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释迦牟尼 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-傳統姓名釋義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#傳統姓名釋義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>傳統姓名釋義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-傳統姓名釋義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生平事跡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平事跡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>生平事跡</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生平事跡-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生平事跡子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生平事跡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-入胎" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#入胎"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>入胎</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-入胎-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-誕生" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#誕生"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>誕生</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-誕生-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-早年生活" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早年生活"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>早年生活</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早年生活-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-出家修行" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#出家修行"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>出家修行</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-出家修行-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-悟道成佛" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#悟道成佛"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>悟道成佛</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-悟道成佛-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-传播佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传播佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>传播佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传播佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-三转法轮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#三转法轮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>三转法轮</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-三转法轮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進入涅槃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進入涅槃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>進入涅槃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進入涅槃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-弟子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#弟子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>弟子</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-弟子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-身后事迹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#身后事迹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>身后事迹</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-身后事迹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-紀念日" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#紀念日"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>紀念日</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-紀念日-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生卒年传统記載" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生卒年传统記載"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>生卒年传统記載</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生卒年传统記載-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关生卒年传统記載子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-生卒年传统記載-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-南傳佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南傳佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>南傳佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南傳佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漢傳佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢傳佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>漢傳佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-漢傳佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藏傳佛教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藏傳佛教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>藏傳佛教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藏傳佛教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-種族相貌傳統記載" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#種族相貌傳統記載"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>種族相貌傳統記載</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-種族相貌傳統記載-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-考證研究" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#考證研究"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>考證研究</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-考證研究-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关考證研究子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-考證研究-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-姓名考證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#姓名考證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>姓名考證</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-姓名考證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生卒年考證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生卒年考證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>生卒年考證</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生卒年考證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文獻考證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文獻考證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>文獻考證</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文獻考證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-考古發現" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#考古發現"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>考古發現</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-考古發現-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-種族考證" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#種族考證"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>種族考證</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-種族考證-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-时代背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#时代背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>时代背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-时代背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>語言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-史學界觀點" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史學界觀點"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>史學界觀點</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史學界觀點-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他宗教的乔达摩·悉达多" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他宗教的乔达摩·悉达多"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>其他宗教的乔达摩·悉达多</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他宗教的乔达摩·悉达多-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-有關列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有關列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>有關列表</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-有關列表-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关有關列表子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-有關列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-家譜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家譜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>家譜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家譜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-家庭" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#家庭"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>家庭</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-家庭-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-父系親戚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#父系親戚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>父系親戚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-父系親戚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-母系親戚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#母系親戚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>母系親戚</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-母系親戚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-師長" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#師長"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>師長</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-師長-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文藝作品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文藝作品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>文藝作品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文藝作品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影視形象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影視形象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>影視形象</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影視形象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>參見</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">释迦牟尼</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。207种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-207" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">207种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Siddhattha Gotama" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8E%E1%89%B3%E1%88%9B_%E1%89%A1%E1%8B%B3" title="ጎታማ ቡዳ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጎታማ ቡዳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Budda" title="Gautama Budda – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="غوتاما بوذا – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غوتاما بوذا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%98%DC%95%DC%97%DC%90" title="ܒܘܕܗܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܘܕܗܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%A7" title="بوذا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوذا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qautama_Budda" title="Qautama Budda – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="قوتاما بودا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gautama" title="Sidharta Gautama – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sidharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаўтама Буда – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаўтама Буда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаўтама Буда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гаўтама Буда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pang%C3%A8ran_Sidarta_Gotama" title="Pangèran Sidarta Gotama – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Pangèran Sidarta Gotama" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Сидхарта Гаутама Буда – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сидхарта Гаутама Буда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%99" title="ဖရာꩻဂေါတမ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဖရာꩻဂေါတမ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গৌতম বুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བཅོམ་ལྡན་འདས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BC%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шигэмүни – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Будда Шигэмүни" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9k-gi%C4%83-m%C3%A8u-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Sék-giă-mèu-nà̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sék-giă-mèu-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گاوتاما بوودا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گاوتاما بوودا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Budda" title="Gautama Budda – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Gautama Budda" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94" title="ཤཱ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ – 宗卡语" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཤཱ་ཀྱ་ཐུབ་པ" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="宗卡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Σιντάρτα Γκαουτάμα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιντάρτα Γκαουτάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="The Buddha" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budho_Gotamo" title="Budho Gotamo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budho Gotamo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C4%81rtha_Gautama" title="Siddhārtha Gautama – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siddhārtha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda_Gautama" title="Buda Gautama – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Buda Gautama" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گوتاما بودا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_B%C3%BAda" title="An Búda – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Búda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="釋迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BAda_Gaut%C3%A1ma" title="Vúda Gautáma – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vúda Gautáma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddh" title="Buddh – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Buddh" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B0_%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌰 – 哥特语" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌼𐌰 𐌱𐌿𐍄𐍄𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="哥特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8C%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A7" title="ગૌતમ બુદ્ધ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગૌતમ બુદ્ધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3t-k%C3%A2-m%C3%A8u-n%C3%AC" title="Sṳt-kâ-mèu-nì – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳt-kâ-mèu-nì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%94" title="גאוטמה הבודהה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גאוטמה הבודהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Sziddh%C3%A1rtha" title="Gautama Sziddhártha – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gautama Sziddhártha" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1" title="Բուդդա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուդդա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhattha_Gotama" title="Siddhattha Gotama – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siddhattha Gotama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama_Buddha" title="Sidarta Gautama Buddha – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sidarta Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddho" title="Buddho – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Buddho" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_B%C3%BAdda" title="Gautama Búdda – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gautama Búdda" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%88%E8%BF%A6" title="釈迦 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="釈迦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotaama_Buda" title="Gotaama Buda – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Gotaama Buda" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sidartas.gautamas" title="sidartas.gautamas – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sidartas.gautamas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gotama" title="Sidharta Gotama – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sidharta Gotama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92" title="ព្រះពុទ្ធ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះពុទ្ធ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EA%B0%80%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88" title="석가모니 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석가모니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8F%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="گوتم بُدھ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گوتم بُدھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butta" title="Butta – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Butta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 卢干达语" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="卢干达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauthama_Buddha" title="Gauthama Buddha – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Gauthama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2" title="ພຣະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພຣະພຸດທະເຈົ້າ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidharta_Gautama" title="Sidharta Gautama – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sidharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidh%C4%81rta_Gautama" title="Sidhārta Gautama – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sidhārta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Буда – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гаутама Буда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഗൗതമബുദ്ധൻ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗൗതമബുദ്ധൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гаутама Будда – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гаутама Будда" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%99" title="ꯒꯧꯇꯝ ꯕꯨꯗ꯭ꯙ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒꯧꯇꯝ ꯕꯨꯗ꯭ꯙ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%99%E1%80%97%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%93" title="ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂေါတမဗုဒ္ဓ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="गौतम बुद्ध – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गौतम बुद्ध" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Boeddha" title="Gautama Boeddha – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gautama Boeddha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda" title="Boda – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Boda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%8C%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7" title="ଗୌତମ ବୁଦ୍ଧ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୌତମ ବୁଦ୍ଧ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਗੌਤਮ ਬੁੱਧ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੌਤਮ ਬੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buda" title="Gautama Buda – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Gautama Buda" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8B" title="बुद्धो – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुद्धो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda_Siakjamuni" title="Budda Siakjamuni – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Budda Siakjamuni" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boda" title="Boda – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Boda" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%BE_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85" title="سدھارتھ گوتم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سدھارتھ گوتم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="گوتاما بودا – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گوتاما بودا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta_Gautama" title="Sidarta Gautama – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sidarta Gautama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirarta_Hawtama" title="Sirarta Hawtama – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sirarta Hawtama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Будда Шакьямуни – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Будда Шакьямуни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Будга Ґаутама – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Будга Ґаутама" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budha" title="Budha – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Budha" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%83" title="गौतमबुद्धः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गौतमबुद्धः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Будда – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Будда" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱳᱣᱛᱚᱢ ᱵᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Siddhartha" title="Gautama Siddhartha – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gautama Siddhartha" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%BB%DA%8C" title="گوتم ٻڌ – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گوتم ٻڌ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 桑戈语" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="桑戈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda" title="Buda – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Buda" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%82%81%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC" title="မႁႃႇယႃႇၼ – 掸语" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မႁႃႇယႃႇၼ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="掸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A" title="ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේ – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගෞතම බුදුන් වහන්සේ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddh%C3%A1rtha_Gautama_Buddha" title="Siddhártha Gautama Buddha – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Siddhártha Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buda" title="Gautama Buda – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gautama Buda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puta_Kotama" title="Puta Kotama – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Puta Kotama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gootama_buuda" title="Gootama buuda – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Gootama buuda" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сидарта Гаутама – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сидарта Гаутама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 南索托语" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="南索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" title="Siddhartha Gautama – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Siddhartha Gautama" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-ciya-mo-ni" title="Se-ciya-mo-ni – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Se-ciya-mo-ni" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8C%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கௌதம புத்தர் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கௌதம புத்தர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A7" title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗೌತಮ ಬುದ್ಧ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8C%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="గౌతమ బుద్ధుడు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గౌతమ బుద్ధుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE)" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама (Буддо) – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама (Буддо)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidarta" title="Sidarta – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Sidarta" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotama_Buda" title="Gotama Buda – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gotama Buda" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Будда – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Будда" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha" title="Buddha – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Buddha" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B4%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B" title="Сиддхартха Гаутама Башкы – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сиддхартха Гаутама Башкы" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D2%90%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сіддгартха Ґаутама – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сіддгартха Ґаутама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A8%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="گوتم بدھ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گوتم بدھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda" title="Budda – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Budda" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%ADch-ca_M%C3%A2u-ni" title="Thích-ca Mâu-ni – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thích-ca Mâu-ni" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotama_Bouda" title="Gotama Bouda – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gotama Bouda" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budda" title="Budda – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Budda" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="释迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UGautam_Buddha" title="UGautam Buddha – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="UGautam Buddha" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სიდჰართა გაუტამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%D7%90" title="גאוטאמא בודהא – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאוטאמא בודהא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" title="Gautama Buddha – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Gautama Buddha" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swzgyahmouzniz" title="Swzgyahmouzniz – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Swzgyahmouzniz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeddha" title="Boeddha – 西蘭文" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Boeddha" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="西蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釋迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sek-khia-m%C3%B4%CD%98-n%C3%AE" title="Sek-khia-mô͘-nî – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sek-khia-mô͘-nî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="釋迦牟尼 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釋迦牟尼" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddharta_Gautama" title="Siddharta Gautama – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Siddharta Gautama" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9441#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" 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id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9%C2%B7%E6%82%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%A4%9A" hreflang="zh"><span>维基语录</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link 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vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是佛教的創始人釋迦牟尼佛。关于三世诸佛及十方世界佛,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a></b>」。关于小说,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%A4%9A_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AF%B4)" class="mw-redirect" title="悉达多 (小说)">悉达多 (小说)</a></b>」。关于印度神话中的仙人乔达摩,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="乔达摩仙人">乔达摩仙人</a></b>」。关于名为乔达摩的其他人物,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="乔达摩">乔达摩</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" 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.mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-问题条目 plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>本條目存在以下問題</b>,請協助<b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit">改善本條目</a></b>或在<b><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="Talk:释迦牟尼">討論頁</a></b>針對議題發表看法。 <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可能包含<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">原创研究</a>。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年12月10日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充参考资料、添加<a href="/wiki/Template:Original_research_inline" title="Template:Original research inline">相关内联标签</a>和删除原创研究内容以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。详细情况请参见<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="Talk:释迦牟尼">讨论页</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Primarysources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/45px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/68px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/90px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>過於依赖<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6#第一、第二和第三手来源" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">第一手来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年12月10日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请補充<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%9D%9E%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6#第一、第二和第三手来源" title="Wikipedia:非原创研究">第二手及第三手來源</a>,以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><span class="hide-when-compact"></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">釋迦牟尼</span><br /><span class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal">佛陀</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/220px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/330px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/440px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><span style="font-size:80%;">公元四世紀<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="笈多王朝">笈多王朝</a>的釋迦牟尼佛像,現藏於鹿野苑博物館。</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="nickname">悉達多·喬達摩<sup id="cite_ref-悉達多·喬達摩_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-悉達多·喬達摩-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br />前623/563/480年<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-生卒年_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生卒年-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="释迦族">释迦</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="藍毗尼園">藍毗尼園</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>境內)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">前543/483/400年 <sup id="cite_ref-生卒年_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生卒年-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E7%BD%97" title="末罗">末羅</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E5%B0%B8%E9%82%A3%E6%8F%AD%E7%BE%85" title="拘尸那揭羅">拘尸那揭羅</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>境內)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">别名</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style=""><b>释迦牟尼佛</b>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Buddha Śākyamuni</span>)、<b>喬答摩佛</b>/<b>瞿曇佛</b>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Gautama Buddha</span>)、<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a></b>(意思為「覺悟者」)、<b>世尊</b>、<b>释尊</b>等<br />又簡稱<b>釋迦文佛</b>、<b>釋迦如來</b>、<b>釋迦佛</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist nounderlines skin-invert" style="float: right; clear: both; border: 2px solid #af4630; background: #ffffe8; text-align:center;width:200px;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/120px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/180px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/240px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">基本教義</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%88%92%E5%BE%8B" title="佛教戒律">戒律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6" title="毗奈耶">毗奈耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">尸羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E9%82%A3" title="禪那">禪那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="波罗密">波罗密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三寶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">佛教共識宣言</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">修行成就/果位</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List_of_Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">人物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List_of_Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">释迦牟尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E5%A4%9A%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%BC%E5%AD%90" title="迦多衍尼子">迦多衍尼子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86_(%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="提婆 (人名)">提婆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%91%97" title="无著">无著</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BA%B2" title="世亲">世亲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E9%9F%B3" title="覺音">覺音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A0%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什">鸠摩罗什</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7%E9%81%A0" title="慧遠">慧遠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9" title="菩提达摩">菩提达摩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97" title="智顗">智顗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E8%83%BD" title="惠能">惠能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" title="蓮花生">蓮花生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E5%96%80%E5%B7%B4" title="宗喀巴">宗喀巴</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">宗派</a>、國家和地區</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">中乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏傳佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏傳佛教史(页面不存在)">藏傳佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里蘭卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中國大陸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">歐美</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">佛教历史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="佛教時間線">佛教時間線</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="原始佛教研究">原始佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%83%A8" title="大眾部">大眾部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8" title="上座部">上座部</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">南傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%A8%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%B0%E8%90%BD" title="佛教在印度的衰落">於印度衰落</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%96%93%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="人間佛教">人間佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="入世佛教">左翼佛教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">經籍</a>舉要</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">漢文大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a> <ul><li>南传<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">尼柯耶</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">法華經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="涅槃經">涅槃經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E4%BC%BD%E7%B6%93" title="楞伽經">楞伽經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%82%B2%E5%92%92" title="大悲咒">大悲咒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%9E%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="楞嚴經">楞嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E8%A7%89%E7%BB%8F" title="圆觉经">圆觉经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E5%85%89%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%98%E5%8A%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%93" title="藥師琉璃光如來本願功德經">藥師經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%97%8F%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E6%9C%AC%E6%84%BF%E7%BB%8F" title="地藏菩萨本愿经">地藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" title="阿彌陀經">阿彌陀經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%B8%AB%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%96" title="瑜伽師地論">瑜伽論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%99%BA%E5%BA%A6%E8%AB%96" title="大智度論">大智度論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%97%E8%BE%BE%E7%A3%A8%E4%BF%B1%E8%88%8D%E8%AE%BA" title="阿毗达磨俱舍论">俱舍論</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">聖地</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">佛寺</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" title="精舍">精舍</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0" title="八大圣地">八圣地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%90%8D%E5%B1%B1" title="四大佛教名山">四道場</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E9%87%8D%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%BA%E9%99%A2" title="汉族地区佛教全国重点寺院">汉地寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%A1%94%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古塔列表(页面不存在)">佛塔列表</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ffeec2;text-align: center;">相關主題</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">艺术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修学制度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">組織</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Category:佛教人物">人物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF" title="Category:佛教模板">佛教模板</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:佛教主题">佛教主題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:TheravadaBuddhism" title="Template:TheravadaBuddhism">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:PaliCanon" title="Template:PaliCanon">巴利聖典</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4" title="对佛教的批判">批評</a></li> <li>論諍 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E8%AB%B8%E4%BD%9B%E8%AB%8D%E8%AB%96" title="十方諸佛諍論">十方諸佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教大綱(页面不存在)">佛教大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/18px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/27px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/36px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主題</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="WikiProject:佛教">佛教专题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template:佛教"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Template talk:佛教"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>释迦牟尼</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,本名<b>悉達多</b>·<b>喬達摩</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>:<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhārtha Gautama</span>,<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhāttha Gotama</span>)(前623/563/480年—前543/483/400年<sup id="cite_ref-生卒年_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-生卒年-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),古<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>地区的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%AE%B6" title="思想家">思想家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AE%B6" title="教育家">教育家</a>、宗教家、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="哲學家">哲學家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="吠陀宗教">婆羅門教</a>的改革家,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>奠基人。释迦牟尼出生於<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC" title="藍毗尼">藍毗尼</a>(今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>南部附近的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="王族">王族</a>家庭),為<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">刹帝利</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="種姓">種姓</a>。佛教傳入東南亞後,信眾多稱釋迦牟尼為<b>佛祖</b>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>認為释迦牟尼是世間最尊貴者,弟子與信徒常以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E5%B0%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="世尊">世尊</a>稱呼释迦牟尼。但佛教徒認為,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>不是神明,並非宗教意義的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E" title="神">神</a>,因為諸<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>都本來自人,只是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E6%82%9F" title="开悟">覺悟</a>了而已,經典如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">法華經</a>》也認為「眾生皆可成佛」<sup id="cite_ref-凡夫_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-凡夫-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E5%A3%B9%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="增壹阿含經">增壹阿含經</a>》:「諸佛世尊皆出人間,非由天而得也。」因此,佛教被認為信奉<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="无神论">無神主義</a>。但隨著佛教教義東傳,在中國發展歷史悠久,逐漸形成「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳佛教</a></b>」,更於<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="魏晋南北朝">魏晉南北朝</a>時由中國政府大力宣傳,上至皇帝下至平民都普遍信奉佛法。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F" title="北魏">北魏</a>甚至把天子形象融入佛像之中,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="梁武帝">南梁武帝</a>更因信佛而多次捨棄皇位,出家為僧。到了魏晉南北朝末年,由於漢傳佛教與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="民間信仰">民間信仰</a>融合,佛教聖人基本上已被<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%8C%96" title="神化">神格化</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>又稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="如來">如來</a>,在佛典認定是教化<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">我世界</a>之佛,故稱<b>我佛</b>;又尊稱<b>本師佛</b>,從<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>開始,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%9C%B0" title="汉地">漢地</a>尊稱释迦牟尼為<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E4%BD%9B%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="如來佛祖">如來佛祖</a></b>或<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="如來佛">如來佛</a></b>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="清代">清代</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="满人">滿人</a>則稱释迦牟尼為<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%88%BA" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="佛爺">佛爺</a></b>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="傳統姓名釋義"><span id=".E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1.E5.A7.93.E5.90.8D.E9.87.8B.E7.BE.A9"></span>傳統姓名釋義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:傳統姓名釋義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/220px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/330px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg/440px-Buddha_Sakyamuni_on_the_Rummindei_pillar_of_Ashoka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文">婆羅米文</a>“佛陀”和“釋迦牟尼”,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="阿育王詔書">石柱法敕</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align:left; font-size:small; line-height:1.5em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67735281">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #b0c4de;"><b>释迦牟尼</b></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">汉语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%97" title="繁体字">繁体字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hant"> 釋迦牟尼 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%97" title="简化字">简化字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem; width: 50%;"><span lang="zh-hans"> 释迦牟尼 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">現代標準漢語</a>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="汉语拼音">汉语拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-pinyin"> Shìjiāmóuní </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-latn-wadegile"> Shih⁴chia¹mou²ni² </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʂɻ̍⁵¹ʨiä̯⁵⁵mou̯³⁵ni³⁵</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="注音符號">注音符號</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="zh-bopo"> ㄕˋㄐㄧㄚㄇㄡˊㄋㄧˊ </span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #dcffc9; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="白話字">白話字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="nan-latn-pehoeji"> Sek-khia-mô͘-nî </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; width: 50%; white-space: nowrap;">- <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="臺灣台語羅馬字拼音方案">台語羅馬字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; width: 50%;;"><span lang="nan-latn-tailo"> Sik-khia-môo-nî </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">越南语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="vi"> Thích-ca Mâu-ni </span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">泰语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="泰语">泰语</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="th"> พระโคตมพุทธเจ้า </span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">朝鲜语名稱</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ko-hang">석가모니 </span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮漢字">汉字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ko-hani">釋迦牟尼 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc; font-size: small">标音</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%A7%82%E5%85%89%E9%83%A82000%E5%B9%B4%E5%BC%8F" title="文化观光部2000年式">文观部式</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ko-latn">seok ga mo ni </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: small;">日语名称</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">汉字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="ja"> 釈迦牟尼 </span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox-subbox collapsible collapsed skin-nightmode-reset-color"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; background-color: #f9ffbc">标音</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)" title="假名 (文字)">假名</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ja"> しゃかむに </span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; white-space: nowrap; font-size: small;">- <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">改良平文式</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left; font-size: small; width: 50%;;"><span lang="ja-latn"> Shakamuni </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84560819">.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border:0;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1}</style><table class="infobox bordered" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width:270px; background:#f7f8ff;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#CCF; color: ; line-height: 1.3em; padding: 3px;text-align:left;">释迦牟尼</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding: 0;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84560819"><table class="infobox bordered" style="margin: 0; border-color: ; background:; width: 100%;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 7em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.80em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%96%87" title="琉球文">琉球漢字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span lang="ja">釈迦加那志<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 7em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.80em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E6%96%87" title="琉球文">琉球國字頭</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span lang="ja">しゃーかがなし</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 7em; text-align: center; font-size: 0.80em;;">拉丁化</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="Unicode">shaakaganashi</span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>喬達摩</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Gautama</span>,<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Gotama</span>)又音譯作<b>瞿曇</b>、<b>喬答摩</b>,是釋迦族的姓氏,傳統上認為這是釋迦牟尼佛的姓,源自<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="释迦族">释迦族</a>祖先喬達摩仙人的名字<sup id="cite_ref-gautama_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautama-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,其在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB%E6%AF%94%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="劫比羅城">劫比羅城</a>和天示城<sup id="cite_ref-sa108_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等的族裔稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="释迦族">释迦族</a><sup id="cite_ref-sakya_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakya-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="梨俱吠陀">梨俱吠陀</a>》作者之一<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="左天大仙" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vamadeva#Vamadeva Rishi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A6%E5%A4%A9%E5%A4%A7%E4%BB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="左天大仙(页面不存在)">左天大仙</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamadeva#Vamadeva_Rishi" class="extiw" title="en:Vamadeva"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vamadeva#Vamadeva Rishi</span></a></span>)</span></span>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Vāmadeva</span>)之父是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA" title="七仙人">七仙人</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%AD%94%E6%91%A9" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="乔答摩">乔答摩</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)" title="仙人 (印度神话)">仙人</a>,有傳說釋迦族或與之有關<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>釋迦族的姓氏除了「喬達摩」、「日種」、「甘蔗種」之外,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="佛本行集经">佛本行集經</a>》還記載有個稱呼是「奢夷耆耶」,以住處為姓故稱「舍夷」<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><b>悉達多</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>:<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhārtha</span>,<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhāttha</span>)或譯<b>悉達陀</b>、<b>悉達</b>,意思是「吉財」、「吉祥」、「一切功德成就」,又作「薩婆曷剌他悉陀」(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>:<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Sarvārthasiddha</span>),意為「意義成就」或「一切義成」<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,這是釋迦牟尼佛的名字。佛陀傳記中,淨飯王還為他起了其他的名號如「天中天」和「千象力」等<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,佛陀證道後不希望人們仍以俗世時名號稱呼如來<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>釋迦牟尼是後人對佛陀的尊稱。「釋迦」是他所屬的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="部族">部族</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" title="釋迦族">釋迦族</a>的名稱,有「能」、「勇」的意思;「<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="牟尼">牟尼</a>」又音译为「文」<sup id="cite_ref-释老志_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-释老志-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,意為「仁」、「聖贤」、「禁欲修道僧」、「寂默」,所以又譯作「能仁寂默」<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、「釋迦文佛」<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、「能仁佛」<sup id="cite_ref-释老志_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-释老志-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>等。按古印度傳統,「牟尼」是當時對出家乞食、離欲修道、修行成就者的稱謂,在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="梨俱吠陀">梨俱吠陀</a>》的誦詩中,曾經記載一種出家修行者,稱為「牟尼」,他蓄長髮、著褐色的髒衣、可以飛行空中,喝飲毒汁而無恙。「釋迦牟尼」可意譯為「來自<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" title="釋迦族">釋迦族</a>的修行成就者」、「<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" title="釋迦族">釋迦族</a>的聖人」。 </p><p>此外,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>對他又有不同的尊稱,如《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>》中又稱他為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E7%9B%A7%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="毘盧遮那佛">毘盧遮那佛</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,毘盧遮那是光明遍照的意思,俗謂<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="大日如來">大日如來</a>。依照大乘佛教不同派系的見解,或認為毘盧遮那佛是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="法身佛">法身佛</a>,釋迦牟尼佛為<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%89%E5%8C%96%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="應化身">應化身</a>,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E8%BA%AB" title="報身">報身</a>稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E8%88%8D%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="盧舍那佛">盧舍那佛</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平事跡"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3.E4.BA.8B.E8.B7.A1"></span>生平事跡</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:生平事跡"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>釋迦牟尼佛的生卒年,未記載於佛教前四次<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a>的早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a>中,歷來眾說紛紜,詳見後文傳統記載和考證研究章節。早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a>中也未包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>生平的專門記載,<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="經藏">經藏</a>中的佛经缘起部分,偶有些似传记的叙述,而佛陀傳記原型以《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%AC%E5%96%BB%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="譬喻經">譬喻經</a>》形式收錄在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a>》中;佛陀言行和教法是經律记录的重心,佛陀本人的生活同教义并不太牽連,并未引起三藏結集者的重视。在佛教廣為流行後,佛教徒对佛陀的卓越人格逐渐发生兴趣,《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="本生經">本生經</a>》和部份《譬喻經》從《律藏》中輯出編入《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E8%97%8F" title="雜藏">雜藏</a>》或《經藏》,而更详尽的叙事文字遂在流行经典和变化多端的传说中而有所阐述<sup id="cite_ref-wed1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wed1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。最早的佛陀生平傳記,是佛陀灭度六百年後<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="马鸣">马鸣</a>菩薩所著的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A" title="佛所行讚">佛所行讚</a>》(《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛本行經">佛本行經</a>》),大乘佛教的佛陀傳記有《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="佛本行集经">佛本行集經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93" title="普曜經">普曜經</a>》和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E5%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方廣大莊嚴經(页面不存在)">方廣大莊嚴經</a>》。 </p><p>2013年《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国家地理">美国国家地理</a>》在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94" title="尼泊尔">尼泊尔</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%9D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="蓝毗尼">蓝毗尼</a>新近考古發現约前550年的古迹,认为释迦佛的生活年代在西元前6世纪,出生年可能比人们认知的还要早<sup id="cite_ref-Vergano2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vergano2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="入胎"><span id=".E5.85.A5.E8.83.8E"></span>入胎</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:入胎"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dream_Queen_Maya_BM_OA_1932.7-9.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dream_Queen_Maya_BM_OA_1932.7-9.1.jpg/220px-Dream_Queen_Maya_BM_OA_1932.7-9.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dream_Queen_Maya_BM_OA_1932.7-9.1.jpg/330px-Dream_Queen_Maya_BM_OA_1932.7-9.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dream_Queen_Maya_BM_OA_1932.7-9.1.jpg/440px-Dream_Queen_Maya_BM_OA_1932.7-9.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3884" data-file-height="2580" /></a><figcaption>白象入胎</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty,_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD,_Gandhara,_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Birth_of_the_Buddha_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05128.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>菩薩誕生</figcaption></figure> <p>佛在世時,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>北部有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="十六大國">十六大國</a>,有傳說稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="種姓">種姓</a>的共同祖先是劫初時諸<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%83%85" title="有情">有情</a>公選的「大同意王」(<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%AB%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="摩訶三末多王">摩訶三末多王</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-kshatriya_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kshatriya-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,釋迦族屬<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>種姓,統治了東北部邊緣的一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>及聚落,這些小國以<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%8D%E8%96%A9%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="憍薩羅">憍薩羅</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="宗主国">宗主國</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,释迦牟尼即出生于釋迦族統治的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%A1%9B%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="迦毗羅衛國">迦毗羅衛國</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。釋迦牟尼的父親是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB%E6%AF%94%E7%BE%85%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="劫比羅城">劫比羅城</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">淨飯王</a>,他先後娶天示城<sup id="cite_ref-sa108_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa108-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>善悟王女兒「大幻化」和「幻化」為妻,釋迦牟尼為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">大幻化夫人</a>」(摩耶夫人)所生<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>根据《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">八十誦律</a>》等記載,釋迦牟尼佛入胎時摩訶摩耶夫人做了四種夢: </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">一者、見六牙白象來處胎中。二者、見其自身飛騰虛空。三者、見上高山。四者、見多人眾頂禮圍繞。 </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>摩訶摩耶夫人將此事奏告淨飯王。淨飯王召集了些<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="相師">相師</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>,請他們解夢。他們回答:「王大夫人必當生男,具足<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%9B%B8" title="三十二相">三十二丈夫之相</a>,莊嚴其身。若紹王位,當乘<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%BC%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="轉輪王">金輪</a>,伏四天下。若出家修道,證<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="佛果">法王位</a>,名聞十方,作眾生父。」 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="誕生"><span id=".E8.AA.95.E7.94.9F"></span>誕生</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:誕生"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95" title="佛誕">佛誕</a></div> <p>根據《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">八十誦律</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="中部 (佛經)">中部</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%AA%E6%9B%BE%E6%9C%89%E6%B3%95%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希有未曾有法經(页面不存在)">希有未曾有法經</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="長部 (佛經)">長部</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F" title="大本经">大本經</a>》記載,<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人</a>在其父王的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E6%AF%98%E5%B0%BC%E5%9C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="蘭毘尼園">蘭毘尼園</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%86%82%E6%A8%B9" title="無憂樹">無憂樹</a>下,站立生下了釋迦牟尼<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·未曾有法經》和《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F" title="大本经">大本經</a>》有佛從母右脇出生的說法。 </p><p>於此有一<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E5%A5%87" class="mw-disambig" title="傳奇">傳奇</a>,悉達多太子誕生後向四方行七步,環顧四週,說出「天上天下,唯我獨尊」<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>之偈句。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="仙人">仙人</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%A7%81%E9%99%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿私陀(页面不存在)">阿私陀</a>,在听闻太子出生后,立即来到王宫。阿私陀以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9C%BC%E9%80%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="天眼通">天眼通</a>观其未来,起初面露微笑,但一会之後,却又显出悲伤。一旁围观的人都被他的怪异神情弄得不知所措<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他解释说,他微笑是因为太子必定觉悟成佛;他悲伤是因为他自己不久于人世,往生<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E8%89%B2%E7%95%8C" title="无色界">无色界</a>,如此他就无法由<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="覺者">觉者</a>過人的智慧中得益<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早年生活"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E5.B9.B4.E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB"></span>早年生活</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:早年生活"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Departure_-_Schist_-_ca_2nd_Century_CE_-_Gandhara_-_Loriyan_Tangai_-_ACCN_5043_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1480.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Great_Departure_-_Schist_-_ca_2nd_Century_CE_-_Gandhara_-_Loriyan_Tangai_-_ACCN_5043_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1480.JPG/220px-Great_Departure_-_Schist_-_ca_2nd_Century_CE_-_Gandhara_-_Loriyan_Tangai_-_ACCN_5043_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1480.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Great_Departure_-_Schist_-_ca_2nd_Century_CE_-_Gandhara_-_Loriyan_Tangai_-_ACCN_5043_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1480.JPG/330px-Great_Departure_-_Schist_-_ca_2nd_Century_CE_-_Gandhara_-_Loriyan_Tangai_-_ACCN_5043_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1480.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Great_Departure_-_Schist_-_ca_2nd_Century_CE_-_Gandhara_-_Loriyan_Tangai_-_ACCN_5043_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1480.JPG/440px-Great_Departure_-_Schist_-_ca_2nd_Century_CE_-_Gandhara_-_Loriyan_Tangai_-_ACCN_5043_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2016-03-06_1480.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>出家逾城</figcaption></figure> <p>釋迦牟尼降生七日,母親<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人</a>過世,升上<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%89%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%A9" title="忉利天">忉利天</a>,於是佛大放光明,祝福母親,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%85%AB%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="天龍八部">天龍八部</a>皆奔來朝拜釋迦牟尼、緬懷摩耶夫人,故稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%A1%AF%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛顯日">佛顯日</a>。並由<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提</a>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Mahāprajāpati Gautamī</span>,也譯為「大愛道·瞿曇彌」)撫養成人<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,有說只稱「乳母」撫養未具姓名<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>中的佛陀傳記說大愛道·瞿曇彌是佛陀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%A8%E6%AF%8D" title="姨母">姨母</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>他從八歲開始,向毘奢婆蜜多羅學習文化,向羼提提婆學習<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E8%97%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="武藝">武藝</a>,從小在宫中過著舒適的生活。成年後,為他建了春、夏、冬三幢宮殿<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="佛本行集经">佛本行集經</a>》等記載他有三位夫人<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,第一夫人是釋種女<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="耶輸陀羅">耶輸陀羅</a>或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9E%BF%E5%A4%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瞿夷(页面不存在)">瞿夷</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,並與她生有一子<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自16歲娶妻,在差不多13年的幸福婚姻期間,他過着在一般人眼中看似舒适且豪華的生活。也正因为如此,他的感受与一般人也是不一样的,對自己对世界会有更多更深的困惑与不安<sup id="cite_ref-wed2_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wed2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="出家修行"><span id=".E5.87.BA.E5.AE.B6.E4.BF.AE.E8.A1.8C"></span>出家修行</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:出家修行"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddhartha_fasting,_old_reduced-size_replica_of_original_in_Lahore_Museum,_Gandhara,_2nd-3rd_century_AD,_slate_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart,_Germany_-_DSC03816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Siddhartha_fasting%2C_old_reduced-size_replica_of_original_in_Lahore_Museum%2C_Gandhara%2C_2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_slate_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03816.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Siddhartha_fasting%2C_old_reduced-size_replica_of_original_in_Lahore_Museum%2C_Gandhara%2C_2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_slate_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03816.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Siddhartha_fasting%2C_old_reduced-size_replica_of_original_in_Lahore_Museum%2C_Gandhara%2C_2nd-3rd_century_AD%2C_slate_-_Linden-Museum_-_Stuttgart%2C_Germany_-_DSC03816.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3455" data-file-height="4865" /></a><figcaption>六年苦行</figcaption></figure> <p>29歲那年是釋迦牟尼一生的轉捩點,他的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a>在那年出生。釋迦牟尼外出巡游时,恰遇老人、病人、死者和修行者,深感人間生老病死的苦惱,人稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%97%A8%E5%87%BA%E6%B8%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="四门出游">四門之遊</a><sup id="cite_ref-wed2_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wed2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,釋迦牟尼經常在<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%BB%E6%B5%AE%E6%A8%B9" title="閻浮樹">閻浮樹</a>下沉思,但是不得離苦之道,於是在29歲時的某個月夜乘馬出家修道<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>釋迦牟尼為了尋求解脫,遍訪名師,遇<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%82%8F%E4%BC%BD%E8%97%8D" title="阿羅邏伽藍">阿羅邏伽藍</a><sup id="cite_ref-wed2_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wed2-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。阿羅邏为<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="数论派">數論派</a>上師,釋迦牟尼要求按照阿羅邏伽藍的教义和教规过<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%A1%8C" title="梵行">梵行</a>生活。这种教义主张通过一系列<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="禅定">禅定</a>功夫,达到<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无所有处(页面不存在)">无所有处</a>定的禪定狀態(以色空識三者均無所有故名)。不久释迦牟尼达到了阿羅邏所教導的一切,使阿羅邏嘆服不已,建議釋迦牟尼一起領導他的沙門團體。然而釋迦牟尼卻不滿足於這種學説而選擇退出<sup id="cite_ref-wed3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wed3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。仍未成道的他接著又跟隨<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AC%B1%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E6%91%A9%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鬱陀羅摩子(页面不存在)">鬱陀羅摩子</a>(<span lang="sa">IAST</span>)修行,得到<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%83%B3%E9%9D%9E%E9%9D%9E%E6%83%B3%E8%99%95" class="mw-redirect" title="非想非非想處">非想非非想處</a>定(又譯作非有想非無想定)的禪定狀態。但是他認為這仍然不是解脫的境界,然而释迦牟尼已經找不到老師<sup id="cite_ref-wed3_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wed3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="悟道成佛"><span id=".E6.82.9F.E9.81.93.E6.88.90.E4.BD.9B"></span>悟道成佛</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:悟道成佛"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Enlightenment_-_Kushan_dynasty,_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD,_Gandhara,_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05124.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Enlightenment_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05124.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Enlightenment_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05124.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_Enlightenment_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05124.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>證道成佛</figcaption></figure> <p>於是釋迦牟尼與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a>在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苦行林(页面不存在)">苦行林</a>中修<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C" title="苦行">苦行</a>6年<sup id="cite_ref-wed3_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wed3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,忍受饥饿痛苦<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在一次苦行中昏倒了,巧遇一位牧羊女供養了<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E4%B9%B3" title="羊乳">羊乳</a>後恢復精神體力,便意識到<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C" title="苦行">苦行</a>無法達到<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脱</a>,修行應取<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="中道 (佛教)">中道</a>而修。於是便轉往<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E4%BC%BD%E8%80%B6" title="菩提伽耶">菩提伽耶</a>,於<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%A8%B9" title="摩訶菩提樹">菩提樹</a>下舖設吉祥草,跏趺而座。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南傳菩薩道</a>》記載,釋迦牟尼於座上下定決心發願道:「且讓我剩下皮,且讓我剩下腱,且讓我剩下骨頭,且讓我的血肉乾枯。除非能證悟一切知智,否則我絕不從此座起身。」<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>依《南傳大藏經》記載,釋迦牟尼入四種禪,得<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E5%85%AD%E9%80%9A" title="三明六通">三明</a>,現觀<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四谛</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%BC%98%E8%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="十二缘起">十二緣起</a>而成<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺">無上正等正覺</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a>說,釋迦牟尼發願不成<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%A7%89" class="mw-redirect" title="正觉">正覺</a>,永不起身。直到了第七日中的第七夜,天正曉明,瞻望明星而悟道。悟得<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%EF%BC%88%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三明(佛教)(页面不存在)">三明</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四谛</a>,證得<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺">無上正等正覺</a>,而成為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传播佛教"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E6.92.AD.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>传播佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:传播佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_First_Sermon_at_the_Deer_Park_in_Sarnath_-_Kushan_dynasty,_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD,_Gandhara,_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05122.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_First_Sermon_at_the_Deer_Park_in_Sarnath_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05122.JPG/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_First_Sermon_at_the_Deer_Park_in_Sarnath_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05122.JPG/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Four_Scenes_from_the_Life_of_the_Buddha_-_First_Sermon_at_the_Deer_Park_in_Sarnath_-_Kushan_dynasty%2C_late_2nd_to_early_3rd_century_AD%2C_Gandhara%2C_schist_-_Freer_Gallery_of_Art_-_DSC05122.JPG/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>鹿野苑教化五比丘</figcaption></figure> <p>釋迦牟尼悟道<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="成佛">成佛</a>之后,在<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%91" title="鹿野苑">鹿野苑</a>开始傳教(佛教稱初轉法輪),为<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%8D%E9%99%88%E5%A6%82" class="mw-redirect" title="憍陈如">憍陈如</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a>宣说「<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9C%A3%E8%B0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="四圣谛">四聖谛</a>」,「<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八聖道</a>」,「<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%88%91%E7%9B%B8%E7%B6%93" title="無我相經">無我相經</a>」,此為出家<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="僧團">僧團</a>的開端。後來<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%88%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅奈國">波羅奈國</a>長者之子<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%88%8D" title="耶舍">耶舍</a>,與其他四位友人,一同加入僧團,成為佛陀弟子,隨後城中其他豪族有五十人也加入,僧團在此擴張,也開始有了在家居士的護持,耶舍的父母,成為僧團第一位<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%8A%8D%E9%80%A3" title="目犍連">目犍連</a>在聽到<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="馬勝">馬勝</a>比丘說法後,率二百弟子加入僧團;隨後<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E4%B8%89%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="迦葉三兄弟">迦葉三兄弟</a>率領一千名弟子加入,佛陀的千二百五十弟子常隨遊行,是釋迦牟尼佛陀僧團的骨幹,又稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E9%9A%A8" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="常隨">常隨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E9%9A%A8%E7%9C%BE" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="常隨眾">常隨眾</a>。 </p><p>佛陀的教團以此為中心,逐漸擴大教化。<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">淨飯王</a>聽到佛陀的消息,派遣侍者前往,邀請佛陀回國說法。釋迦族的貴族子弟,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a>尊者、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難陀">阿難陀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A" title="提婆達多">提婆達多</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%BE%E9%99%80" class="mw-disambig" title="难陀">難陀</a>等人,紛紛加入僧團。此后說法住世四十五年,度化了许多弟子,其中著名的有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦葉">大迦葉</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他為了度化眾生,走遍印度各地,以<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀">摩揭陀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%8D%E8%96%A9%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="憍薩羅">憍薩羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%94%E6%B2%99" class="mw-redirect" title="拔沙">拔沙</a>三國為中心,曾在<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E8%A1%9B%E5%9F%8E" title="舍衛城">舍衛城</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%87%E5%9C%92%E7%B2%BE%E8%88%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="祇園精舍">祇園精舍</a>說法25年。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="三转法轮"><span id=".E4.B8.89.E8.BD.AC.E6.B3.95.E8.BD.AE"></span>三转法轮</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:三转法轮"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>中記載釋迦牟尼佛在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅奈">波羅奈</a>國<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E9%87%8E%E8%8B%91" title="鹿野苑">鹿野苑</a>「轉法輪」說<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四聖諦">四聖諦</a>,以示轉(初轉),教轉(二轉),證轉(三轉),三次宣說四聖諦,稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%BD%89%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA" title="三轉法輪">三轉法輪</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>而<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>認為釋迦牟尼佛在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E7%A9%B6%E7%AB%9F%E5%A4%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色究竟天(页面不存在)">色究竟天</a>先說《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a>》,但此了義之教甚難領會,所以佛陀漸次成熟不同根性的眾生的善根,使眾生入於佛乘。在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a>》中即說明佛在人間「<b>初轉法輪</b>」先從<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四聖諦">四聖諦</a>(即苦集滅道)開始,說明眾生的流轉到煩惱的還滅;此系列的經典為《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>》。「<b>第二轉無相法輪</b>」,藉由體解世間一切法皆空無自性,認知到煩惱生死和涅槃是不二的。因此在升起悲憫眾生的大慈悲心同時,有能力不住於涅槃,直至成佛以前不證入實際,能在無數阿僧祇的時間中利益眾生,使其入於無餘涅槃;此階段的經典為《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%93%81%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大品般若经">大品般若經</a>》及《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="小品般若经">小品般若經</a>》。有些眾生不了解甚深空性,佛陀便對無自性再分別解釋,「<b>第三轉善分別法輪</b>」的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%B7%B1%E5%AF%86%E7%B6%93" title="解深密經">解深密經</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="唯識">唯識</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E5%BB%A3" title="方廣">方廣</a>諸經、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="如來藏經">如來藏經</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="妙法蓮華經">妙法蓮華經</a>》,以更顯了的方式說明般若經等開示的「一切法無生無滅,本來寂靜,自性涅槃」。對「未種善根,未清淨障,未成熟相續,未多修勝解,未能積集福德、智慧二種資糧」的眾生看來,這道理深而又密,所以必須以方便解釋一番,才能淺顯明了,能信能解,究竟了義。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="進入涅槃"><span id=".E9.80.B2.E5.85.A5.E6.B6.85.E6.A7.83"></span>進入涅槃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:進入涅槃"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhara,_morte_di_buddha,_100-300.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gandhara%2C_morte_di_buddha%2C_100-300.JPG/220px-Gandhara%2C_morte_di_buddha%2C_100-300.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gandhara%2C_morte_di_buddha%2C_100-300.JPG/330px-Gandhara%2C_morte_di_buddha%2C_100-300.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gandhara%2C_morte_di_buddha%2C_100-300.JPG/440px-Gandhara%2C_morte_di_buddha%2C_100-300.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption>佛陀般涅槃</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics,_South_Gate,_Stupa_no._1,_Sanchi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/220px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/330px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/440px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5709" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>八王分舍利</figcaption></figure> <p>佛陀八十歲时<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E8%88%8D%E9%9B%A2%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="毗舍離城">毗舍离城</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E9%9B%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="坐雨安居">坐雨安居</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,宣布將在三個月後進入<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E7%81%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="入灭">入滅</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%AF%82" title="圓寂">圓寂</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,偕弟子向西北行走,後食用鐵匠純陀(又譯准陀、真達、周那)供养的世間奇珍<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B4%E6%AA%80%E6%A8%B9%E8%80%B3" title="栴檀樹耳">栴檀樹耳</a>(<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Sukara-maddava</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,重病發作(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南傳佛教">南傳佛教</a>記載為<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%A2%E7%96%BE" title="痢疾">痢疾</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a>記載為<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%8C%E7%97%9B" title="背痛">背痛</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。释迦牟尼口渴,让<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%BE" title="阿难">阿难</a>去给他打水喝。<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>释迦牟尼佛喝完,同弟子们继续向前走。走到<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E5%B0%B8%E9%82%A3%E6%8F%AD%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="拘尸那揭罗">拘尸那揭罗</a>醯连尼耶跋提河的岸边,佛告知弟子们将入<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>,命<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%BE" title="阿难">阿难</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85%E6%A8%B9" title="娑羅樹">娑羅雙樹</a>中间铺下卧具(《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》記載為“繩床”),头部向北,佛陀躺下,向右侧偃卧,左足置右足上,弟子們都守候在身邊,聆聽佛陀的最後教誨。夜裡<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%B7%8B%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" title="須跋陀羅">須跋陀羅</a>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Subhadra</span>)去求佛開示,成為佛陀的最后弟子,並在佛陀涅槃之前先行早一步<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E5%AF%82" title="圓寂">圓寂</a>,佛陀最後於拘尸那揭羅城附近的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85%E6%A8%B9" title="娑羅樹">娑羅雙樹</a>下涅槃<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。火化後的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9" title="舍利">舍利</a>由<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀">摩揭陀</a>國王<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%97%8D%E4%B8%96" class="mw-redirect" title="阿闍世">阿闍世</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="释迦族">释迦族</a>等八王帶回建塔(即舍利塔)供養。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="弟子"><span id=".E5.BC.9F.E5.AD.90"></span>弟子</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:弟子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>佛陀在世說法時,有著名的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a>,他們是:<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" title="摩訶迦葉">摩訶迦葉</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="頭陀">頭陀</a>第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%8A%8D%E9%80%A3" title="目犍連">目犍連</a>(神通第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a>(說法第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須菩提">須菩提</a>(解空第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a>(智慧第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a>(密行第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難陀">阿難陀</a>(多聞第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%A6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="优波离">優波離</a>(持律第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a>(論議第一)、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿那律">阿那律</a>(天眼第一)。比丘尼眾中的佼佼者,則有<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">大愛道比丘尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AE%E8%8A%B1%E8%89%B2%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="蓮花色比丘尼">蓮花色比丘尼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%AE%E6%91%A9%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="差摩比丘尼">差摩比丘尼</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="身后事迹"><span id=".E8.BA.AB.E5.90.8E.E4.BA.8B.E8.BF.B9"></span>身后事迹</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:身后事迹"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在佛涅槃後的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%90%E9%9B%A8%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%85" class="mw-redirect" title="坐雨安居">坐雨安居</a>,摩訶迦葉率五百大阿羅漢,在<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E" title="王舍城">王舍城</a>外集會合誦經典;由持戒第一的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%98%E6%B3%A2%E7%A6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="优波离">優波離</a>誦出<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a>,由多聞第一的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難陀">阿難陀</a>誦出<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="經藏">經藏</a>。經過大眾認可,這是佛教的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="第一次结集">第一次結集</a>。此後弟子們陸續彙集、整理佛陀一生的言傳身教,又通過多次結集,形成經、律、論「<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a>」。佛教在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="孔雀帝國">孔雀帝國</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>時代傳遍印度全境並對外傳播至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="金地">金地</a>等地。 </p><p>關於釋迦牟尼佛基本的教義,後世有許多不同的見解,但是無論是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a>都同意保存在《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>》中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%96%E8%AB%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="四聖諦">四聖諦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%AD%A3%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="八正道">八正道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%B7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="十二因緣">十二因緣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E9%81%93%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="三十七道品">三十七道品</a>等,是釋迦牟尼最初的教義。 </p><p>西元十二世紀後佛教在印度本土絕跡,隨著現代佛法傳播範圍的日益擴大,佛教逐漸成為全球<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="紀念日"><span id=".E7.B4.80.E5.BF.B5.E6.97.A5"></span>紀念日</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:紀念日"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南傳佛教">南傳佛教</a>訂定的佛誕與涅槃日為同一日(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8A%82" title="卫塞节">衛塞節</a>),在新曆五月的滿月,一般即農曆四月十五日。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>地區,一般將<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛誕日">佛誕日</a>定在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%9B%86" title="農曆">農曆</a>四月初八,將<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛出家日(页面不存在)">佛出家日</a>訂為二月初八,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%88%90%E9%81%93%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛成道日">佛成道日</a>訂為十二月初八,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%BB%85%E6%97%A5" title="佛滅日">佛滅日</a>(佛<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>日)則為二月十五。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛誕節">佛誕節</a>可說源於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="中國佛教">中國佛教</a>,一般基本上沿用了<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%9C%88%E5%88%9D%E5%85%AB" title="四月初八">四月初八</a>的說法。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="漢傳佛教">漢傳佛教</a>稱四月十五日為「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%A1%AF%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛顯日">佛顯日</a>」或「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="佛吉祥日">佛吉祥日</a>」,認為佛在出生七日時,顯示種種祥瑞,而<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%BE%8D%E5%85%AB%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="天龍八部">天龍八部</a>紛紛奔來聚會供佛<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,屬於佛誕的餘緒,通常與佛誕合併慶祝,而不獨立慶祝。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>地區的<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%81%AF%E4%BC%9A" title="燃灯会">燃燈會</a>,在每年的農曆四月初八前的周末,用以慶祝釋迦牟尼佛的誕辰。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生卒年传统記載"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.8D.92.E5.B9.B4.E4.BC.A0.E7.BB.9F.E8.A8.98.E8.BC.89"></span>生卒年传统記載</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:生卒年传统記載"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>釋迦牟尼佛的生卒年未記載於佛教前四次<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a>的早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a>中,歷來眾說紛紜。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="南傳佛教"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E5.82.B3.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>南傳佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:南傳佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南传佛教">南传佛教</a>作西元前624年至前544年,或西元前623年至前543年。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南传上座部佛教">南傳上座部佛教</a>中,<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="錫蘭">錫蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="緬甸">緬甸</a>傳說,釋迦牟尼入滅於西元前544年;<a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%B9%E7%BE%85" title="暹羅">暹羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%A3%89" class="mw-disambig" title="高棉">高棉</a>,傳為西元前543年。依《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E4%BC%BD%E8%80%B6%E7%A2%91%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菩提伽耶碑記(页面不存在)">菩提伽耶碑記</a>》,有人認為佛滅應為西元前546年。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="漢傳佛教"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E5.82.B3.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>漢傳佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:漢傳佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>出後漢書列傳七十八,案漢法本內傳記載,佛陀出生為周昭王即位二十四年甲寅歲四月八日,壬申之年十九出家。在漢統師記載,佛十九出家。當周昭王四十二年壬申之歲。佛入涅槃,壬申之年二月十五日,當周穆王五十二年壬申之歲。 案周書異記載。周穆王即位五十二年壬申歲二月十五日。 從過去史實所紀錄,以漢代印度摩騰、竺法蘭二尊者,魏書沙門曇謨最,加上近代虛雲法師等說法, 佛陀出生時間是周昭王在位二十四年甲寅歲四月八日,涅槃時間為周穆王在位五十二年壬申歲二月十五日為正確。所以佛陀涅槃時間離現今認知更久遠,約西元前1027年,若以此年號為佛曆,計算方法為佛曆減去1027年即西元年曆。如虛雲老和尚當時為佛曆二九八二,即西元一九五五年。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="藏傳佛教"><span id=".E8.97.8F.E5.82.B3.E4.BD.9B.E6.95.99"></span>藏傳佛教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:藏傳佛教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳佛教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="格魯派">格魯派</a>,又傳有西元前1041年生,前961年滅之說。<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="種族相貌傳統記載"><span id=".E7.A8.AE.E6.97.8F.E7.9B.B8.E8.B2.8C.E5.82.B3.E7.B5.B1.E8.A8.98.E8.BC.89"></span>種族相貌傳統記載</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:種族相貌傳統記載"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B.jpg/330px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B.jpg/440px-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1193" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%AF%BA" title="摩訶菩提寺">摩訶菩提寺</a>三十五歲等身像<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶">八十誦律</a>》中記載,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E6%B3%A2%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86" class="mw-redirect" title="迦葉波如來">迦葉波如來</a>出世時,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%97%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="波羅痆斯城">波羅痆斯城</a>王為吉枳,百餘代後人喬達摩仙人有二子,有四名號,後代承襲自稱“日種”、“甘蔗種”,姓“喬達摩”<sup id="cite_ref-gautama_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gautama-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;百餘代後,補多勒迦城增長王立幼子為儲,年長四子至雪山下弶伽河側,近<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%AB%E6%AF%94%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="劫比羅">劫比羅</a>仙人<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>所住之處,先結廬後立<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%A1%9B" title="迦毗羅衛">劫比羅城</a>,再立天示城,因其“大能”而得名“<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" title="釋迦族">釋迦</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-sakya_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakya-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,其子孫萬代以為族名。釋迦牟尼的姨母稱為瞿曇彌(Gautamī),其父族與母族<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E5%88%A9%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="拘利族">拘利族</a>为同姓親族<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E7%90%89%E7%92%83%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="毘琉璃王">毘琉璃王</a>誅滅<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%A1%9B" title="迦毗羅衛">劫比羅城</a>之時,城中部份人脫逃至<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="末羅國">末羅國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%8B" title="尼波羅國">尼波羅國</a>各地<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,另有傳說有四支釋迦族遷出在印度境內西北部另立四國<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>按照印度人心目中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%BC%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="轉輪王">轉輪王</a>外貌特徵<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,佛經記載釋迦牟尼擁有<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%9B%B8" title="三十二相">三十二大丈夫相</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,又有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E7%A8%AE%E5%A5%BD" title="八十種好">八十種好</a>。佛陀因具足大丈夫相和福澤親族眷屬,而常比喻為“公牛王”(梵語:<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vṛṣabha, ṛṣabha</span><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,巴利語:<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">usabha, nisabha</span>),翻譯時或略為“牛王”<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。佛法也常比喻為牛王正道<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E8%B1%86%E5%A9%86%E9%81%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆羅豆婆遮(页面不存在)">婆羅豆婆遮</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>稱佛陀為「<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E7%BE%A4%E7%89%B9" title="領群特">領群特</a>」即「領群之牛父」<sup id="cite_ref-sa102_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa102-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,而在相應的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%91%E6%9D%82%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%BB%8F" title="别译杂阿含经">別譯雜阿含經</a>》中對應稱呼為<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%83%E8%8D%BC%E7%BD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="旃荼罗">旃荼羅</a><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,即<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>誤認釋迦牟尼為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%A4%E6%B0%91_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="賤民 (印度)">賤民</a>。南傳《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經集(页面不存在)">經集</a><sup id="cite_ref-suttanipaata_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suttanipaata-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%A8%AE%E5%A7%93%E8%80%85%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無種姓者經(页面不存在)">無種姓者經</a>》(有譯為《賤民經》)中的對應段落,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E5%A2%AE%E9%97%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆羅墮闍(页面不存在)">婆羅墮闍</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>稱釋迦牟尼為「禿髮者」、「沙門」、「無種姓者」(梵語:<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vṛṣala</span>,巴利語:<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vasala</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,其中的「無種姓者」即是賤民之義。《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經集(页面不存在)">經集</a><sup id="cite_ref-suttanipaata_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suttanipaata-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%AB%E9%99%80%E5%88%A9%E8%BF%A6%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E5%A2%AE%E9%97%8D%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍經(页面不存在)">孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍經</a>》記載了另一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E5%A2%AE%E9%97%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆羅墮闍(页面不存在)">婆羅墮闍</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>與佛陀會面的情況:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>只能從外貌上看出佛陀是「沒有頭髮者」和「沙門」,佛陀也不再宣稱自己的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>種姓,進而<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>問佛陀是否是婆羅門,並要考問<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>知識來驗證,<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>不能從外貌上判定出佛陀的種姓<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在佛陀在世時有六個部族全族信佛<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a>·七百犍度》記載中,<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E8%88%8D%E9%9B%A2%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="毘舍離結集">毘舍離結集</a>雖然批判了六族中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E8%88%8D%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="毘舍離">毘舍離</a>跋闍子比丘有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8B%E9%9D%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="十事非法">十事非法</a>,但對其地域族群名稱使用的依然是 <span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vesāli</span>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E8%88%8D%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="毘舍離">毘舍離</a>)未至於 <span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vasala</span>(無種姓者、賤民)<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="考證研究"><span id=".E8.80.83.E8.AD.89.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"></span>考證研究</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:考證研究"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="姓名考證"><span id=".E5.A7.93.E5.90.8D.E8.80.83.E8.AD.89"></span>姓名考證</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:姓名考證"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>現代有研究者認為釋迦族是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>種姓,不應以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>仙人的名字為姓氏。如中國語言學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E7%BE%A8%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="季羨林">季羨林</a>宣稱,「喬達摩」(Gautama)是依照<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度">古印度</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>的習慣,借用婆羅門氏族名而取的另一個名字,非姓氏<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生卒年考證"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.8D.92.E5.B9.B4.E8.80.83.E8.AD.89"></span>生卒年考證</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:生卒年考證"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>佛陀生卒年考證,與佛教信仰本身關係不大,關切與爭論涉及到,從<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%BB%85" class="mw-redirect" title="佛滅">佛滅</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%8C%E9%A0%82" title="灌頂">灌頂</a>之間,教派付法祖師的記載中,有五師三代或五師五代;在記載中的一百餘年或兩百餘年間,甚至更長的時間段內,祖師們和作為時間參照的諸王需要有足夠長的壽命,得以不間斷傳承。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="文獻考證"><span id=".E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB.E8.80.83.E8.AD.89"></span>文獻考證</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:文獻考證"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>南傳《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="善見律毘婆沙">善見律毘婆沙</a>》與《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%8F%B2" title="島史">島史</a>》記載,佛滅後218年<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,阿育王即位;漢傳佛教的文獻則記載,佛滅後116年,阿育王即位<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。西方學者基於南傳佛教對<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀">摩揭陀</a>國王世系的記載,推算釋迦牟尼入滅時約為西元<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="前五世紀">前五世紀</a>早期,支持此論點的人有<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E6%BE%82" title="呂澂">呂澂</a>等人。 </p><p>日本學界,質疑南傳記載中在這兩百餘年間斯里蘭卡只有五王相繼在位<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,和《島史》所稱阿育王時代第三次結集成立《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E4%BA%8B" title="論事">論事</a>》前佛教已經分裂為十八部派<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%87%8E%E7%8E%84%E5%A6%99" title="小野玄妙">小野玄妙</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E4%BA%95%E4%BC%AF%E5%A3%BD" title="宇井伯壽">宇井伯壽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%87%8E%E5%BC%98%E5%85%83" title="水野弘元">水野弘元</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%BD%B0" title="平川彰">平川彰</a>等人,還有中國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印順">印順</a>法師,根據漢譯印度各部派三藏史獻的考證、比對及研究,認可阿育王即位於佛滅後116年。如果以佛滅116年為阿育王灌頂年,則釋迦牟尼涅槃約為西元前387年到前384年間。如果以佛滅116年為阿育王自立為王的一年,再過三年才灌頂,那末佛滅應為西元前390年到前387年間。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="考古發現"><span id=".E8.80.83.E5.8F.A4.E7.99.BC.E7.8F.BE"></span>考古發現</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:考古發現"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>2013年,由考古學家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="康寧漢" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robin Coningham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%AF%A7%E6%BC%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康寧漢(页面不存在)">康寧漢</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Coningham" class="extiw" title="en:Robin Coningham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robin Coningham</span></a></span>)</span></span>率領的國際考古隊,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%AF%97%E5%B0%BC" title="藍毗尼">藍毗尼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人</a>廟內的一個磚造<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>廟底下,挖掘出一個木造結構遺跡,研究人員以<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%A2%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性碳定年法">放射碳定年法</a>和光釋光測年法,推斷該考古場址發現的木炭碎片和沙粒,推斷這個古代神廟存在於西元前6世紀。出土的木造結構設計中有個開放空間,似乎曾有一棵樹從這裡向外生長,地質學研究也支持這個寺廟中央露天地方有樹根存在。<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>這顆樹有可能是傳說中釋迦牟尼出生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%86%82%E6%A8%B9" title="無憂樹">無憂樹</a>(一說為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85%E6%A8%B9" title="娑羅樹">娑羅樹</a>)。研究人員認為,如果這個古代神廟是由釋迦牟尼信徒所建,則釋迦牟尼可能生活於西元前6世紀之前<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這可能是第一個將佛陀出生地,和他創立的佛教與特定年代連結起來的考古文物,但因為當地自古有崇拜樹神的傳統,這個神廟的興建是否與佛教有關,學界尚未得到一致共識。<sup id="cite_ref-Vergano2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vergano2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="種族考證"><span id=".E7.A8.AE.E6.97.8F.E8.80.83.E8.AD.89"></span>種族考證</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:種族考證"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>釋迦牟尼佛出身釋種,傳統上認為,他們出身剎帝利種姓,為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" title="雅利安人">雅利安人</a>後裔,《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%80%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="增一阿含經">增一阿含經</a>》有記載稱,佛陀最初僧團的主體是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E4%B8%89%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F" title="迦葉三兄弟">迦葉三兄弟</a>及其一千弟子,而釋迦族認為這些婆羅門「顏貌極醜」<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>19世紀,德国社会学家<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="马克斯·韦伯">马克斯·韦伯</a>指出,現存婆羅門與剎帝利氏族的系譜有長久的偽造傳統。低階層婆羅門會為各地部落領導人偽造出身,讓他們可以成為剎帝利氏族<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。剎帝利氏族實際上可能是由印度各地土著部落各自發展出來的,並非單一起源於北方雅利安人。 </p><p>1950年代,美國籍的立陶宛考古學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E5%B8%83%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF" title="瑪利亞·金布塔斯">瑪利亞·金布塔斯</a>提出<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A1%9A%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" title="墳塚假說">墳塚假說</a>,稱印度的雅利安人源自高加索<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="白色人种">白色人種</a>,經過<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E9%98%BF%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E9%AB%94" title="巴克特里亞·馬爾吉阿納文明體">巴克特里亞·馬爾吉阿納文明體</a>,由印度西北方,逐步往東南拓展。印度的雅利安人膚色比印度土著民族<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%BE%85%E6%AF%98%E8%8D%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="達羅毘荼人">達羅毘荼人</a>要淺白,外貌差距較大,學者曾較為普遍的認為,印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>以自身種姓為傲,輕視低種姓和印度原有民族,是其自認純粹雅利安人並對其他人種加以種族歧視。現代有學者據此認為,釋迦牟尼佛應不是純粹雅利安人。加上<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" title="釋迦族">釋迦族</a>僻處<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%90%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%94" title="雅利安·伐爾塔">雅利安人國土</a>邊緣,釋迦族的血統應出身自印度東方<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97" class="mw-redirect" title="土著">土著</a>民族即<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%89%B2%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="黃色人種">黃色人種</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印順">印順</a>根據《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>》記載婆羅豆婆遮<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>誤認釋迦牟尼佛為<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E7%BE%A4%E7%89%B9" title="領群特">領群特</a>,或<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%83%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" title="旃陀羅">旃陀羅</a>的事例<sup id="cite_ref-sa102_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa102-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,認為「領群特」可以解釋為「領群的特牛」,牸牛(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vaśā</span>:母牛)<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E8%88%8D%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="毘舍離">毘舍離</a> <span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">vesālī</span> 語音相近,釋迦族與毘舍離人有共同祖先,正統婆羅門有種族上的歧視,輕視毘舍離人<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,釋迦族因此也同樣遭到婆羅門的歧視<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;釋迦族的血統近於<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" class="mw-redirect" title="喜馬拉雅山脈">喜馬拉雅山脈</a>土著人,如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="克拉底人">克拉底人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="內瓦爾人">內瓦爾人</a>等、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9" title="不丹">不丹</a>人與<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="錫金">錫金</a>人,而非雅利安人,如尼泊爾的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E7%88%BE%E5%96%80%E4%BA%BA" title="廓爾喀人">廓爾喀人</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>佛教傳統和學術研究的各種說法,目前皆缺少直接證據可以證實。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="时代背景"><span id=".E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3.E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>时代背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:时代背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在佛陀時代之前,上古<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E4%BA%BA" title="原始印欧人">原始印歐人</a>遺留下來的信仰,被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>。他們經常會呼喚神的協助。在戰勝之後,則感謝神靈的幫助。他們並不怕死,並認為戰死之後可以光榮上升天堂。因此,古婆羅門教之中,充滿了許多祭祀的儀式,以及贊頌神的讚美詩。這些儀式及讚美詩都收在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>》經典之中,<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>是在宗教儀式中使用的唯一語言。負責宗教儀式的人,稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>。負責戰鬥的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-disambig" title="武士">武士</a>階層,則稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>。 </p><p>但是印度東南部居民信奉的當地本土宗教,他們的代表人物,則是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80" title="沙門">沙門</a>。沙門崇尚<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6" title="出家">出家</a>苦行,在原野獨居,修道時不結婚生子,整日端坐不動以求進入<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a>。他們不相信《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>》中記載的神祇以及升天之說,但他們相信<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%BF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="輪迴">輪迴</a>轉世,認為今生所做所為(稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業">業</a>),會影響到來世的好壞。要脫離輪迴,唯一的方式就是通過苦行而得到解脫。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%A8%E4%BF%B1%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="梨俱吠陀">梨俱吠陀</a>》中所說的「牟尼」,也是屬於沙門中的一種。 </p><p>西元前第七、八世紀興起了《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E4%B9%89%E4%B9%A6" title="奥义书">奧義書</a>》信仰,與婆羅門教信仰不同,受到沙門傳統的影響,他們相信輪迴業報,崇尚<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a>苦行,但是他們也相信古婆羅門經典,追求<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E6%88%91%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵我合一(页面不存在)">梵我合一</a>。奧義書信仰以秘密傳授的方式,主要流傳在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>階層中,後者對婆羅門階級不滿,認為宗教特權不能由他們獨佔。在後世,逐漸形成了婆羅門六派信仰中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="数论 (印度哲学)">數論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD" title="瑜伽">瑜伽</a>二派。 </p><p>佛教興起之前,印度有許多不同的宗教流派,但基本屬於婆羅門、沙門這兩種傳統。佛陀本人曾經向數論派的一名上師阿藍迦藍學習無所有處定,向鬱頭藍弗(Udraka Rāmaputra)學習<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%83%B3%E5%AE%9A" title="無想定">無想定</a>(Asamjni samapatti),也曾加入苦行沙門,一天只食一顆麻麥。因此也認為佛教興起之初屬於沙門團體的分支。在教義上,佛教與<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>有許多相似的地方,這也是因為他們同屬於沙門傳統所致。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"></span>語言</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:語言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>釋迦牟尼佛的主要活動範圍,在<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="恆河">恆河</a>兩岸的<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%8D%E8%96%A9%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="憍薩羅國">憍薩羅國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="摩揭陀国">摩揭陀國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E8%88%8D%E9%9B%A2%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="毗舍離國">毗舍離國</a>之間,所以他說法使用的語言很可能是印度東部的方言<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀語">摩揭陀語</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%BB%85" class="mw-redirect" title="佛滅">佛滅</a>後,弟子們編纂經典時使用的語言,也應該是摩揭陀俗語;但是隨著佛教傳播地區的逐漸擴大,在各種方言的影響之下,佛教語言不可能保持純粹單一。各方言本身也在演化,學者稱摩揭陀俗語後來演變為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="半摩揭陀語">半摩揭陀語</a>,在發現阿育王摩崖敕令和石柱刻文後,學者對於摩揭陀俗語開始有了更多的了解。 </p><p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="南傳佛教">南傳佛教</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%BA%E9%9F%B3" title="覺音">覺音</a>等人的說法,現存的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>就是摩揭陀方言,也就是佛陀所使用的語言。但是古印度語言學研究者認為,巴利語應該是來自印度西部的方言,與源自東部的摩揭陀語不同,但它很可能受到摩揭陀語的影響,從而接受了它的某些特徵。 </p><p>佛教的理論是關於解脫的理論,語言只是工具而不是目的,所以佛陀拒絕弟子要求依婆羅門傳統以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>為統一的傳教語言,而允許弟子以自己的方言語音來持誦佛陀所說教法<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此早期的佛教經典不以梵語誦持,經律到後來才混合<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>進而出現梵語版本。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="史學界觀點"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.AD.B8.E7.95.8C.E8.A7.80.E9.BB.9E"></span>史學界觀點</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:史學界觀點"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>存世最早的佛经文本<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%9F%E7%A8%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="犍陀羅佛教原稿">犍陀羅佛教原稿</a>的書写时间,在西元前1世紀至3世紀之间<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,悉達多·喬達摩的事蹟,在生前及死后二百余年内,并无任何历史文獻记载<sup id="cite_ref-absg_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-absg-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。西元前249年,<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>於<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E6%AF%98%E5%B0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="蘭毘尼">蘭毘尼</a>所立的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%E7%9F%B3%E6%9F%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="阿育王石柱">阿育王石柱</a>上,有如下文字:「释迦牟尼生于此地,石栏石柱为至尊而立,蘭毘尼之税收减至八分之一…」<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在歷史研究者看来佛陀生平的描述多属于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B4%E8%AB%B8%E9%BB%98%E8%AA%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="訴諸默認">訴諸默認</a>,更多基于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%B4%E8%AB%B8%E7%84%A1%E7%9F%A5" title="訴諸無知">訴諸無知</a>的后世描述中悉達多的生平常伴随超自然现象<sup id="cite_ref-Skilton1994_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skilton1994-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。豪族/部落领袖之子出家成道是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E9%96%80%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙門運動(页面不存在)">沙門運動</a>时期故事的常见主题,<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a>中与喬達摩同时代的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A9%E9%A7%84%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="笩駄摩那">笩駄摩那</a>有着非常类似的故事。不過根據佛教典籍記載佛陀於拘屍那伽示現大涅槃時笩駄摩那早已離世,史學研究還有待考量。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他宗教的乔达摩·悉达多"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E7.9A.84.E4.B9.94.E8.BE.BE.E6.91.A9.C2.B7.E6.82.89.E8.BE.BE.E5.A4.9A"></span>其他宗教的乔达摩·悉达多</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:其他宗教的乔达摩·悉达多"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>多數教派认为佛陀是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴">毗湿奴</a>十化身中的第九化身,他出现的目的是为了否定<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="婆羅門">婆羅門</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%BA%E7%89%B2" title="牺牲">犧牲</a>祭祀,倡導<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%9D%80%E7%94%9F" title="不杀生">不殺生</a>;也要迷惑一些智根淺薄的世人远离<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>经典。但也有个别教派认为不是这样。</li> <li>历史认为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>圣徒<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%88%87%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E4%BC%90%E7%89%B9" title="貝爾拉姆與約瑟伐特">贝尔拉姆与约瑟伐特</a>取材自乔达摩·悉达多的故事。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="有關列表"><span id=".E6.9C.89.E9.97.9C.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>有關列表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:有關列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="家譜"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E8.AD.9C"></span>家譜</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节:家譜"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>以下為釋迦牟尼的家譜:<sup id="cite_ref-3fo_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3fo-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>七世祖大善生王。</li> <li>六世祖師摩懿王。</li> <li>高祖憂陀羅王。</li> <li>曾祖瞿羅王。</li> <li>祖父<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="师子颊王" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sihahanu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%88%E5%AD%90%E9%A2%8A%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="师子颊王(页面不存在)">师子颊王</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihahanu" class="extiw" title="en:Sihahanu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sihahanu</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,與妻子迦旋娜(Kaccanā)育有四子<sup id="cite_ref-hx4_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hx4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li> <li>父親:前6世紀印度迦毗羅衛國<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">淨飯王</a>,是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%97%E7%BE%85%E8%A1%9B%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="迦毗羅衛城">迦毗羅衛城</a>的上層階級所推選出來的執政官,釋迦族中一位德高望重的國王,同時也是一位<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E5%B8%9D%E5%88%A9" title="刹帝利">剎帝利</a>(屬於武士階級的國王)。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="家庭"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E5.BA.AD"></span>家庭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节:家庭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>生母:拘利族天臂城主善覺大王的胞妹<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大幻化夫人">大幻化夫人</a>,天示城善悟王的女兒)。生釋迦牟尼,產後七日病逝。</li> <li>繼母、姨母或乳母:<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提·瞿曇彌</a>(Mahāprajāpati Gautamī,也譯為「大愛道·瞿曇彌」)。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B9%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="大幻化夫人">大幻化夫人</a>之妹,天示城善悟王的女兒。大乘佛教佛陀傳記說大愛道·瞿曇彌是釋迦牟尼的姨母。</li> <li>姊妹:公主難陀,<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">淨飯王</a>所生,母不詳。</li> <li>弟弟:王子難陀,<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">淨飯王</a>所生,母不詳。</li> <li>正妻:<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="耶輸陀羅">耶輸陀羅</a>,释迦牟尼佛的表妹。與释迦牟尼結婚並育有一子<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a>。</li> <li>長子:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a>,7歲出家,成為释迦牟尼的弟子之一。</li> <li>另有兩名夫人虞閉迦、蜜里誐惹<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,皆無子女。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="父系親戚"><span id=".E7.88.B6.E7.B3.BB.E8.A6.AA.E6.88.9A"></span>父系親戚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节:父系親戚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>姑婆耶输陀罗(與釋迦牟尼妻子同名,祖父师子颊王之妹),婚配天臂城主阿拏釋迦王<sup id="cite_ref-3fo_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3fo-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>二叔白飯王,育有2子<sup id="cite_ref-hx4_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hx4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dr_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>堂兄<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A" title="提婆達多">提婆达多</a></li> <li>堂弟<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難">阿難</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a>之一)</li></ul></li> <li>三叔斛飯王,育有2子<sup id="cite_ref-hx4_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hx4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dr_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>堂弟<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E7%94%B7" title="摩訶男">摩诃男</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a>之一)</li> <li>堂弟<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%8B%E9%99%80" title="阿尼律陀">阿尼律陀</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a>之一)</li></ul></li> <li>四叔甘露飯王,育有2子<sup id="cite_ref-hx4_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hx4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dr_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>堂弟婆娑</li> <li>堂弟<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%8F%90" title="跋提">跋提</a>(即小賢,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a>之一)</li></ul></li> <li>姑姑甘露(善覺王妃)<sup id="cite_ref-3fo_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3fo-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="母系親戚"><span id=".E6.AF.8D.E7.B3.BB.E8.A6.AA.E6.88.9A"></span>母系親戚</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节:母系親戚"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>外公天臂城主阿拏释迦王,婚配外婆耶输陀罗,育有三名舅舅、一名姨姨: </p> <ul><li>大舅天臂城主善觉王 <ul><li>表弟提婆</li> <li>表妹兼妻子<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BE%93%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="耶输陀罗">耶输陀罗</a></li></ul></li> <li>二舅<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%A5%E6%86%8D%E9%99%88%E5%A6%82" title="阿若憍陈如">阿若憍陈如</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人</a>之弟、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a>之一)<sup id="cite_ref-tc13_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>三舅十力迦葉(<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人</a>之弟)<sup id="cite_ref-tc13_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>小姨<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩诃波阇波提</a></li> <li>親戚<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AA%AA%E7%A4%BA" title="阿說示">阿说示</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a>之一)<sup id="cite_ref-tc13_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tc13-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="師長"><span id=".E5.B8.AB.E9.95.B7"></span>師長</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节:師長"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>文化導師:毘奢婆蜜多罗<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>武藝導師:羼提提婆<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文藝作品"><span id=".E6.96.87.E8.97.9D.E4.BD.9C.E5.93.81"></span>文藝作品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节:文藝作品"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%8A%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="西遊記">西遊記</a>》中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E4%BD%9B%E7%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="如來佛祖">如來佛祖</a>。</li> <li>日本漫畫家<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E5%A1%9A%E6%B2%BB%E8%99%AB" title="手塚治虫">手塚治虫</a>漫畫作品《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80_(%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB)" title="佛陀 (漫畫)">佛陀</a>》(1972年)。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%85%89%E5%B1%B1" title="佛光山">佛光山</a>釋星雲《釋迦牟尼佛傳》(1955年)。</li> <li>「<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B4%E4%BD%9B%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="浴佛節">浴佛節</a>」所供之佛像,多取幼年時悉達多太子一手指天、一手指地之形象。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影視形象"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E8.A6.96.E5.BD.A2.E8.B1.A1"></span>影視形象</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节:影視形象"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>《佛典故事》(仏典物語)(1986年日本OVA動畫):<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%AD%E7%A7%80%E5%B9%B8" title="田中秀幸">田中秀幸</a>配音。</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%B4%BB%E4%BD%9B" title="小活佛">小活佛</a>》(1993年):<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%8A%AA%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%B6%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="基努·李維">基努·李維</a>飾演成年悉達多太子直至證道成佛。</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80_(%E6%BC%AB%E7%95%AB)" title="佛陀 (漫畫)">佛陀</a>》(2011~2014年日本動畫電影):<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B2%A1%E7%A7%80%E9%9A%86" title="吉岡秀隆">吉岡秀隆</a>配音。</li> <li>《釋迦牟尼佛傳》(2013年香港電影):<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%91" title="徐天佑">徐天佑</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E8%89%AF%E5%81%89" title="呂良偉">呂良偉</a>分別飾演少年和成年悉達多。</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8A%87)" title="佛陀 (印度電視劇)">佛陀</a>》(2014年電視劇):希曼叔·索尼(Himanshu Soni)飾演成年悉達多;維謝什·班薩 (Vishesh Bansal)飾演幼年悉達多。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节:參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="Portal:宗教">宗教主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:人物">人物主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5" title="如来">如来</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B" title="三世佛">三世佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节:註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-悉達多·喬達摩-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-悉達多·喬達摩_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">悉達多·喬達摩 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利語">巴利語</a>:<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhāttha Gotama</span>;<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>:<span lang="sa">सिद्धार्थ गौतम</span>,<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhārtha Gautama</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-生卒年-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-生卒年_5-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-生卒年_5-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-生卒年_5-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">因古印度无记史之传统,故释迦牟尼佛生卒年具体不可考,说法纷纭。上座部佛教通常根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%AF%BA" title="摩訶菩提寺">摩诃菩提寺</a>记录,採信公元前623—前543年之说。根据《美国国家地理》在尼泊尔<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩耶夫人寺(页面不存在)">摩耶夫人寺</a>的考古调查<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vergano2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vergano2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,發現了前550年左右的古迹,和经中记载相同,可以确定佛陀生活在前6世纪。前563年—前483年,前480年—前400年两种说法在全球也较为流行。释迦佛世寿80年是各方皆有定论的。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">「<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="释迦">释迦</a>」是其<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="種族">種族</a>名,意为「能仁」,「<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="牟尼">牟尼</a>」則是古<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>对於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%80%85" class="mw-redirect" title="圣者">圣者</a>的尊称,意为「寂默」);見<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%9A%B4%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="聖嚴法師">聖嚴法師</a>,《正信的佛教》,P12,108自在语(第一集)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">該名稱最早見於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%E8%A9%94%E6%9B%B8" title="阿育王詔書">阿育王詔書</a>,以<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="普拉克里特语">普拉克里特語</a>寫作<span lang="pra-brah">𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀺</span>(<span lang="pra-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Sakyamuni</span>)。<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>作<span lang="sa">शाक्यमुनि</span>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Śākyamuni</span>),意為“<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%8F" title="釋迦族">釋迦族</a>之<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="牟尼">聖者</a>”。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/00000144-0a21-d3cb-a96c-7b2d3a1a0000?source=relatedvideo">[1]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201218125741/https://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/00000144-0a21-d3cb-a96c-7b2d3a1a0000?source=relatedvideo">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vergano2013-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vergano2013_3-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vergano2013_3-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vergano2013_3-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Vergano, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/131125-buddha-birth-nepal-archaeology-science-lumbini-religion-history">Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>. 2013-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.atitle=Oldest+Buddhist+Shrine+Uncovered+In+Nepal+May+Push+Back+the+Buddha%27s+Birth+Date&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.aulast=Vergano&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2F131125-buddha-birth-nepal-archaeology-science-lumbini-religion-history&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/shijieshi/detail_2013_11/28/31636681_0.shtml">[2]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200527123925/http://news.ifeng.com/history/shijieshi/detail_2013_11/28/31636681_0.shtml">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-凡夫-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-凡夫_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">明昆長老<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammarain.org.tw/books/sou/sou-all.htm">《南傳菩薩道》</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200311124603/http://www.dhammarain.org.tw/books/sou/sou-all.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>):然而,作為菩薩,所修習的第四個波羅蜜的智慧,應該只是包括了道果智與一切知智之前的智慧。在此並沒有關係到菩薩在最後一世所證悟的智慧。在直到最後一世之前,菩薩所修的智慧波羅蜜只是到達觀智的行捨智的第一部份。後面部份的行捨智將會直接導向道智。所以在<b>最後一世之前菩薩</b>並<b>不會</b>嘗試去跨越第一部份,因為若他如此做,他就會證悟道果而<b>成為聖者</b>,以及<b>證入涅槃</b>。這樣他就不能成佛。因此我們應注意到菩薩所修的智慧波羅蜜只到行捨智的第一部份而已。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">當眞嗣美. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://waryujiten.o-ki-na-wa.com/V3.htm">沖縄語辞典:琉球語辞典 和琉辞典 さ</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-12-10</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205184254/http://waryujiten.o-ki-na-wa.com/V3.htm">存档</a>于2024-02-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.au=%E7%95%B6%E7%9C%9E%E5%97%A3%E7%BE%8E&rft.btitle=%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8%EF%BC%9A%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E5%92%8C%E7%90%89%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8+%E3%81%95&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwaryujiten.o-ki-na-wa.com%2FV3.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gautama-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gautama_10-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gautama_10-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:「爾時,變金色仙人於明旦時來看喬答摩。見其命過。復見地上卵破。尋童子跡至甘蔗園中。見其童子。爾時仙人入定觀察。此二童子從何而來。是誰之子。即知是彼喬答摩體胤。便生愛念。將二童子還其住處。每日撫養漸漸長大。即為立名。號曰<b>暖生</b>。因此稱為<b>日種</b>。復緣喬答摩體胤故。亦名<b>喬答摩</b>。從本身生故。名<b>身生</b>。復於甘蔗園中得故。亦名<b>甘蔗種</b>。由此四緣故。有此四號。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa108-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sa108_11-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa108_11-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·一〇八經》:「一時。佛住釋氏<b>天現</b>聚落。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sakya-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sakya_12-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sakya_12-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:「諸人當知。甘蔗軍將王亦名增長。有四大夫人。各生一男一女。其四王子。一名火炬面。二名大耳。三名象行。四名寶釧。……時四王子。各將其妹欲出國去。……爾時四王子。與諸人眾漸漸前行。至雪山下弶伽河側。近劫比羅仙人所住之處。……時仙報曰。汝等之妹。互相配適。王子白曰。我等不知合得以不。仙人報曰。既不同母。通許此事。……時彼仙人有神通力。隨其所樂皆得成就。即持金瓶盛滿中水。詣餘好處洒水為界。告王子曰。汝等可於此地安止。時諸王子奉仙人教已。即築城壁止住其內。彼仙人灑水為界。因此立名。為劫比羅城百姓漸多城先窄小。時有天神見此事已。便指餘處其地寬廣。即就此處別立一城。因號此城。名為天示。時諸王子總集籌議。為我父王娶後妻故。令我兄弟出離本國。我等諸人應共立契。自今以後唯娶一婦更不娶餘。爾時增長王問群臣曰。我之四子今何所在。群臣報曰。王諸子等因有過故。王令出國。并諸姊妹今者見在雪山之下天示城中。自廣營城邑。增長王曰。我諸子等。豈能如此<b>自成就</b>不。群臣報曰能。時增長王即大踊躍。端坐舉手告諸臣曰。<b>我子大能</b>。我子大能。由大威德言大能。大能故。得<b>釋迦</b>名。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%91%A9%E6%99%9D%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="阿摩晝經">阿摩晝經</a>》:「爾時。世尊告阿摩晝。乃往過去久遠世時。有王名聲摩。王有四子。一名面光。二名象食。三名路指。四名莊嚴。其王四子少有所犯。王擯出國到雪山南。住直樹林中。其四子母及諸家屬。皆追念之。即共集議。詣聲摩王所。白言。大王。當知我等與四子別久。欲往看視。王即告曰。欲往隨意。時。母眷屬聞王教已。即詣雪山南直樹林中。到四子所。時諸母言。我女與汝子。汝女與我子。即相配匹遂成夫婦。後生男子。容貌端正。時。聲摩王聞其四子諸母與女共為夫婦。生子端正。王即歡喜。而發此言。此真釋子。真釋童子。<b>能自存立</b>。因此名釋(釋。秦言能在直樹林。故名釋。釋。秦言亦言直)。聲摩王即釋種先也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《翻譯名義集》卷一:「故佛諸文姓有六種,一、瞿曇,二、甘蔗,三、日種,四、釋迦,五、舍夷,六、剎利,今具釋之。瞿曇,或憍曇彌,或俱譚。西域記云:喬達摩,舊云瞿曇,訛略也。古翻甘蔗、泥土等。南山曰:非也。瞿曇,星名,<b>從星立稱</b>。至于後代,改姓釋迦。慈恩云:釋迦之群望也。文句曰:瞿曇,此云純淑,應法師翻為『地最勝』,謂除天外,人類中此族最勝。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="佛本行集经">佛本行集經</a>》:「時苷蔗王。為自所愛諸王子故。心思欲見。意情歡喜。而發是言。彼諸王子。能立國計。大好治化。彼等王子。是故立姓。稱為釋迦。以釋迦住大樹蓊蔚枝條之下。是故名為奢夷耆耶。以其本於迦毘羅仙處所住故。因城立名。故名迦毘羅婆蘇都。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E9%A1%97" title="智顗">智顗</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%8F%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8F%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法華文句(页面不存在)">法華文句</a>》:「瞿曇,此言純淑,亦名舍夷;舍夷者,貴姓也。」<br /> 《翻譯名義集》卷一:「舍夷,《文句》云:『舍夷者,貴姓也。』此名訛略,正云奢夷耆耶,《本行經》云:『以住釋迦大樹蓊欝枝條之林。是故名為奢夷耆耶。』此以其處而立於姓,故國名舍夷。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《大唐西域記》卷七:「薩婆曷剌他悉陀(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Sarvārthasiddha</span>),唐言<b>一切義成</b>,舊曰悉達多(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Siddhārtha</span>),訛略也。」這應是由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言">方言</a>不同,使得佛陀有不同名字的傳出</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:「菩薩生時。五百宮人各生一男。謂贊鐸迦而為上首。五百宮人各生一女。旃尼而為上首。五百大臣各生一男。鄔陀夷而為上首。有五百象各生一子。報灑陀子而為上首。五百馬各生一子。馬囉呵馬子而為上首。五百寶藏自開出現。四方諸國王等悉皆降伏。常獻種種雜物而來奉事。爾時大臣見是相已。來白大王。王聞此事便深思念。我今此子。成就一切諸善事業。因此大王號此太子。名為<b>成就一切事</b>。是故菩薩初得此名。時劫比羅城有一藥叉。名為釋迦增長。城內若有釋迦族類。生得男女。先將向彼藥叉。而為作禮。……時淨飯王作思念曰。此住劫比羅城諸釋種等。性懷獷烈。心意兇暴。多起人我。堅鞕惡性。彼見太子入城。皆如牟尼。<b>默然而住</b>。以此緣故。可呼太子名為<b>釋迦牟尼</b>。時釋迦牟尼菩薩。至藥叉廟所。彼釋迦增長藥叉。遙見菩薩漸近廟所。即從座起。五體投地。頂禮菩薩。眾人見已。甚大驚怪。即往淨飯王所白言。大王。今藥叉神。遙見太子。從廟而出。頂禮雙足。時王聞已。甚大歡喜。作如是言。若天神禮拜太子故。知是天中天。以此緣故。號為<b>天中天</b>。……時淨飯王。見此事已便作是念。而此菩薩一指鉤器。五百大象悉皆却退。若用兩手必敵一千。是故號之名<b>千象力</b>。此是菩薩第四名號。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:「爾時世尊說此頌已。詣迦施那國波羅痆斯城仙人墮處施鹿林中。是時五人在彼林中。……就座而坐。五人供養。未知世尊得成正覺。心生輕慢。所有言說皆喚如來在俗名號。或喚喬答摩。或喚具壽。或喚種族。是時世尊。見毀呰已。告五人曰。於如來處。莫喚俗姓喬答摩、具壽、種族、名字。若如是毀呰如來者。失大利益。生生之處。於長夜中而受苦惱。何以故。若復有人。頻喚如來俗姓名號等。彼無智人。生生之處。失大利益。常受苦惱。汝等應知。自今以去。於如來所莫喚俗姓。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-释老志-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-释老志_18-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-释老志_18-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《魏书·释老志》:“所谓佛者,本号 释迦文者,译言能仁,谓德充道备,堪济万物也。” 「文」为明母臻摄字,中古音接近mon或mun,故muni亦可音译为「文」,有些古代文献错解「文」为其义。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《翻譯名義集》卷一:「釋迦牟尼,摭華云。此云能仁寂默。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《釋迦文佛頌並引》宋.蘇軾 端明殿學士兼翰林侍讀學士蘇軾,為亡妻同安郡君王氏閏之,請奉議郎李公麟敬畫釋迦文佛及十大弟子。元祐八年十一月十一日,設水陸道場供養。軾拜手稽首而作頌曰:「我願世尊,足指按地。三千大千,凈琉璃色。其中眾生,靡不解脫。如日出時,眠者皆作。如雷震時,蟄者皆動。同證無上,永不退轉。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《八十華嚴》卷十二〈如來名號品〉:「諸佛子!如來於此四天下中,或名『一切義成』,或名『圓滿月』,或名『師子吼』,或名『釋迦牟尼佛』,或名『第七仙』,或名『毘盧遮那』,或名『瞿曇氏』,或名『大沙門』,或名『最勝』,或名『導師』。如是等,其數十千,令諸眾生,各別知見。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wed1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wed1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#India">渥德尔、王世安 (2000)</a>,47-48页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kshatriya-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kshatriya_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:「由此因緣立為地主。爾時地主見彼諸人。若有過者如法治罰。若無犯者如法養育。爾時眾人所種之田。各各依法。六分之中與其一分。眾既同意。立為地主。故得太同意名。能擁護劣弱。故得<b>剎帝利</b>名。如法治國。能令一切眾生歡喜。戒行智慧。故號為<b>大同意王</b>。其王立時眾人相呼。為有情大同意王。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E7%B7%A3%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小緣經(页面不存在)">小緣經</a>》:「時。彼眾中自選一人。形體長大。顏貌端正。有威德者。而語之言。汝今為我等作平等主。應護者護。應責者責。應遣者遣。當共集米。以相供給。時。彼一人聞眾人言。即與為主。斷理諍訟。眾人即共集米供給。時。彼一人復以善言慰勞眾人。眾人聞已。皆大歡喜。皆共稱言。善哉。大王。善哉。大王。於是。世間便有王名。以正法治民。故名剎利。於是世間始有剎利名生。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E5%B8%AB%E5%9C%B0%E8%AB%96" title="瑜伽師地論">瑜伽師地論</a>》:「如是器世間成已。有諸有情。從極淨光天眾同分沒來生此中。餘如前說。……復從此緣諸有情類更相顧眄便起愛染。次由能感男女業故。一分有情男根生起。一分有情女根生起。遞相陵犯起諸邪行。遂為他人之所訶呰。方造室宅以自隱蔽。復由攝受粳稻因故。遂於其地復起攝受。由此緣已更相爭奪。不與取法從此而生。即由此緣立司契者。彼最初王名<b>大等意</b>。如是便有剎帝利眾、婆羅門眾、吠舍眾、戍陀羅眾。出現世間。漸次因緣如經廣說。」<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%81%E5%80%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遁倫(页面不存在)">遁倫</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%9C%E4%BC%BD%E8%AB%96%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑜伽論記(页面不存在)">瑜伽論記</a>》:「司契者。司謂衙府。契謂要限。則官長也。<b>摩訶三末多</b>。此云大等意。大眾齊等意樂。共同立以為尊者也。亦名差摩塞縛彌。此云田主。諸剎帝利種此後也。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·梵志品·婆羅婆堂經》:「世尊問曰:婆私吒!於意云何?若諸釋,下意愛敬,至重供養,奉事於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%8C%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯匿">波斯匿</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="拘娑羅">拘娑羅</a>王。如是波斯匿拘娑羅王,則於我身,下意愛敬,至重供養,奉事我耶?答:世尊曰,諸釋,下意愛敬,至重供養,奉事於波斯匿拘娑羅王者,此無奇特;若波斯匿拘娑羅王,下意愛敬,至重供養,奉事於世尊者,此甚奇特。世尊告曰:婆私吒!波斯匿拘娑羅王,不如是意,而於我身,下意愛敬,至重供養,奉事於我;沙門瞿曇,種族極高,我種族下;沙門瞿曇,財寶甚多,我財寶少;沙門瞿曇形色至妙,我色不妙;沙門瞿曇有大威神,我威神小;沙門瞿曇有善智慧,我有惡智。婆私吒!但波斯匿拘娑羅王,愛敬於法,至重供養,為奉事故,而於我身,下意愛敬,至重供養,奉事於我。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文大藏經">巴利文大藏经</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="小部 (佛經)">小部</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经集(页面不存在)">经集</a>·大品·出家经》:「<br />雪山山腹是故居,<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%8D%E8%96%A9%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="憍薩羅國">憍薩羅國</a>往昔住,具備財寶勇進者,端方正直一民族。<br />彼之族姓為日種,彼之生族曰釋迦,由彼家族我出家,非為冀求諸欲者。」<br />该经中讲述释迦牟尼与摩揭陀國频毗沙罗王的对话。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>譯為劫比羅伐窣堵國(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Kapilavastū</span>,在今<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="尼泊爾">尼泊爾</a>南部的提羅拉科特附近)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:「爾時夫人其念便息。又復思惟。……欲於父王園苑中居止。便告王曰。王聞是語。即令使者往善悟王處報云。今摩耶夫人。意欲就彼父王藍毘尼園中居止。王聞是語。便即差人。敷設掃洒。令摩耶夫人及諸侍從婇女。詣藍毘尼園。而為遊觀。乃見一無憂樹。花葉滋茂。夫人欲生太子。便手攀其樹枝。時天帝釋。知菩薩母心懷慚恥。多人眾中不能即誕其子。便作方便。發大風雨。令諸人眾各自分散。是時帝釋。化作老嬭立夫人前。夫人即生。……從胎出時。無諸濃血及餘穢惡。其菩薩母欲產之時。不坐不臥攀樹而立。無諸苦惱後有。菩薩常法。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">後期大乘佛教界將此句詮釋為每位有情眾生皆有的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="第八識">第八識</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E4%BE%86%E8%97%8F" title="如來藏">如來藏</a>為最尊、獨一無二,無量義</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文大藏經">巴利文大藏经</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="小部 (佛經)">小部</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经集(页面不存在)">经集</a>·大品·那罗迦经》:「<br />聞諸天聲仙人急,下降淨飯王宮廷,坐其處告釋迦眾,我今欲見此童子。<br />釋迦族等爐金工,鍛練輝耀如金黃,高貴容貌童子麗,為阿私陀仙人見。<br />輝耀行空如火焰,清淨霽雲如滿月,照曜大地如秋陽,阿私陀仙生歡喜。<br />諸天有骨千圓輪,空中護持有傘蓋,金柄拂塵上下扇,不見持拂傘蓋人。<br />黑妙結髮斯見已,頭上白傘為翳遮,如錦毯中之黃金,躍踴喜心抱太子。<br />彼通真言及相好,抱取釋迦驗牛王,欣樂心發感歎聲,人間無上最上者。<br />隨念自己將終時,仙人怏怏眼流淚,釋迦族見仙人泣,莫非童子有障礙。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文大藏經">巴利文大藏经</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="小部 (佛經)">小部</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经集(页面不存在)">经集</a>·大品·那罗迦经》:「<br />仙人告慰釋迦族,我非隨念子不利,童子絕無任何障,彼非凡庸善留意。<br />童子得成無上覺,得見最上之清淨,彼之梵行廣弘通,憐愍眾生轉法輪。<br />然我餘命不久世,正覺之前我命終,無等之法我不聞,我心故此苦惱痛。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·心品·瞿曇彌經》:「爾時,<b>摩訶簸邏闍鉢提瞿曇彌</b>,持新金縷黃色衣,往詣佛所,稽首佛足,却住一面,白曰:世尊!此新金縷黃色衣,我自為世尊作,慈愍我故,願垂納受。世尊告曰:瞿曇彌!持此衣施比丘眾,施比丘眾已,便供養我,亦供養眾。<b>大生主瞿曇彌</b>至再三白曰:世尊!此新金縷黃色衣,我自為世尊作,慈愍我故,願垂納受。世尊亦至再三告曰:瞿曇彌!持此衣施比丘眾,施比丘眾已,便供養我,亦供養眾。爾時,尊者阿難立世尊後執拂侍佛,於是,尊者阿難白曰:世尊!此大生主瞿曇彌,於世尊多所饒益,世尊母命終後,乳養世尊。世尊告曰:如是,阿難!如是,阿難!大生主瞿曇彌,實於我多所饒益,我母命終,後乳養於我。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·林品·瞿曇彌經》:「尊者阿難復白曰:世尊!<b>瞿曇彌大愛</b>,為世尊多所饒益,所以者何?世尊母亡後,瞿曇彌大愛,鞠養世尊。世尊告曰:如是,阿難!如是,阿難!瞿曇彌大愛,多饒益我,謂母亡後,鞠養於我。」<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A" title="佛所行讚">佛所行讚</a>》:「時摩耶夫人,見其所生子,端正如天童,眾美悉備足,過喜不自勝,命終生天上。<b>大愛瞿曇彌</b>,見太子天童,德貌世奇挺,既生母命終,愛育如其子,子敬亦如母。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:「時彼大王。即將太子還於本宮。令宮乳母依時養育。彼乳母等甚大歡喜。即以雙手。於父王邊捧受太子。在宮閣內勤加養育。……其菩薩母產菩薩已。七日命終生三十三天。菩薩常法。……爾時菩薩坐於嬭母膝上。於金槃中食香稻飯。極多不息。嬭母見多遂奪食器。菩薩以手捻其金槃。其嬭母不能奪此食器。乃至八嬭母奪此食器。亦皆不得。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛本行經">佛本行經</a>》:「乳母收養,如育嬰孩。請諸舊德,曉事母人;圍衛擁護,不離左右。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93" title="普曜經">普曜經</a>》:「又今太子轉當長大,誰能養育令長大乎?皆和共議:唯大愛道能育慈心,推燥居濕飲食乳哺使長大耳。<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%84%9B%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="大愛道">大愛道</a></b>者,太子姨母,<b>清淨無夫</b>,是能堪任常不遠離。時白淨王,與諸釋種和同共往,詣大愛道說是意故:太子母終,爾時姨母乳哺令長。時大愛道則然可之。」<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E5%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方廣大莊嚴經(页面不存在)">方廣大莊嚴經</a>》:「諸釋耆舊咸作是言。汝等年少色盛心舉。不堪依時養育太子。<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提</a>。親則姨母有慈有惠。唯此一人堪能養育。是諸釋種皆共和合。請摩訶波闍波提。為養育主。時輸檀王躬抱菩薩。付於姨母而告之言。善來夫人當為其母。摩訶波闍波提奉王勅已。命三十二養育之母。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="佛本行集经">佛本行集經</a>》:「時迦毘羅。相去不遠。復有一城。名曰天臂。彼天臂城。有一釋種。豪貴長者。名為善覺。……生於八女。一名為意。……八名<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提</a>(隋言大慧。亦云梵天)。……時淨飯王。聞是語已。作如是言。我今當索是女作妃。令我苷蔗轉輪聖王苗裔不絕(此是律家作如是說。又言大慧是菩薩母者。此依阿波陀那經文。又言輸頭檀王是我之父。摩耶夫人是我之母。如阿波陀那經說。撿諸經文。此義是實)。時淨飯王。即遣使人。往詣善覺大長者家。求索大慧。為我作於波闍波提(波闍波提者隋言生活本)。……一時迎取八女向宮。至於宮已。即納二女。自用為妃。其二女者。第一名為意。及以第八名大慧者。自餘六女。分與三弟。」<br />「時釋種族。語彼婦言。汝等一切。年少盛壯。意耽色慾。汝等不能依時養育。亦復不能依法慈憐。唯此<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提</a></b>。親是童子真正姨母。是故堪能將息養育童子之身。亦復堪能奉事大王。彼諸釋種。一切和合。勸彼摩訶波闍波提。為母養育。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·柔軟經》:世尊告諸比丘。自我昔日出家學道。為從優遊.從容閑樂.極柔輭來。我在父王悅頭檀家時。為我造作種種宮殿。春殿.夏殿及以冬殿。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:時<b>執仗</b>釋種有一童女。名<b>耶輸陀羅</b>。容色端正世所希有。……群臣諸人遞相謂曰。此耶輸陀羅。族姓尊貴顏容具足。於諸女中最為殊勝。堪為太子宮中侍衛。群臣諸人同議斯已。向淨飯王具陳此事。時王即遣二婇女。圍遶耶輸陀羅。入太子宮內。……彼時菩薩有三夫人。一名<b>鹿王</b>。二名<b>喬比迦</b>。三名耶輸陀羅。其耶輸陀羅最為上首。其三夫人各有二萬婇女。前後圍繞在於宮內。<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E7%9C%BE%E8%A8%B1%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E5%B8%9D%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛說眾許摩訶帝經(页面不存在)">佛說眾許摩訶帝經</a>》:太子見是童女福相殊勝身有光明,心大歡喜下師子座,依古儀禮,互相設拜,拜已復坐合掌恭肅。時僚等俱白王言:「如是童女諸相具足,福德深厚,堪與太子為其夫人。」王即詔命二萬童女,圍繞<b>耶輸陀羅</b>同入宮室。……爾時太子有三夫人:耶輸陀羅、<b>虞閉迦</b>、<b>蜜里誐惹</b>;及六萬宮人朝夕供侍。<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E9%81%8A%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛說十二遊經(页面不存在)">佛說十二遊經</a>》:<b>瞿夷</b>者,是太子第一夫人,其父名水光長者;太子第二夫人,生羅云者,名<b>耶惟檀</b>,其父名移施長者;第三夫人名<b>鹿野</b>,其父名釋長者。以有三婦故,太子父王為立三時殿。殿有二萬婇女,三殿凡有六萬婇女,以太子當作遮迦越王故,置有六萬婇女。<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%8F" title="佛本行集经">佛本行集經</a>》:爾時大臣<b>摩訶那摩</b>。見於太子一切技藝。勝妙智能。最為上首。而作是言。唯願太子。受我懺悔。我於先時。謂言太子不解多種技巧藝能。令我心疑不嫁女與。我今已知。願受我女。用以為妃。爾時太子占良善日及吉宿時。稱自家資。而辦具度。持大王勢。將大王威。而用迎納<b>耶輸陀羅</b>。以諸瓔珞。莊嚴其身。又復共於五百婇女。相隨而往。迎取入宮。共相娛樂。受五欲樂。……時淨飯王。為其太子立三等宮。以擬安置於太子故。第一宮內。所有婇女。當於初夜。侍衛太子。第二宮內。其諸婇女。於夜半時。供承太子。第三宮內。諸婇女輩。於後夜時。侍奉太子。其第一宮。耶輸陀羅。最為上首。二萬婇女。圍繞侍立。第二宮中。<b>摩奴陀羅</b>(隋言意持)而為上首。諸師復言。此意持妃。唯聞其名。不見現在及往緣事。第三宮內。即<b>瞿多彌</b>。而為上首。如是次第。侍御太子。諸婇女等。合有六萬。<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%9C%AC%E8%B5%B7%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修行本起經(页面不存在)">修行本起經</a>》:有小國王,名<b>須波佛</b>(漢言善覺),有女名<b>裘夷</b>,端正皎潔天下少雙。……於是善覺,嚴辦送女,詣太子宮,眾伎侍從,凡二萬人,晝夜娛樂,絕世之音。……即復為娉妙女,一名<b>眾稱味</b>,二名<b>常樂意</b>。其一夫人者,二萬婇女,三夫人者,凡有六萬婇女,端正妙好,天女無異。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%9A" title="佛所行讚">佛所行讚</a>》:廣訪名豪族。風教禮義門。容姿端正女。名<b>耶輪陀羅</b>。應嫂太子妃。……賢妃美容貌。窈窕淑妙姿。瓌艷若天后。同處日夜歡。……時白淨太子。賢妃耶輸陀。年並漸長大。孕生羅睺羅。白淨王自念。太子已生子。歷世相繼嗣。正化無終極。太子既生子。愛子與我同。不復慮出家。但當力修善。<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛本行經">佛本行經</a>》:<b>執杖</b>釋種女,姿貌如天女;心忍辱如地,面暉如月滿。古聖王苗裔,相應玉女寶;德廣覆天下,除憂如天樂。持重有智慧,相好容貌光;名稱最第一,是故號<b>除稱</b>。……合宮盡歡喜,皆共同舉聲;稱曰真得妃,莫不同甚歡。如是歌稱聲,斯須流聞王;王聞甚歡悅,重賜名<b>寶珍</b>。<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="佛說普曜經">佛說普曜經</a>》:於斯<b>執杖</b>釋種以女<b>俱夷</b>送詣白淨王宮,為菩薩妃;隨世習俗現相娛樂,婇女八萬四千,俱夷為尊。<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E5%BB%A3%E5%A4%A7%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方廣大莊嚴經(页面不存在)">方廣大莊嚴經</a>》:於迦毘羅城求訪如是令德之女。有一大臣名為<b>執杖</b>。其人有女名<b>耶輸陀羅</b>。相好端嚴姝妙第一。不長不短不麁不細。非白非黑具足婦容。猶如寶女。……(菩薩)人間一切伎能及過人上。諸天伎藝。皆悉通達。於是執杖大臣白輸檀王及諸釋種一切眾會言。我今以女為太子妃。佛告諸比丘。爾時菩薩。隨順世法現處宮中。八萬四千婇女娛樂而住。耶輸陀羅為第一妃。<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90%E7%91%9E%E6%87%89%E6%9C%AC%E8%B5%B7%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛說太子瑞應本起經(页面不存在)">佛說太子瑞應本起經</a>》:太子至年十七,王為納妃,簡閱國中名女數千,無可意者。最後一女,名曰<b>瞿夷</b>,端正好潔,天下第一;賢才過人,禮義備舉,是則宿命賣華女也。<br />《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B0%E5%87%BA%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%9C%AC%E8%B5%B7%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="異出菩薩本起經(页面不存在)">異出菩薩本起經</a>》:王為太子,閱一國中女,得數十萬女,令太子目閱視之訖,無有可太子意者,最後一女,名曰<b>俱夷</b>,太子曰:「吾欲娶是女。」王即為太子娶之。<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="過去現在因果經(页面不存在)">過去現在因果經</a>》:有一釋種婆羅門,名<b>摩訶那摩</b>,其人有女,名<b>耶輸陀羅</b>,顏容端正,聰明智慧,賢才過人,禮儀備舉,有如是德,堪太子妃。……王即令諸臣擇採吉日,遣車萬乘,而往迎之。既至宮已,具足太子婚姻之禮,又復更增諸妓女眾,晝夜娛樂。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F" title="大本经">大本經</a>》:今我有子。名曰<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a>。<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="善見律毘婆沙">善見律毘婆沙</a>》:時城中諸釋婦女。聞佛將徒眾入城乞食。各開窓戶看佛乞食。時<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a>母在樓殿上聞佛入城乞食。心自念言。本在家時。著天冠瓔珞。乘七寶輦輿。千乘萬騎。前後圍遶出入。今者剃除鬚髮著袈裟。持鉢乞食。我今觀看為好以不。作是念已。即開窓看。遙見佛放五色光。其光照地。猶若融金。<b>耶輸陀羅</b>見已。即入白王言。王兒今者入城乞食。<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E7%A0%B4%E5%83%A7%E4%BA%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事">根本說一切有部毘奈耶破僧事</a>》:爾時菩薩。在於宮內嬉戲之處。私自念言。我今有三夫人及六萬婇女。若不與其為俗樂者。恐諸外人云。我不是丈夫。我今當與<b>耶輸陀羅</b>共為娛樂。其耶輸陀羅因即有娠。……釋迦牟尼今不捨命。見證無上正智。時淨飯王及諸眷屬。并劫比羅城人眾。聞此語已不勝歡躍。時耶輸陀羅。聞世尊菩薩證無上智。生憙悅曰。誕一息。斛飯王亦生一息。于時<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E8%9D%95" class="mw-redirect" title="月蝕">月蝕</a>。淨飯王見此盛事。甚大歡喜慶悅充滿。……會諸群臣。為耶輸陀羅所生之息。而立其名。內宮侍女前白王曰。此子生時羅怙障月。因此應以為名<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%80%99%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅怙羅">羅怙羅</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B2" title="大史">大史</a>》:悉诃萨罗王的子孙是八万二千个王,阇耶斯那是最后一个。他们都是迦毘罗卫的著名的释迦王。师子颊大王是阇耶斯那的亲生子。阇耶斯那的女儿叫<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BE%93%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="耶输陀罗">耶输陀罗</a>。天臂城的国王叫天臂释迦。鸯惹诺和迦遮那是他的两个孩子。迦遮那是师子颊王的王后。释迦族鸯惹诺王的王后是<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BE%93%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="耶输陀罗">耶输陀罗</a>。鸯惹诺王的两位公主是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="摩耶(页面不存在)">摩耶</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E9%98%87%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波阇波提(页面不存在)">波阇波提</a>。两个儿子是檀咤巴尼(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Daṇḍapāṇi</span>,執杖)和释氏<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%84%E8%A6%BA%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="善覺王(页面不存在)">善觉</a>。而师子颊王有五个儿子和两个女儿。<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">净饭</a>、斛饭、释饭、白饭、甘露饭,以及阿蜜多、钵蜜多,五男二女。释氏善觉的第一个妃子是阿蜜多,她有两个孩子:<b>跋陀迦遮那</b>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A" title="提婆達多">提婆达多</a>。摩耶和波阇波提都是净饭王的王妃。净饭大王和摩耶的王子就是我们的胜者。大牟尼出生在从未间断的摩诃三末多世系之中,他在所有剎帝利之上。菩萨悉达多太子的夫人是<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BC%B8%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="耶輸陀羅">耶輸陀羅</a>(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Yaśodharā</span>;<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文">巴利文</a>稱跋陀迦遮那,<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Bhaddakaccānā</span>),她的儿子是<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%9D%BA%E7%BD%97" title="罗睺罗">罗睺罗</a>。<br /> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%99%95%E8%99%95%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛說處處經(页面不存在)">佛說處處經</a>》:佛<b>姑子</b>名<b>須那察多</b>(善星)。隨侍佛八年便生念。與我兄弟俱行。而獨端正有三十二相。便惡意生。隨佛後掃佛迹。不令人見佛相。復於人中說佛無道。但言語中人意耳。<br /> <a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%BA%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="窺基">窺基</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%93%AE%E8%8F%AF%E7%B6%93%E7%8E%84%E8%B4%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="妙法蓮華經玄贊(页面不存在)">妙法蓮華經玄贊</a>》:經。羅睺羅母(至)亦與眷屬俱。贊曰。四內眷諸尼眾也。梵云耶戍達羅。此云持譽耶輸陀羅訛也。形容美麗近遠聞知。生育羅睺天人讚詠。故名持譽。譽美稱也。相傳釋云。是乾闥婆女。彼生兒為樂神。生女為玉女也。若稱玉女何得有子。又佛出家後持譽父母欲得將還。明非玉女。未曾有經.須達拏經.瑞應經皆云羅睺是瞿姨之子。佛有三夫人。一瞿姨。二耶輸。三鹿野。各有二萬婇女。瞿姨無子是玉女。彼經從長母為名。亦無過失。又經云佛有三子。一<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%84%E6%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="善星(页面不存在)">善星</a>。二<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="優婆摩耶(页面不存在)">優婆摩耶</a>。三羅睺。故涅槃云善星比丘菩薩在家之子。上二尼眾各得出家。道行久成希聞妙法。有緣皆至眷屬俱來。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wed2-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wed2_39-0"><sup><b>35.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wed2_39-1"><sup><b>35.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wed2_39-2"><sup><b>35.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#India">渥德尔、王世安 (2000)</a>,49页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="巴利文大藏經">巴利文大藏經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E8%97%8F" title="经藏">经藏</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="中部 (佛經)">中部</a>·圣求经》(第26經):“诸比丘!于是而后,予于少壮有漆黑之发充满蓬勃朝气与活力青年之青春人生,于父母不乐,啼泪痛哭之中,剃除须发,着袈裟衣,从在家成为出家之行者。彼予如是为修行者,不论如何以求所有之最善,以求无上寂静最上道而往阿罗罗迦罗摩仙人之处,往而白阿罗罗迦罗摩仙人言:‘尊者迦罗摩,我愿于此法、律,以行梵行。’”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wed3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wed3_41-0"><sup><b>37.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wed3_41-1"><sup><b>37.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wed3_41-2"><sup><b>37.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#India">渥德尔、王世安 (2000)</a>,50页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#达摩难陀">达摩难陀等</a>,3页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">明昆尊者<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammarain.org.tw/books/sou/sou-all.htm">《南傳菩薩道》</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200311124603/http://www.dhammarain.org.tw/books/sou/sou-all.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>):每尊佛在過去世身為菩薩時,每世都會修習精進波羅蜜。除此之外,在將要開悟的最後一世裡,在出家後他會至少修苦行七天。過後,在將快開悟時,他會坐在菩提樹下的金剛座上,下決心奮鬥,想:「且讓我剩下皮膚,且讓我剩下<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E8%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="肌腱">肌腱</a>,且讓我剩下骨頭,且讓我的血肉乾枯。除非能證悟一切知智,否則我絕不從此座起身。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140927040908/http://books.google.com/books?id=nPvanPmdtoUC&pg=21">The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon</a>. Pariyatti. 2001年1月1日: 21–29 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2013年9月4日]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-928706-12-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-928706-12-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-928706-12-0</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nPvanPmdtoUC&pg=21">原始内容</a>存档于2014年9月27日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+the+Buddha%3A+According+to+the+Pali+Canon&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-928706-12-0&rft.pages=21-29&rft.pub=Pariyatti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnPvanPmdtoUC%26pg%3D21&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#India">渥德尔、王世安 (2000)</a>,51页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#India">渥德尔、王世安 (2000)</a>,57页</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923223039/http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T02/0110_001.htm">《佛說三轉法輪經》</a>. 大正新脩大藏經 第二冊 No. 110. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%87%80" title="义净">義淨</a>譯. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-09-04</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbeta.org/result/normal/T02/0110_001.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2015-09-23). <q>因名此經為三轉法輪</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%89%E8%BD%89%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA%E7%B6%93%E3%80%8B&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%86%8A+No.+110&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbeta.org%2Fresult%2Fnormal%2FT02%2F0110_001.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224302/http://agama.buddhason.org/SA/SA0379.htm">雜阿含379經 轉法輪經</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-08-30</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://agama.buddhason.org/SA/SA0379.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2015-06-10). <q>世尊於波羅奈國仙人住處鹿野苑中,三轉、十二行法輪</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB379%E7%B6%93+%E8%BD%89%E6%B3%95%E8%BC%AA%E7%B6%93&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fagama.buddhason.org%2FSA%2FSA0379.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%A8%B9" title="龍樹">龍樹</a>《十住毘婆沙論》卷5:「轉法輪者,說四聖諦義,三轉十二相。是苦諦,是苦集,是苦滅,是至苦滅道,是名一轉四相。是苦諦應知,是苦集應斷,是苦滅應證,是至苦滅道應修,是名第二轉四相。是苦諦知已,是苦集斷已,是苦滅證已,是至苦滅道修已。是名第三轉四相。四相者,四諦中生眼、智、明、覺。有人言:聲聞乘、辟支佛乘、大乘,是名法輪解說。是三乘義,名為轉法輪。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="長部 (佛經)">長部</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大般涅槃經</a>》:阿難!我已老、衰耄矣!我之旅路將盡、年壽將滿,年齡已八十矣。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">遊行經</a>》:吾已老矣。年粗八十。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="長部 (佛經)">長部</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大般涅槃經</a>》:時,世尊與大比丘眾俱,往赴竹林村,至已,世尊住於竹林村。爾時,世尊告諸比丘曰:「諸比丘!汝等各自行往毘舍離近處,於朋友、知識或知己之處雨安居。我亦當在此竹林村入雨安居。」諸比丘應諾世尊:「唯然,世尊。」而往毘舍離之近處,於朋友、知識或知己之處入雨安居。世尊亦於竹林村入雨安居。世尊於此入雨安居時,忽患激痛之痢病,幾乎近於絕命。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">遊行經</a>》:爾時。世尊即從座起。詣於講堂。就座而坐。告諸比丘。此土飢饉。乞求難得。汝等宜各分部。隨所知識。詣毘舍離及越祇國。於彼安居。可以無乏。吾獨與阿難於此安居。所以然者。恐有短乏。是時。諸比丘受教即行。佛與阿難獨留。於後夏安居中。佛身疾生。舉體皆痛。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="長部 (佛經)">長部</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大般涅槃經</a>》:爾時,世尊與尊者往赴大林重閣講堂。至已,告尊者阿難曰:「阿難!汝往告凡住毘舍離附近之諸比丘皆集於講堂。」……爾時,世尊告諸比丘曰:「諸比丘!我告汝等,諸行是因緣和合法,皆歸老朽壞滅,當精進不放逸。不久如來當般涅槃,三個月後,如來則般涅槃。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">遊行經</a>》:爾時。世尊告阿難。俱詣香塔。在一樹下。敷座而坐。佛告阿難。香塔左右現諸比丘。普勅令集講堂。……比丘當知我於此法自身作證。布現於彼。……汝等當善受持。稱量分別。隨事修行。所以者何。如來不久。是後三月當般泥洹。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="長部 (佛經)">長部</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大般涅槃經</a>》:世尊告鐵匠子曰:「汝所備辦之栴檀樹菌茸供奉與我,備辦其他之嚼食、噉食,供奉與諸比丘!」鐵匠子准陀應諾世尊:「唯然,世尊。」則從所備辦之栴檀樹菌茸,供奉世尊,其他之嚼食、噉食供奉諸比丘。爾時世尊言鐵匠子准陀曰.「准陀所剩餘之菌茸,應埋藏於洞穴。准陀!我於天界、魔界、梵天界,或沙門、婆羅門及天、人之間。除如來之外,不見有人食此茸物能消化者。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">遊行經</a>》:是時。周那尋設飲食。供佛及僧。別煮栴檀樹耳。<b>世所奇珍</b>。獨奉世尊。<br />食用鐵匠純陀(Cunda)進獻的糕饼與「栴檀樹菌茸」(<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Sukara-maddava</span>),Franke 将此字译为「柔软的公猪肉」;Arthur Waley 则对此字作了下列四种解释:猪吃的软食、猪所嗜吃的食物、猪肉中最软的部分,被猪所踏碎的食物。(K.T.S. 萨罗着:〈古印度佛教的不杀生思想〉)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E4%BA%95%E4%BC%AF%E5%A3%BD" title="宇井伯壽">宇井伯壽</a>《關於阿含經成立之考察》:偈中有旃檀樹耳是從漢譯,這是一種菌類。原語是Sukara-maddava,現代學者譯成豚肉、豚之乾肉或是菌類。巴利系的古代注釋解釋為豚的嫩肉,而引用此解釋的注釋書又說有人認為並非豚肉而是竹筍;又有人說為菌類;更有人說是一種食物(ekam rasāyatanam) (Udāna edited by Steinthal, p.81, note 1)由此可知,在寫此注釋書的五六世紀時,對此就已不能明確地了解。因此我從漢譯之說,採用菌類的說法。當然這並非有多數決定,而是認為在此場合,用此譯語比較穩當。學者有時採用解作豚肉的古註。此是與文學的語源作一併的解釋。更多少附以理由而主張是豚肉。雖說是古註,但因無足以令其他學者採信的根擦,才產生異說,而錄此異說的大注釋者達摩波羅(<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Dhammapāla</span>)也不得取捨,未能決定。又現在的學者不明他國的古代風俗,如果只按照文字表面去解釋,是極不可靠之事,並且其他的多少理由,並不包含使人們得以承認的理由,故說應解為豚肉是有失於奇矯。這並非說我不贊成解為豚肉這一點,而是對這種研究議論的態度,不敢苟同。佛陀在吃了旃檀樹耳之後,腹得痢病之痛。原文是下痢之後(<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">viriccamāna</span>),此可解為下痢不止。此一語實在是很寫實地描繪了當時的光景。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="長部 (佛經)">長部</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">大般涅槃經</a>》:爾時,世尊食鐵匠子准陀之供食時,患重症之[痢]疾,痢血痛極,幾近於死。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">遊行經</a>》:爾時。周那取一小座於佛前坐。漸為說法。示教利喜已。大眾圍遶。侍從而還。中路止一樹下。告阿難言。吾患背痛。汝可敷座。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《阿育王經》卷第六載王舍城第一次結集時,大迦葉對阿難舉發一連串的過失,其中包括佛索水而不與。《雜事》作以濁水供佛。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83%E7%BB%8F_(%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8)" title="大般涅槃经 (上座部)">遊行經</a>》:八日如來生。八日佛出家。八日成菩提。八日取滅度。……二月如來生。二月佛出家。二月成菩提。二月取涅槃。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%88%AC%E6%B3%A5%E6%B4%B9%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="佛般泥洹經">佛般泥洹經</a>》:經曰佛以四月八日生。八日棄國。八日得道。八日滅度。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B3%A5%E6%B4%B9%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="般泥洹經">般泥洹經</a>》:佛從四月八日生。四月八日捨家出。四月八日得佛道。四月八日般泥洹。<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>《大般泥洹經》:二月十五日臨般泥洹。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="善見律毘婆沙">善見律毘婆沙</a>》:二月十五日平旦時入無餘涅槃。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B2" title="大史">大史</a>》:在吠舍佉月月圓日,這盞世界明燈熄滅。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大毘婆沙論">大毘婆沙論</a>》:謂佛於迦栗底迦月白半八日中夜而般涅槃。爾時月輪沒於山頂。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大毘婆沙論">大毘婆沙論</a>》:一歲有十二月。晝夜增減略為二時。由減及增各六月故。然晝與夜增減相違。雖各二時而無四位。晝夜增減各一臘縛(96秒鐘)。月則各一牟呼栗多(48分鐘)。三十牟呼栗多成一晝夜。於中晝夜多少四類不同。增位極長不過十八。減位極短唯有十二。晝夜停位各有十五。謂<b>羯栗底迦月白半第八日</b>。<b>晝夜各十五牟呼栗多</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E5%88%86" title="秋分">秋分</a>)。從此以後晝減夜增各一臘縛。至末伽始羅月白半第八日。夜有十六牟呼栗多。晝十四至報沙月白半第八日。夜有十七晝十三。至磨伽月白半第八日。夜有十八晝十二(<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%AC%E8%87%B3" title="冬至">冬至</a>)。從此以後夜減晝增各一臘縛。至頗勒窶那月白半第八日。夜有十七晝十三。至制怛羅月白半第八日。夜有十六晝十四。至<b>吠舍佉月白半第八日</b>。<b>晝夜各十五</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E5%88%86" title="春分">春分</a>)。從此以後夜減晝增各一臘縛。至誓瑟搋月白半第八日。夜有十四晝十六。至阿沙茶月白半第八日。夜有十三晝十七。至室羅筏拏月白半第八日。夜有十二晝十八(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E8%87%B3" title="夏至">夏至</a>)。從此以後晝減夜增各一臘縛。至婆達羅鉢陀月白半第八日。夜有十三晝十七。至阿濕縛庾闍月白半第八日。夜有十四晝十六。如是復至羯栗底迦月白半第八日。晝夜停等。是名略說時之分齊。<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%A8%98" title="大唐西域記">大唐西域記</a>》:月盈至滿謂之白分。月虧至晦謂之黑分。黑分或十四日十五日。月有小大故也。<b>黑前白後合為一月</b>。……又分一歲以為六時。正月十六日至三月十五日。漸熱也。三月十六日至五月十五日。盛熱也。五月十六日至七月十五日。雨時也。七月十六日至九月十五日。茂時也。九月十六日至十一月十五日。漸寒也。十一月十六日至正月十五日。盛寒也。……或為四時。春夏秋冬也。春三月。謂制呾羅月。吠舍佉月。逝瑟吒月。當此從正月十六日至四月十五日。夏三月。謂頞沙荼月。室羅伐拏月。婆羅鉢陀月。當此從四月十六日至七月十五日。秋三月。謂頞濕縛庾闍月。迦剌底迦月。末伽始羅月。當此從七月十六日至十月十五日。冬三月。謂報沙月。磨袪月。頗勒窶拏月。當此從十月十六日至正月十五日。故印度僧徒依佛聖教坐兩安居。或前三月。或後三月。前三月當此從五月十六日至八月十五日。後三月當此從六月十六日至九月十五日。前代譯經律者。或云坐夏。或云坐臘。斯皆邊裔殊俗。不達中國正音。或方言未融而傳譯有謬。又推如來入胎初生出家成佛涅槃日月。皆有參差。……菩薩誕靈之處。菩薩以<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E8%88%8D%E4%BD%89%E6%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="吠舍佉月">吠舍佉月</a>後半八日。當此三月八日。上座部則曰。以吠舍佉月後半十五日。當此三月十五日。……以吠舍佉月後半八日踰城出家。當此三月八日。或云以吠舍佉月後半十五日。當此三月十五日。……如來以印度吠舍佉月後半八日成等正覺。當此三月八日也。上座部則吠舍佉月後半十五日成等正覺。當此三月十五日也。是時如來年三十矣。或曰年三十五矣。……佛以生年八十<b>吠舍佉月後半十五日</b>入般涅槃。當此三月十五日也。說一切有部。則佛以<b>迦剌底迦月後半八日</b>入般涅槃。此當九月八日也。自佛涅槃諸部異議。或云千二百餘年。或云千三百餘年。或云千五百餘年。或云已過九百未滿千年。<br />《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%AE%8A%E5%B8%AB%E5%88%A9%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E5%8F%8A%E8%AB%B8%E4%BB%99%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E5%90%89%E5%87%B6%E6%99%82%E6%97%A5%E5%96%84%E6%83%A1%E5%AE%BF%E6%9B%9C%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文殊師利菩薩及諸仙所說吉凶時日善惡宿曜經(页面不存在)">宿曜經</a>》:景風曰大唐以建寅為歲初。天竺以建卯為歲首。然則大唐令月皆以正月二三四至于十二。則天竺皆據白月十五日夜太陰所在宿為月名。故呼建卯為角月。建辰為氐月。則但呼角氐心箕之月。亦不論建卯建辰及正二三月也。此東西二之異義。學者先宜曉之。<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印順">印順</a>《佛教史地考論·五、紀念佛誕說佛誕》:可以肯定的解說:經中說二月,依印度曆法的吠舍佉月說。說四月,是依中國夏正的陰曆說。這樣,經中說二月,說四月,並不矛盾。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612173931/https://eunited.com.my/229269/">衛塞節前夕準備就緒 佛教團體邀民浴佛</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-06-07</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunited.com.my/229269/">原始内容</a>存档于2020-06-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=%E8%A1%9B%E5%A1%9E%E7%AF%80%E5%89%8D%E5%A4%95%E6%BA%96%E5%82%99%E5%B0%B1%E7%B7%92+%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%98%E9%AB%94%E9%82%80%E6%B0%91%E6%B5%B4%E4%BD%9B&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feunited.com.my%2F229269%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201218125917/http://140.128.103.128/web/Content.asp?ID=62985">中國大百科全書智慧藏·釋迦牟尼</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2015-05-04</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://140.128.103.128/web/Content.asp?ID=62985">原始内容</a>存档于2020-12-18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E8%97%8F%C2%B7%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F140.128.103.128%2Fweb%2FContent.asp%3FID%3D62985&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%A8%98" title="大唐西域記">大唐西域記</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="摩揭陀国">摩揭陀國</a>》:「見精舍內,佛像儼然,結加趺坐,右足居上,左手斂,右手垂,東面而坐,肅然如在。座高四尺二寸,廣丈二尺五寸,像高丈一尺五寸,兩膝相去八尺八寸,兩肩六尺二寸。相好具足,慈顏若真,唯右乳上圖瑩未周。……有一沙門,宿心淳質,乃感夢見往婆羅門而告曰:『我是慈氏菩薩,恐工人之思,不測聖容故,我躬來圖寫佛像,垂右手者,昔如來之將證佛果,天魔來嬈,地神告至,其一先出,助佛降魔。如來告曰:汝勿憂怖,吾以忍力,降彼必矣。魔王曰:誰為明證,如來乃垂手指地,言:此有證。是時第二地神,踊出作證故,今像手倣昔下垂。』……如來以印度吠舍佉月後半八日,成等正覺,當此三月八日也,上座部則吠舍佉月後半十五日,成等正覺,當此三月十五日也。是時如來,年三十矣,或曰年三十五矣。」<br />《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A0%E5%83%8F%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%A6%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="造像量度經(页面不存在)">造像量度經</a>·妄造誡》:「若不具尺寸之過惡如何?則出戒大教王經曰:……別有宜戒者,一一叵盡言。智者須謹慎,因果不爽故,相勉莫莽鹵,欽遵準量度。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%BA%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="窺基">窺基</a>《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%94%AF%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%E8%BF%B0%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成唯識論述記(页面不存在)">成唯識論述記</a>》:「謂有外道名劫比羅。古云迦毘羅訛也。此云黃赤。鬢髮面色並黃赤故。今西方貴波羅門種。皆黃赤色也。時世號為黃赤色仙人。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻奈耶(页面不存在)">鼻奈耶</a>》卷5:「<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="調達">調達</a>……語諸比丘:『此亦釋種瞿曇,我亦釋種瞿曇。此亦母族成就,我亦母族成就。此亦生釋家,我亦生釋家。此族姓與我無殊。』」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E6%9C%89%E9%83%A8%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%88%E8%80%B6%E9%9B%9C%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="根本說一切有部毘奈耶雜事(页面不存在)">根本說一切有部毘奈耶雜事</a>》:「諸釋種,於過去時,不同業者,出城而去,或往末羅國,或往泥波羅,或往其餘聚落城邑。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%94%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F%E8%A8%98" title="大唐西域記">大唐西域記</a>》:「誅釋西南有四小窣堵波。四釋種拒軍處。初勝軍王嗣位也。求婚釋種。釋種鄙其非類。謬以家人之女。重禮娉焉。勝軍王立為正后。其產子男是為毘盧釋迦王。毘盧釋迦欲就舅氏請益受業。至此城南見新講堂。即中憩駕。諸釋聞之逐而詈曰。卑賤婢子敢居此室。此室諸釋建也。擬佛居焉。毘盧釋迦嗣位之後。追復先辱便興甲兵至此屯軍。釋種四人躬耕畎畝。便即抗拒兵寇退散。已而入城。族人以為承輪王之祚胤。為法王之宗子。敢行凶暴安忍殺害。污辱宗門絕親遠放。四人被逐北趣雪山。一為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E4%BB%97%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="乌仗那">烏仗那</a>國王。一為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%B5%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="梵衍那(页面不存在)">梵衍那</a>國王。一為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%AC%E6%91%A9%E5%91%BE%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呬摩呾羅(页面不存在)">呬摩呾羅</a>國王。一為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%95%86%E5%BD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="商彌(页面不存在)">商彌</a>國王。奕世傳業苗裔不絕。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《大智度論》卷88:「隨此間閻浮提中天竺國人所好,則為現三十二相。天竺國中人於今故治肩髆,令厚大頭上皆有結為好,如人相中說,五處長為好。眼耳鼻舌臂指髀手足相,若輪若蓮華若具若日月。是故佛手足有千輻輪、纖長指、鼻高好、舌廣長而薄,如是等皆勝於先所貴,故起恭敬心。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="中阿含經">中阿含經</a>·三十二相經》: </td> <td>《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BB%8F" title="大本经">大本經</a>》: </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> <ul><li>1. 大人足安平立。(扁平足)</li> <li>2. 大人足下生輪。輪有千輻。一切具足。(兩腳底各有一千輻輪)</li> <li>3. 大人足指纖長。</li> <li>4. 大人足周正直。</li> <li>5. 大人足跟踝後兩邊平滿。(足踵圓滿無凹)</li> <li>6. 大人足兩踝傭。</li> <li>7. 大人身毛上向。</li> <li>8. 大人手足網縵。猶如鴈王。(手腳指間皆有縵網如鵝的腳蹼一樣)</li> <li>9. 大人手足極妙柔弱軟敷。猶兜羅華。</li> <li>10.大人肌皮軟細。塵水不著。</li> <li>11.大人一一毛。一一毛者。身一孔一毛生。色若紺青。如螺右旋。(身上長滿毛髮,所有毛是右旋,天青色,向上緊貼) </li> <li>12.大人鹿腨腸。猶如鹿王。(股肉纖圓宛如鹿王)</li> <li>13.大人陰馬藏。猶良馬王。(男人的性器官在肚子裡)</li> <li>14.大人身形圓好。猶如尼拘盧樹。上下圓相稱。(肩膀和身長一樣寬如尼拘盧樹)</li> <li>15.大人身不阿曲。身不曲者。平立申手以摩其膝。(直立時雙手長過膝蓋)</li> <li>16.大人身黃金色。如紫磨金。</li> <li>17.大人身七處滿。七處滿者。兩手.兩足.兩肩及頸。(兩足、兩掌、兩骨和頭頂七地方皆平滿)</li> <li>18.大人其上身大。猶如師子。</li> <li>19.大人師子頰車。(兩頰隆滿如獅子)</li> <li>20.大人脊背平直。</li> <li>21.大人兩肩上連。通頸平滿。</li> <li>22.大人四十齒牙。(一般人牙齒是卅二齒,佛四十顆牙)</li> <li>23.平齒。(牙齒排列整齊)</li> <li>24.不踈齒。</li> <li>25.白齒。</li> <li>26.通味第一味。</li> <li>27.大人梵音可愛。其聲猶如加羅毘伽。</li> <li>28.大人廣長舌。廣長舌者。舌從口出遍覆其面。</li> <li>29.大人承淚處滿。猶如牛王。</li> <li>30.大人眼色紺青。</li> <li>31.大人頂有肉髻。團圓相稱。髮螺右旋。</li> <li>32.大人眉間生毛。潔白右縈。</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li>1. 足安平。足下平滿。蹈地安隱。(扁平足)</li> <li>2. 足下相輪。千輻成就。光光相照。(兩腳底各有一千輻輪)</li> <li>3. 手足網縵。猶如鵝王。(手指腳趾之間有蹼如鵝)</li> <li>4. 手足柔軟。猶如天衣。</li> <li>5. 手足指纖。長無能及者。(即手指和腳趾沒有任何人可以比他纖長。甚至超過女人)</li> <li>6. 足跟充滿。觀視無厭。(足踵圓滿無凹)</li> <li>7. 鹿膊腸。上下傭直。</li> <li>8. 鈎鎻骨。骨節相鈎。猶如鎻連。</li> <li>9. 陰馬藏。(男人的性器官在肚子裡,即睪丸及陽具皆如馬一樣的內縮在身內)</li> <li>10.平立垂手過膝。(直立時雙手長過膝蓋)</li> <li>11.一一孔一毛生。其毛右旋。紺琉璃色。(身上長滿毛髮,所有毛是右旋,天青色,向上緊貼) </li> <li>12.毛生右旋。紺色仰靡。</li> <li>13.身黃金色。</li> <li>14.皮膚細軟。不受塵穢。</li> <li>15.兩肩齊亭。充滿圓好。</li> <li>16.胸有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8D" title="卍">卍</a>字。</li> <li>17.身長倍人。(身高比一般人高一倍)</li> <li>18.七處平滿。(兩足、兩掌、兩骨和頭頂七地方皆平滿)</li> <li>19.身長廣等。如尼拘盧樹。(肩膀和身長一樣寬如尼拘盧樹)</li> <li>20.頰車如師子。(兩頰隆滿如獅子)</li> <li>21.胸膺方整如師子。</li> <li>22.口四十齒。(一般人牙齒是卅二齒,佛四十顆牙)</li> <li>23.方整齊平。(牙齒排列整齊)</li> <li>24.齒密無間。</li> <li>25.齒白鮮明。</li> <li>26.咽喉清淨。所食眾味。無不稱適。</li> <li>27.廣長舌。左右舐耳。</li> <li>28.梵音清徹。(聲音清澈宏亮)</li> <li>29.眼紺青色。</li> <li>30.眼如牛王。眼上下俱眴。</li> <li>31.眉間白毫柔軟細澤。引長一尋。放則右旋螺如真珠。</li> <li>32.頂有肉髻。</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>《金剛經》:「若以三十二相觀如來者,轉輪聖王即是如來。」 </p> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary》:वृषभ vṛṣabha vṛṣabhá m. f. n. (cf. ṛṣabha) manly mighty, vigorous, strong(applied like vṛṣan to animate and inanimate objects)Lit. RV. Lit. AV. vṛṣabha m. (ifc. f (ā).) a bull(in Veda epithet of various gods, as of Indra, Bṛihas-pati, Parjanya; according to Lit. Sāy. = varṣayitṛ, "a showerer of bounties, benefactor") Lit. RV.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E6%87%89%E9%83%A8" title="相應部">相應部</a>·有偈篇·拘薩羅相應·S.3.19.無子》:<br />Amanussaṭṭhāne udakaṃva sītaṃ,<br />Tadapeyyamānaṃ parisosameti;<br />Evaṃ dhanaṃ kāpuriso labhitvā,<br />Nevattanā bhuñjati no dadāti.<br />Dhīro ca viññū adhigamma bhoge,<br />So bhuñjati kiccakaro ca hoti;<br />So ñātisaṅghaṃ <b>nisabho</b> bharitvā,<br />Anindito saggamupeti ṭhāna nti.<br /> 元亨寺譯文:「如無人山野清水,無人飲用自行滅,若猶卑人得富者,不自用亦不與他,英雄識者以得富,自用並供其他事,彼<b>牛王</b>養親族群,無被非難行天界。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·一二三二經》:「<br />曠野湖池水,清涼極鮮淨,無有受用者,即於彼消盡。<br />如是勝妙財,惡士夫所得,不能自受用,亦不供恤彼,徒自苦積聚,聚已而自喪。<br />慧者得勝財,能自樂受用,廣施作功德,及與親眷屬,隨所應給與,如<b>牛王</b>領眾。<br />施與及受用,不失所應者,乘理而壽終,生天受福樂。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%91%E6%9D%82%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%BB%8F" title="别译杂阿含经">別譯雜阿含經</a>·五九經》:「<br />譬如鹹鹵土,中有冷汪水,鹹苦不可飲,後自煎涸盡。<br />儜夫亦復爾,雖有多財寶,不能自衣食,亦不施他人,是名為儜者。<br />有財能布施,譬如平博地,有好清流池,林亦甚蔚茂,人獸同快樂。<br />是名為智者,如似大<b>牛王</b>,生則受快樂,死則生天上。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%B3%B4" title="馬鳴">馬鳴</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%BA%84%E4%B8%A5%E8%AE%BA%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="大庄严论经">大莊嚴論經</a>》:「并及八輩眾,無垢清淨僧,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3%E8%80%B6%E5%A5%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="富樓那耶奢(页面不存在)">富那</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%85%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85" title="脅尊者">脇比丘</a>,<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%8C%E9%81%AE%E8%BF%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彌遮迦(页面不存在)">彌織</a>諸論師。薩婆室婆眾,牛王正道者,是等諸論師,我等皆敬順。」<br />「汝今寧不聞,釋種具大悲,牛王正道者,所說之法耶。」「佛說三種人,應為起塔廟,釋迦牛王尊,正應為作塔。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa102-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sa102_69-0"><sup><b>65.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sa102_69-1"><sup><b>65.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·一〇二經》:「佛住王舍城迦蘭陀竹園,爾時,世尊晨朝著衣持缽,入王舍城乞食。次第乞食,至婆羅豆婆遮婆羅門舍。時,婆羅門手執木杓,盛諸飲食,供養火具,住於門邊。遙見佛來,見已,白佛,作是言:住!住!<b>領群特</b>!慎勿近我門!」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="說文解字">說文解字</a>》<b>特</b>:朴特,<b>牛父</b>也。<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E7%86%99%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" title="康熙字典">康熙字典</a>》特:……《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%96%87%E8%A7%A3%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="說文解字">說文</a>》朴特,<b>牛父</b>也。《<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%AF%87" title="玉篇">玉篇</a>》<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7" title="雄性">牡</a>牛</b>也。《書·舜典》格于藝祖,用特。《傳》特,一牛也。《禮·郊特牲註》郊者,祭天之名。用一牛,故曰特牲。……又牡馬亦曰特。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E9%9F%BB" title="廣韻">廣韻</a>》特,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7" title="雄性">雄</a>也。《周禮·夏官·校人》凡馬,特居四之一。《註》三<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%8C%E6%80%A7" title="雌性">牝</a>一<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%80%A7" title="雄性">牡</a>。……</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%91%E6%9D%82%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%BB%8F" title="别译杂阿含经">別譯雜阿含經</a>·二六八經》:「一時佛在王舍城迦蘭陀竹林,爾時世尊著衣持鉢入城乞食,到火姓達賴殊婆羅門家,爾時火姓達賴殊於中門前祀祠於火。佛來至門。達賴殊遙見佛來而語之言。住住<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%83%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" title="旃陀羅">旃陀羅</a></b>。莫來至此。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suttanipaata-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suttanipaata_71-0"><sup><b>67.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttanipaata_71-1"><sup><b>67.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經集(页面不存在)">經集</a>·序言》:「這樣,言經集之現在形狀之集成,雖屬相當以後之時代的,但其內容之構成以至諸經,其淵源是甚為古舊,幾乎所有之經,想其原形有部份是<b>部派分裂以前</b>的。這乃以本集之各經各偈比較梵文及漢譯等之部派文獻就可知道。繼承姊崎博士或奧多福蘭克之絕大努力:(M.Anesaki, The sutta–Nipata in chinese JPTS. 1907:M. Anesaki,the Four Boddhist Agamas in Chinese 1908. p.9 ff;R.o. Franke, Die suttanipata Gathas mit ihnen paralleln,ZDMG. 1909; 1910; 1912)之跡,譯者(日譯者水野博士)於新探究之得,如由合舉附錄之對照表可知和本集有關係的他部派之經、偈有很多。……<br />其次,本集有古舊的淵源,是於本集的偈文中,普通與巴利文法不一致之<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="吠陀梵語">古代吠陀語</a></b>之文法,屢處被使用著,而且本集之思想內容,或於本集所表現比丘之日常生活,於佛教固定化以前,甚為朴素之處亦可知道的。<br />本集諸經,因為堆集如斯純朴之多的佛教思想,至後世并法句經和本集中之偈,為佛教徒所愛好,見註釋諸書常常引用本集中之偈亦可知道。又見<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿育王">阿育王</a>於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A9%86%E6%B5%AE%E7%BE%85%E4%B9%8B%E6%95%95%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="婆浮羅之敕文(页面不存在)">婆浮羅之敕文</a>中,鼓勵一般人普遍的讀誦之七種經典中的三種(Munigatha,Moneyasute,Upatisa=pasine)事實存在於本集中(一、一二,三、一一,四、一六,)即知本集之諸經被珍重而廣大流通。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary》:वृषल vṛṣala vṛṣalá vṛṣalá or vṛ́ṣala, m. (fr. vṛ́ṣan) a little or contemptible man, low or mean or wicked fellow(in later language "a Śūdra" ) Lit. RV. <br />元亨寺譯本《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="小部 (佛經)">小部</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經集(页面不存在)">經集</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%A4%E6%B0%91%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賤民經(页面不存在)">賤民經</a>》:「如是我聞。一時,世尊住舍衛城給孤獨園。時世尊晨早著衣持缽及僧伽梨衣,為行乞而入舍衛城。爾時,事火婆羅墮闍婆羅門之居所,然神火之燈、供養供物。時世尊於舍衛城內次第行乞,走近事火婆羅墮闍婆羅門之居處。事火婆羅墮闍婆羅門遙見世尊前來。見已,白世尊言:汝!止於彼處,低級偽濫沙門!止於彼處。汝賤民者,賤民者!止於彼處,勿近神聖之處。世尊聞是言已,即向事火婆羅墮闍婆羅門作如次宣示:汝婆羅門!然汝知賤民者?汝知賤民者之法耶?卿瞿曇!我不知禿頭者事,亦不知賤民者之法。卿瞿曇!願汝說示,我欲知賤民者事與禿頭者之法。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%83%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E7%B6%93)" title="小部 (佛經)">小部</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%93%E9%9B%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="經集(页面不存在)">經集</a>·<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%AB%E9%99%80%E5%88%A9%E8%BF%A6%E5%A9%86%E7%BE%85%E5%A2%AE%E9%97%8D%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍經(页面不存在)">孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍經</a>》:時,孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍婆羅門,見世尊為光頭圓頂,即謂:此是沙門,便欲轉回。時,孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍婆羅門,作如是思念:雖為光頭圓頂,此世亦有一部分光頭圓頂之婆羅門,我且近前,問彼之出身。於是,孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍婆羅門,行近世尊之處。詣前白世尊言:尊者何姓之出生?<br />時世尊以偈對孫陀利迦婆羅墮闍婆羅門曰:「我非婆羅門,亦非剎帝利,既非毘舍族,又非他何者。……」<br />[婆羅墮闍婆羅門曰:]「我等婆羅門,見時相問訊,尊婆羅門否,習問為常例。若汝婆羅門,答非婆羅門,我今重問汝,三句廿四字,彼之娑毘底,吠陀之讚歌。」<br /> 《<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9C%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="雜阿含經">雜阿含經</a>·一一八四經》:「爾時,世尊剃髮未久。……孫陀利河側婆羅門見佛已,作是念:『是剃頭沙門,非婆羅門。』欲持食還去, 彼婆羅門復作是念:『非獨沙門是剃頭者,婆羅門中亦有剃頭,應往至彼,問其所生。』時,孫陀利河側婆羅門詣世尊所,而問之言:『為何姓生?』爾時,世尊即說偈言:『汝莫問所生,但當問所行,刻木為鑽燧,亦能生於火。下賤種姓中,生堅固牟尼,智慧有慚愧,精進善調伏。究竟大明際,清淨修梵行,而今正是時,應奉施餘食。』」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%8F" title="种德经">種德經</a>》:「又沙門瞿曇,為諸聲聞弟子之所宗奉,禮敬供養,亦為諸天,餘鬼神眾之所恭敬,釋種,俱利,冥寧,跋祇,末餘,酥摩,皆悉宗奉。」<br />《<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="長阿含經">長阿含經</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%B6%E7%BD%97%E6%AA%80%E5%A4%B4%E7%BB%8F" title="究罗檀头经">究羅檀頭經</a>》:「又沙門瞿曇,為諸聲聞弟子之所宗奉,禮敬供養,亦為諸天,及諸鬼神之所恭敬,釋種,俱梨,冥寧,跋祇,末羅,蘇摩,皆悉宗奉。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a>·七百犍度》:<span lang="pi-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Tena kho pana samayena vassasataparinibbute bhagavati <b>vesālikā</b> vajjiputtakā bhikkhū vesāliyaṃ dasa vatthūni dīpenti.</span><br />《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="善見律毘婆沙">善見律毘婆沙</a>·跋闍子品第二集法藏》:「世尊涅槃已一百歲時。毘舍離跋闍子比丘。毘舍離中十非法起。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">季羨林《佛教15題》〈論釋迦牟尼〉:「釋迦牟尼佛是佛教的創始人。他的名字梵文是Śkyamuni,意思是“釋迦族的聖人”。“釋迦”是部落的名字,可見這不是他的真名。另外還有一個名字叫「喬達磨」或「瞿曇」;有人說這是他的氏族名稱,連一些百科全書,比如《大英百科全書》也這樣說,但這是不對的。氏族一般都是外婚制,釋迦牟尼佛的姨母名叫瞿曇彌(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Gautamī</span>),可見他們不是外婚。此外,瞿曇還是一個婆羅門氏族名稱,而釋迦牟尼佛屬於刹帝利種姓。瞿曇這個名字是按照當時印度貴族的一般習慣從古代《梨俱吠陀》贊歌的作者仙人家族中借用來的。Gautama就是Vāmadeva。釋迦牟尼的真名是“悉達多”,梵文Siddhārtha,巴利文Siddhārtha,意譯“吉財”或“一切義成”,梵文Sarvārthasiddha。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="善見律毘婆沙">善見律毘婆沙</a>》卷1:「從此(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E7%99%BE%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="七百结集">七百結集</a>)以後百歲又十八年中,波咤利弗國阿育王已生世,生已一切閻浮利地靡不降伏,於佛法中甚篤信極大供養。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%B2%E7%8E%8B%E5%82%B3" title="阿育王傳">阿育王傳</a>》卷1:「佛滅<b>百年後</b>,王華氏城,號阿恕伽。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E9%83%A8%E5%AE%97%E8%BC%AA%E8%AB%96" title="異部宗輪論">異部宗輪論</a>》:「佛薄伽梵般涅槃後。<b>百有餘年</b>去聖時淹。如日久沒。摩竭陀國俱蘇摩城王號無憂。統攝贍部。」<br />《十八部論》:「佛滅度後<b>百十六年</b>,城名巴連弗,時阿育王王閻浮提。」<br />《部執異論》:「如是所聞。佛世尊滅後,滿一百年,譬如朗日隱頞悉多山。<b>過百年後更十六年</b>,有一大國名波吒梨弗多羅,王名阿輸柯,王閻浮提。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">公元489年譯《<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%AF%98%E5%A9%86%E6%B2%99" title="善見律毘婆沙">善見律毘婆沙</a>》:「爾時阿闍世王,登王位八年佛涅槃,此年<b>師子童子</b>(Sinhabahu),而於彼洲初立作王;又有童子,名<b>毘闍耶</b>(Vijaya),往師子洲中,安立人民住止處竟。爾時閻浮地王,名欝陀耶跋陀羅,登王位已十四年,此毘闍耶,於師子洲中命終。欝陀耶跋陀羅,已十五年,<b>半頭婆脩提婆</b>(Panduvasudeva),於師子洲登王位。爾時閻浮利地,若那迦逐寫迦,登王位二十年,半頭婆脩提婆王,於彼命終,<b>阿婆耶</b>(Abhaya)即代為王。閻浮利地王,名脩脩佛那迦,作王十七年,阿婆耶王二十年,有<b>波君茶迦婆耶</b>(Pandukabhaya),起兵伐阿婆耶王,得仍即立代為王。閻浮利地王,名迦羅育,在位已十六年,波君茶迦婆耶已十八年。閻浮利地王,名栴陀掘多,作已十四年,波君茶迦婆耶命終,<b>聞茶私婆</b>(Mutasiva)代。閻浮利地王,名阿育,已在位十七年,聞茶私婆命終,<b>天愛帝須</b>(Devanampiya Tissa)代。爾時佛涅槃後,阿[少/兔]樓陀王、閔蹰王,在位各八年。那迦逮婆迦,作王十四年。脩脩佛那迦,作王十八年。其兒代名阿育,作王二十八年。阿育王有十兒,並登為王二十二年。次玖難陀代,作王二十二年。復有栴陀掘多,作王二十四年。賓頭沙羅王代,在位二十八年。阿育王,代位已十八年,摩哂陀到師子洲中。」《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E5%8F%B2" title="島史">島史</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%88%87%E5%96%84%E8%A6%8B%E5%BE%8B%E6%B3%A8%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="一切善見律注序">一切善見律注序</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8F%B2" title="大史">大史</a>》記載,佛滅後阿闍世王又統治了24年,其子欝陀耶跋陀羅統治了16年,毘闍耶是師子童子之子,在佛滅那年毘闍耶初來楞伽島稱王。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%BD%B0" title="平川彰">平川彰</a>《印度佛教史》:「宇井伯壽博士根據北傳,認為阿育王距離佛滅有一一六年,由此成立了佛滅於西元前三八六年的說法。根據此說,推算出佛陀住世時間為西元前四六六——三八六年。先前提及的錫蘭傳以佛滅至阿育王即位間為二一八年,其間錫蘭王位只有五王相承,五王在位時間竟長達二一八年,所以放棄錫蘭傳;結合「阿育王於西元前二七一年即位」的北傳說法後,得到這個年代。中村元博士將阿育王的即位年代修正為西元前二六八年,認為佛入滅於西元前三八三年左右。」<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印順">印順</a>《佛教史地考論》,五、阿育王中心的王系:「『島史』的編者以為:婆君荼迦婆耶初為盜賊,十七年間無王。其後,勝利歸於婆君荼迦,作王達七十年。這僅是於八十七年中,分出十七年為無政府時代而已。如依『島史』說:婆君荼迦初為盜賊時(王國因而崩潰),至少也得二十多歲吧!經十七年,又七十年而卒,那末應享年一百十歲以上。聞荼私婆Mut!asi^va ,是婆王的兒子,以六十歲生子來說,聞王登位時,也該五十多歲了。作王六十年,又是一百十幾歲。這樣的長壽王統,是怎樣的難以想像!「眾聖點記」的信仰者──呂澂,對於這些,也覺得「有不自然處」。實則,到阿育王時代,錫蘭人記憶中的君王(可能還有神在內)不過五人,這那裡有二百三十六年(到育王十七年止)?為了證實佛滅二百十八年說,造成王統編年。這一古老的傳說,在這些創造歷史的專家手裡,被惡化到極點!」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%BD%B0" title="平川彰">平川彰</a>著《印度佛教史》第一章第七節教團之發展與分裂:「從以上各點看來,照《錫蘭傳》的說法,阿育王以前部派已分裂完成,以及自佛滅至阿育王即位有二一八年,從教團發展史的立場來看,這兩件事都很難成立。至阿育王為止,僧伽傳承四至五代,其年代以「百餘年」為妥。而且在種種資料之中,只有錫蘭的傳承資料主張阿育王為佛滅二一八年之說,在印度本土之中,沒有類似的資料。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210220211936/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/in-focus-articles/archaeological-discoveries-in-nepal-confirm-early-date-of-buddhas-life/"><i>Archaeological discoveries in Nepal confirm early date of Buddha's life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國教科文組織">聯合國教科文組織</a>. 2013年11月25日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2015年7月4日]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/in-focus-articles/archaeological-discoveries-in-nepal-confirm-early-date-of-buddhas-life/">原始内容</a>存档于2021年2月20日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=Archaeological+discoveries+in+Nepal+confirm+early+date+of+Buddha%26%2339%3Bs+life&rft.date=2013-11-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fmedia-services%2Fin-focus-articles%2Farchaeological-discoveries-in-nepal-confirm-early-date-of-buddhas-life%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apdnews.com/news/49296.html">揭开释迦牟尼诞生时间之谜</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131202223034/http://www.apdnews.com/news/49296.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>),亚太日报,2013年11月27日</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E4%B8%80%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="增一阿含經">增一阿含經</a>·高幢品·五經》:「是時。迦葉將五百弟子。……白世尊曰。唯願世尊聽我等得作沙門。……是時。江迦葉及三百弟子即成沙門。……爾時。順水下頭有梵志。名伽夷迦葉。……即將二百弟子。順水上流。乃至學術之處。遙見二兄而作沙門。……是時。伽夷迦葉前白世尊。唯願世尊聽作沙門。修清淨行。……是時。世尊以此三事。教化千比丘。是時。彼比丘受佛教已。千比丘盡成阿羅漢。是時。世尊以見千比丘得羅漢。爾時閻浮里地有千阿羅漢及五比丘。佛為六師。……是時。世尊以至七日。便作是念。我今宜可以神足力。往詣迦毘羅衛國。是時。世尊即將諸比丘。前後圍遶。往詣迦毘羅衛國。……是時。世尊與王說法已。即從座起而去。是時。真淨王普集釋眾。而作是說。諸沙門等。<b>顏貌極醜</b>。剎利之種。將諸梵志眾。此非其宜。剎利釋種還得剎利眾。此乃為妙。諸釋報言。如是。大王。如大王教。剎利還得剎利眾。此乃為妙。是時。王告國中。諸有兄弟二人。當取一人作道。其不爾者。當重謫罰。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E4%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="馬克斯·韋伯">馬克斯·韋伯</a>《印度的宗教:印度教與佛教》第1篇〈印度教的社會制度〉:「部落原有的祭司消失,取而代之的是婆羅門,他們負責儀式的執行,並藉此說服這些部落的領導人,順便提供證據,讓他們相信自己原本具有剎帝利階級的血統,只是暫時遺忘罷了。有時候,如果情況允許的話,部落的祭司也會宣稱他們自己也是某個特殊的吠陀學派的婆羅門,他們乃是出身一個古代著名的婆羅門氏族,而這個氏族又可溯源至某某個仙人。」「有關這些氏族的系譜、起源的神話,有些還可以追溯到史詩或前史詩的時代,從某處抄來或根本就是偽造的,被記錄下來,並找到證據支持,使這些系族可以提出拉吉普(Rajput)-這個辭彙目前被用來稱呼剎帝利,意指王室親屬-身份的要求。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B9%E5%B9%BF%E9%94%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="方广锠(页面不存在)">方广锠</a>《渊源与流变——印度初期佛教研究》</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 《雜阿含經·九三經》:「時,有長身婆羅門,作如是邪盛大會,以七百特牛,行列繫柱,特、牸、水牛,及諸羊犢,種種小蟲,悉皆繫縛,辦諸飲食,廣行布施,種種外道,從諸國國,皆悉來集,邪盛會所。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 印順《以佛法研究佛法》:「關於領群特一詞,又別作Vasalaka。考毘舍離域(異譯毘耶離),巴利文常作Vesālī;但也有作Vasalaka的,如律文七百結集中「毘舍離諸跋耆比丘」的毘舍離。所以巴利文的Vasalaka,即是毘舍離。婆羅門稱釋尊為Vasalaka,意思是毘舍離人。依後代的解說,毘舍離的意義是「廣嚴」,並無卑賤的意味。這與婆羅門口中的毘舍離,帶有卑劣不淨的意義不合。毘舍離,即今Besarh村,在北貝哈爾的Muzaffarpur區。正統的婆羅門學者,對這一帶的民族,無論在血統上,文化上,素來是輕視的。所以「毘舍離人」本意很好,但在婆羅門口中說起來,就有點輕視誣辱的意味。這如東夷的本為仁人,在從前中國人的口中說起來就有點鄙視一樣。釋尊是舍夷國的釋迦族人,這是沒有問題的。他與毘舍離一帶民族,有血統與文化上的共同性;婆羅門這才稱釋尊為毘舍離人,釋尊也不否認。漢譯的旃陀羅,是毘舍離通俗的意譯,一望而知的知道是賤族。至於領群特一名,大抵是指領群的特牛。牝牛vasā與毘舍離的聲音相近;釋尊的教化眾生,如領群的大牛一樣。譯者的譯作領群特,或許如此。總之,領群特一名,在婆羅門口中,是意味著種族的卑劣。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> 印順《以佛法研究佛法》:「『長阿含』(卷十三)『阿摩晝經』說:婆羅門子阿摩晝,在佛面前說 :「彼釋(族)廝細,卑陋下劣」。釋尊反指他「是釋迦奴種」,等他理解血統的已有混合,然後又為他解說,「滅其奴名」,恢復他的尊嚴。婆羅門的輕視釋迦族,確為當時的事實。又像『中阿含』(卷三十九)『婆羅婆堂經』說:有兩位婆羅門族而從佛出家的比丘,被他的同族痛責:「汝等捨勝從不如,捨白從黑。……汝等所作大惡!極犯大過」!這也是種族貴賤論的謬見在作怪。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%A0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="印順">印順</a>《印度之佛教》:「釋迦族,舊傳雅利安人,出名王甘蔗之後。初居印度河側,東下立國於雪山之麓,即釋種所自起。甘蔗王族出瞿曇(即喬達摩)仙之後,因以瞿曇為氏云。然以近人之考證,頗不以此說為然,而以釋種為黃色之蒙古人種。<br />玄奘『西域記』,謂迦毘羅衛以外之釋族,凡四國:一、梵衍那國,在雪山中,即今興都庫斯山脈之西部。二、呬摩呾羅(雪山下)國,在巴達克山南。三 、商彌國,在蔥嶺西南境,與印度、阿富汗接壤。四、烏仗那,在今印度西北邊省之北部,其故都直逼蔥嶺下。此四國悉非雅利安人也。<br />『雜阿含經』載:釋尊嘗入婆羅門家,被呵為「領群特」,且拒其入室。使釋尊而為雅利安人,則不當如此。舍衛國之波斯匿王,雅利安人,而釋種拒不與婚嫁,其種族之不同,固灼然可見。從地理之分佈而考之,則可見其為山嶽民族而南望大陸者。釋族以孔武有力稱;其東鄰拘尸那,稱力士生地。迦毗羅衛之釋族,蓋雪山中之遊牧民族,卜居平地而漸農業化者。<br />自蔥嶺東來,沿喜馬拉雅山分佈之居民,如西藏、尼泊爾、不丹,及(印度)阿薩密省,悉為黃種。釋族非雅利安系,其為黃種無疑也。毗舍離民族為離車子,摩竭陀與之通婚嫁。玄奘傳尼泊爾為離車子。毗舍離跋耆比丘,以「佛出波夷那」為言,疑釋種同此。」</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《毗尼母經》:「有二婆羅門比丘,一字烏嗟呵,二字散摩陀,往到佛所,白世尊言:『佛弟子中,有種種姓,種種國土人,種種郡縣人,言音不同,語既不正,皆壞佛正義。唯愿世尊聽我等依闡陀至(指梵文)持論,撰集佛經,次比文句,使言音辯了,義亦得顯。』佛告比丘:『吾佛法中不與美言為是。但使義理不失,是吾意也。隨諸眾生應與何音而得受悟,應為說之。』是故名為隨國應作」。相關討論可見季羨林《原始佛教的語言問題》。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Salomon “Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharoṣṭhī Fragments”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-absg-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-absg_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FinplQj5?url=http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html">UW Press: Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-09-04</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washington.edu/uwpress/search/books/SALANC.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-04-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=UW+Press%3A+Ancient+Buddhist+Scrolls+from+Gandhara&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.edu%2Fuwpress%2Fsearch%2Fbooks%2FSALANC.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520065306/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/"><i>Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha</i></a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-12-11</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/666/">原始内容</a>存档于2021-05-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.btitle=Lumbini%2C+the+Birthplace+of+the+Lord+Buddha&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F666%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skilton1994-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skilton1994_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Andrew Skilton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Be4GAAAAYAAJ"><span></span><i>A Concise History of Buddhism</i><span></span></a>. Windhorse. 1994: 64–65. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-904766-66-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-904766-66-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-904766-66-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.au=Andrew+Skilton&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Buddhism&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-904766-66-0&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Windhorse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe4GAAAAYAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3fo-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3fo_97-0"><sup><b>93.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3fo_97-1"><sup><b>93.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3fo_97-2"><sup><b>93.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180826214411/http://www.3fo.org/article/article.jsp?index=6&item=67&bookid=2c907d494356ead801435bf5fe130014&ch=5&se=0&f=1">第四章 佛陀的家譜</a>. 開山星雲大師. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2018年8月26日]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3fo.org/article/article.jsp?index=6&item=67&bookid=2c907d494356ead801435bf5fe130014&ch=5&se=0&f=1">原始内容</a>存档于2018年8月26日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E3%80%80%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%B6%E8%AD%9C&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%96%8B%E5%B1%B1%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3fo.org%2Farticle%2Farticle.jsp%3Findex%3D6%26item%3D67%26bookid%3D2c907d494356ead801435bf5fe130014%26ch%3D5%26se%3D0%26f%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426182716/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihahanu">King_Sihahanu</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-06-05</span>]</span>. 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(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.book.hexun.com/chapter-2137-3-20.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2018年8月26日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BD%9B%E3%80%8B+%E2%80%9C%E8%B7%AF%E7%BA%BF%E6%96%97%E4%BA%89%E2%80%9D%284%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%92%8C%E8%A8%8A%E8%AE%80%E6%9B%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.book.hexun.com%2Fchapter-2137-3-20.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208022500/http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/mobile/index.php?index=T03n0191_004">大正新脩大藏經 第03冊No.191 眾許摩訶帝經 (13卷)【宋 法賢譯】第4卷</a>. CBETA漢文大藏經. 2016年6月15日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2018年8月26日]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tripitaka.cbeta.org/mobile/index.php?index=T03n0191_004">原始内容</a>存档于2021年2月8日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93%E3%80%80%E7%AC%AC03%E5%86%8ANo.191+%E7%9C%BE%E8%A8%B1%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E5%B8%9D%E7%B6%93+%2813%E5%8D%B7%29%E3%80%90%E5%AE%8B+%E6%B3%95%E8%B3%A2%E8%AD%AF%E3%80%91%E7%AC%AC4%E5%8D%B7&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBETA%E6%BC%A2%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftripitaka.cbeta.org%2Fmobile%2Findex.php%3Findex%3DT03n0191_004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dr-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dr_101-0"><sup><b>97.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dr_101-1"><sup><b>97.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dr_101-2"><sup><b>97.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422214314/http://www.drbachinese.org/online_reading/sf_others/10_Disciples/Aniruddha/Aniruddha.htm">佛陀十大弟子傳─阿那律尊者</a>. 法界佛教總會. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2018年8月26日]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drbachinese.org/online_reading/sf_others/10_Disciples/Aniruddha/Aniruddha.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2021年4月22日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.atitle=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%82%B3%E2%94%80%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%BE%8B%E5%B0%8A%E8%80%85&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B8%BD%E6%9C%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drbachinese.org%2Fonline_reading%2Fsf_others%2F10_Disciples%2FAniruddha%2FAniruddha.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tc13-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tc13_102-0"><sup><b>98.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tc13_102-1"><sup><b>98.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tc13_102-2"><sup><b>98.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208022520/http://www.tzuchi.org.my/web17/index.php/masterchengyen/kaishifayu/jingsichenyu/1906-20130513chenyu">靜思晨語:【05月13日】僧寶之始</a>. 佛教慈濟基金會馬來西亞分會. 2013年5月13日 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2018年8月26日]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tzuchi.org.my/web17/index.php/masterchengyen/kaishifayu/jingsichenyu/1906-20130513chenyu">原始内容</a>存档于2021年2月8日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&rft.atitle=%E9%9D%9C%E6%80%9D%E6%99%A8%E8%AA%9E%EF%BC%9A%E3%80%9005%E6%9C%8813%E6%97%A5%E3%80%91%E5%83%A7%E5%AF%B6%E4%B9%8B%E5%A7%8B&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%85%88%E6%BF%9F%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9C%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tzuchi.org.my%2Fweb17%2Findex.php%2Fmasterchengyen%2Fkaishifayu%2Fjingsichenyu%2F1906-20130513chenyu&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-sat2.php?mode=detail&useid=0190_,03,0703b02&key=毘奢婆蜜多羅&ktn=&mode2=2">《佛本行集經》卷第十一703页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190614085120/http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-sat2.php?mode=detail&useid=0190_%2C03%2C0703b02&key=%E6%AF%98%E5%A5%A2%E5%A9%86%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E7%BE%85&ktn=&mode2=2">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)《大正藏》检索,2018年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-sat2.php?mode=detail&useid=0190_,03,0705a03&key=羼提提婆&ktn=&mode2=2">《佛本行集經》卷第十一704—705页</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190614085120/http://21dzk.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/SAT/ddb-sat2.php?mode=detail&useid=0190_%2C03%2C0705a03&key=%E7%BE%BC%E6%8F%90%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86&ktn=&mode2=2">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)《大正藏》检索,2018年</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<b><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E9%87%8B%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" class="extiw" title="q:釋迦牟尼">釋迦牟尼语录</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相關的多媒體資源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="commons:Gautama Buddha"><span style="font-weight:bold;">释迦牟尼</span></a>(<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shakyamuni Buddha">分類</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;;background-color:#FFD068"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AF%B8%E4%BD%9B" title="Template:诸佛"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E8%AF%B8%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:诸佛(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AF%B8%E4%BD%9B" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:诸佛"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="一切诸佛陀名号" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%90%8D%E8%99%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛陀名號列表">一切诸佛陀</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">名号</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E9%9F%B3%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%9B" title="威音王佛">本初佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E9%9F%B3%E7%8E%8B%E4%BD%9B" title="威音王佛">威音王佛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%E4%BD%9B" title="三世佛">三世佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>纵三世佛 <ul><li>過去<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%81%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="燃灯佛">燃灯佛</a></li> <li>現在<a class="mw-selflink selflink">釋迦牟尼佛</a></li> <li>未來<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="彌勒菩薩">彌勒佛</a></li></ul></li> <li>横三世佛 <ul><li>東方<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="藥師佛">藥師琉璃光佛</a> / 東方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%96%A6%E4%BD%9B" title="阿閦佛">阿閦佛</a></li> <li>中央<a class="mw-selflink selflink">釋迦牟尼佛</a></li> <li>西方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">阿彌陀佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B" title="五方佛">五方佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> 中央 </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%8D%A2%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B" title="毗卢遮那佛">毗卢遮那佛</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:blue; color:white;"> 東方 </span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%96%A6%E4%BD%9B" title="阿閦佛">阿閦佛</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> 西方 </span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">阿弥陀佛</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:yellow; color:black;"> 南方 </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%9B" title="寶生佛">寶生佛</a></li> <li><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> 北方 </span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%BA%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E4%BD%9B" title="不空成就佛">不空成就佛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">七佛</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E4%B8%83%E4%BD%9B" title="過去七佛">原始七佛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A9%86%E5%B0%B8%E4%BD%9B" title="毗婆尸佛">毗婆尸佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E6%A3%84%E4%BD%9B" title="尸棄佛">尸棄佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E8%88%8D%E5%A9%86%E4%BD%9B" title="毗舍婆佛">毗舍婆佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E7%95%99%E5%AD%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="拘留孫佛">拘留孫佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="拘那含佛">拘那含牟尼佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E4%BD%9B" title="迦葉佛">迦葉佛</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">释迦牟尼佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E9%A5%BF%E9%AC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="施饿鬼">施餓鬼</a>七佛 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9D%E4%BD%9B" title="多宝佛">多寶佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%9B" title="寶生佛">寶勝佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%96%A6%E4%BD%9B" title="阿閦佛">妙色身佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%8D%A2%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BD%9B" title="毗卢遮那佛">廣博身佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%BA%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E4%BD%9B" title="不空成就佛">離怖畏佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">甘露王佛</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93%E7%84%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BE%B7%E8%87%AA%E5%9C%A8%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世間無量威德自在光明佛(页面不存在)">世間廣大威德自在光明佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E4%BD%9B#藥師七佛" title="藥師佛">药师七佛</a> <ul><li>善名称吉祥王佛</li> <li>宝月智严光音自在王佛</li> <li>金色宝光妙行成就佛</li> <li>无忧最胜吉祥佛</li> <li>法海雷音佛</li> <li>法海胜慧游戏神通佛</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%B8%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="藥師佛">药师琉璃光佛</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%9B" title="十方佛">十方佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>《寶月童子所問經》 <ul><li>东方善德佛</li> <li>东南无忧德佛</li> <li>南方旃檀德佛</li> <li>西南宝施佛/寶勝佛</li> <li>西方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">无量明佛</a></li> <li>西北华德佛</li> <li>北方相德佛</li> <li>東北方三乘行佛</li> <li>上方廣眾德佛</li> <li>下方明德佛</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>《依楞嚴究竟事懺》 <ul><li>東方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%96%A6%E4%BD%9B" title="阿閦佛">阿閦佛</a></li> <li>東南方持地佛</li> <li>南方普滿佛</li> <li>西南方那羅延佛</li> <li>西方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">無量壽佛</a></li> <li>西北方月光面佛</li> <li>北方難勝佛</li> <li>東北方寂諸根佛</li> <li>上方無量勝佛</li> <li>下方實行佛</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>《稱讚淨土經》 <ul><li>東方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%96%A6%E4%BD%9B" title="阿閦佛">阿閦佛</a></li> <li>南方日月光佛</li> <li>西方<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%A5%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B" title="阿弥陀佛">無量壽佛</a></li> <li>北方無量光嚴通達覺慧佛</li> <li>下方一切妙法正理常放火王勝德光明佛</li> <li>上方梵音佛</li> <li>東南方最勝廣大雲雷音王佛</li> <li>西南方最勝日光名稱功德佛</li> <li>西北方無量功德火王光明佛</li> <li>東北方無數百千俱胝廣慧佛</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BD%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="二十八佛">二十八佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ol><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="除渴爱佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Taṇhaṅkara Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%A4%E6%B8%B4%E7%88%B1%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="除渴爱佛(页面不存在)">除渴爱佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87ha%E1%B9%85kara_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Taṇhaṅkara Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Taṇhaṅkara Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%A8%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%BD%9B" title="用智能佛">用智能佛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皈依佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Saraṇaṅkara Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皈依佛(页面不存在)">皈依佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara%E1%B9%87a%E1%B9%85kara_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Saraṇaṅkara Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Saraṇaṅkara Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E7%81%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="燃灯佛">燃灯佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%B0%83%E4%BD%9B" title="智调佛">智调佛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉祥佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maṅgala Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉祥佛(页面不存在)">吉祥佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%85gala_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Maṅgala Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maṅgala Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="善意佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sumana Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%84%E6%84%8F%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="善意佛(页面不存在)">善意佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumana_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Sumana Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sumana Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="离婆多佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Revata Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%BB%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="离婆多佛(页面不存在)">离婆多佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revata_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Revata Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Revata Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="光耀佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sobhita Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E8%80%80%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光耀佛(页面不存在)">光耀佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobhita_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Sobhita Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sobhita Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超见佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anomadassi Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E8%A7%81%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超见佛(页面不存在)">超见佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomadassi_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Anomadassi Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anomadassi Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莲华佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paduma Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莲华佛(页面不存在)">莲华佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paduma_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Paduma Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paduma Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="那罗陀佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Narada Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%A3%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="那罗陀佛(页面不存在)">那罗陀佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Narada Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Narada Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="胜莲华佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Padumuttara Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%9C%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胜莲华佛(页面不存在)">胜莲华佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padumuttara_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Padumuttara Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Padumuttara Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="善慧佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sumedha Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%84%E6%85%A7%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="善慧佛(页面不存在)">善慧佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumedha_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Sumedha Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sumedha Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="善生佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sujāta Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%84%E7%94%9F%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="善生佛(页面不存在)">善生佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suj%C4%81ta_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Sujāta Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sujāta Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喜见佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Piyadassi Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%9C%E8%A7%81%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喜见佛(页面不存在)">喜见佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piyadassi_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Piyadassi Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Piyadassi Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="义见佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Atthadassi Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%89%E8%A7%81%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="义见佛(页面不存在)">义见佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atthadassi_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Atthadassi Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Atthadassi Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法见佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dhammadassī Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%81%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法见佛(页面不存在)">法见佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhammadass%C4%AB_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Dhammadassī Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dhammadassī Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="成就义佛" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siddhattha Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%90%E5%B0%B1%E4%B9%89%E4%BD%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="成就义佛(页面不存在)">成就义佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhattha_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Siddhattha Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siddhattha Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E8%88%8D%E4%BD%9B" title="提舍佛">提舍佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%B2%99%E4%BD%9B" title="弗沙佛">弗沙佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E5%A9%86%E5%B0%B8%E4%BD%9B" title="毗婆尸佛">毗婆尸佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E6%A3%84%E4%BD%9B" title="尸棄佛">尸棄佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E8%88%8D%E5%A9%86%E4%BD%9B" title="毗舍婆佛">毗舍婆佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E7%95%99%E5%AD%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="拘留孫佛">拘留孫佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%98%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB%E4%BD%9B" title="拘那含佛">拘那含佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89%E4%BD%9B" title="迦葉佛">迦葉佛</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">释迦牟尼佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E5%8B%92%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="彌勒菩薩">彌勒佛</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">诸佛</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93_(%E5%A4%B1%E8%AD%AF)/%E5%8D%B701" class="extiw" title="s:佛說佛名經 (失譯)/卷01">佛名經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%B4%AA%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%B6%E6%87%BA" title="八十八佛洪名寶懺">八十八佛</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三十五佛懺悔法門" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thirty-five Confession Buddhas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%BD%9B%E6%87%BA%E6%82%94%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三十五佛懺悔法門(页面不存在)">三十五佛</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty-five_Confession_Buddhas" class="extiw" title="en:Thirty-five Confession Buddhas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thirty-five Confession Buddhas</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%94%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%8D%E7%A6%AE%E6%87%BA%E6%96%87" class="extiw" title="s:佛說三十五佛名禮懺文">三十五佛忏悔文</a></li></ul></li> <li>五十三佛</li> <li>百七十佛</li></ul></li> <li>千佛 <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E8%8E%8A%E5%9A%B4%E5%8A%AB%E5%8D%83%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93" class="extiw" title="s:過去莊嚴劫千佛名經">過去莊嚴劫千佛</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E8%B3%A2%E5%8A%AB%E5%8D%83%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93" class="extiw" title="s:現在賢劫千佛名經">現在賢劫千佛</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E4%BE%86%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%BF%E5%8A%AB%E5%8D%83%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93" class="extiw" title="s:未來星宿劫千佛名經">未來星宿劫千佛</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%96%B9%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E4%BD%9B%E5%90%8D%E7%B6%93" class="extiw" title="s:十方千五百佛名經">千五百佛</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E4%B8%8D%E6%80%9D%E8%AD%B0%E5%8A%9F%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%89%80%E8%AD%B7%E5%BF%B5%E7%B6%93" class="extiw" title="s:佛說不思議功德諸佛所護念經">佛說不思議功德諸佛所護念經</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E9%98%BF%E5%BD%8C%E9%99%80%E7%B6%93" class="extiw" title="s:佛說阿彌陀經">佛說阿彌陀經诸佛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;;background:#ffeec2;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主题</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=noviewer&#124;16x16px_佛教主题" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffeec2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Template:佛教主题"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:佛教主题(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%BB%E9%A2%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:佛教主题"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=noviewer&#124;16x16px_佛教主题" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dharma_Wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/16px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/24px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/32px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Portal:佛教">佛教主题</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">佛學大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三宝 (佛教)">三宝</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">佛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E5%90%8D%E8%99%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛陀名號列表">諸佛</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法 (佛教)">法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD" title="僧伽">僧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B" title="四谛">四圣谛</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#集諦" title="四谛">集</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="滅諦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nirodha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AD%E8%B0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="灭谛">滅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirodha" class="extiw" title="en:Nirodha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nirodha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%B0%9B#道諦" title="四谛">道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%98" title="十二因缘">十二因缘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">五蘊</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="色 (佛教)">色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97" title="受">受</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="想 (佛教)">想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E8%98%8A" title="行蘊">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98" title="識">識</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E7%95%8C" title="十八界">十八界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%BA%A6" title="六度">六度</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%B0" title="三法印">三法印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="中道 (佛教)">中道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">釋迦牟尼佛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%9D%A5" title="如来">如来</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%95" title="佛誕">佛誕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%96%80%E9%81%8A%E8%A7%80" title="四門遊觀">四門遊觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E7%A8%AE%E5%A5%BD" title="三十二相八十種好">三十二相八十種好</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">足印</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的神迹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的神迹(页面不存在)">神迹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Miracles of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miracles of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛陀的家庭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family of Gautama Buddha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛陀的家庭(页面不存在)">家庭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" class="extiw" title="en:Family of Gautama Buddha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family of Gautama Buddha</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%80%E9%A5%AD%E7%8E%8B" title="净饭王">净饭王<small>(父亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB%E4%BA%BA" title="摩耶夫人">摩耶夫人 <small>(母亲)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E6%B3%A2%E9%97%8D%E6%B3%A2%E6%8F%90" title="摩訶波闍波提">摩訶波闍波提<small>(姨母,庶母)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E8%BE%93%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97" title="耶输陀罗">耶输陀罗 <small>(妻子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%9D%BA%E7%BD%97" title="罗睺罗">罗睺罗 <small>(儿子)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9A%BE" title="阿难">阿难 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%86%E9%81%94%E5%A4%9A" title="提婆達多">提婆達多 <small>(堂弟)</small></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">佛陀弟子</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%BC%9F%E5%AD%90" title="十大弟子">十大弟子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%A6%E8%91%89" class="mw-redirect" title="大迦葉">大迦葉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%8A%8D%E9%80%A3" title="目犍連">目犍連</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E6%A8%93%E9%82%A3" title="富樓那">富樓那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="須菩提">須菩提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="舍利弗">舍利弗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%9D%BA%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="羅睺羅">羅睺羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阿難陀">阿難陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E9%9B%A2" title="優婆離">優婆離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿那律">阿那律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="五比丘">五比丘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%8B%A5%E6%86%8D%E9%99%88%E5%A6%82" title="阿若憍陈如">憍陳如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%8F%90" title="跋提">跋提</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%8B%E6%B3%A2" title="跋波">跋波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AA%AA%E7%A4%BA" title="阿說示">阿說示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%A8%B6%E7%94%B7" title="摩訶男">摩訶男</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E5%88%A9%E6%A7%83%E7%89%B9" title="周利槃特">周利槃特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E6%8E%98%E9%AD%94%E7%BE%85" title="央掘魔羅">央掘魔羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%97%83%E5%BB%B6" title="迦旃延">迦旃延</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Buddhists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教人物列表(页面不存在)">佛教人物列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" class="extiw" title="en:List of Buddhists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Buddhists</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">术语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三相 (佛教)">三相</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">无常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="苦 (佛教)">苦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E8%B5%B7" title="緣起">緣起</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%8A" title="蘊">蕴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">因果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E7%94%9F" title="結生">結生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-disambig" title="行">行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A9%E6%83%B1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="煩惱 (佛教)">烦恼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%98%8E" title="无明">无明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="愛 (佛教)">贪爱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%93%8B" title="五蓋">五蓋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="結 (佛教)">結</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="根 (佛教)">根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%8A%E6%AD%A3%E7%AD%89%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%BA" title="無上正等正覺">無上正等正覺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%A6%82_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="真如 (佛教)">真如</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%AB%A6" title="二諦">二諦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="空 (佛教)">空性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%BF%83" title="菩提心">菩提心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%9B%B8%E7%BA%8C" title="心相續">心相續</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9C%86%E6%BB%A1" title="大圆满">大圆满</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">倫理和世界觀</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教伦理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist ethics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教伦理(页面不存在)">佛教伦理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist ethics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist ethics</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">维摩经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" title="維摩詰菩薩">維摩詰菩薩</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88%E5%B0%B8%E8%BF%A6%E7%BE%85%E8%B6%8A%E7%B6%93" title="教授尸迦羅越經">善生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB%E6%88%92" title="居士戒">居士戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%97%9C%E9%BD%8B%E6%88%92" title="八關齋戒">八戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E5%96%84" title="十善">十善業戒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="因果论 (佛教)">佛教因果論</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%AD_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="業 (佛教)">業與業力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%94%E6%9E%9C" title="六因五果">六因五果</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%88%91" title="非我">非我</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B8%B8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="无常 (佛教)">無常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88%E6%82%B2" title="慈悲">慈悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="轮回 (佛教)">轮回</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E4%B8%96" title="轉世">轉世</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A1%E4%BA%BA%E8%90%BD%E9%81%93" title="亡人落道">亡人落道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%93%B6%E6%8E%A3%E7%B1%A4" title="金瓶掣籤">金瓶掣籤</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">活佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%81%B5%E7%AB%A5" title="转世灵童">转世灵童</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%95%8C" title="法界">法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="世間">世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%96%E9%96%93" title="出世間">出世間</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%83%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="大千世界">大千世界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E5%A9%86%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="娑婆世界">娑婆世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="须弥山">须弥山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%B2" title="四大部洲">四大部洲</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E7%95%8C" title="十界">十法界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%95%8C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="三界 (佛教)">三界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C" title="欲界">欲界</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%B2%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A9" title="欲界天">欲界天</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">五道</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%81%93" title="六道">六道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="天人 (佛教)">天道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="人道 (佛教)">人道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BF%AE%E7%BD%97_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="阿修罗 (佛教)">阿修罗道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A4%93%E9%AC%BC" title="餓鬼">餓鬼道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%9C%E7%94%9F" title="畜生">畜生道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%8D%84_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="地獄 (佛教)">地獄道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%80%A7" title="佛性">佛性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BE%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="法供 (佛教)">供养</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="Category:佛教神話">佛教神話</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教與暴力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and violence"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E6%9A%B4%E5%8A%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教與暴力(页面不存在)">佛教與暴力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and violence"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and violence</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E5%A2%AE%E8%83%8E" title="佛教與墮胎">佛教與墮胎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%88%87%E8%87%AA%E6%AE%BA" title="佛教與自殺">佛教與自盡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E9%A3%9F" title="斋食">斋食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%94%9F" title="放生">放生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%92%B0%E4%BF%9D%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="佛教環保運動">佛教環保運動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教中的女性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Women in Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教中的女性(页面不存在)">佛教中的女性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Women in Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Women in Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%95%AC%E6%B3%95" title="八敬法">八敬法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%84%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%A5%B3%E7%9C%BE%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="善女子佛教女眾國際協會">善女子佛教女眾國際協會</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教与身体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and the body"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E8%BA%AB%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教与身体(页面不存在)">佛教与身体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_body" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and the body"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and the body</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and sexuality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和性(页面不存在)">佛教和性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and sexuality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and sexuality</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80%E8%88%87%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="同性戀與佛教">同性戀與佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教经济学">佛教经济学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教哲学</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和西方哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和西方哲学(页面不存在)">佛教和西方哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and Western philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and Western philosophy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和心理学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和心理学(页面不存在)">佛教和心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and psychology</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教和科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism and science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%92%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教和科学(页面不存在)">佛教和科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism and science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism and science</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%81%96%E5%9C%B0" title="佛教聖地">佛教聖地</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="佛教修行制度">修行制度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98" title="比丘">比丘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98%E5%B0%BC" title="比丘尼">比丘尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙彌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="沙彌尼">沙彌尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="出家眾">出家人</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%9C" title="阿姜">阿姜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%9A" title="西亞多">西亞多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%88" title="三藏法师">三藏法师</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%B8%AB" title="禪師">禪師</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="老師 (禅宗)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rōshi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E5%B8%AB_(%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="老師 (禅宗)(页面不存在)">老师</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" class="extiw" title="en:Rōshi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rōshi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B" title="喇嘛">喇嘛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%87" title="仁波切">仁波切</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%A5%BF" title="格西">格西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古">祖古</a>(活佛)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8" title="菩萨">菩萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E5%AE%B6%E7%9C%BE" title="在家眾">在家眾</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%85%E5%A3%AB" title="居士">居士</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A1%9E" title="優婆塞">優婆塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E5%A9%86%E5%A4%B7" title="優婆夷">優婆夷</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">声闻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%BF%AE%E8%A1%8C%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" title="Category:佛教修行法門">修行法门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%AD%B7%E8%A1%9B%E7%A6%AA" title="四護衛禪">四護衛禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%A2%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四梵住">四梵住</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%88_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="慈 (佛教)">慈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="悲 (佛教)">悲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="喜 (佛教)">喜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%A8_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="捨 (佛教)">捨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%AD%B8" title="三學">三學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%91%A9%E5%9C%B0" title="三摩地">定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">慧</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%83%E8%8F%A9%E6%8F%90%E5%88%86%E6%B3%95" title="三十七菩提分法">三十七菩提分法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%8F" title="四念住">四念住</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E6%AD%A3%E5%8B%A4" title="四正勤">四正勤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%A5%9E%E8%B6%B3" title="四神足">四神足</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%83%E8%A6%BA%E6%94%AF" title="七覺支">七覺支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E8%81%96%E9%81%93%E5%88%86" title="八聖道分">八正道</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86" title="波羅密">波罗密</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%88%E6%96%BD" title="佈施">佈施</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8D_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="忍 (佛教)">忍辱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E8%BF%9B" title="精进">精进</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" class="mw-redirect" title="慧 (佛教)">般若</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%88%E4%BE%9D" title="皈依">皈依</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%BE%9D%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%8D%E4%BE%9D" title="四依四不依">四依四不依</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="献身 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist devotion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8C%AE%E8%BA%AB_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="献身 (佛教)(页面不存在)">献身</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist devotion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist devotion</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%9C%83" title="法會">法會</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祭品 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Offering (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%AD%E5%93%81_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祭品 (佛教)(页面不存在)">祭品</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Offering (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Offering (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="跪拜 (佛教)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Prostration (Buddhism)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AA%E6%8B%9C_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跪拜 (佛教)(页面不存在)">跪拜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" class="extiw" title="en:Prostration (Buddhism)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Prostration (Buddhism)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B8%E7%BE%85" title="尸羅">持戒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E6%88%92" title="五戒">五戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E6%88%92" title="菩薩戒">菩薩戒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E6%8F%90%E6%9C%A8%E5%8F%89" title="波羅提木叉">波羅提木叉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="福德 (佛教)">功德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="护卫经" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paritta"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8A%A4%E5%8D%AB%E7%BB%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="护卫经(页面不存在)">护卫经</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paritta" class="extiw" title="en:Paritta"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paritta</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E9%9B%A2" title="出離">出離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="力 (佛教)">五学力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="信 (佛教)">信</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AD%B8" title="禪學">禪學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)" title="諦 (印度哲學)">諦 (印度哲學)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%A6_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="諦 (佛教)">諦 (佛教)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%AE%9A" title="禪定">禪定</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E6%80%9B%E7%BE%85" title="曼怛羅">曼怛羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9A%E5%A4%84" title="业处">四十业处</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E5%BF%B5" title="随念">随念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E8%88%AC%E9%82%A3%E5%BF%B5" title="安那般那念">安那般那念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A2%E6%91%A9%E4%BB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="奢摩他">奢摩他</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="觀 (佛教)">觀 (佛教)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E7%85%A7%E7%A6%AA" title="默照禪">默照禪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%AA%E5%9D%90" class="mw-redirect" title="禪坐">禪坐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88" title="公案">公案</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E8%8D%BC%E7%BE%85" title="曼荼羅">曼荼羅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E4%BB%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%8F%9B%E6%B3%95" title="自他交換法">自他交換法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%BE%85%E5%AF%86%E6%95%99" title="怛特羅密教">怛特羅密教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%AB" title="伏藏師">伏藏師</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E8%97%8F" title="伏藏">伏藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E4%BD%9B" title="念佛">念佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="淨土法門">淨土法門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%8F%E6%82%94" title="忏悔">忏悔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C" title="苦行">苦行</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="頭陀">頭陀</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E9%87%8F" title="現量">證量</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛陀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">辟支佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93#菩薩位階" title="菩薩道">菩萨位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%91%E5%9B%9B%E6%9E%9C" title="四向四果">四向四果</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%88%E9%99%80%E6%B4%B9" title="須陀洹">須陀洹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%99%80%E5%90%AB" title="斯陀含">斯陀含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%90%AB" title="阿那含">阿那含</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BD%97%E6%B1%89" title="阿罗汉">阿罗汉</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="涅槃">涅槃</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E6%B6%85%E6%A7%83" title="般涅槃">般涅槃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%89%E5%9C%B0" title="悉地">悉地</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E6%AC%A1%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%9A" title="九次第定">九次第定</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%80%9A" title="神通">神通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E5%85%AD%E9%80%9A" title="三明六通">三明六通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E4%BD%8D" title="果位">果位</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E8%BA%AB%E6%88%90%E4%BD%9B" title="即身成佛">即生成佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%89%E8%BA%AB%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="肉身菩薩">肉身菩薩</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="佛经">經典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="三藏">三藏</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E8%97%8F" title="经藏">经藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="律藏">律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%97%8F" title="論藏">論藏</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="大藏经">大藏经</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%89%E8%97%8F" title="巴利三藏">巴利三藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3%E6%96%B0%E8%84%A9%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="大正新脩大藏經">大正藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E9%9A%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%B6%93" title="乾隆大藏經">乾隆大藏經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E6%96%87%E5%A4%A7%E8%97%8F%E7%BB%8F" title="藏文大藏经">藏文大藏经</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">原始佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%90%AB%E7%B6%93" title="阿含經">阿含經</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%9F%AF%E8%80%B6" title="尼柯耶">巴利經藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%A5%E7%B6%93" title="法句經">法句經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F_(%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99)" title="本生 (佛教)">本生經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="四分律">四分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%88%86%E5%BE%8B" title="五分律">五分律</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%8B%E8%97%8F" title="巴利律藏">巴利律藏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%AF%98%E9%81%94%E7%A3%A8" title="阿毘達磨">阿毘達磨</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%9A%B4%E7%B6%93" title="華嚴經">華嚴經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%91%A9%E8%A9%B0%E6%89%80%E8%AA%AA%E7%B6%93" title="維摩詰所說經">維摩經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E7%BB%8F" title="大般若经">大般若经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%89%9B%E7%B6%93" title="金剛經">金剛經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AC%E8%8B%A5%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%85%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93" title="般若波羅蜜多心經">心經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E7%A5%96%E5%9D%9B%E7%BB%8F" title="六祖坛经">六祖坛经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E6%B3%95%E8%8E%B2%E5%8D%8E%E7%BB%8F" title="妙法莲华经">妙法莲华经</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E4%BA%94%E7%B6%93%E4%B8%80%E8%AB%96" title="淨土五經一論">淨土三經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E7%B6%B2%E7%B6%93" class="mw-disambig" title="梵網經">梵網經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E7%B6%93" title="大日經">大日經</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%B6%93" title="金光明經">金光明經</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="九分教">九分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%88%86%E6%95%99" title="十二分教">十二分教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%88%A4" title="教判">判教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97%E5%88%A4%E6%95%99" title="天台宗判教">天台宗判教</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E6%B4%BE%E5%88%AB" title="佛教派别">流派與系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B9%98" title="三乘">三乘</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%BB" title="声闻">聲聞乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9F%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%9B" title="辟支佛">緣覺乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A9%E8%96%A9%E9%81%93" title="菩薩道">菩薩道</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BC%A0%E8%8F%A9%E8%90%A8%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南传菩萨道">南传菩萨道</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E4%BD%9B%E4%B9%98" title="一佛乘">一佛乘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="小乘佛教">小乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="北傳佛教">北傳佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教">漢傳大乘佛教</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%B4%BE" title="漢傳佛教宗派">十宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">漢傳密宗</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E5%AF%86" title="唐密">唐密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="东密">东密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="台密">台密</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A8%E5%9C%9F%E5%AE%97" title="淨土宗">淨土宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%97" title="律宗">律宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97" title="天台宗">天台宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%97" title="法相宗">唯識宗</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏傳</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="藏傳密宗">金刚乘佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%81%E7%8E%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="宁玛派">宁玛派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%99%B6%E8%88%89%E6%B4%BE" title="噶舉派">噶舉派</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="Category:佛教組織">佛教组织</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="佛教现代主义">佛教现代主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="佛教历史">歷史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="初期佛教">初期佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E6%B4%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="部派佛教">部派佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教">上座部佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="大乘佛教">大乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%AE%97" title="密宗">金剛乘佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="结集">結集</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E8%88%8D%E5%9F%8E%E7%B5%90%E9%9B%86" title="王舍城結集">第一次結集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第二次结集">第二次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第三次结集">第三次结集</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1%E7%BB%93%E9%9B%86" title="第四次结集">第四次结集</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8B" title="十事">十事非法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%9C%AC%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="根本分裂">根本分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3" title="法難">法難</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%A6%E7%81%AD%E4%BD%9B" title="三武灭佛">三武一宗滅佛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E9%9D%9E%E4%BD%9B%E8%AA%AA%E8%AB%96%E8%AB%8D" title="大乘非佛說論諍">大乘非佛說論諍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%A7%E4%B9%98%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9A%84%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%B1%E8%AF%86" title="上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识">上座部佛教与大乘佛教的基本共识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%9C%9F%E6%B3%95%E8%BF%90" title="三期法运">三期法运</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">地区/国别</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="南亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in South Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南亞佛教(页面不存在)">南亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in South Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in South Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印度佛教">印度佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="阿富汗佛教">阿富汗佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="孟加拉國佛教">孟加拉國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="尼泊尔佛教">尼泊尔佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="巴基斯坦佛教">巴基斯坦佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%B0%E5%8D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="斯里兰卡佛教">斯里兰卡佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="东南亚佛教">东南亚佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="泰國佛教">泰國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="緬甸佛教">緬甸佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AC%E5%9F%94%E5%AF%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="柬埔寨佛教">柬埔寨佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%AE%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="寮國佛教">寮國佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>中、南部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="印尼佛教">印尼佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="马来西亚佛教">马来西亚佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="新加坡佛教">新加坡佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲律宾佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Philippines"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲律宾佛教(页面不存在)">菲律宾佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Philippines"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Philippines</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文莱佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brunei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%8E%B1%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文莱佛教(页面不存在)">文莱佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brunei" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brunei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brunei</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马尔代夫佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Maldives"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔代夫佛教(页面不存在)">马尔代夫佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Maldives"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Maldives</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="東亞佛教">東亞佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="中国佛教">中国佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="日本佛教">日本佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="朝鲜佛教">朝鲜佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="台灣佛教">台灣佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="越南佛教">越南佛教</a>北部</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏傳佛教">藏地佛教</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教史(页面不存在)">藏地佛教史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:History of Tibetan Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="不丹佛教">不丹佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="蒙古國佛教">蒙古佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內蒙古宗教#佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內蒙古宗教(页面不存在)">內蒙古佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Religion in Inner Mongolia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia#Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="俄罗斯佛教">俄罗斯佛教</a>西、南部</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中亞佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Central Asia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中亞佛教(页面不存在)">中亞佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Central Asia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Central Asia</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E8%8C%B2%E5%88%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="烏茲別克斯坦佛教">烏茲別克斯坦佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中东佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the Middle East"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中东佛教(页面不存在)">中东佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the Middle East"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the Middle East</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="伊朗佛教">伊朗佛教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">西方佛教</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="美国佛教">美国佛教</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国佛教(页面不存在)">英国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in the United Kingdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in the United Kingdom</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in France"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国佛教(页面不存在)">法国佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in France"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in France</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比利时佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Belgium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比利时佛教(页面不存在)">比利时佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Belgium" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Belgium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Belgium</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="澳大利亚佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Australia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="澳大利亚佛教(页面不存在)">澳大利亚佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Australia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Australia</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿根廷佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Argentina"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿根廷佛教(页面不存在)">阿根廷佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Argentina"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Argentina</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴西佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Brazil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴西佛教(页面不存在)">巴西佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Brazil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Brazil</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="委内瑞拉佛教" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhism in Venezuela"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%94%E5%86%85%E7%91%9E%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="委内瑞拉佛教(页面不存在)">委内瑞拉佛教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhism in Venezuela"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhism in Venezuela</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffeec2;;width:1%">藝術</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="佛教藝術">佛教藝術</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教象征符号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist symbolism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E8%B1%A1%E5%BE%81%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教象征符号(页面不存在)">符号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist symbolism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist symbolism</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教建築(页面不存在)">佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%AF%BA" title="佛寺">寺院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="日本佛教建築">日本佛教建築</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藏地佛教建築" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%8F%E5%9C%B0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藏地佛教建築(页面不存在)">藏地佛教建築</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" class="extiw" title="en:Tibetan Buddhist architecture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="佛教音樂">佛教音樂</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%94%84" title="梵唄">梵唄</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%99%A8" title="法器">法器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E5%83%8F" title="佛像">佛像</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="中国佛教雕塑">中国佛教雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%B6%B3%E7%9F%B3" title="佛足石">佛足石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E9%A2%98%E6%9D%90%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81" title="Category:佛教题材作品">佛教題材作品</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E8%8A%82" title="Category:佛教电影节">佛教電影節</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffeec2;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%BA%A7%E9%83%A8%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="上座部佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/20px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/30px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Buddhism_dham_jak.gif/40px-Buddhism_dham_jak.gif 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of Buddhism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛學大綱(页面不存在)">提纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of Buddhism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of Buddhism</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="Category:佛教">分类</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="佛教用语列表">詞表</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="汉传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/20px-Dharma_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/30px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dharma_Wheel.gif/40px-Dharma_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="佛教相关條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="佛教相关條目索引(页面不存在)">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of Buddhism-related articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of Buddhism-related articles</span></a></span>)</span></span></b></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>共享</b></a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buddhism" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Buddhism"><b>语录</b></a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8F%E4%BC%A0%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="藏传佛教"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/20px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/30px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Tibetian_Wheel.gif/40px-Tibetian_Wheel.gif 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9441#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9441#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9441#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/53986/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000433557817">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/77109647">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDy69WgXGvBVvKM8vgyq3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90163677">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000059282">智利</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX840627">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954606k">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11954606k">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058525648306706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118664417">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Buddha, Gotama"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV061567">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007261519405171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gautama Buddha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80050504">美国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/rp369zx904wlcbj">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000085766&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="釈迦"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571841">日本</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700253&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35115590">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=002080536">中国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201620188">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000014372&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810623226505606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/17346">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08080397?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.dila.edu.tw/person/?fromInner=A002799">DILA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118664417.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/831047">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Buddha"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/56218723">CONOR</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582519">NARA</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027524035">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by 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