" >Times Everywhere</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.instagram.com/latimes.404/?hl=en" target="_blank" > 404 by L.A. Times</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.facebook.com/latimes" target="_blank" > Facebook</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.instagram.com/latimes/" target="_blank" > Instagram</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/la-times-today" > LA Times Today</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://membership.latimes.com/newsletters/" target="_blank" > Newsletters</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/california/photography" > Photography</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/podcasts" > Podcasts </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub7"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/shortdocs" > Short Docs</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub8"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.tiktok.com/@latimes?lang=en" target="_blank" > TikTok</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub9"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.threads.net/@latimes" target="_blank" > Threads</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub10"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/video" > Video</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub11"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.youtube.com/user/losangelestimes" target="_blank" > YouTube</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub12"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://twitter.com/latimes" target="_blank" > X (Twitter) </a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav15" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/for-la-times-subscribers" >For Subscribers</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav16" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/topics" >All Sections</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav17" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <span class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color">_________________</span> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav18" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://enewspaper.latimes.com/desktop/latimes/default.aspx?pubid=50435180-e58e-48b5-8e0c-236bf740270e" target="_blank" >eNewspaper</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav19" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/about" >About Us </a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/about" > About Us</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/archives" > Archives</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/about/pressreleases" > Company News</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://enewspaper.latimes.com/desktop/latimes/default.aspx?pubid=50435180-e58e-48b5-8e0c-236bf740270e" target="_blank" > eNewspaper</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/about/for-the-record/" > For the Record</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/tips/" target="_blank" > Got a Tip? </a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://careers.latimes.com/" target="_blank" > L.A. Times Careers</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub7"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://store.latimes.com/?utm_source=latimes&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=homepage_subnav" target="_blank" > L.A. Times Store</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub8"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://studios.latimes.com/" target="_blank" > L.A. Times Studios</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub9"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://apps.apple.com/us/app/la-times/id373238146" target="_blank" > News App: Apple IOS</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub10"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.apptivateme.next.la&hl=en_US" target="_blank" > News App: Google Play</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub11"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/newsroom-directory" > Newsroom Directory</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub12"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/about/public-affairs" > Public Affairs</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub13"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/about/how-to-obtain-rights-permissions" > Rights, Clearance & Permissions</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub14"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/shortdocs" > Short Docs</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav20" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://placeanad.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Advertising</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://placeanad.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Place an Ad</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://classifieds.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Classifieds</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/coupon-codes#nt=navf0" target="_blank" > Coupons</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://peopleonthemove.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > People on the Move</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://jobs.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Find/Post Jobs</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://marketplace.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Local Ads Marketplace</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://mediakit.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Media Kit: Why the L.A. Times?</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub7"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://marketplace.latimes.com/places/types:23" target="_blank" > Hot Property Sections</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub8"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://placeanad.latimes.com/open-house" target="_blank" > Place an Open House</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub9"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://marketplace.latimes.com/places/categories:43" target="_blank" > Sotheby’s International Realty</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav21" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/b2b" >B2B Publishing</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav22" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/eta" >Escapes. Travel. Adventure.</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav23" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/brandpublishing/hotproperty" >Hot Property</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav24" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/games" >Crossword & Games</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav25" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/events-los-angeles-times" >L.A. Times Events</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav26" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://store.latimes.com/?utm_source=latimes&utm_medium=homepage&utm_campaign=homepage_nav" target="_blank" >L.A. Times Store</a> </div> </div></li> <li data-click="nav27" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/flyoutsubscribe" target="_blank" rel="noopener" >Subscriptions</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://membership.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Manage Subscription</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://membership.latimes.com/billing-info" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > EZPAY</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub2"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://membership.latimes.com/subscription-info" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Delivery Issue</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub3"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://enewspaper.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > eNewspaper</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub4"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/about/marketing/los-angeles-times-for-students-and-educators" > Students & Educators</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub5"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/flyoutsubscribe" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Subscribe</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub6"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/subscriber-terms-and-conditions" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Subscriber Terms</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub7"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/gift-subscription-terms" > Gift Subscription Terms</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> <li data-click="nav28" ><div data-element="navigation-item" class="relative pr-12.5 pl-5 lg:mx-2.5 lg:pl-2.5 lg:cursor-pointer"> <div data-element="navigation-item-text" class="flex justify-between font-service font-bold text-sm leading-none"> <a data-element="navigation-item-link" class="block w-full py-3.25 text-nav-text-color no-underline" href="https://www.latimes.com/specialsupplements" >Special Supplements</a> <div data-element="navigation-item-more" class="absolute top-0 right-0 py-2.5 px-5 cursor-pointer lg:pr-0"> <button data-element="subnavigation-button" class="inline-block p-0 bg-transparent border-none cursor-pointer" aria-label="Open Sub Navigation"> <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative top-0.5 w-2.75 h-4.25 fill-nav-text-color rotate-90"> <use xlink:href="#chevron"></use> </svg> </button> </div> </div> <ul data-element="navigation-item-menu" class="ct-hidden p-2.5 pr-0 overflow-auto lg:absolute lg:top-0 lg:left-67.5 lg:z-25 lg:block lg:-mt-4.5 lg:w-0 lg:h-0 lg:py-5 lg:px-2.5 lg:bg-nav-bg-color lg:border lg:border-solid lg:border-nav-sub-menu-border-color lg:break-keep lg:invisible"> <li data-click="navsub0"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/seniorresources" > Healthy Living</a> </li> <li data-click="navsub1"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" flex w-full py-2.5 font-service font-medium text-sm leading-none text-nav-sub-menu-text-color no-underline hover:text-brand-color " href="https://www.latimes.com/giving" > Philanthropy</a> </li> </ul> </div></li> </ul> </nav> <div data-element="page-header-disclaimer" class="p-5 font-service font-medium text-xs leading-5 text-nav-text-color">Copyright © 2024, Los Angeles Times | <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/terms-of-service">Terms of Service</a> | <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> | <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/privacy-policy#california-notice-of-collection" target="_blank" >CA Notice of Collection</a> | <a class="link" href="https://membership.latimes.com/privacy-settings" target="_blank" >Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <header data-element="page-header" class="relative z-1050 translate-y-0 transition-transform duration-400 ease-out flex items-center justify-between h-12.5 bg-header-bg-color border-solid border-0 border-b border-header-border-color md:h-15 md:px-5 lg:top-0 lg:w-full"> <button data-element="navigation-button" class="flex justify-center items-center shrink-0 h-10 w-15 py-0 px-5 border-none transition-colors bg-transparent text-header-text-color cursor-pointer rounded-sm md:w-25 md:p-0 md:text-left md:border md:border-solid md:border-header-border-color" aria-expanded="false"> <svg data-element="burger-menu-icon" class="h-4.75 w-4.75 fill-header-text-color md:h-3.75 md:w-3.75"> <use xlink:href="#burger-menu"></use> </svg> <svg data-element="close-icon" class="ct-hidden relative h-4 w-4 fill-header-text-color md:h-3.75 md:w-3.75"> <use xlink:href="#close-x"></use> </svg> <span data-element="label" class="sr-only relative -top-px text-xs-1 leading-none text-header-text-color font-service font-bold md:not-sr-only md:ml-2.5">Sections</span> </button> <div data-element="page-header-logo" class="absolute left-1/2 -translate-x-1/2" data-click="ql_logo_s"><a aria-label="home page" class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/" ><svg width="701" height="88" viewBox="0 0 701 88" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill="#000" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M627.952 63.239c-2.798 2.36-8.448 7.37-11.069 9.905-2.448-2.186-7.536-6.178-10.682-8.45v-.387c.908-.307 1.552-1.148 1.552-3.205V36.826c-2.532-1.834-7.292-4.757-10-6.504l-2.138 2.039v29.908l4.274 3.204s-5.923 5.136-8.544 7.671c-2.36-2.273-5.886-4.924-9.03-7.285v-.29c.908-.305 1.552-1.244 1.552-3.3V36.826c-2.535-1.834-7.195-4.757-9.904-6.504l-2.621 2.233v29.714l4.273 3.204s-5.757 4.799-8.546 7.574c-2.622-2.36-5.538-4.51-9.03-7.188v-.193c.98-.401 1.552-1.616 1.552-3.011V33.428l-3.495-3.106-2.719 2.33-1.068-1.165c2.622-2.185 7.311-6.42 11.069-10.002l7.964 7.186v2.039l10.778-9.225c3.409 2.447 13.495 8.837 13.495 8.837l10.392-8.837c3.321 2.622 10.953 7.36 15.147 9.808v.388c-1.397.374-1.553 2.145-1.553 3.106v26.315l4.467 3.399 2.621-2.33 1.263 1.068M552.989 11.969c-2.796 3.933-5.068 5.73-9.613 5.73-3.059 0-5.224-1.4-7.671-4.37l-2.525 2.427-1.067-1.36 10.972-9.807c3.058 6.205 6.739 7.079 9.71 6.992l.194.388M555.806 63.239c-3.06 2.62-8.185 7.129-10.975 9.905-2.622-2.36-7.09-5.772-10.583-8.45v-.29c.982-.402 1.553-1.614 1.553-3.011V33.428l-3.495-3.106-2.718 2.33-1.07-1.165c2.623-2.185 7.313-6.42 11.07-10.002l9.517 8.448v.389c-1.136.349-1.553 1.079-1.553 3.69v27.09l4.563 3.205 2.525-2.233 1.166 1.165M368.883 63.239c-3.059 2.62-8.181 7.129-10.973 9.905-2.622-2.36-7.09-5.772-10.583-8.45v-.29c.981-.402 1.553-1.614 1.553-3.011V16.047l-3.495-3.107-2.72 2.33-1.067-1.165c2.622-2.185 6.728-6.322 10.486-9.904l10.098 8.448v.388c-1.135.35-1.553 1.08-1.553 3.69v44.375l4.563 3.205 2.622-2.233 1.069 1.165M264.207 63.239c-2.796 2.36-8.35 7.37-10.972 9.905-2.447-2.186-7.439-6.178-10.585-8.45v-.387c.91-.307 1.554-1.148 1.554-3.205V36.826c-2.535-1.834-7.196-4.757-9.905-6.504-.553.41-2.054 1.72-2.621 2.233v29.714l4.272 3.204s-5.851 4.799-8.642 7.574c-2.622-2.36-5.44-4.51-8.933-7.188v-.193c.982-.401 1.553-1.616 1.553-3.011V33.428l-3.593-3.204-2.621 2.33-1.166-1.164c2.622-2.185 7.41-6.322 11.167-9.905l7.963 7.186v2.039l10.778-9.225c3.32 2.622 10.857 7.36 15.051 9.808v.388c-1.397.374-1.553 2.145-1.553 3.106v26.315l4.563 3.302 2.525-2.33 1.165 1.165M687.572 65.959v-14.08c-1.659-.786-4.183-1.879-5.825-2.72L668.25 63.142l.387.097c2.05-1.117 3.864-2.526 8.06-2.526 4.283 0 8.633 3.102 10.68 5.343l.195-.097zm13.205-5.44c-6.815 2.972-16.671 8.34-21.458 12.625-2.448-2.36-5.653-4.564-9.906-4.564-3.984 0-5.826 1.46-5.826 2.815 0 .844 1.652.73 1.652 1.942 0 .56-.421 1.166-1.166 1.166-.932 0-2.135-1.327-2.135-3.01 0-3.146 1.625-5.872 6.602-11.07l8.74-9.127c-3.61-1.845-8.823-4.166-11.751-5.439v-.388c.852-.242 1.458-1.13 1.458-2.138v-7.476c0-.825-.41-2.077-1.458-2.427v-.388c7.341-2.621 16.714-7.894 22.043-11.652 1.194 1.328 4.305 4.175 7.671 4.175 2.836 0 3.495-1.437 3.495-2.427 0-.562-1.066-.874-1.066-1.748 0-.747.409-1.068.97-1.068.836 0 1.555.838 1.555 2.427 0 4.72-4.469 10.973-11.558 10.973-4.662 0-7.524-2.379-9.71-5.438l-.193.097v11.749l6.409 3.107 2.914-3.01c3.024 1.916 9.377 5.271 12.718 6.7v.292c-.654.276-1.552 1.028-1.552 2.427v8.254c0 1.183.941 1.972 1.552 2.232v.39zM651.45 42.361c-2.447-3.407-6.807-9.573-9.515-13.593l-.293.097v19.71l9.809-6.214zm10.972-4.952l-20.78 12.915v8.836c2.622 1.136 8.468 3.992 11.265 5.826l4.467-4.563c1.236-1.263.826-3.3 3.01-3.3.611 0 1.067.368 1.067 1.065 0 .746-.513 1.099-.872 1.459l-13.595 13.497c-4.633-2.974-14.012-7.302-18.643-9.227v-.386c.747-.281 1.65-.796 1.65-2.719V36.244c0-2.01-.8-2.653-1.65-2.816v-.388c6.992-2.272 17.654-7.972 22.721-11.555 3.497 5.244 8.04 11.73 11.36 15.924z"/><path d="M518.323 63.239V18.863c-.523.038-1.405.097-1.942.097-3.003 0-8.244-1.175-11.651-2.136-10.14 1.835-21.946 10.418-21.946 26.507 0 13.8 9.835 22.628 23.789 22.628 4.721 0 8.852-.996 11.75-2.72zm12.138-56.222c0 7.038-5.176 10.603-10.681 11.652v43.986c7.08-3.93 8.546-8.252 8.546-10.292 0-.443-.875-1.048-.875-1.846 0-.62.715-1.163 1.262-1.163.798 0 1.165.727 1.165 2.039 0 10.225-9.789 23.984-30.585 23.984-15.606 0-28.842-12.254-28.842-28.063 0-22.547 18.936-30.384 32.046-31.17-4.806-1.048-12.543-2.718-18.936-2.718-7.428 0-13.497 4.418-13.497 8.35 0 1.485 1.166 1.768 1.166 2.816 0 .578-.273 1.263-1.07 1.263-1.222 0-1.649-1.279-1.649-2.234 0-8.565 5.54-20.78 18.448-20.78 13.086 0 23.021 4.758 33.209 4.758 6.737 0 8.807-2.379 8.545-6.311l1.068.485c.261.612.68 2.619.68 5.244zM429.863 65.959v-14.08c-1.66-.786-4.185-1.879-5.824-2.72L410.54 63.142l.389.097c2.051-1.117 3.865-2.526 8.06-2.526 4.28 0 8.631 3.102 10.68 5.343l.194-.097zm13.207-5.44c-6.819 2.972-16.675 8.34-21.459 12.625-2.45-2.36-5.654-4.564-9.906-4.564-3.987 0-5.826 1.46-5.826 2.815 0 .844 1.65.73 1.65 1.942 0 .56-.42 1.166-1.163 1.166-.933 0-2.139-1.327-2.139-3.01 0-3.146 1.627-5.872 6.606-11.07l8.737-9.127c-3.61-1.845-8.82-4.166-11.749-5.439v-.388c.85-.242 1.456-1.13 1.456-2.138v-7.476c0-.825-.407-2.077-1.456-2.427v-.388c7.342-2.621 16.711-7.894 22.042-11.652 1.195 1.328 4.305 4.175 7.671 4.175 2.837 0 3.495-1.437 3.495-2.427 0-.562-1.067-.874-1.067-1.748 0-.747.411-1.068.97-1.068.838 0 1.554.838 1.554 2.427 0 4.72-4.468 10.973-11.554 10.973-4.665 0-7.526-2.379-9.71-5.438l-.194.097v11.749l6.407 3.107 2.913-3.01c3.026 1.916 9.379 5.271 12.722 6.7v.292c-.657.276-1.555 1.028-1.555 2.427v8.254c0 1.183.942 1.972 1.555 2.232v.39zM394.032 42.361c-2.446-3.407-6.806-9.573-9.517-13.593l-.29.097v19.71l9.807-6.214zm10.875-4.952l-20.682 12.915v8.836c2.622 1.136 8.467 3.992 11.265 5.826l4.467-4.563c1.234-1.263.825-3.3 3.008-3.3.613 0 .972.368.972 1.065 0 .746-.516 1.099-.875 1.459l-13.497 13.497c-4.63-2.974-14.01-7.302-18.643-9.227v-.386c.749-.281 1.555-.796 1.555-2.719V36.244c0-2.01-.704-2.653-1.555-2.816v-.388c6.991-2.272 17.654-7.972 22.722-11.555 3.495 5.244 7.942 11.73 11.263 15.924zM334.8 42.361c-2.446-3.407-6.807-9.573-9.516-13.593l-.194.097v19.71l9.71-6.214zm10.974-4.952L325.09 50.324v8.836c2.622 1.136 8.467 3.992 11.264 5.826l4.467-4.563c1.236-1.263.728-3.3 2.913-3.3.612 0 1.068.368 1.068 1.065 0 .746-.515 1.099-.874 1.459l-13.497 13.497c-4.632-2.974-14.012-7.302-18.644-9.227v-.386c.749-.281 1.554-.796 1.554-2.719V36.244c0-2.01-.704-2.653-1.554-2.816v-.388c6.991-2.272 17.654-7.972 22.722-11.555 3.496 5.244 7.944 11.73 11.265 15.924zM292.172 64.694V37.216c-3.408-1.923-8.962-5.798-12.72-9.03l-.195.096v30.685c3.41 1.573 9.022 4.873 11.556 6.796l1.36-1.069zm16.41 4.566c-.28 11.096-5.754 18.74-16.119 18.74-8.109 0-14.092-4.174-21.46-4.174-4.29 0-6.652 1.32-7.864 2.815l-.485-.29c.437-8.043 6.126-12.528 13.399-12.528 8.017 0 13.85 5.146 22.334 5.146 5.418 0 8.215-2.844 8.74-5.729l-.098-.193c-1.136.697-2.573 1.553-4.758 1.553-4.37 0-9.118-3.02-9.905-8.351-2.086 1.454-6.783 5.095-8.836 6.895-5.121-3.31-13.365-7.436-17.38-9.227v-.386c.836-.275 1.359-1.312 1.359-2.332V36.147c0-1.488-.532-2.532-1.554-2.72v-.387c7.428-2.71 16.983-7.73 22.139-11.75 4.47 3.537 12.598 8.524 17.381 11.265v.485c-1.049.437-1.553 1.137-1.553 3.496v26.995c0 3.464.31 5.825 2.816 5.825.398 0 .912-.34 1.262-.776l.583.68zM190.992 44.4l-9.03-27.576-9.808 27.577h18.838zM217.21 62.56l-11.458 10.585c-3.32-2.36-6.194-4.273-10.39-6.895v-.486c.952-.346 1.446-1.3 1.457-2.426.005-.496-.029-1.033-.195-1.555l-3.398-10.681H169.63l-3.108 8.933c4.856 0 7.732.753 10.1 1.748l2.038-3.787 1.457.777-7.768 14.468c-3.18-1.81-6.714-3.204-10.779-3.204-4.794 0-8.425 1.247-10.196 2.914-.354.334-.888.245-.68-.486 1.922-6.729 6.755-11.861 14.178-12.334l16.41-45.442c-1.836-5.332-3.856-6.409-7.962-6.409-3.848 0-7.575 1.786-7.575 6.506 0 2.185 2.137 1.999 2.137 3.593 0 .558-.518 1.165-1.263 1.165-1.398 0-2.33-1.865-2.33-5.535 0-8.302 6.302-13.206 13.206-13.206 6.291 0 8.759 2.428 10.681 5.05.611-2.447 3.087-3.584 4.952-3.885l.194.292c-1.165 1.445-1.845 2.728-1.845 4.564 0 .953.706 3.115.97 3.884l17.674 51.075 3.204 2.04 2.719-2.525 1.165 1.262zM118.262 65.959v-14.08c-1.66-.786-4.087-1.879-5.728-2.72L98.939 63.142l.486.097c2.05-1.117 3.864-2.526 8.06-2.526 4.281 0 8.534 3.102 10.583 5.343l.194-.097zm13.206-5.44c-6.817 2.972-16.575 8.34-21.362 12.625-2.448-2.36-5.75-4.564-10.001-4.564-3.987 0-5.73 1.46-5.73 2.815 0 .844 1.651.73 1.651 1.942 0 .56-.518 1.166-1.262 1.166-.933 0-2.136-1.327-2.136-3.01 0-3.146 1.722-5.872 6.7-11.07l8.739-9.127c-3.609-1.845-8.92-4.166-11.847-5.439v-.388c.85-.242 1.554-1.13 1.554-2.138v-7.476c0-.825-.506-2.077-1.554-2.427v-.388c7.34-2.621 16.711-7.894 22.042-11.652 1.195 1.328 4.305 4.175 7.671 4.175 2.836 0 3.496-1.437 3.496-2.427 0-.562-.971-.874-.971-1.748 0-.747.313-1.068.874-1.068.836 0 1.65.838 1.65 2.427 0 4.72-4.564 10.973-11.652 10.973-4.664 0-7.524-2.379-9.71-5.438l-.194.097v11.749l6.505 3.107 2.914-3.01c3.025 1.916 9.282 5.271 12.623 6.7v.292c-.654.276-1.457 1.028-1.457 2.427v8.254c0 1.183.845 1.972 1.457 2.232v.39zM78.062 66.056v-28.84c-4.02-2.186-9.924-6.584-12.72-9.03l-.195.096v29.42c3.845 2.1 9.575 5.742 12.72 8.45l.195-.096zm13.303-5.536c-5.845 2.388-17.149 8.34-22.042 12.624-5.157-3.758-12.693-8.715-17.479-11.459v-.292c1.224-.436 1.554-1.33 1.554-2.815V36.536c0-2.027-.505-2.758-1.554-3.108v-.388c8.04-2.971 15.673-7.195 22.14-11.652 4.456 3.32 12.226 8.205 17.381 11.264v.388c-.932.375-1.553 1.33-1.553 2.815v21.848c0 1.575.591 2.167 1.553 2.427v.39zM30.287 57.51V16.63c-5.734-.627-8.658-4.819-10.583-7.089l-5.535 4.467c.03 6.219 1.851 11.647 3.98 16.605 1.948 4.532 4.08 10.401 4.08 14.467 0 6.696-3.7 10.925-12.527 19.227l.292.29c5.243-3.93 13.248-6.967 20.293-7.087zm20.975.678l-8.254 15.246c-4.49-3.13-11.655-5.05-17.77-5.05-12.06 0-20.382 2.149-24.663 4.856l-.486-.582c3.824-3.347 10.196-8.727 10.196-20.975 0-5.16-2.087-11.008-3.593-14.857-1.743-4.453-3.107-6.792-3.107-13.01 0-10.825 5.81-16.939 14.954-21.557l.776.874c-3.154 2.624-4.68 6.003-5.146 9.419L28.832.317c3.741 5.256 7.237 7.282 11.845 7.282 3.783 0 4.856-1.679 4.856-3.01 0-.96-1.262-1.097-1.262-2.039 0-.893.644-1.165 1.164-1.165 1.16 0 1.748 1.497 1.748 2.622 0 7.371-6.166 12.817-12.72 12.817-1.136 0-1.996.127-2.718 0V57.51c5.68 0 11.545 1.7 15.827 3.883l2.233-3.883 1.457.678z"/><path d="M514.536 22.747c0 .611-.723 1.069-1.165 1.069-.754 0-1.397-1.457-3.495-1.457-3.086 0-5.633 2.641-5.633 5.73 0 8.127 7.962 11.413 7.962 20.682 0 7.772-7.58 12.279-15.437 13.303l-1.458-1.068c4.306-.561 6.311-2.047 6.311-7.285 0-7.077-7.282-12.838-7.282-21.166 0-6.738 6.303-11.944 14.953-11.944 1.684 0 3.36.515 4.272.971.526.261.972.64.972 1.165"/></g></svg></a> </div> <div data-element="page-header-end" class="flex [@media_print]:hidden"> <div class="focus-toggle hidden"> <div class="absolute left-1/2 focus-toggle-tooltip fade-out"> Tap to enable a layout that focuses on the article. <button class="absolute p-0 border-0 bg-transparent text-inherit focus-toggle-tooltip-close" aria-label="close focus mode tooltip"> <svg class="inline-block icon close-icon"><use xlink:href="#close-x"></use></svg> </button> </div> <div class="flex items-center relative toggle-switch"> <label class="inline-flex items-center cursor-pointer">Focus mode <button class="relative cursor-pointer toggle-switch-button" value="Focus mode" type="button" title="Focus mode"> </button> </label> </div> </div> <script>setTimeout((()=>{try{if(-1===document.cookie.indexOf("c_mId="))return;const e=window.localStorage.getItem("FocusMode");if(!e)return;if(!JSON.parse(e).enabled)return;const o=document.querySelector(".focus-toggle"),t=o?o.querySelector(".toggle-switch-button"):void 0;if(!o||!t)return;document.documentElement.classList.add("focus","focus-enabled"),o.classList.remove("hidden"),t.classList.add("is-checked")}catch(e){console.warn("Error retrieving data for Focus Mode",e)}}),0)</script> <div class="dss-header bar-dss flex items-center" data-reg-role="base"> <div data-reg-role="button_desktop"></div> <div data-reg-role="navigation"></div> </div> <button data-element="search-button" class="flex justify-center items-center h-10 py-0 px-2.5 bg-transparent border-0 text-header-text-color cursor-pointer transition-colors hover:opacity-80 xs-5:px-5 md:w-10 md:p-0 md:ml-2.5 md:border md:border-solid md:border-header-border-color md:rounded-sm lg:ml-3.75"> <svg data-element="magnify-icon" class="h-5 w-5 fill-header-text-color xs-5:h-6 xs-5:w-6"> <use xlink:href="#icon-magnify"></use> </svg> <span class="sr-only">Show Search</span> <svg data-element="close-icon" class="ct-hidden h-4 w-4 fill-header-text-color md:left-0"> <use xlink:href="#close-x"></use> </svg> </button> <div data-element="search-overlay" class="ct-hidden fixed md:absolute top-12.5 right-0 bottom-0 left-0 z-25 bg-header-bg-color md:top-15 md:bottom-auto md:h-25 md:shadow-sm-2"> <form data-element="search-form" class="flex justify-center max-w-300 m-5 pb-1.25 border-solid border-0 border-b border-header-border-color xl:mx-auto" action="https://www.latimes.com/search#nt=navsearch" novalidate="" autocomplete="off"> <label class="w-full"> <input data-element="search-form-input" class="w-full text-2xl leading-none border-0 text-secondary-color-7 md:text-4xl-1" type="text" placeholder="Search" name="q" required> <span class="sr-only"> Search Query </span> </label> <button data-element="search-submit-button" class="flex justify-center items-center transition-colors transition-bg cursor-pointer w-10 p-0 shrink-0 bg-transparent border-0" type="submit"> <svg data-element="magnify-icon" class="h-6.25 w-6.25 fill-header-text-color md:relative md:top-1.25 md:h-7.5 md:w-7.5"> <use xlink:href="#icon-magnify"></use> </svg> <span class="sr-only">Submit Search</span></button> </form> </div> </div> </header> </ps-header> <div class="page-above" data-click="above" ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 287px;" data-min-height="287" data-ad-dynamic-height="true" data-ad-skip-lazy-load="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-lb-1" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_lb" data-slot-sizes="[[1280, 220], [970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [320, 50], [1680, 220], [1800, 220]]" data-ad-type="leaderboard" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1241, 0], [1280, 220], [970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1800, 220]], [[1024, 0], [728, 90], [1280, 220], [1680, 220], [1800, 220]], [[800, 0], [1280, 220], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1800, 220]], [[0, 0], [320, 50], [320, 100], [1280, 220], [1680, 220], [1800, 220]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div> <div class="page-content paywall"> <div class="breadcrumbs" data-click="breadcrumb"><a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science">Science & Medicine</a></div> <h1 class="headline">HIV prevention is making progress. And a breakthrough vaccine appears within reach</h1> <div class="page-wrapper"> <main class="page-main"> <article class="story"> <div class="page-lead-media"><figure class="figure"> <picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/dd092e4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/320x233!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/60e571b/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/568x414!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/56aa38e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/768x559!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1b36677/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/1024x746!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 1024w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/85bb4a5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/1200x874!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 1200w" sizes="100vw" /> <img class="image" alt="A vaccine in a syringe" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7e6506a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/320x233!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8a9ecaa/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/568x414!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9709925/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/768x559!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/deb2a65/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/1024x746!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 1024w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d679ca0/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/1200x874!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001 1200w" sizes="100vw" width="1200" height="874" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d679ca0/2147483647/strip/true/crop/600x437+0+0/resize/1200x874!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fc8%2F19%2Fe0d615d70169aaab2a94f7f7814c%2Fla-sci-sn-cdc-measles-vaccines-20130912-001" decoding="async" > </picture> <div class="figure-content"> <div class="figure-caption" >After decades of research, scientists are cautiously optimistic about the prospects for an HIV vaccine. </div> <div class="figure-credit">(Mark Boster / Los Angeles Times)</div> </div> </figure> </div> <div class="byline byline-enhanced"> <div class="authors"> <div class="authors-avatars"> <div class="author-avatar"><a class="link" aria-label="Emily Baumgaertner" href="https://www.latimes.com/people/emily-baumgaertner" data-click="enhancedBylineAuthorImage"> <img class="image" alt="EL SEGUNDO, CA-MARCH 14, 2019: Emily Baumgaertner, Science and Medicine Reporter, Los Angeles Times" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/4e8c892/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1800+700+0/resize/130x130!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F42%2Fc3%2F5212c66744a8b20bdde49ea08de3%2F3073870-emily-baumgaertner2-mam.JPG 1x,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/678722e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1800+700+0/resize/260x260!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F42%2Fc3%2F5212c66744a8b20bdde49ea08de3%2F3073870-emily-baumgaertner2-mam.JPG 2x" sizes="100vw" width="130" height="130" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/4e8c892/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1800+700+0/resize/130x130!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F42%2Fc3%2F5212c66744a8b20bdde49ea08de3%2F3073870-emily-baumgaertner2-mam.JPG" decoding="async" > </a></div> </div> <div class="authors-byline"> <div class="authors-byline-text"> <span class="byline-prefix">By </span><span class="author-name"><a href="https://www.latimes.com/people/emily-baumgaertner" aria-label="Emily Baumgaertner" data-click="enhancedBylineAuthorName">Emily Baumgaertner</a></span></div><div class="author-info"><span class="author-title"></span><span class="author-social"><a class="author-social-link" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://twitter.com/Emily_Baum" aria-label="Emily_Baum" data-social-service="twitter" data-social-trigger="enhancedByline" target="_blank"><svg class="icon author-social-icon relative -mt-0.5"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-twitter"></use></svg><span class="author-social-text">Follow</span></a></span> </div></div></div> <time datetime="2019-09-06T13:00:13.641Z" class="published-date"><span class="published-date-day">Sept. 6, 2019 </span><span class="published-time">6 AM PT </span></time></div> <div class="page-actions"> <ps-actionbar class="action-bar"> <ul class="action-bar-menu"> <li> <a class="action-link" data-modal-trigger href="#"><svg class="icon share-arrow-icon"><use xlink:href="#share-more-arrow"></use></svg><span>Share</span></a> </li> </ul> <div class="action-bar-content ct-hidden"> <div class="action-bar-overlay" data-modal-close></div> <div class="action-bar-modal"> <div class="action-bar-modal-header"> <span>Share via</span> <button class="button close-button" data-modal-close><svg class="icon close-icon"><use xlink:href="#close-x"></use></svg><span class="visually-hidden">Close extra sharing options</span></button> </div> <ul class="action-bar-modal-menu"> <li><a class="action-link" href="mailto:?body=HIV%20prevention%20is%20making%20progress.%20And%20a%20breakthrough%20vaccine%20appears%20within%20reach%0A%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2019-09-05%2Fhiv-vaccine%0A%0AA%20spate%20of%20large-scale%20clinical%20trials%20has%20scientists%20hopeful%20about%20a%20vaccine%20to%20prevent%20HIV." data-social-service="email" data-social-trigger="actionBar" target="_blank"> <svg class="icon email-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-email"></use></svg><span>Email</span> </a> </li> <li> <a class="action-link" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2019-09-05%2Fhiv-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-social-service="facebook" data-social-trigger="actionBar"> <svg class="icon facebook-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-facebook"></use></svg><span>Facebook</span> </a> </li> <li><a class="action-link" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2019-09-05%2Fhiv-vaccine&text=HIV%20prevention%20is%20making%20progress.%20And%20a%20breakthrough%20vaccine%20appears%20within%20reach" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-social-service="twitter" data-social-trigger="actionBar"> <svg><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-twitter"/></svg><span>X</span> </a> </li> <li><a class="action-link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2019-09-05%2Fhiv-vaccine&mini=true&title=HIV%20prevention%20is%20making%20progress.%20And%20a%20breakthrough%20vaccine%20appears%20within%20reach&summary=A%20spate%20of%20large-scale%20clinical%20trials%20has%20scientists%20hopeful%20about%20a%20vaccine%20to%20prevent%20HIV.&source=Los%20Angeles%20Times" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-social-service="linkedin" data-social-trigger="actionBar"> <svg class="icon linkedin-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-linkedin"></use></svg><span>LinkedIn</span> </a> </li> <li><a class="action-link" href="https://threads.net/intent/post?text=HIV%20prevention%20is%20making%20progress.%20And%20a%20breakthrough%20vaccine%20appears%20within%20reach%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2019-09-05%2Fhiv-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-social-service="threads" data-social-trigger="actionBar"> <svg class="icon threads-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-threads"></use></svg><span>Threads</span> </a> </li> <li><a class="action-link" href="http://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2019-09-05%2Fhiv-vaccine&title=HIV%20prevention%20is%20making%20progress.%20And%20a%20breakthrough%20vaccine%20appears%20within%20reach" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-social-service="reddit" data-social-trigger="actionBar"> <svg class="icon reddit-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-reddit"></use></svg><span>Reddit</span> </a> </li> <li><a class="action-link" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=HIV%20prevention%20is%20making%20progress.%20And%20a%20breakthrough%20vaccine%20appears%20within%20reach%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fstory%2F2019-09-05%2Fhiv-vaccine" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" data-social-service="whatsapp" data-social-trigger="actionBar"> <svg class="icon whatsapp-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-whatsapp"></use></svg><span>WhatsApp</span> </a> </li> <li> <span class="action-link" data-social-service="copylink" data-social-trigger="actionBar" data-href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2019-09-05/hiv-vaccine"><svg class="icon copy-link-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-copylink"></use></svg><span>Copy Link URL</span><span data-copied-text>Copied!</span></span> </li> <li> <span class="action-link" data-social-service="print" data-social-trigger="actionBar"><svg class="icon print-icon"><use xlink:href="#mono-icon-print"></use></svg><span>Print</span></span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </ps-actionbar> </div> <div data-element="story-body" class="ct-rich-text-children font-body font-normal text-lg leading-7.75 text-primary-text-color clearfix mb-10 md:max-w-170 md:mx-auto" data-subscriber-content> <p>First there were the drugs that could knock back HIV to undetectable levels, and the virus was no longer synonymous with a death sentence. Then came a treatment that allowed people who were HIV-negative to remain that way, even if their partners weren’t.</p><p>But to truly defeat the virus that causes AIDS, doctors need a vaccine. And after decades of dead ends and dashed hopes, they may finally be on the verge of having one.</p><p>With a large-scale clinical trial launching this fall and several others already underway, scientists say they are cautiously optimistic that they’ll soon have a way to fight HIV long before a person is ever exposed.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" > <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-1" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[5, 1]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-module-targeting="{"instart": "false"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>“When you have a disease that is transmitted without symptoms, you’re going to acquire it when you least expect it,” said <u><a class="link" href="https://www.fredhutch.org/en/faculty-lab-directory/corey-larry.html" target="_blank" >Dr. Larry Corey</a></u>, principal investigator of the HIV Vaccine Trials Network. In such situations, “the only base control measure ever proven to be effective is a vaccine.”</p><p>Researchers and public health experts agree that the surest way to eliminate a disease for good is by deploying a vaccine. It worked for <a class="link" href="https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/en/" target="_blank" >smallpox</a>. It worked for <a class="link" href="https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/diseases/polio.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fvaccines%2Fparents%2Fdiseases%2Fchild%2Fpolio.html" target="_blank" >polio</a>. And, if combined with <a class="link" href="https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/glossary/883/antiretroviral-therapy" target="_blank" >antiretroviral therapy</a> and <a class="link" href="https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/understanding-hiv-aids/fact-sheets/20/85/pre-exposure-prophylaxis--prep-" target="_blank" >pre-exposure prophylaxis</a>, it could work for HIV too.</p><p>A vaccine would mean “the end of the AIDS story as we know it,” said <u><a class="link" href="https://www.medschool.umaryland.edu/profiles/Gallo-Robert/" target="_blank" >Dr. Robert C. Gallo</a></u>, director of the Institute of Human Virology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" > <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-2" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[2, 2], [320, 50], [300, 250], [320, 100]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1024, 0], [300, 250], [2, 2]], [[0, 0], [320, 50], [2, 2], [320, 100], [300, 250]]]" data-module-targeting="{"position":"2"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>More than 37 million people around the world are living with HIV, and they spread it to about 5,000 others every day, Corey said. There are also about 180,000 transmissions to newborns each year.</p><p>“This virus is unfortunately doing very well,” he said.</p><p>The <a class="link" href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/hivaids" target="_blank" >human immunodeficiency virus</a> (HIV) attacks a specific type of white blood cell the body relies on to fight off infections. If left untreated for several years, a patient’s white blood cell count becomes critically low, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). That makes the body <a class="link" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/livingwithhiv/opportunisticinfections.html" target="_blank" >vulnerable to bacteria and fungi</a> that can cause tuberculosis, meningitis, certain types of cancer and other serious diseases that can lead to death.</p><p>Once Gallo and other scientists identified HIV as the cause of AIDS in 1984, it didn’t take long for them to recognize the need for a way to inoculate people against the virus. Even back then, he said, “We were already planning for a vaccine.”</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-render-conditions="{"requiresSubscriber":false,"requiresNonSubscriber":true}"> <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-3" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[5, 1]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-hide-mobile="true" data-module-targeting="{"instart": "false"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>Vaccines prime the immune system for a dangerous invader by introducing a dead or weakened version of it. That way, if the real threat comes along later, the body is already equipped to recognize it and beat it back.</p><p>With classic threats like measles or polio, the vast majority of people are already able to suppress the virus and eradicate it from their bodies. In those cases, developing a vaccine is as simple as finding a safe way to mimic a natural infection — perhaps by introducing a modified version that has been stripped of its weaponry.</p><p>But HIV is different, because no patient has ever been known to overcome the virus on his or her own.</p><p>That means scientists working on a vaccine don’t have a natural cheat sheet at their disposal. It also means that a successful vaccine will have to work extra hard to achieve its goal.</p><p>“If we want to make a durable vaccine, we have to be even more clever than the natural infection. We’ve never had that challenge with any other virus,” said <u><a class="link" href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/director" target="_blank" >Dr. Anthony S. Fauci</a></u>, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “I don’t think it’s going to be impossible. But we need to understand the relationship between the pathogen and the immune system in a way we’ve never had to before.”</p><p>HIV is a wily opponent. The virus doesn’t just defend itself against attacking immune cells, it invades them, integrating itself into the victim’s DNA. It can also envelop itself in sugar molecules to keep antibodies from latching onto its shell.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-render-conditions="{"requiresEnabledFeature":"focusMode"}"> <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-4" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-hide-mobile="true" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1024, 0], [970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]]" data-module-targeting="{"position":"4"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>Then there are genetic complications. HIV has more genetic diversity than any other known virus. It makes frequent mistakes as it replicates, and it can survive without correcting them. This ability to rapidly mutate makes it a moving target — no match for a vaccine designed to protect against a single strain.</p><p>On top of that, there are <a class="link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614444/" target="_blank" >different HIV subtypes</a> in different parts of the world. (Subtype B is common in North America and Europe, for example, while subtype C is found in southern and eastern Africa.) An effective vaccine must be based on components drawn from a mosaic of HIV variants in order to work against many strains.</p><p>“You have to protect against all that variability,” said <a class="link" href="https://cfar.ucsf.edu/people/susan-buchbinder" target="_blank" >Dr. Susan Buchbinder</a>, director of Bridge HIV, a prevention research unit in the San Francisco Department of Public Health.</p><p>That strategy will be tested this fall in <a class="link" href="https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-partners-launch-hiv-vaccine-efficacy-trial-americas-europe" target="_blank" >a large-scale efficacy trial called Mosaico</a>. The experimental vaccine, made by Johnson & Johnson, contains an array of genetic sequences from various HIV strains.</p><p>In preclinical trials, the vaccine effectively protected about 66% of nonhuman primates against HIV-like viruses. Follow-up studies in people helped finalize its makeup.</p><p>Now scientists plan to enroll some 3,800 healthy participants at more than 50 trial sites across North and South America and Europe. All of them will be drawn from groups that are at high risk of contracting HIV, including men who have sex with men and transgender people. They will receive four vaccinations over the course of a year.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-render-conditions="{"requiresEnabledFeature":"focusMode"}"> <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-5" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-hide-mobile="true" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1024, 0], [970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]]" data-module-targeting="{"position":"5"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>The study will be double-blind, meaning that neither the participants nor the researchers will know who has been randomly selected to receive the experimental vaccine and who is getting a placebo. If the vaccine proves successful, researchers hope it will be used around the world.</p><p>“We’re really excited about this one,” said Buchbinder, the protocol chair for the Mosaico trial.</p><p>Focusing on high-risk populations is paramount, researchers say. Men who have sex with men constitute almost two-thirds of new HIV infections in the United States. And the world‘s approximately 25 million transgender people are almost 50 times more likely to be living with HIV than the general population.</p><p>As part of the study enrollment process, the researchers will educate volunteers on the benefits of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and urge them to take that drug in lieu of joining the study. Only those who say they still want to forgo the treatment will be able to participate.</p><p>Other trials are already underway. In sub-Saharan Africa, a similar vaccine is being tested on 2,600 women, the group that’s most at risk in that region. That trial began in 2017, and results won’t be available until 2021 at the earliest.</p><p>Two parallel studies that began in 2016 are intended to test whether infusions of a <a class="link" href="https://www.avac.org/blog/rise-broadly-neutralizing-antibodies" target="_blank" >broadly neutralizing antibody</a> can prevent a person from acquiring HIV and, if so, what levels are needed to sustain that protection. Lab studies showed that these antibodies stop up to 90% of HIV strains from infecting human cells. These trials are taking place in sub-Saharan Africa and North and South America.</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-render-conditions="{"requiresEnabledFeature":"focusMode"}"> <div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-inline-6" class="google-dfp-ad injected" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_inline" data-slot-sizes="[[970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]" data-ad-type="injected" data-hide-mobile="true" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1024, 0], [970, 250], [970, 90], [728, 90], [1680, 220], [1280, 220], [1800, 220]]]" data-module-targeting="{"position":"6"}" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div><p>Another clinical trial underway in South Africa is testing an enhanced version of a vaccine that was the first to show even limited effectiveness against HIV. That vaccine provided sustained protection in about one-third of those tested in a 2009 <a class="link" href="https://www.hivresearch.org/rv144-trial" target="_blank" >landmark study in Thailand</a>.</p><p>“It wasn’t good enough for prime time, but it helped us,” Fauci said. He said experts decided not to deploy the vaccine, in part because it might make people think they were immune to HIV when in reality they were only partially protected.</p><p>No vaccine is foolproof, and scientists say they don’t have to be. Researchers with the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative determined that a vaccine that’s 70% effective would do more to prevent new infections than PrEP.</p><p>The Mosaico trial is pushing for 65% effectiveness, Buchbinder said. “Even a more modestly effective vaccine could alter the course of the epidemic,” she said.</p><p>Many other vaccine candidates are in the pipeline. Gallo and his colleagues are working on their own <a class="link" href="https://www.ihv.org/news/2016/Institute-of-Human-Virology-IHV-Awarded-144M-for-HIV-Vaccine-Research.html" target="_blank" >HIV vaccine</a> that they expect will enter a Phase II trial to test its efficacy in the near future.</p><p>“We’ve clearly had our ups and downs, but science is all about testing our hypotheses, even if the outcome is, ‘Nope, definitely not working,’” Buchbinder said. “The only failed experiment is one in which you don’t find an answer to your question.”</p><div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center > <div class="list list-zz list-spacer-bottom" data-list-id="00000192-be42-da32-a3db-ff76fc3b0000" data-module-id="00000192-be42-da32-a3db-ff76fc3b0000"> <div data-element="element-header" data-click="liZZListTitleCTA" class="!pb-0 border-solid pt-0 border-0 "> <h3 class="mb-5 p-0 font-serviceblack text-2xl leading-6.5" data-element="element-header-title" data-counter="3">More to Read </h3> </div> <ul class="list-menu list-zz-menu"> <li data-click="liZZ0promoXSmall"> <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf00df0004" data-promotable-id="00000184-33bc-dae4-afad-77bd2df60001" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-right-center > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media"><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-11-01/strong-rsv-vaccine-data-lifts-hopes" aria-label="Strong RSV vaccine data lifts hopes of protecting newborns and the elderly" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f68fcd4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/320x214!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/4d4d86a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/568x380!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1b43240/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/768x514!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d77caf6/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/1024x685!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 320px, (max-width: 568px) 568px, (max-width: 768px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 1024px" /> <img class="image" alt="FILE - This 1981 photo provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) shows an electron micrograph of Respiratory Syncytial Virus, also known as RSV. New research announced by Pfizer on Tuesday, Nov. 1, 2022, showed vaccinating pregnant women helped protect their newborns from the common but scary respiratory virus that fills hospitals with wheezing babies each fall. (CDC via AP, File)" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2f4dd75/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/320x214!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d8e042e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/568x380!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2d2d188/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/768x514!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/afdf651/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/1024x685!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 320px, (max-width: 568px) 568px, (max-width: 768px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 1024px" width="320" height="214" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2f4dd75/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3041x2034+4+0/resize/320x214!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F09%2Ff2%2F65c7dba1b2fec783729e12a4837e%2F3521e5ceb10f4b5eb0097b8443fbeaa2" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-11-01/strong-rsv-vaccine-data-lifts-hopes">Strong RSV vaccine data lifts hopes of protecting newborns and the elderly</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2022-11-01T16:03:27.365Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Nov. 1, 2022</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li> <li data-click="liZZ1promoXSmall"> <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf00e00000" data-promotable-id="00000184-31de-dae4-afad-75ff47400001" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-right-center > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media"><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-10-31/antibody-treatment-tested-as-new-tool-against-malaria" aria-label="Antibody treatment tested as new tool against malaria" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/26a12d8/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/320x214!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8a0c544/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/568x380!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/345a6b4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/768x514!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1d16de6/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/1024x685!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 320px, (max-width: 568px) 568px, (max-width: 768px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 1024px" /> <img class="image" alt="This 2014 photo made available by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention shows a feeding female Anopheles funestus mosquito. The species is a known vector for malaria. The parasitic disease killed more than 620,000 people in 2020 and caused 241 million cases, mainly in children under 5 in Africa. (James Gathany/CDC via AP)" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/81cb887/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/320x214!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/ceea172/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/568x380!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/46aa184/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/768x514!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1abecd4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/1024x685!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 320px, (max-width: 568px) 568px, (max-width: 768px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 1024px" width="320" height="214" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/81cb887/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3003x2008+5+0/resize/320x214!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4f%2F4b%2F3edfaab66c0841c6d0c661a17c19%2Fdfea11bf2fb24a2ab1a12f9b0395f2d1" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-10-31/antibody-treatment-tested-as-new-tool-against-malaria">Antibody treatment tested as new tool against malaria</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2022-11-01T06:54:18.779Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Oct. 31, 2022</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li> <li data-click="liZZ2promoXSmall"> <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf00e00001" data-promotable-id="00000183-3764-d98d-abcf-f7ef5f910000" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-right-center > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media"><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-09-14/experimental-covid-19-vaccine-may-outsmart-future-coronavirus-variants" aria-label="Experimental COVID-19 vaccine could outsmart future coronavirus variants" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3bd13ad/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/320x214!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7057878/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/568x380!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/f1d8c64/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/768x514!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/028d16e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/1024x685!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 320px, (max-width: 568px) 568px, (max-width: 768px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 1024px" /> <img class="image" alt="UCLA nurse Eunice Lee prepares a syringe of a Covid-19 vaccine for health care workers at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9662799/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/320x214!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/5b81995/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/568x380!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/23e2f5d/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/768x514!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7e2822c/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/1024x685!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 320px) 320px, (max-width: 568px) 568px, (max-width: 768px) 768px, (max-width: 1024px) 1024px, 1024px" width="320" height="214" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9662799/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3562x2382+19+0/resize/320x214!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fbf%2F56%2Ff36afa53494bb33d5503e97a4623%2F371398-la-me-ucla-med-center-vaccine-16-brv.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2022-09-14/experimental-covid-19-vaccine-may-outsmart-future-coronavirus-variants">Experimental COVID-19 vaccine could outsmart future coronavirus variants</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2022-09-14T18:26:04.833Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Sept. 14, 2022</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </article> <div class="tags"><a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science">Science & Medicine</a><a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/covid-19-pandemic">COVID-19 Pandemic</a></div> <div class="bylines"> <div class="author-info"> <div class="author-avatar"> <a class="link" aria-label="Emily Baumgaertner" href="https://www.latimes.com/people/emily-baumgaertner" data-click="authorBioImage"> <img alt="" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/4e8c892/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1800+700+0/resize/130x130!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F42%2Fc3%2F5212c66744a8b20bdde49ea08de3%2F3073870-emily-baumgaertner2-mam.JPG" loading="lazy" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/4e8c892/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1800+700+0/resize/130x130!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F42%2Fc3%2F5212c66744a8b20bdde49ea08de3%2F3073870-emily-baumgaertner2-mam.JPG 1x,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/678722e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/1800x1800+700+0/resize/260x260!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F42%2Fc3%2F5212c66744a8b20bdde49ea08de3%2F3073870-emily-baumgaertner2-mam.JPG 2x" width="130" height="130" > </a> </div> <div class="author-bio"> <div class="author-name"> <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/people/emily-baumgaertner" aria-label="" data-click="authorBioName">Emily Baumgaertner</a> </div> <div class="author-social-media"><div class="social-bar"> <p class="social-bar-heading">Follow Us</p> <ul class="social-bar-menu"> <li><a data-element="social-link" class="flex justify-center items-center h-10 w-10 border border-solid border-secondary-color-6 rounded-sm hover:border-secondary-color-5" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://twitter.com/Emily_Baum" target="_blank" data-social-service="twitter" data-social-trigger="authorBio" > <svg data-element="social-icon" class="h-7 w-7 fill-secondary-color-8 [[data-element='page-footer']_&]:fill-secondary-color-5"> <use xlink:href="#mono-icon-twitter"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">X</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="author-bio-text">Emily Baumgaertner was a national correspondent for the Los Angeles Times focused on medical investigations and features. She joined the newsroom in 2019 from the New York Times Washington bureau and left in 2022. Her work has appeared in the Atlantic, the Washington Post, Foreign Policy, Scientific American and elsewhere. A New Haven, Conn., native, Baumgaertner earned her master of public health degree from the George Washington University.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="page-content-footer" data-click="contentFooter"><ps-connatix-module data-fetch-offset="1.25" data-integration-script="!function(n){if(!window.cnx){window.cnx={},window.cnx.cmd=[];var t=n.createElement('iframe');t.src='javascript:false'; t.display='none',t.onload=function(){var n=t.contentWindow.document,c=n.createElement('script');c.src='//cd.connatix.com/connatix.player.js?cid=87b4f8ff-3ecb-4d03-9754-0c59c3121f22',c.setAttribute('async','1'),c.setAttribute('type','text/javascript'),n.body.appendChild(c)},n.head.appendChild(t)}}(document);"> <div class="connatix-wrapper" style="min-height: 495px;" > <div class="connatix" data-customer-id="87b4f8ff-3ecb-4d03-9754-0c59c3121f22" data-player-id="5fff2aa5-02d5-4d8a-9635-e04eb729fc9b" data-story-id="f6a13611-a4b5-4f14-9a48-8b053aac6432" > </div> </div> </ps-connatix-module> <div class="list list-d list-spacer-bottom" data-list-id="00000189-6606-dde5-a1bf-668788880003" data-module-id="00000189-6606-dde5-a1bf-668788880003"> <div data-element="element-header" data-click="liDListTitleCTA" class="!pb-0 border-solid pt-4.5 border-0 border-t-2 border-t-color-black "> <h3 class="mb-5 p-0 font-serviceblack text-2xl leading-6.5" data-element="element-header-title" data-counter="4">More From the Los Angeles Times </h3> </div> <ul class="list-menu list-d-menu" > <li data-click="liD0promoSmall"> <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf00fa0000" data-promotable-id="00000192-7385-d69a-af93-fbf7584a0000" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-left-center > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media"><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-10-14/covid-intelligence-iq-symptoms-booster-vaccine-health" aria-label="Opinion: Don’t be stupid: Skipping your COVID booster could reduce your IQ" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2f13ee5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/110x73!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e6eb631/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/180x120!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8befc44/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8d4909c/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/3b76547/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d41dfe2/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/840x560!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" /> <img class="image" alt="A pharmacist holds a COVID-19 vaccine at a pharmacy in New York, Tuesday, Sept. 24, 2024. (AP Photo/Mary Conlon)" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/6f1928f/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/110x73!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/b8ba674/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/180x120!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/18e0582/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/320x213!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/d7a49b3/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/568x379!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/665c72e/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/768x512!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/b5f4add/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" width="840" height="560" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/b5f4add/2147483647/strip/true/crop/4240x2827+0+3/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F4b%2Fb5%2Ffa8037484a22879cec9ed6b36ce1%2Fbe-well-fall-vaccines-91872.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div><div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <p class="promo-category" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion">Opinion</a> </p> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2024-10-14/covid-intelligence-iq-symptoms-booster-vaccine-health">Opinion: Don’t be stupid: Skipping your COVID booster could reduce your IQ</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-10-14T10:00:38.112Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Oct. 14, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li> <li data-click="liD1promoSmall"> <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf00fa0001" data-promotable-id="00000192-35a7-de97-ab92-fdbf034d0000" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-left-center > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media"><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-10-02/californias-summer-covid-surge-over-how-can-we-prepare-for-next-one" aria-label="California’s COVID surge is finally over. But expect another spike in the coming months" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/5eff301/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/110x73!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7cc16d2/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/180x120!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/bfa6bc5/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/6e7a19b/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/6b94e4a/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e419b97/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/840x560!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" /> <img class="image" alt="HUNTINGTON PARK-CA-AUGUST 28, 2024: Brandon Guerrero, 34, of Compton, receives both a flu and COVID-19 vaccine at CVS in Huntington Park on August 28, 2024. (Christina House / Los Angeles Times)" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8d5ba05/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/110x73!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/70bfa51/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/180x120!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8d8d345/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/320x213!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/ea803da/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/568x379!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/74881e4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/768x512!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1c203e9/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" width="840" height="560" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1c203e9/2147483647/strip/true/crop/8038x5359+0+53/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2Ff8%2Fdc%2F33c4d2134b30a11c4b922ae67170%2F1473216-me-0828-covid-vaccines-cmh-07.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div><div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <p class="promo-category" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/california">California</a> </p> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-10-02/californias-summer-covid-surge-over-how-can-we-prepare-for-next-one">California’s COVID surge is finally over. But expect another spike in the coming months</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-10-02T15:01:46.065Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Oct. 2, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li> <li data-click="liD2promoSmall"> <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf00fa0002" data-promotable-id="00000192-3af7-de97-ab92-ffff47a00000" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-left-center > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media"><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2024-10-01/covid-worsened-depression-among-southern-california-youth" aria-label="Depression was rising among young people in Southern California. COVID made it worse" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c468166/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/110x73!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/0acc97d/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/180x120!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/2e9c3f7/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/a658403/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8f3d3ef/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9836ec6/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/840x560!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" /> <img class="image" alt="Amelia, 16, sits for a portrait in a park near her home in Illinois on Friday, March 24, 2023." srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/6580ded/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/110x73!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/592a515/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/180x120!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/0b96604/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/320x213!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/393ef19/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/568x379!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/5599b56/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/768x512!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e3fe185/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" width="840" height="560" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/e3fe185/2147483647/strip/true/crop/3000x2000+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F68%2F06%2Fa9a4d88b4636852acf72b8bacd5b%2Fteen-girls-mental-health-19244.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div><div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <p class="promo-category" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science">Science & Medicine</a> </p> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2024-10-01/covid-worsened-depression-among-southern-california-youth">Depression was rising among young people in Southern California. COVID made it worse</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-10-01T16:15:21.572Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Oct. 1, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li> <li data-click="liD3promoSmall"> <ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf00fa0003" data-promotable-id="00000192-215f-df1e-a1bb-637f9ce80000" data-content-type="article" data-show-img data-left-center > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-media"><a class="link promo-placeholder" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-09-23/free-covid-tests-how-to-get-yours" aria-label="Free COVID tests are back. Here’s how to get yours" ><picture > <source type="image/webp" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/500bbd7/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/110x73!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/1cb2acf/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/180x120!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/83cbad6/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/320x213!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/a415b3f/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/568x379!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/69a0162/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/768x512!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/be260f7/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/840x560!/format/webp/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" /> <img class="image" alt="FILE - A woman holds two boxes of at-home Covid-19 test kits in Washington, Dec. 22, 2021. (AP Photo/Andrew Harnik, File)" srcset="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/8b89ca0/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/110x73!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 110w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/9ab63a4/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/180x120!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 180w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/237f3f8/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/320x213!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 320w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/c5062f1/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/568x379!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 568w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/7432ad8/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/768x512!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 768w,https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/5771bcd/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg 840w" sizes="180px" width="840" height="560" src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/dims4/default/5771bcd/2147483647/strip/true/crop/6000x4000+0+0/resize/840x560!/quality/75/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcalifornia-times-brightspot.s3.amazonaws.com%2F16%2F11%2F2e1bc28f4e5189e7915d6367a3b7%2Fap24236674257912.jpg" decoding="async" loading="lazy" > </picture> </a></div><div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <p class="promo-category" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/california">California</a> </p> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-09-23/free-covid-tests-how-to-get-yours">Free COVID tests are back. Here’s how to get yours</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-09-27T06:16:28.621Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Sept. 26, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li> </ul> </div> <ps-personalized-module id="pm-00000189-79fe-d028-a79f-7bfe98b10004" class="ct-module-wrapper block" data-dynamic-module-mapping="{"data":[{"type":"external-dynamic-data-source","attributes":{"moduleId":"00000189-b841-dff2-a1bb-bad12ae50001","externalFeedId":"0000018e-1555-d822-a5ee-1dd74dd80000","dynamicDataSourceUrl":"https://edge.platform.latimes.com/v1/recommendations?exp=2","limit":3,"includeCredentials":true,"filterReadContent":true,"fetchOffset":0.5,"fetchOffsetUnit":"viewport"},"renderConditions":{"requiresSignedIn":true,"requiresSignedOut":false}}]}" data-render-fallback-by-default data-click="personalizedModule" data-module-id="00000189-79fe-d028-a79f-7bfe98b10005" data-key="y3Fw2n1QFqde9ZL4R4AhOAfQ8fFQ8IVmBxlFM2H" data-fallback-module-id="00000191-ebe5-d532-a995-ebed77b30004" > </ps-personalized-module> </div> </main> <aside class="rail" data-click="rail"> <div class="rail-content"> <div class="list list-l list-spacer-bottom" data-list-id="00000171-55cd-d822-a973-f7eda32b0002" data-module-id="00000171-55cd-d822-a973-f7eda32b0002"> <div data-element="element-header" data-click="liLListTitleCTA" class="!pb-0 border-solid pt-4.5 border-0 border-t-2 border-t-color-black "> <h3 class="mb-5 p-0 font-serviceblack text-2xl leading-6.5" data-element="element-header-title" data-counter="5"> <a class="hover:text-list-title-link-hover-color transition-colors" href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/for-la-times-subscribers" >Subscribers are Reading<svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="relative -top-0.5 w-3.5 h-3.5 ml-3 pointer-events-none"><use xlink:href="#chevron"></use></svg> </a> </h3> </div> <ul class="list-menu list-l-menu"><li data-click="liL0promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01180000" data-promotable-id="00000192-5880-de17-a7d3-5acd8ffc0000" data-content-type="longForm" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <div class="label-subscriber-exclusive" data-click="subExclusiveLabel"><a href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/for-la-times-subscribers" class="label-subscriber-exclusive-link">For Subscribers</a></div> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2024-11-24/california-has-so-much-solar-power-that-increasingly-it-goes-to-waste">Solar power glut boosts California electric bills. Other states reap the benefits</a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL1promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01180001" data-promotable-id="00000192-783b-d20e-a5db-7d3b850f0000" data-content-type="longForm" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <div class="label-subscriber-exclusive" data-click="subExclusiveLabel"><a href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/for-la-times-subscribers" class="label-subscriber-exclusive-link">For Subscribers</a></div> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2024-11-26/salvation-mountain-slab-city-leonard-knight-east-jesus">Salvation Mountain, one of California’s great art oddities, partially collapsed. Devotees vow to save it </a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL2promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01180002" data-promotable-id="00000193-63e0-d05a-a5f7-ffee4c3c0000" data-content-type="article" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-11-25/hannah-kobayashi-father-dead-suicide">Dad who flew to LAX to find missing daughter Hannah Kobayashi dies by suicide near airport</a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL3promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01180003" data-promotable-id="00000192-6e5a-de17-a7d3-6e5f9c5f0000" data-content-type="longForm" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/lifestyle/story/2024-11-03/gift-guide-2024">The L.A. Times 2024 holiday gift guide</a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL4promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01180004" data-promotable-id="00000192-e416-dc87-a9fa-e59623200000" data-content-type="article" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <div class="label-subscriber-exclusive" data-click="subExclusiveLabel"><a href="https://www.latimes.com/topic/for-la-times-subscribers" class="label-subscriber-exclusive-link">For Subscribers</a></div> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2024-11-25/video-game-strike-vfx-animation-intimacy-coordinators">Hollywood unions are facing an uphill battle against Trump, AI and the slowdown</a> </h3> </div> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li></ul></div> <div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" ><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-1" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div> <div class="list list-l list-spacer-bottom" data-list-id="00000193-2198-d274-a7df-21bba8620004" data-module-id="00000193-2198-d274-a7df-21bba8620004"> <div data-element="element-header" data-click="liLListTitleCTA" class="!pb-0 border-solid pt-4.5 border-0 border-t-2 border-t-color-black "> <h3 class="mb-5 p-0 font-serviceblack text-2xl leading-6.5" data-element="element-header-title" data-counter="5">Latest Science & Medicine </h3> </div> <ul class="list-menu list-l-menu"><li data-click="liL0promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01370000" data-promotable-id="00000193-2c85-d05c-a1d7-bd85eabf0000" data-content-type="longForm" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2024-11-26/bird-flu-warnings-are-going-unheeded-at-many-dairy-farms">Despite warnings from bird flu experts, it’s business as usual in California dairy country</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-11-26T11:00:36.343Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Nov. 26, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL1promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01370001" data-promotable-id="00000193-5b0e-dd61-abff-db9f4e3f0000" data-content-type="article" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2024-11-23/archaeologists-discover-4-000-year-old-canals-used-to-fish-by-predecessors-of-ancient-maya">Archaeologists discover 4,000-year-old canals used to fish by predecessors of ancient Maya</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-11-23T22:26:19.950Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Nov. 23, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL2promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01370002" data-promotable-id="00000193-54a5-d05a-a5f7-dfefc6ff0000" data-content-type="longForm" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2024-11-22/ventura-farmworkers-diagnosed-with-rare-animal-borne-disease">Cluster of farmworkers diagnosed with rare animal-borne disease in Ventura County</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-11-22T22:46:28.266Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Nov. 22, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL3promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01370003" data-promotable-id="00000193-1d3a-d3b1-a5b7-9d3f51f80000" data-content-type="article" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2024-11-20/can-you-stay-politically-engaged-without-stress">Political stress: Can you stay engaged without sacrificing your mental health?</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-11-20T11:00:04.464Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Nov. 20, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li><li data-click="liL4promoXSmall"><ps-promo class="promo promo-position-small promo-x-small" data-module-id="00000193-6cd7-d39b-a3f3-fddf01370004" data-promotable-id="00000193-4653-d85b-a7df-675ba80d0000" data-content-type="article" > <div class="promo-wrapper"> <div class="promo-content"> <div class="promo-title-container"> <h3 class="promo-title" > <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-11-19/trump-nominates-dr-oz-to-head-medicare-agency">Trump nominates Dr. Oz to head Medicare and Medicaid and help take on ‘illness industrial complex’</a> </h3> </div> <time class="promo-timestamp font-service font-medium text-sm text-secondary-color-6" datetime="2024-11-20T01:23:17.775Z"> <span data-element="date-time-content">Nov. 19, 2024</span> </time> </div> </div> </ps-promo> </li></ul></div> <div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-article-dynamic-aside="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-2" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-article-dynamic-aside="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-3" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-article-dynamic-aside="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-4" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-article-dynamic-aside="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-5" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-article-dynamic-aside="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-6" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-article-dynamic-aside="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-7" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" data-article-dynamic-aside="true"><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-rr-8" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_rr" data-slot-sizes="[[300, 250], [300, 600]]" data-ad-type="mrec" data-hide-mobile="true" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[800, 0], [300, 250], [300, 600]], [[0, 0], [0, 0]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div> <div class="page-below" data-click="below" ><div class="google-dfp-ad-wrapper" style="min-height: 270px;" data-min-height="270" ><div class="google-dfp-ad-caption">Advertisement</div> <div id="story-lb-2" class="google-dfp-ad" data-slot-name="/21787098806/web.latimes/science/story_lb" data-slot-sizes="[[970, 90], [728, 90], [970, 250]]" data-ad-type="leaderboard" data-ptype="story" data-slot-ad-size-maps="[[[1024, 0], [970, 90], [728, 90], [970, 250]], [[0, 0], [300, 250]]]" > <span class="google-dfp-ad-placeholder"></span> </div> </div></div> <footer data-element="page-footer" class="py-10 px-5 text-footer-text-color bg-footer-bg-color"> <div data-element="page-footer-content" class="mx-auto max-w-300"> <div data-element="page-footer-logo" class="max-w-70 mb-10 [&_img]:w-[230px] [&_svg]:w-[230px] [&_img]:h-auto [&_svg]:h-auto"><a aria-label="home page" class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/" ><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="701" height="88" viewBox="0 0 701 88"><g fill="#FFF" fill-rule="evenodd"><path d="M627.952 63.239c-2.798 2.36-8.448 7.37-11.069 9.905-2.448-2.186-7.536-6.178-10.682-8.45v-.387c.908-.307 1.552-1.148 1.552-3.205V36.826c-2.532-1.834-7.292-4.757-10-6.504l-2.138 2.039v29.908l4.274 3.204s-5.923 5.136-8.544 7.671c-2.36-2.273-5.886-4.924-9.03-7.285v-.29c.908-.305 1.552-1.244 1.552-3.3V36.826c-2.535-1.834-7.195-4.757-9.904-6.504l-2.621 2.233v29.714l4.273 3.204s-5.757 4.799-8.546 7.574c-2.622-2.36-5.538-4.51-9.03-7.188v-.193c.98-.401 1.552-1.616 1.552-3.011V33.428l-3.495-3.106-2.719 2.33-1.068-1.165c2.622-2.185 7.311-6.42 11.069-10.002l7.964 7.186v2.039l10.778-9.225c3.409 2.447 13.495 8.837 13.495 8.837l10.392-8.837c3.321 2.622 10.953 7.36 15.147 9.808v.388c-1.397.374-1.553 2.145-1.553 3.106v26.315l4.467 3.399 2.621-2.33 1.263 1.068M552.989 11.969c-2.796 3.933-5.068 5.73-9.613 5.73-3.059 0-5.224-1.4-7.671-4.37l-2.525 2.427-1.067-1.36 10.972-9.807c3.058 6.205 6.739 7.079 9.71 6.992l.194.388M555.806 63.239c-3.06 2.62-8.185 7.129-10.975 9.905-2.622-2.36-7.09-5.772-10.583-8.45v-.29c.982-.402 1.553-1.614 1.553-3.011V33.428l-3.495-3.106-2.718 2.33-1.07-1.165c2.623-2.185 7.313-6.42 11.07-10.002l9.517 8.448v.389c-1.136.349-1.553 1.079-1.553 3.69v27.09l4.563 3.205 2.525-2.233 1.166 1.165M368.883 63.239c-3.059 2.62-8.181 7.129-10.973 9.905-2.622-2.36-7.09-5.772-10.583-8.45v-.29c.981-.402 1.553-1.614 1.553-3.011V16.047l-3.495-3.107-2.72 2.33-1.067-1.165c2.622-2.185 6.728-6.322 10.486-9.904l10.098 8.448v.388c-1.135.35-1.553 1.08-1.553 3.69v44.375l4.563 3.205 2.622-2.233 1.069 1.165M264.207 63.239c-2.796 2.36-8.35 7.37-10.972 9.905-2.447-2.186-7.439-6.178-10.585-8.45v-.387c.91-.307 1.554-1.148 1.554-3.205V36.826c-2.535-1.834-7.196-4.757-9.905-6.504-.553.41-2.054 1.72-2.621 2.233v29.714l4.272 3.204s-5.851 4.799-8.642 7.574c-2.622-2.36-5.44-4.51-8.933-7.188v-.193c.982-.401 1.553-1.616 1.553-3.011V33.428l-3.593-3.204-2.621 2.33-1.166-1.164c2.622-2.185 7.41-6.322 11.167-9.905l7.963 7.186v2.039l10.778-9.225c3.32 2.622 10.857 7.36 15.051 9.808v.388c-1.397.374-1.553 2.145-1.553 3.106v26.315l4.563 3.302 2.525-2.33 1.165 1.165M687.572 65.959v-14.08c-1.659-.786-4.183-1.879-5.825-2.72L668.25 63.142l.387.097c2.05-1.117 3.864-2.526 8.06-2.526 4.283 0 8.633 3.102 10.68 5.343l.195-.097Zm13.205-5.44c-6.815 2.972-16.671 8.34-21.458 12.625-2.448-2.36-5.653-4.564-9.906-4.564-3.984 0-5.826 1.46-5.826 2.815 0 .844 1.652.73 1.652 1.942 0 .56-.421 1.166-1.166 1.166-.932 0-2.135-1.327-2.135-3.01 0-3.146 1.625-5.872 6.602-11.07l8.74-9.127c-3.61-1.845-8.823-4.166-11.751-5.439v-.388c.852-.242 1.458-1.13 1.458-2.138v-7.476c0-.825-.41-2.077-1.458-2.427v-.388c7.341-2.621 16.714-7.894 22.043-11.652 1.194 1.328 4.305 4.175 7.671 4.175 2.836 0 3.495-1.437 3.495-2.427 0-.562-1.066-.874-1.066-1.748 0-.747.409-1.068.97-1.068.836 0 1.555.838 1.555 2.427 0 4.72-4.469 10.973-11.558 10.973-4.662 0-7.524-2.379-9.71-5.438l-.193.097v11.749l6.409 3.107 2.914-3.01c3.024 1.916 9.377 5.271 12.718 6.7v.292c-.654.276-1.552 1.028-1.552 2.427v8.254c0 1.183.941 1.972 1.552 2.232v.39ZM651.45 42.361c-2.447-3.407-6.807-9.573-9.515-13.593l-.293.097v19.71l9.809-6.214Zm10.972-4.952-20.78 12.915v8.836c2.622 1.136 8.468 3.992 11.265 5.826l4.467-4.563c1.236-1.263.826-3.3 3.01-3.3.611 0 1.067.368 1.067 1.065 0 .746-.513 1.099-.872 1.459l-13.595 13.497c-4.633-2.974-14.012-7.302-18.643-9.227v-.386c.747-.281 1.65-.796 1.65-2.719V36.244c0-2.01-.8-2.653-1.65-2.816v-.388c6.992-2.272 17.654-7.972 22.721-11.555 3.497 5.244 8.04 11.73 11.36 15.924Z"/><path d="M518.323 63.239V18.863c-.523.038-1.405.097-1.942.097-3.003 0-8.244-1.175-11.651-2.136-10.14 1.835-21.946 10.418-21.946 26.507 0 13.8 9.835 22.628 23.789 22.628 4.721 0 8.852-.996 11.75-2.72Zm12.138-56.222c0 7.038-5.176 10.603-10.681 11.652v43.986c7.08-3.93 8.546-8.252 8.546-10.292 0-.443-.875-1.048-.875-1.846 0-.62.715-1.163 1.262-1.163.798 0 1.165.727 1.165 2.039 0 10.225-9.789 23.984-30.585 23.984-15.606 0-28.842-12.254-28.842-28.063 0-22.547 18.936-30.384 32.046-31.17-4.806-1.048-12.543-2.718-18.936-2.718-7.428 0-13.497 4.418-13.497 8.35 0 1.485 1.166 1.768 1.166 2.816 0 .578-.273 1.263-1.07 1.263-1.222 0-1.649-1.279-1.649-2.234 0-8.565 5.54-20.78 18.448-20.78 13.086 0 23.021 4.758 33.209 4.758 6.737 0 8.807-2.379 8.545-6.311l1.068.485c.261.612.68 2.619.68 5.244ZM429.863 65.959v-14.08c-1.66-.786-4.185-1.879-5.824-2.72L410.54 63.142l.389.097c2.051-1.117 3.865-2.526 8.06-2.526 4.28 0 8.631 3.102 10.68 5.343l.194-.097Zm13.207-5.44c-6.819 2.972-16.675 8.34-21.459 12.625-2.45-2.36-5.654-4.564-9.906-4.564-3.987 0-5.826 1.46-5.826 2.815 0 .844 1.65.73 1.65 1.942 0 .56-.42 1.166-1.163 1.166-.933 0-2.139-1.327-2.139-3.01 0-3.146 1.627-5.872 6.606-11.07l8.737-9.127c-3.61-1.845-8.82-4.166-11.749-5.439v-.388c.85-.242 1.456-1.13 1.456-2.138v-7.476c0-.825-.407-2.077-1.456-2.427v-.388c7.342-2.621 16.711-7.894 22.042-11.652 1.195 1.328 4.305 4.175 7.671 4.175 2.837 0 3.495-1.437 3.495-2.427 0-.562-1.067-.874-1.067-1.748 0-.747.411-1.068.97-1.068.838 0 1.554.838 1.554 2.427 0 4.72-4.468 10.973-11.554 10.973-4.665 0-7.526-2.379-9.71-5.438l-.194.097v11.749l6.407 3.107 2.913-3.01c3.026 1.916 9.379 5.271 12.722 6.7v.292c-.657.276-1.555 1.028-1.555 2.427v8.254c0 1.183.942 1.972 1.555 2.232v.39ZM394.032 42.361c-2.446-3.407-6.806-9.573-9.517-13.593l-.29.097v19.71l9.807-6.214Zm10.875-4.952-20.682 12.915v8.836c2.622 1.136 8.467 3.992 11.265 5.826l4.467-4.563c1.234-1.263.825-3.3 3.008-3.3.613 0 .972.368.972 1.065 0 .746-.516 1.099-.875 1.459l-13.497 13.497c-4.63-2.974-14.01-7.302-18.643-9.227v-.386c.749-.281 1.555-.796 1.555-2.719V36.244c0-2.01-.704-2.653-1.555-2.816v-.388c6.991-2.272 17.654-7.972 22.722-11.555 3.495 5.244 7.942 11.73 11.263 15.924ZM334.8 42.361c-2.446-3.407-6.807-9.573-9.516-13.593l-.194.097v19.71l9.71-6.214Zm10.974-4.952L325.09 50.324v8.836c2.622 1.136 8.467 3.992 11.264 5.826l4.467-4.563c1.236-1.263.728-3.3 2.913-3.3.612 0 1.068.368 1.068 1.065 0 .746-.515 1.099-.874 1.459l-13.497 13.497c-4.632-2.974-14.012-7.302-18.644-9.227v-.386c.749-.281 1.554-.796 1.554-2.719V36.244c0-2.01-.704-2.653-1.554-2.816v-.388c6.991-2.272 17.654-7.972 22.722-11.555 3.496 5.244 7.944 11.73 11.265 15.924ZM292.172 64.694V37.216c-3.408-1.923-8.962-5.798-12.72-9.03l-.195.096v30.685c3.41 1.573 9.022 4.873 11.556 6.796l1.36-1.069Zm16.41 4.566c-.28 11.096-5.754 18.74-16.119 18.74-8.109 0-14.092-4.174-21.46-4.174-4.29 0-6.652 1.32-7.864 2.815l-.485-.29c.437-8.043 6.126-12.528 13.399-12.528 8.017 0 13.85 5.146 22.334 5.146 5.418 0 8.215-2.844 8.74-5.729l-.098-.193c-1.136.697-2.573 1.553-4.758 1.553-4.37 0-9.118-3.02-9.905-8.351-2.086 1.454-6.783 5.095-8.836 6.895-5.121-3.31-13.365-7.436-17.38-9.227v-.386c.836-.275 1.359-1.312 1.359-2.332V36.147c0-1.488-.532-2.532-1.554-2.72v-.387c7.428-2.71 16.983-7.73 22.139-11.75 4.47 3.537 12.598 8.524 17.381 11.265v.485c-1.049.437-1.553 1.137-1.553 3.496v26.995c0 3.464.31 5.825 2.816 5.825.398 0 .912-.34 1.262-.776l.583.68ZM190.992 44.4l-9.03-27.576-9.808 27.577h18.838ZM217.21 62.56l-11.458 10.585c-3.32-2.36-6.194-4.273-10.39-6.895v-.486c.952-.346 1.446-1.3 1.457-2.426.005-.496-.029-1.033-.195-1.555l-3.398-10.681H169.63l-3.108 8.933c4.856 0 7.732.753 10.1 1.748l2.038-3.787 1.457.777-7.768 14.468c-3.18-1.81-6.714-3.204-10.779-3.204-4.794 0-8.425 1.247-10.196 2.914-.354.334-.888.245-.68-.486 1.922-6.729 6.755-11.861 14.178-12.334l16.41-45.442c-1.836-5.332-3.856-6.409-7.962-6.409-3.848 0-7.575 1.786-7.575 6.506 0 2.185 2.137 1.999 2.137 3.593 0 .558-.518 1.165-1.263 1.165-1.398 0-2.33-1.865-2.33-5.535 0-8.302 6.302-13.206 13.206-13.206 6.291 0 8.759 2.428 10.681 5.05.611-2.447 3.087-3.584 4.952-3.885l.194.292c-1.165 1.445-1.845 2.728-1.845 4.564 0 .953.706 3.115.97 3.884l17.674 51.075 3.204 2.04 2.719-2.525 1.165 1.262ZM118.262 65.959v-14.08c-1.66-.786-4.087-1.879-5.728-2.72L98.939 63.142l.486.097c2.05-1.117 3.864-2.526 8.06-2.526 4.281 0 8.534 3.102 10.583 5.343l.194-.097Zm13.206-5.44c-6.817 2.972-16.575 8.34-21.362 12.625-2.448-2.36-5.75-4.564-10.001-4.564-3.987 0-5.73 1.46-5.73 2.815 0 .844 1.651.73 1.651 1.942 0 .56-.518 1.166-1.262 1.166-.933 0-2.136-1.327-2.136-3.01 0-3.146 1.722-5.872 6.7-11.07l8.739-9.127c-3.609-1.845-8.92-4.166-11.847-5.439v-.388c.85-.242 1.554-1.13 1.554-2.138v-7.476c0-.825-.506-2.077-1.554-2.427v-.388c7.34-2.621 16.711-7.894 22.042-11.652 1.195 1.328 4.305 4.175 7.671 4.175 2.836 0 3.496-1.437 3.496-2.427 0-.562-.971-.874-.971-1.748 0-.747.313-1.068.874-1.068.836 0 1.65.838 1.65 2.427 0 4.72-4.564 10.973-11.652 10.973-4.664 0-7.524-2.379-9.71-5.438l-.194.097v11.749l6.505 3.107 2.914-3.01c3.025 1.916 9.282 5.271 12.623 6.7v.292c-.654.276-1.457 1.028-1.457 2.427v8.254c0 1.183.845 1.972 1.457 2.232v.39ZM78.062 66.056v-28.84c-4.02-2.186-9.924-6.584-12.72-9.03l-.195.096v29.42c3.845 2.1 9.575 5.742 12.72 8.45l.195-.096Zm13.303-5.536c-5.845 2.388-17.149 8.34-22.042 12.624-5.157-3.758-12.693-8.715-17.479-11.459v-.292c1.224-.436 1.554-1.33 1.554-2.815V36.536c0-2.027-.505-2.758-1.554-3.108v-.388c8.04-2.971 15.673-7.195 22.14-11.652 4.456 3.32 12.226 8.205 17.381 11.264v.388c-.932.375-1.553 1.33-1.553 2.815v21.848c0 1.575.591 2.167 1.553 2.427v.39ZM30.287 57.51V16.63c-5.734-.627-8.658-4.819-10.583-7.089l-5.535 4.467c.03 6.219 1.851 11.647 3.98 16.605 1.948 4.532 4.08 10.401 4.08 14.467 0 6.696-3.7 10.925-12.527 19.227l.292.29c5.243-3.93 13.248-6.967 20.293-7.087Zm20.975.678-8.254 15.246c-4.49-3.13-11.655-5.05-17.77-5.05-12.06 0-20.382 2.149-24.663 4.856l-.486-.582c3.824-3.347 10.196-8.727 10.196-20.975 0-5.16-2.087-11.008-3.593-14.857-1.743-4.453-3.107-6.792-3.107-13.01 0-10.825 5.81-16.939 14.954-21.557l.776.874c-3.154 2.624-4.68 6.003-5.146 9.419L28.832.317c3.741 5.256 7.237 7.282 11.845 7.282 3.783 0 4.856-1.679 4.856-3.01 0-.96-1.262-1.097-1.262-2.039 0-.893.644-1.165 1.164-1.165 1.16 0 1.748 1.497 1.748 2.622 0 7.371-6.166 12.817-12.72 12.817-1.136 0-1.996.127-2.718 0V57.51c5.68 0 11.545 1.7 15.827 3.883l2.233-3.883 1.457.678Z"/><path d="M514.536 22.747c0 .611-.723 1.069-1.165 1.069-.754 0-1.397-1.457-3.495-1.457-3.086 0-5.633 2.641-5.633 5.73 0 8.127 7.962 11.413 7.962 20.682 0 7.772-7.58 12.279-15.437 13.303l-1.458-1.068c4.306-.561 6.311-2.047 6.311-7.285 0-7.077-7.282-12.838-7.282-21.166 0-6.738 6.303-11.944 14.953-11.944 1.684 0 3.36.515 4.272.971.526.261.972.64.972 1.165"/></g></svg></a> </div> <div data-element="page-footer-group" class="flex flex-col shrink-0 lg:flex-row"> <div data-element="group" class="sm:w-full sm:shrink-0 lg:w-[65%] lg:mt-0.75 xxl:flex-1"><div data-element="rich-text-module" class="ct-rich-text-children font-body font-normal text-lg leading-7.75 text-primary-text-color clearfix" data-module-id="00000177-6463-def3-a7ff-7cf70a2b0001" > <div class="enhancement" data-click="enhancement" data-align-center > <div class="html-module" data-click="htmlModule" data-module-id="00000177-6463-d44c-a3ff-74efddd70007"><img src="https://ca-times.brightspotcdn.com/a6/d6/eea0f1094fb281dbea09e0aa79cd/art-caltimes-trademark-3x.png" loading="lazy" alt="A California Times publication" width="275" height="20" /></div> </div> </div> <div data-element="rich-text-module" class="ct-rich-text-children font-body font-normal text-lg leading-7.75 text-primary-text-color clearfix" data-module-id="0000016a-b168-dd65-a56f-f778b3160000" > <p><a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/footersubscribe" target="_blank" >Subscribe for unlimited access</a><br><a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/sitemap" target="_blank" >Site Map</a></p> </div> <div data-element="page-footer-social"><div class="social-bar"> <p class="social-bar-heading">Follow Us</p> <ul class="social-bar-menu"> <li><a data-element="social-link" class="flex justify-center items-center h-10 w-10 border border-solid border-secondary-color-6 rounded-sm hover:border-secondary-color-5" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://twitter.com/latimes" target="_blank" data-social-service="twitter" > <svg data-element="social-icon" class="h-7 w-7 fill-secondary-color-8 [[data-element='page-footer']_&]:fill-secondary-color-5"> <use xlink:href="#mono-icon-twitter"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">X</span> </a> </li> <li><a data-element="social-link" class="flex justify-center items-center h-10 w-10 border border-solid border-secondary-color-6 rounded-sm hover:border-secondary-color-5" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.instagram.com/latimes/" target="_blank" data-social-service="instagram" > <svg data-element="social-icon" class="h-7 w-7 fill-secondary-color-8 [[data-element='page-footer']_&]:fill-secondary-color-5"> <use xlink:href="#mono-icon-instagram"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Instagram</span> </a> </li> <li><a data-element="social-link" class="flex justify-center items-center h-10 w-10 border border-solid border-secondary-color-6 rounded-sm hover:border-secondary-color-5" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/losangelestimes" target="_blank" data-social-service="youtube" > <svg data-element="social-icon" class="h-7 w-7 fill-secondary-color-8 [[data-element='page-footer']_&]:fill-secondary-color-5"> <use xlink:href="#mono-icon-youtube"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">YouTube</span> </a> </li> <li><a data-element="social-link" class="flex justify-center items-center h-10 w-10 border border-solid border-secondary-color-6 rounded-sm hover:border-secondary-color-5" rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/latimes" target="_blank" data-social-service="facebook" > <svg data-element="social-icon" class="h-7 w-7 fill-secondary-color-8 [[data-element='page-footer']_&]:fill-secondary-color-5"> <use xlink:href="#mono-icon-facebook"></use></svg> <span class="sr-only">Facebook</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div></div> <div data-element="group" class="sm:w-full sm:shrink-0 lg:w-[65%] xxl:flex-1"> <nav class="footer-navigation" ><ul data-element="footer-navigation-menu" class="flex flex-col m-0 p-0 sm:flex-row sm:justify-between"><li class="block w-full list-none shrink-0 sm:w-1/3" data-click="navf"> <ul data-element="footer-navigation-submenu" class="list-none lg:pl-10 xl:pl-12.5" > <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://enewspaper.latimes.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > eNewspaper</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/coupon-codes" target="_blank" > Coupons</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://jobs.latimes.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Find/Post Jobs</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://placeanad.latimes.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Place an Ad</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://mediakit.latimes.com/" target="_blank" > Media Kit: Why the L. A. Times? </a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/bestcovery/?utm_source=on_site&utm_medium=footer&utm_campaign=bestcovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Bestcovery</a> </li> </ul> </li><li class="block w-full list-none shrink-0 sm:w-2/3"> <ps-footer-accordion data-element="footer-navigation-menu-container" class="block overflow-hidden py-1.25 px-0 border-0 border-solid border-secondary-color-6 border-t border-b sm:border-0 sm:p-0 ct-footer-navigation-menu-open"> <div data-element="footer-navigation-menu-more" class="bg-footer-bg-color [border:unset]"> <p data-element="footer-navigation-menu-more-text" class="relative flex items-center my-1.25 font-service font-medium text-xs leading-4.5 text-footer-text-color uppercase sm:hidden">MORE FROM THE L.A. TIMES <svg data-element="chevron-icon" class="max-w-5 max-h-7.5 stroke-footer-text-color"><use xlink:href="#chevron"></use></svg> </p> </div> <div data-element="footer-navigation-menu-grouped" class="flex justify-between h-0 overflow-hidden md:mt-0"><div class="w-35 sm:w-1/2" data-click="navf1"> <ul data-element="footer-navigation-submenu" class="list-none lg:pl-10 xl:pl-12.5" > <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/games/daily-crossword" > Crossword</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/obituaries" > Obituaries</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/food/recipes" > Recipes</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/compare-deals" target="_blank" > L.A. Times Compare</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://store.latimes.com/" target="_blank" > L.A. Times Store</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimeswine.com/club" target="_blank" > Wine Club</a> </li> </ul> </div><div class="w-35 sm:w-1/2" data-click="navf2"> <ul data-element="footer-navigation-submenu" class="list-none lg:pl-10 xl:pl-12.5" > <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/about" > About/Contact</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/about/for-the-record/" > For the Record</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://careers.latimes.com/" target="_blank" > L.A. Times Careers</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://membership.latimes.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" > Manage Subscription</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/about/how-to-obtain-rights-permissions" > Reprints and Permissions</a> </li> <li class="w-35 mb-2.5 md:mb-1.25 md:w-53.75 lg:w-[173px] xl:w-53.75"> <a data-element="navigation-link" class=" font-service font-normal text-sm leading-4.5 block no-underline text-footer-text-color keep-all w-fit hover:opacity-80 " href="https://www.latimes.com/sitemap" target="_blank" > Site Map</a> </li> </ul> </div></div> </ps-footer-accordion> </li></ul></nav> </div> </div><div data-element="pager-footer-disclaimer" class="w-full mt-2.5 pt-5 font-service font-light text-xxs text-secondary-color-5 leading-4 [&_a]:text-secondary-color-5 [&_a]:no-underline sm:mt-10 sm:border-0 sm:border-solid sm:border-t sm:border-secondary-color-6">Copyright © 2024, Los Angeles Times | <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/terms-of-service">Terms of Service</a> | <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/privacy-policy">Privacy Policy</a> | <a class="link" href="https://www.latimes.com/privacy-policy#california-notice-of-collection" target="_blank" >CA Notice of Collection</a> | <a class="link" href="https://membership.latimes.com/privacy-settings" target="_blank" >Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information</a></div></div> </footer> </body> </html>