Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</title><link rel="profile" href="http://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />  <meta name="description" content="Congress has imposed significant constraints on the president's ability to unilaterally lift sanctions on Russia for its aggression in Ukraine." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Congress has imposed significant constraints on the president's ability to unilaterally lift sanctions 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At Illinois, Taisa teaches business law courses focused on emerging markets and at Kyiv Mohyla, Taisa guest lectures on business law and supports the legal English writing program. Until 2021, Taisa was in private practice working on cross border capital markets and corporate finance transactions in emerging markets with a particular focus on Latin America. Taisa was recognized in Chambers Latin America, Chambers USA Banking, Chambers USA, Capital Markets Debt & Equity, Legal 500 and Latinvex as a leading lawyer. She has written on various topics related to finance in emerging markets and has spoken at PLI and Euromoney seminars. She serves on various boards and has been active in women’s bar associations and groups in the United States and in Latin America. As a proud Ukrainian American, since the full-scale invasion, Taisa has spoken at and moderated panels on legal issues arising out of the war against Ukraine. Taisa received a J.D., cum laude, from the University of Illinois College of Law and a B.S. in Mathematics, cum laude, from Loyola University of Chicago. Taisa speaks English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, French and Ukrainian. 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</h1> </div> </div> </div><div class="columns-wrap pagewidth pw1400 clearfix"><div id="secondary-left" class="secondary"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p><p class="date">October 16, 2024</p><div class="sharedaddy sd-sharing-enabled"><div class="robots-nocontent sd-block sd-social sd-social-icon sd-sharing"><h3 class="sd-title">Share this:</h3><div class="sd-content"><ul><li class="share-twitter"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-twitter-103743" class="share-twitter sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/?share=twitter" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Twitter" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-facebook"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-facebook-103743" class="share-facebook sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/?share=facebook" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Facebook" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-linkedin"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="sharing-linkedin-103743" class="share-linkedin sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/?share=linkedin" target="_blank" title="Click to share on LinkedIn" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-reddit"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-reddit sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/?share=reddit" target="_blank" title="Click to share on Reddit" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-print"><a rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" data-shared="" class="share-print sd-button share-icon no-text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/#print" target="_blank" title="Click to print" ><span></span><span class="sharing-screen-reader-text">Click to print (Opens in new window)</span></a></li><li class="share-end"></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive/" rel="tag">executive</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-branch/" rel="tag">executive branch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-power/" rel="tag">Executive Power</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ieepa/" rel="tag">IEEPA</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/national-emergencies-act/" rel="tag">National Emergencies Act</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-powers/" rel="tag">Presidential Powers</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia/" rel="tag">Russia</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine-war/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/sanctions/" rel="tag">sanctions</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ukraine/" rel="tag">Ukraine</a></p></div></div><main id="primary" tabindex="-1" class="content-body clearfix" role="main"><article class="client-ui clearfix"><div class="print-authors"><p class="authors">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p><p class="date">October 16, 2024</p></div><p>Former President Donald Trump has stated not only that the war against Ukraine would not have started on his watch, but that if elected he will make a deal to end the war within 24 hours of his inauguration. He doubled down during the Sept. 10 presidential debate, <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/11/us/politics/trump-debate-ukraine-war-russia-putin-harris.html">saying</a> he would end the war before he even takes office. These statements should alarm anyone who believes in the rule of law or who advocates for a just peace.</p> <p>The extensive and unprecedented sanctions imposed on Russia by the United States, G7, and coalition countries may become bargaining chips in any negotiation to end the bloody and unjustified war Russian President Vladimir Putin started against Ukraine. The process for lifting the broad economic sanctions on Russia, therefore, merits discussion in light of the role the upcoming U.S. presidential elections and the role the United States will likely play in any future negotiations.</p> <p>In any talks concerning Russia’s war against Ukraine, Ukraine will ensure the focus is on territorial integrity, security guarantees, accountability, and reparations. And while lifting sanctions may be seen as a major bargaining chip, a strong case can be made that sanctions must remain in place until there is regime change in Russia. This is especially true given Putin’s track record of noncompliance with international agreements such as the Budapest Memorandum and the Minsk Agreement and, most fundamentally, the bedrock obligations on non-use of force in the UN Charter.</p> <p>It is also worth noting that the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/06/13/bilateral-security-agreement-between-the-united-states-of-america-and-ukraine/">US/Ukraine Bilateral Security Agreement</a> signed in June of 2024 confirms in multiple instances U.S. policy of utilizing sanctions in connection with Russia’s aggression and that lifting sanctions is not a part of what is known publicly about Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky’s peace/victory <a href="https://kyivindependent.com/ukrainians/">plan</a>.</p> <p>Under U.S. law, a president has significant ability to both lift sanctions and grant exceptions to sanctions. However, that ability is not absolute with respect to sanctions imposed pursuant to specific sanctions laws enacted by Congress. The executive branch rightfully needs flexibility with respect to economic sanctions, and Congress has respected that need in recent legislation. However, exercising the discretion Congress has provided assumes a president acts in a judicious manner consistent with U.S. law and the national interest.</p> <p>The question, then, is what might happen if a president chooses to disregard statutory procedures for lifting sanctions. Leading <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99994/americas-national-security-threat/">international</a> and <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/23/opinion/electoral-college-presidential-election.html">constitutional</a> law scholars are now asking questions unthinkable a decade ago about the fragility of the U.S. democracy and the possibility and consequences of a president acting contrary to the law. In this scenario, courts may have very limited power to act. Perhaps the best, if not the only, recourse to preserving rule of law and democratic processes is ensuring we elect leaders who uphold those values.</p> <h2><strong>What is the domestic legal basis for issuance of economic sanctions?</strong></h2> <p>Under the U.S. Constitution, the executive branch has power over certain aspects of foreign affairs while Congress has power over other aspects of foreign affairs. Congress, not the President, has the power under the Constitution to regulate international commerce.</p> <p>With respect to economic sanctions, which implicate both foreign affairs and international commerce, the mechanism for imposing and lifting sanctions is: 1), Congress legislates and delegates power to the president; and 2), the president and executive branch (primarily through the Treasury and its Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), the State Department and the Commerce Department) use this delegated authority to implement and enforce sanctions.</p> <p>The president’s delegated authority with regards to sanctions can be under a general or specific delegation from Congress. This distinction matters when it comes to lifting sanctions.</p> <h2><strong>What is the President’s statutory authority to impose and lift economic sanctions? </strong></h2> <p>Congress delegated general authority to the president to issue sanctions, among other actions, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-91/pdf/STATUTE-91-Pg1625.pdf#page=1">(IEEPA</a>) upon a declaration of a “national emergency” under the umbrella statute of the IEEPA – the National Emergencies Act (<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg1255.pdf#page=1">NEA</a>). The IEEPA and NEA do not address specific situations or policies but are general in nature and authorize the president to impose sanctions upon the declaration of a national emergency meeting certain criteria, without further congressional approval. National emergency declarations automatically terminate after one year but may be continued by the president on an annual basis indefinitely.</p> <p>President Obama first declared a national emergency with respect to Ukraine on March 6, 2014, in response to the illegal purported annexation of Crimea, in <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/5946/download?inline">Executive Order 13660</a>. That Executive Order was subsequently expanded and continued in response to various actions of the Putin regime, most recently through a <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/03/05/2024-04858/continuation-of-the-national-emergency-with-respect-to-ukraine">notice of continuation</a> on March 4, 2024. The executive branch has issued numerous Russia-related sanctions on the basis of this declaration and IEEPA authority, as well as on the basis of a subsequent declaration of a national emergency by President Biden under the NEA on April 15, 2021 in Executive Order 14024.which also has been continued annually.</p> <p><a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/04/19/2021-08098/blocking-property-with-respect-to-specified-harmful-foreign-activities-of-the-government-of-the">Executive Order 14024</a>, <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/12/26/2023-28662/taking-additional-steps-with-respect-to-the-russian-federations-harmful-activities">as amended</a>, addresses national security threats and covers, among other things, cyber-related activities, election interference, corruption, Russian sovereign assets, secondary sanctions on foreign financial institutions involved in facilitating or financing Russia’s war, sanctions evaders, and persons in the Russian technology, construction, manufacturing, financial and energy sectors.</p> <p>Apart from the one-year automatic termination of national emergencies provided in the NEA, a national emergency can be terminated <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title50/pdf/USCODE-2023-title50-chap34-subchapII-sec1622.pdf">either</a> by presidential proclamation or by a law enacted through a joint resolution of Congress (i.e., a resolution passed by a majority of both houses). A joint resolution is subject to presidential veto, which in turn can be overridden by the vote of two-thirds each of the House and Senate.</p> <p>The NEA <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title50/pdf/USCODE-2023-title50-chap34-subchapII-sec1622.pdf">provides t</a>hat in case of termination of a national emergency, subject to limited exceptions, “any powers or authorities exercised by reason of such emergency shall cease to be exercised after such date.”</p> <p>With respect to Russia sanctions, if a president terminates the national emergency related to Ukraine, subject to limited exceptions, the authority to continue IEEPA sanctions terminates as set forth above, unless the sanctions are in place under a statute other than the IEEPA. If Congress disagrees with the termination, it could conceivably take legislative action (subject to veto and override) to reinstate those actions through a new statute. It is unlikely that judicial review will be available to challenge termination of a national emergency given standing requirements.. For example, it would be difficult for a plaintiff to show the kind of constitutionally recognized factual injury that would allow them to file suit in federal court. Political preferences and public opinion may or may not be effective sources of pressure on the president.</p> <h2><strong>Beyond IEEPA: What authority does the President have to impose and lift economic sanctions on Russia?</strong></h2> <p>A number of additional statutes direct or authorize the president to impose Russia sanctions in response to specific events. These specific statutory delegations (such as those described below) may include provisions on terminating, modifying, amending or waiving (collectively, lifting) the relevant sanctions. The provisions for lifting Russia sanctions in existing statutes vary and have become more stringent and objective over time. Statutes enacted before the annexation of Crimea give the president more discretion in lifting sanctions. The Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA), enacted in 2017, gives the president less discretion and the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (REPO Act), enacted in 2024, goes further and looks to objective events. This progression largely reflects the evolving nature of the perceived threat Russia’s actions present. Examples of specific delegation statutes related to Russia sanctions include the following:</p> <p><em>Magnitsky Sanctions. </em>The Sergey Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act (<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title22/html/USCODE-2023-title22-chap67-subchapI-sec5811.htm">Magnitsky Act,</a>) enacted in December 2012 (later effectively expanded to provide for a global reach in December 2016 through the <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title22/pdf/USCODE-2023-title22-chap108.pdf">Global Magnitsky Act</a>) was a response to the death of Sergei Magnitsky in a Moscow prison on November 16, 2009. Magnitsky, held in pretrial detention, was a Russian tax lawyer investigating government corruption when he was detained in December 2008. The Magnitsky Act contemplates a target list of persons associated with human rights abuses and corruption and authorizes (but does not require) the president to impose sanctions.</p> <p>The president can terminate Magnitsky sanctions with respect to specific individuals if the President “determines and reports” to the appropriate congressional committee that (i) credible information exists that the person did not engage in the harmful activity; OR (ii) the person has been prosecuted appropriately; OR (iii) the person has credibly demonstrated changed behavior and taken other actions; OR (iv)with respect to sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act, termination is in the national security interests of the United States. The language of the termination provision refers to “a determination by the President,” and includes events or conditions subject to some degree of interpretation or assessment, thereby giving the president a significant degree of discretion.</p> <p><em>The Ukraine Freedom Support Act (</em><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title22/html/USCODE-2023-title22-chap96A.htm"><em>UFSA</em></a><em>) and the Sovereignty, Integrity, Democracy and Economic Stability of Ukraine Act (</em><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title22/html/USCODE-2023-title22-chap96.htm"><em>SSIDES</em></a><em>)</em> were both enacted in 2014 in response to Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea and aggression in Eastern Ukraine. These laws contemplated certain sanctions on the Russian defense and energy sectors, including restrictions on dual use technologies, financial institutions, and persons responsible for human rights and international law violations, corruption, and sanctions evasion. UFSA and SSIDES sanctions were subsequently codified under CAATSA (see below) which made lifting such sanctions subject to the more robust congressional review, termination, and waiver procedures in CAATSA.</p> <p><em>Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (</em>CAATSA<em>)</em>, enacted in 2017 as a response to election interference and the continued wars in Ukraine and Syria, imposes sanctions on Iran, North Korea and Russia. The bill passed the Senate (98-2) and the House (419-3) by clear veto proof majorities and was signed into law by Trump <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/trump-russia-sanctions.html%20https:/www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/statement-signing-the-countering-americas-adversaries-through-sanctions-act">despite</a> his statements that it was unconstitutional and would hamper his ability “to strike good deals.” Several U.S. lawmakers expressed concern that Trump would try to sidestep the law and seek to strike a deal that is not in the national interest of the United States.</p> <p><a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title22/pdf/USCODE-2023-title22-chap102.pdf">Title II of CAATSA</a> – Countering Russian Influence in Europe and Eurasia Act of 207 (CRIEEA) -required that the president impose new Russia sanctions in relation to sanctions violators and facilitators, human rights abuses, support to Syria, persons engaged in significant transactions with the Russian defense and military sectors, and Russian privatizations characterized by corruption. CAATSA codified UFSA and SSIDES sanctions. Later, the Protecting Europe’s Economic Security Act of 2019 (<a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title22/html/USCODE-2023-title22-chap102-subchapI-partB-sec9526.htm">PEESA</a>) expanded CRIIEA sanctions with respect to energy export pipelines such as the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. Very importantly, CAATSA also codified a number of Obama-era sanctions imposed under previous executive and State Department orders.</p> <p>CAATSA contemplates congressional review of actions to ease or lift sanctions. The Act specifically requires the president to submit a report to appropriate congressional committees and leadership prior to lifting Russia sanctions. The report must describe the proposed action and state whether it is intended to significantly alter U.S. foreign policy toward Russia, and if so, provide more detail. Congress may then issue a joint resolution of disapproval, passed by both the House and the Senate, which is subject to veto and override. The president is also required to provide notices and in some cases certifications or written determination prior to lifting Russia sanctions. The substance varies and can relate to any of the following: the national security interest, furthering enforcement of CRIIEA, cessation of activities that gave rise to sanctions, implementation of the Minsk Agreement or reduction of cyber intrusions by Russia.</p> <p>The upshot is that CAATSA created impediments to lifting many Russia sanctions. Additionally, any licensing action with respect to a sanction that significantly alters U.S. foreign policy regarding Russia is subject to CAATSA.</p> <p><em>Suspending Normal Trade Relations with Russia and Belarus Act (</em><a href="https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ110/PLAW-117publ110.pdf"><em>SNTR Act</em></a><em>) and the </em><a href="https://www.congress.gov/117/plaws/publ109/PLAW-117publ109.pdf"><em>Ending Importation of Russian Oil Act</em></a> were both enacted in 2022 almost immediately after, and in response to, Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine. While the SNTR Act technically does not relate to sanctions, functionally it has the same intended effect as it suspends normal trade relations with Russia and Belarus, denying benefits of World Trade Organization membership to Russia and Belarus by the United States and putting these two countries in the same category as Cuba and North Korea. The Ending Importation of Russian Oil Act, codified <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/03/10/2022-05232/prohibiting-certain-imports-and-new-investments-with-respect-to-continued-russian-federation-efforts">Executive Order 14066</a> prohibiting imports of various Russian oil products into the United States.</p> <p>Under the SNTR Act, the president has the authority to resume certain aspects of normal trade relations for one year periods subject to prior consultation with appropriate congressional committees and a determination that Russia or Belarus or both 1) have reached an agreement as to the cessation of military hostilities which has been accepted by the “free and independent government of Ukraine;” AND 2) do not pose an immediate threat of aggression against any NATO country; AND 3) recognize the right of the Ukrainian people to independently and freely choose their own government (note the references to “free and independent government,” and “independently and freely,” which presumably reflect concerns about a puppet state). Any such determination is subject to a joint resolution of disapproval which in turn is subject to veto and override. The Ending Importation of Russian Oil Act contemplates similar requirements for lifting sanctions.</p> <p>These SNTR Act and the Ending Importation of Russian Oil Act certification requirements differ from those in earlier legislation, and evidence a greater concern with national security and threats to democracy and NATO countries. The certifications require “determinations” by the president, but these determinations are more robust and less discretionary in that they relate to objective events such as troop withdrawal and agreements reached. In addition, the requirements are additive (prongs one, two <em>and</em> three must be certified), as opposed to alternative as in prior requirements (in which, for example, one condition <em>or</em> another must be certified).</p> <p>The<em> Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (</em><a href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-bill/815/text#toc-H6F46CC45F2954D64A9ED03DBA53A695C"><em>REPO Act</em></a><em>) </em>was enacted in April of 2024 after vigorous advocacy by the Ukrainian government, NGOs and others for seizing and repurposing frozen Russian sovereign assets (RSA)-mainly financial assets and cash held at financial institutions – to support Ukraine. The REPO Act sets forth the timing and procedure for seizure and mechanics for repurposing the approximately $4-5 billion of RSA in the United States (out of a total of <a href="https://www.ft.com/content/0d77f54b-af74-4186-9cae-237528ad7d69">$300 billion globally</a>) to support Ukraine. Under the REPO Act, the president is required to gather information on RSA and report that information and then is authorized (but not required) to seize the identified RSA.</p> <p>The authority to seize RSA has received a lot of attention, but an equally important provision of the REPO Act is the limitation on releasing RSA blocked or immobilized pursuant to U.S. sanctions. RSA cannot be released prior to the sunset date (the earlier of five years from enactment of the REPO Act and 120 days after the president determines and certifies to Congress that 1) Russia has agreed to withdraw forces and has ceased military hostilities and that agreement has been accepted by the “free and independent government of Ukraine” (note the qualifier “free and independent” which again evidences some concern about an agreement reached with a puppet state); and 2) full compensation to Ukraine has been made or an agreement has been reached with Ukraine.</p> <p>RSA cannot be released or mobilized prior to the sunset date unless the president certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that 1) “hostilities between Russia and Ukraine have ceased;” AND 2) either (A) full compensation has been made for harms; OR (B) the Russian Federation is participating in a bona fide international mechanism for all compensation owed. The certifications are a high bar. The language used is objective language and does not refer to determinations by the president. A joint resolution, which is then enacted into law (subject to veto and override), may prohibit the release or mobilization of frozen or blocked RSA.</p> <p>In April 2024 Senator JD Vance issued a <a href="https://www.vance.senate.gov/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/4.15.2024-Vance-REPO-Memo.pdf">memo</a> opposing the REPO Act on the basis that that removing a future president’s ability to end or alter sanctions would undermine the prospects of reaching a peace deal. The memo demonstrates both a desire to horse trade with Russia without congressional or other oversight and, on the other hand, an admission that the requirements of the REPO Act (similar in spirit to those in other statutes) are, indeed, limitations.</p> <h2><strong>What if the required determinations and certifications for lifting sanctions have no reasonable basis or are false?</strong></h2> <p>With respect to the specific statutory delegations that require determinations and certifications, we are now compelled to imagine and to ask what would happen if a president made determinations or certifications that lack a factual basis. If Congress disagrees with the president’s determination (for lack of a reasonable basis or due to a disagreement on foreign policy or any other reason), it could pass new legislation, which is unlikely to be enacted in a polarized political environment, particularly given that such legislation would also be subject to veto. It is worth noting that congressional investigations and impeachment may be options but the feasibility and effectiveness are open to question.</p> <h2><strong>What about chipping away at Russia sanctions?</strong></h2> <p>The executive branch has significant authority to create <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/faqs/4">exceptions</a> to sanctions including by waiving the application of sanctions, by issuing general and specific licenses and removing individuals from lists. This may be a means of easing Russia sanctions. How this ability is utilized will largely depend on who is in office.</p> <h2><strong>Can a President acting alone terminate U.S. participation in the oil price cap coalition?</strong></h2> <p>On Dec. 22, 2022, the G7 and sanctions coalition partners introduced the <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/12/12/g7-leaders-statement-4/">oil price cap</a> (OPC) with the dual aims of cutting off Russian oil revenues used to fund its war against Ukraine and protecting energy security. The OPC contemplates a prohibition on persons involved in the trade of Russian oil and oil products from providing certain services related to maritime transport of Russian oil unless the oil was purchased at or below the price cap.</p> <p>The OPC is itself a policy which can be altered by the president. To implement the OPC, OFAC issued <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/929501/download?inline">two</a> <a href="https://ofac.treasury.gov/media/931036/download?inline">determinations</a> pursuant to <a href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2022/04/08/2022-07757/prohibiting-new-investment-in-and-certain-services-to-the-russian-federation-in-response-to">Executive Order 14071</a>, which can be terminated by the president. Congress can respond to any such termination by codifying the OPC restrictions, but that would raise any number of objections and challenges, may be politically unfeasible, and would again be subject to presidential veto.</p> <p>On the other hand, a president who attempts to terminate the OPC prematurely will need to be fully cognizant of responses from other G7 and sanctions coalition allies. This may or may not act as a constraint.</p> <h2><strong>Is imposing</strong><strong> sanctions and, conversely, is lifting sanctions subject to the notice, public comment and delay in effectiveness requirements of the Administrative Procedures Act? </strong></h2> <p>No.</p> <p>Rulemaking requirements and procedures mandated by the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) <a href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title5/html/USCODE-2023-title5-partI-chap5-subchapII-sec553.htm">do not apply</a> to the extent that the rules reflect a foreign affairs function of the U.S. government. While the precise scope of the foreign affairs exception is unclear in many regards, sanctions are generally considered within that exception for a number of reasons, including the need for expediency in implementation. Specifically, this exception with respect to OFAC has been <a href="https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-31/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-501/subpart-E/section-501.804">codified</a> in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), which provides that, in general, rulemaking by OFAC involves foreign affairs and is exempt from APA requirements for notice, public comment, and delay in effective date.</p> <h2><strong>Can the President ignore statutory termination provisions under <em>Zivotofsky v. Kerry</em>?</strong></h2> <p>No.</p> <p><a href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/576/1/"><em>Zivotofsky vs. Kerry</em></a><em>,</em> a 2015 U.S. Supreme Court case, merits discussion and should be distinguished. <em>Zivotofsky </em>does not address sanctions but does address foreign affairs and separation of powers. <em>Zivotofsky </em>is notable in that it is the first case in which a President, acting in a manner obviously contrary to congressional mandates, nonetheless prevailed before the Supreme Court based on exclusive constitutional authority. But with respect to specific statutory provisions to lift sanctions, <em>Zivotofsky</em> does not allow the president to disregard the statutorily-imposed procedures for lifting sanctions. This is because imposition and lifting of sanctions are based on shared powers, and not an exclusive presidential power.</p> <p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/zivotofsky-v-kerry/"><em>Zivotofsky </em></a>involved a statute that required the State Department to identify a person’s place of birth as “Israel” if that person was born in Jerusalem and so requested. At the same time, the foreign policy of the United States was that the status of the territory of Jerusalem was neutral—neither Israel nor Palestine. The Supreme Court held that the statute was unconstitutional in that it infringed on the exclusive presidential power to recognize a sovereign. The court set out three categories of analysis based on Justice Jackson’s concurrence in the 1952 <em>Youngstown Steel Seizure</em> cases on the sharing of power and the president’s authority in foreign affairs. Essentially, the three categories set out a continuum of presidential power.</p> <p>The third category, which is relevant to lifting sanctions, is when the president acts contrary to the express or implied will of Congress. In those circumstances, the president’s power is lowest and the president can only act on the basis of independent power. The <em>Zivotofsky </em>court held that while the president was acting contrary to the express will of Congress, the statute at issue in that case was unconstitutional because Congress did not have power to legislate as the power to recognize sovereign states is exclusive to the president.</p> <p>The <em>Zivotofsky</em> holding, reasoning and interpretations do not apply to lifting statutorily imposed sanctions as the president does not have exclusive power with respect to economic sanctions. The termination provisions in these statutes are constitutional under <em>Zivotofsky</em> and the president cannot choose to ignore those procedures.</p> <h2><strong>Rule of law values matter</strong></h2> <p>Despite these clear constraints on unilateral presidential action described here, it merits noting that the inclination of the executive branch <a href="https://harvardlawreview.org/print/vol-129/zivotofsky-ii-as-precedent-in-the-executive-branch/">and, in particular, the Department of Justice’s Office of Legal Counsel, is to take</a> aggressive positions on the scope of executive power. So, it is conceivable that a president who takes a transactional approach to governing and not an approach grounded in rule of law principles may seek legal justification for disregarding statutory termination provisions. It is also conceivable that a president with little regard for the rule of law would disregard statutory constraints even without the advice of counsel. This is even more likely if an aggressive approach to “getting a deal done” with Russia is adopted.</p> <p>When it comes to lifting Russia sanctions in a judicious and responsible manner, what will matter most is that our elected leaders respect Constitutional processes and the rule of law. Statutes, the Constitution, Congress, and the judiciary may not offer adequate protection if a president chooses to ignore the law.</p> <h6><em><strong>IMAGE: White House with red flowers in the foreground</strong></em></h6> <div class="icon-end-post"></div><div class="mobile-post-tags"><div class="post-tags"><h3>Filed under:</h3><p><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/congress/" rel="tag">Congress</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/democracy/" rel="tag">Democracy</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive/" rel="tag">executive</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-branch/" rel="tag">executive branch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/executive-power/" rel="tag">Executive Power</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ieepa/" rel="tag">IEEPA</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/national-emergencies-act/" rel="tag">National Emergencies Act</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/presidential-powers/" rel="tag">Presidential Powers</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia/" rel="tag">Russia</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/russia-ukraine-war/" rel="tag">Russia-Ukraine War</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/sanctions/" rel="tag">sanctions</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/tag/ukraine/" rel="tag">Ukraine</a></p></div></div></article></main><div id="secondary-right" class="secondary" role="complementary"><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/early-edition-signup/" class="button has-icon icon-pm">Signups for A.M. & P.M. 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Burma and the West Bank Might Be Models.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bradbrooksrubin/" title="Profile and articles by Brad Brooks-Rubin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brad Brooks-Rubin</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 13th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104728/ukraine-constitution-conscientious-objectors/">As Ukraine Struggles for Troops, Its Constitutional Court Considers the Rights of Conscientious Objectors</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nekoliakandrii/" title="Profile and articles by Andrii Nekoliak" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrii Nekoliak</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104676/american-ai-leadership-requires-support-open-source/">The United States Must Win The Global Open Source AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/woodleyballdean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean W. Ball" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean W. Ball</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104622/journalist-in-exile-laments-kyrgyzstan-crackdown-now-extending-to-his-12-year-old-son/">Journalist in Exile Laments Kyrgyzstan Crackdown, Now Extending to His 12-Year-Old Son</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/temirovbolot/" title="Profile and articles by Bolot Temirov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Bolot Temirov</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104655/real-time-litigation-tracker-election/">Election 2024 Real-Time Litigation Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vancejoyce/" title="Profile and articles by Joyce Vance" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joyce Vance</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/geemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Gee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Gee</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104564/election-top-10-nov-4/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104448/older-people-human-rights-africa/">A Historic Day for Older People and Human Rights Across Africa</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mugabowishemaelie/" title="Profile and articles by Elie Mugabowishema" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elie Mugabowishema</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/buchananjane/" title="Profile and articles by Jane Buchanan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jane Buchanan</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104398/new-interpol-chief-abuses-reforms/">As Interpol Gets New Secretary General, What are the Risks of Abuses Over Reforms?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bromundted/" title="Profile and articles by Ted R. Bromund" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ted R. Bromund</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grossmansandra/" title="Profile and articles by Sandra Grossman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Sandra Grossman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenbergilan/" title="Profile and articles by Ilan Greenberg" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ilan Greenberg</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104416/congress-protect-americans-transnational-repression/">Congress Should Protect Americans from Transnational Repression</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ahmedrasheed/" title="Profile and articles by Rasheed Ahmed" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rasheed Ahmed</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104451/pentagon-plan-protect-civilians-promises/">Is The Pentagon’s Plan to Protect Civilians Living up to its Promises?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hunkemadison/" title="Profile and articles by Madison Hunke" class="author url fn" rel="author">Madison Hunke</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104393/election-top-10-oct-29/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104407/authoritarianism-plutocracy-press-freedom/">Rising Authoritarianism and Plutocracy Are a Dangerous Mix for Press Freedom</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 30th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104385/presumptive-privilege-trump-pence/">Does a “Presumptive” Privilege Protect President Trump from Prosecution for Pressuring Pence?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/alschuleralbert/" title="Profile and articles by Albert W. Alschuler" class="author url fn" rel="author">Albert W. Alschuler</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104255/frictionless-government-national-security-constitution/">Frictionless Government and the National Security Constitution</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/deeksashley/" title="Profile and articles by Ashley Deeks" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashley Deeks</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eichensehrkristen/" title="Profile and articles by Kristen Eichensehr" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kristen Eichensehr</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104348/israel-strikes-against-iran/">Making Sense of International Law in Light of Israel and Iran’s Latest Round of “Retaliation”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lieblicheliav/" title="Profile and articles by Eliav Lieblich" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eliav Lieblich</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104334/washington-post-endorsement-bezos/">On Dictatorship and Self-Censorship: Lessons the Owner of a Sudanese Newspaper Could Give Jeff Bezos</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104328/dod-directive-changes/">Much Ado About Nothing: Recent Changes to Department of Defense Directive 5240.01</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nunnjoseph/" title="Profile and articles by Joseph Nunn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joseph Nunn</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goiteinelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Goitein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Goitein</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104242/memorandum-ai-national-security/">The U.S. National Security Memorandum on AI: Leading Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104206/fair-fast-asylum-processing-switzerland/">Fair and Fast Asylum Processing: Lessons from Switzerland</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ghezelbashdaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Daniel Ghezelbash" class="author url fn" rel="author">Daniel Ghezelbash</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hruschkaconstantin/" title="Profile and articles by Constantin Hruschka" class="author url fn" rel="author">Constantin Hruschka</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104174/election-top-10-oct-23/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104130/rule-of-law-index-2024/">Rule of Law Index Shows Some Rays of Hope Amidst Continuing Global Recession</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/andersenelizabeth/" title="Profile and articles by Elizabeth Andersen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elizabeth Andersen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/evangelidesalicia/" title="Profile and articles by Alicia Evangelides" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alicia Evangelides</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104036/heat-map-january-6th-defendants-2/">Heat Map of January 6th Defendants Across the United States</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103956/proud-boys-threat-assessment/">Proud Boys Threat Assessment: From the Planning of January 6th to Future Scenarios</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103773/top-10-election-litigation/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103743/lifting-russia-sanctions/">Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/markustaisa/" title="Profile and articles by Taisa Markus" class="author url fn" rel="author">Taisa Markus</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103918/jack-goldsmith-jack-smith-explanation/">Refuting the Latest Baseless Attacks Against Special Counsel Jack Smith</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103838/un-future-summit-can-teach/">What the UN’s Summit of the Future Can Teach Us – When the Dust Settles</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/streetjordan/" title="Profile and articles by Jordan Street" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jordan Street</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103818/scenario-planning-january-6th/">The “War Game” Documentary, and Simulating a Worse January 6th</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rudesilldakota/" title="Profile and articles by Dakota S. Rudesill" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dakota S. Rudesill</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103777/maintaining-the-rule-of-law-in-the-age-of-ai/">Maintaining the Rule of Law in the Age of AI</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/szilagyikatie/" title="Profile and articles by Katie Szilagyi" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katie Szilagyi</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103478/2024-election-litigation-top-10/">Top 10 Election Litigation Cases in 2024 Implicating the Rule of Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103317/shattering-illusions-how-cyber-threat-intelligence-augments-legal-action-against-russias-influence-operations/">Shattering Illusions: How Cyber Threat Intelligence Augments Legal Action against Russia’s Influence Operations</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kruschmasonw/" title="Profile and articles by Mason W. Krusch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mason W. Krusch</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 8th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103464/beyond-law-reaffirming-the-centrality-of-ethics-in-war/">Beyond Law: Reaffirming the Centrality of Ethics in War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzelke/" title="Profile and articles by Elke Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Elke Schwarz</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/renicneil/" title="Profile and articles by Neil Renic" class="author url fn" rel="author">Neil Renic</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103533/whos-who-jack-smith-immunity-brief/">Who’s Who in Jack Smith’s Immunity Brief</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103433/unlawful-private-militias-government-response/">The Threat from Unlawful Private Militias Has Evolved. The Federal Government’s Response Must Evolve Too.</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mccordmary/" title="Profile and articles by Mary B. McCord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Mary B. McCord</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glickjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Glick" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Glick</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 4th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103348/afghanistan-protect-allies/">US Should Learn from Afghanistan and Vietnam Withdrawals to Better Protect Vulnerable Allies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rscottadams12/" title="Profile and articles by R. Scott Adams" class="author url fn" rel="author">R. Scott Adams</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 3rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103406/iran-israel-escalation/">Threats and Response Options in the Escalating Israel-Iran Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103380/un-future-pact-reform/">The UN’s New Pact for the Future: A Milestone That Can Set a Path for Change</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ponziorichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Ponzio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Ponzio</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/103339/artificial-intelligence-at-2024-united-nations/">AI at UNGA79: Recapping Key Themes</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88039/trumps-legal-and-political-calendar-all-the-dates-you-need-to-know/">Master Calendar of Trump Court Dates: Criminal and Civil Cases</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. 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Experts Weigh In</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hamiltonrebecca/" title="Profile and articles by Rebecca Hamilton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rebecca Hamilton</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100265/musk-trump-legal-boundaries/">Musk, X, and Trump 2024: Where are the Legal and Ethical Boundaries?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/jacksondean/" title="Profile and articles by Dean Jackson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dean Jackson</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100259/u-n-general-assembly-high-level-week-2024-what-experts-are-looking-for/">U.N. 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Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/angelsamara/" title="Profile and articles by Samara Angel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Samara Angel</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/booneclare/" title="Profile and articles by Clare Boone" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clare Boone</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100193/law-war-exploding-pagers-lebanon/">Law of War Questions Raised by Exploding Pagers in Lebanon</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100130/competition-not-control-is-key-to-winning-the-global-ai-race/">Competition, Not Control, is Key to Winning the Global AI Race</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mittelsteadtmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew Mittelsteadt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew Mittelsteadt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mcbridekeegan/" title="Profile and articles by Keegan McBride" class="author url fn" rel="author">Keegan McBride</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97864/political-violence-us-enough/">Political Violence in the United States Is Rising – and It Might Be Up to Americans to Say “Enough!”</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kleinfeldrachel/" title="Profile and articles by Rachel Kleinfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rachel Kleinfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99994/americas-national-security-threat/">America’s Overlooked National Security Threat</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kohharold/" title="Profile and articles by Harold Hongju Koh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harold Hongju Koh</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99964/challenging-state-capture/">To Challenge State Capture, the US Needs a Strategy of State Retrieval</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/prendergastjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Prendergast" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Prendergast</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wilsondamon/" title="Profile and articles by Damon Wilson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Damon Wilson</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 10th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99869/telegrams-security-sham/">Telegram’s Security Sham</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vanlandinghammichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Van Landingham" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Van Landingham</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wildeg/" title="Profile and articles by Gavin Wilde" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gavin Wilde</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 9th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99841/public-safety-reform-targeted-violence/">Public-Safety Reform and Preventing Targeted Violence: Two Sides of the Same Public-Health Coin</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosanderic/" title="Profile and articles by Eric Rosand" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eric Rosand</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weinestevan/" title="Profile and articles by Stevan Weine" class="author url fn" rel="author">Stevan Weine</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gimenezalejandrosantana/" title="Profile and articles by Alejandro Giménez Santana" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alejandro Giménez Santana</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99831/reaim-second-summit-context/">Putting the Second REAIM Summit into Context</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/vestnertobias/" title="Profile and articles by Tobias Vestner" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tobias Vestner</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/cleoburysimon/" title="Profile and articles by Simon Cleobury" class="author url fn" rel="author">Simon Cleobury</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99113/north-korea-growing-threat/">The Growing Threat from North Korea</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kirbymichael/" title="Profile and articles by The Hon. Michael Kirby" class="author url fn" rel="author">The Hon. Michael Kirby</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98855/good-moral-character-trump-immigrants/">‘Good Moral Character?’ Holding Trump to the Same Standards as the Immigrants He Vilifies</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/chenedgar/" title="Profile and articles by Edgar Chen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Edgar Chen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rossdan/" title="Profile and articles by Dan Ross" class="author url fn" rel="author">Dan Ross</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/99069/artificial-intelligence-democracy-effects/">Don’t Downplay Risks of AI for Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nosselsuzanne/" title="Profile and articles by Suzanne Nossel" class="author url fn" rel="author">Suzanne Nossel</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 28th, 2024</p> </li><li> 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Buchwald</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98787/icc-disability-slave-trade/">Time for the International Criminal Court to Recognize Persons with Disabilities and the Slave Trade</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lordjanet/" title="Profile and articles by Janet Lord" class="author url fn" rel="author">Janet Lord</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/schwarzpace/" title="Profile and articles by Pace Schwarz" class="author url fn" rel="author">Pace Schwarz</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/smithmatthew/" title="Profile and articles by Matthew "Hezzy" Smith" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matthew "Hezzy" Smith</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steinmichael/" title="Profile and articles by Michael Ashley Stein" class="author url fn" rel="author">Michael Ashley Stein</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greenalex/" title="Profile and articles by Alex Green" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alex Green</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kayessrosemary/" title="Profile and articles by Rosemary Kayess" class="author url fn" rel="author">Rosemary Kayess</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98801/podcast-international-law-israel-palestine/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Recent Response of International Law and Institutions in Palestine and Israel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/imseisardi/" title="Profile and articles by Ardi Imseis" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ardi Imseis</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hammourishahd/" title="Profile and articles by Shahd Hammouri" class="author url fn" rel="author">Shahd Hammouri</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kattanvictor/" title="Profile and articles by Victor Kattan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Victor Kattan</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/sirleafmatiangai/" title="Profile and articles by Matiangai Sirleaf" class="author url fn" rel="author">Matiangai Sirleaf</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 21st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98754/biden-end-iraq-war/">A Presidential Proclamation to End the Iraq War: Unilateral Executive Action to Defang a Zombie AUMF</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/finucanebrian/" title="Profile and articles by Brian Finucane" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brian Finucane</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a 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Craig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory B. Craig</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 12th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98501/israel-trans-border-torture/">Justice for Trans-border Torture Requires Rethinking the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction in the Israel-Palestine Conflict</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-natansmadar/" title="Profile and articles by Smadar Ben-Natan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Smadar Ben-Natan</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mannitamar/" title="Profile and articles by Itamar Mann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Itamar Mann</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 7th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98445/our-lives-depend-on-cloud/">Our Lives Depend on the Cloud. Now What?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/pendletonjohn/" title="Profile and articles by John Pendleton" class="author url fn" rel="author">John Pendleton</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/leviteariel/" title="Profile and articles by Ariel Levite" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ariel Levite</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 6th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98429/security-council-report-isis-qaeda/">Wake Up Call: UN Security Council’s Report on ISIS and al-Qaeda</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/joscelyntom/" title="Profile and articles by Tom Joscelyn" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tom Joscelyn</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98378/podcast-assessing-laws-of-war/">The Just Security Podcast: Assessing the Laws of War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/droegecordula/" title="Profile and articles by Cordula Droege" class="author url fn" rel="author">Cordula Droege</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 2nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98313/podcast-hostage-policy/">The Just Security Podcast: The Evolution of U.S. Hostage Policy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/foleydiane/" title="Profile and articles by Diane Foley" class="author url fn" rel="author">Diane Foley</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hartigluke/" title="Profile and articles by Luke Hartig" class="author url fn" rel="author">Luke Hartig</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 1st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98273/the-aftermath-of-the-haniyeh-killing-how-to-avoid-a-new-middle-east-war/">The Aftermath of the Haniyeh Killing: How to Avoid a New Middle East War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98261/disability-think-differently-trump/">Donald Trump’s Dangerous Views on Disability and the Power to Think Differently</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/shahparas/" title="Profile and articles by Paras Shah" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paras Shah</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 31st, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97738/just-security-analysis-supreme-court/">Collecting Just Security’s Analysis of the Supreme Court’s Term</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blankharrison/" title="Profile and articles by Harrison Blank" class="author url fn" rel="author">Harrison Blank</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bridgemantess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Bridgeman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Bridgeman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98205/prudential-trump-v-united-states/">A Prudential Way Forward in <i>Trump v. United States</i></a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bobbittphilip/" title="Profile and articles by Philip Bobbitt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Philip Bobbitt</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98091/negotiations-with-iran-now/">Space May be Opening for Negotiations with Iran</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/brewgregory/" title="Profile and articles by Gregory Brew" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gregory Brew</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 29th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98128/united-nations-pact-for-future/">What the Draft UN “Pact for the Future” Tells Us About International Insecurity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/gowanrichard/" title="Profile and articles by Richard Gowan" class="author url fn" rel="author">Richard Gowan</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98082/international-court-of-justices-call-on-all-states-to-end-israels-occupation-and-find-a-path-to-peace/">International Court of Justice’s Call on All States to End Israel’s Occupation and Find a Path to Peace</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nowrojeebinaifer/" title="Profile and articles by Binaifer Nowrojee" class="author url fn" rel="author">Binaifer Nowrojee</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 25th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/98037/doj-special-counsel/"><i> United States v. Nixon </i> at Fifty: Why Judge Cannon Is Wrong About the Attorney General’s Authority to Select a Special Counsel</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ledermanmarty/" title="Profile and articles by Marty Lederman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Marty Lederman</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 24th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97937/azerbaijan-arbitrary-detentions-host-cop29/">Azerbaijan’s Aliyev Extends Arbitrary Detentions Even as He Prepares to Host Global Climate Conference COP29</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovazhala/" title="Profile and articles by Zhala Bayramova" class="author url fn" rel="author">Zhala Bayramova</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramovibad/" title="Profile and articles by Ibad Bayramov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ibad Bayramov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/bayramliemin/" title="Profile and articles by Emin Bayramli" class="author url fn" rel="author">Emin Bayramli</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 23rd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92714/american-autocracy-threat-tracker/">American Autocracy Threat Tracker</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/ben-ghiatruth/" title="Profile and articles by Ruth Ben-Ghiat" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ruth Ben-Ghiat</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/wattsiven/" title="Profile and articles by Siven Watt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Siven Watt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kolbjoshua/" title="Profile and articles by Joshua Kolb" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joshua Kolb</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/warrenandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Warren" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Warren</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kovacs-goodmanjacob/" title="Profile and articles by Jacob Kovacs-Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jacob Kovacs-Goodman</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/barrilleauxfrancois/" title="Profile and articles by Francois Barrilleaux" class="author url fn" rel="author">Francois Barrilleaux</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97922/non-state-civilian-political-institutions/">Assessing the Civilian and Political Institutions of Armed Non-State Actors under International Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/fortinkatharine/" title="Profile and articles by Katharine Fortin" class="author url fn" rel="author">Katharine Fortin</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97826/state-departments-civilian-harm-incident-response/">The State Department’s Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance: How to Make a Good Thing Better</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/blahacharles/" title="Profile and articles by Charles O. (Cob) Blaha" class="author url fn" rel="author">Charles O. (Cob) Blaha</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 18th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97781/three-flaws-supreme-court-immunity/">Three Flaws in the Supreme Court’s Decision on Presidential Criminal Immunity</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/weissmannandrew/" title="Profile and articles by Andrew Weissmann" class="author url fn" rel="author">Andrew Weissmann</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97760/economic-security-presidential-power/">How ‘Economic Security’ is Re-shaping Presidential Power</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/claussenkathleen/" title="Profile and articles by Kathleen Claussen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Kathleen Claussen</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/meyertimothy/" title="Profile and articles by Timothy Meyer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Timothy Meyer</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 16th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97747/trump-docs-case-dismissed/">Judge Cannon Finds Special Counsel Unconstitutional in Trump Classified Documents Case: What’s Next for Jack Smith?</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/klasfeldadam/" title="Profile and articles by Adam Klasfeld" class="author url fn" rel="author">Adam Klasfeld</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/97718/nato-summit-ukraine-russia-china/">After the NATO Summit, Allies Need to Step Up Their Game on Ukraine, Russia, and China</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kramerdavidj/" title="Profile and articles by David J. Kramer" class="author url fn" rel="author">David J. Kramer</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kellyian/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador (ret) Ian Kelly</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 15th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><div class="capitol-breaker"><h3 class="widget-title">Resources</h3></div><aside id="js-scrolling-content-4" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Trackers</h3><div class="flexible-content posts clearfix" style="height:auto;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/81789/russias-eliminationist-rhetoric-against-ukraine-a-collection/">Russia’s Eliminationist Rhetoric Against Ukraine: A Collection</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Aug 26th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/100235/unga-79-expert-analysis-resources/">UNGA 79: Expert Analysis & Resources</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/nirmaya/" title="Profile and articles by Maya Nir" class="author url fn" rel="author">Maya Nir</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/77022/january-6-clearinghouse/">January 6 Clearinghouse</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/goodmanryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan Goodman" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan Goodman</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hendrixjustin/" title="Profile and articles by Justin Hendrix" class="author url fn" rel="author">Justin Hendrix</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/eisennorman/" title="Profile and articles by Norman L. Eisen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Norman L. Eisen</a></p> <p class="date">Mar 14th, 2024</p> </li></ul></div></aside><aside id="js-scrolling-content-6" class="widget js-scrolling-content clearfix"><h3 class="flexible-content-title">Series</h3><div class="flexible-content posts custom-scroll clearfix" style="height:350px;"><ul class="posts-list-min"><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96975/icc-prosecutor-policy-complementarity-cooperation/">Symposium: ICC Prosecutor Launches Policy on Complementarity and Cooperation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/uruenarene/" title="Profile and articles by René Urueña" class="author url fn" rel="author">René Urueña</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/96881/symposium-on-ai-and-human-rights/">Introducing the Symposium on AI and Human Rights</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/peakejessica/" title="Profile and articles by Jessica Peake" class="author url fn" rel="author">Jessica Peake</a></p> <p class="date">Jun 17th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/94368/symposium-view-from-lviv/">Symposium: International Law in Ukraine – The View from Lviv</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Apr 5th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/95879/symposium-international-criminal-court-gaza/">A Symposium on the International Criminal Court and the Israel-Hamas War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 22nd, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/90411/2024-and-beyond-just-securitys-us-election-protection-coverage/">2024 and Beyond: Just Security’s US Election Protection Coverage</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mollenkampallison2/" title="Profile and articles by Allison Mollenkamp" class="author url fn" rel="author">Allison Mollenkamp</a></p> <p class="date">Dec 4th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92429/introducing-just-securitys-series-on-reparations-in-russias-war-against-ukraine/">Introducing Just Security’s Series on Reparations in Russia’s War Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/corrarinomegan/" title="Profile and articles by Megan Corrarino" class="author url fn" rel="author">Megan Corrarino</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 20th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/92446/establish-syria-victims-fund/">It’s Time to Establish a Syria Victims Fund</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/seifjoumana/" title="Profile and articles by Joumana Seif" class="author url fn" rel="author">Joumana Seif</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 19th, 2024</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89838/the-future-of-atrocity-prevention-a-joint-symposium/">The Future of Atrocity Prevention: A Joint Symposium</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/whiddengwendolyn/" title="Profile and articles by Gwendolyn Whidden" class="author url fn" rel="author">Gwendolyn Whidden</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 31st, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/89583/introduction-to-symposium-governing-artificial-intelligence-power-justice-and-the-limits-of-the-law/">Introducing the Symposium on AI Governance: Power, Justice, and the Limits of the Law</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Oct 18th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/88143/introduction-to-symposium-ending-perpetual-war/">Introduction to Symposium: Ending Perpetual War</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/rosenbrianna/" title="Profile and articles by Brianna Rosen" class="author url fn" rel="author">Brianna Rosen</a></p> <p class="date">Sep 11th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/87280/joint-symposium-on-u-s-cooperation-with-the-international-criminal-courts-ukraine-investigation/">Joint Symposium on U.S. Cooperation with the International Criminal Court’s Ukraine Investigation</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">Jul 17th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/86748/u-n-general-assembly-and-international-criminal-tribunal-for-the-crime-of-aggression-against-ukraine/">U.N. General Assembly and International Criminal Tribunal for the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/just-security-admin/" title="Profile and articles by Just Security" class="author url fn" rel="author">Just Security</a></p> <p class="date">May 9th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/85110/introducing-the-symposium-on-u-s-support-for-the-iccs-trust-fund-for-victims/">Introducing the Symposium on U.S. Support for the ICC’s Trust Fund for Victims</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/williamspaul/" title="Profile and articles by Paul R. Williams" class="author url fn" rel="author">Paul R. Williams</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/steriomilena/" title="Profile and articles by Milena Sterio" class="author url fn" rel="author">Milena Sterio</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/duttonyvonne/" title="Profile and articles by Yvonne Dutton" class="author url fn" rel="author">Yvonne Dutton</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kochalexandra/" title="Profile and articles by Alexandra Koch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Alexandra Koch</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/waldocklilian/" title="Profile and articles by Lilian Waldock" class="author url fn" rel="author">Lilian Waldock</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/lavaudfloriane/" title="Profile and articles by Floriane Lavaud" class="author url fn" rel="author">Floriane Lavaud</a>, <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/singhashika/" title="Profile and articles by Ashika Singh" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ashika Singh</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/glimcherisabelle/" title="Profile and articles by Isabelle Glimcher" class="author url fn" rel="author">Isabelle Glimcher</a></p> <p class="date">Feb 13th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84901/antisemitism-and-threats-to-american-democracy/">Antisemitism and Threats to American Democracy</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hershenoveileen/" title="Profile and articles by Eileen B. Hershenov" class="author url fn" rel="author">Eileen B. Hershenov</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/greerryan/" title="Profile and articles by Ryan B. Greer" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ryan B. Greer</a></p> <p class="date">Jan 26th, 2023</p> </li><li> <h4><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84636/toward-a-values-based-foreign-policy-developing-an-ethical-checklist/">Toward a Values-Based Foreign Policy: Developing an Ethical Checklist</a></h4> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/mulreanpeter/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Peter Mulrean (ret.)</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/hawkwilliamj/" title="Profile and articles by William J. Hawk" class="author url fn" rel="author">William J. 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Urbana Champaign and a Visiting Professor at the Kyiv Mohyla Faculty of Law in Ukraine.</p> </div><p class="clearfix"> <a href="mailto:lte@justsecurity.org" class="button has-icon icon-fa"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> Send A Letter To The Editor </a> </p></div></div><div class="post-bottom-row related-posts clearfix"><div class="secondary-left"><h3>Read these related stories next:</h3></div><div class="primary archive-wrap"><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Zelenskyy-Trump-shaking-hands-scaled-e1732164790599.jpg?fit=768%2C282&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/105019/trump-ukraine-policy-peace-talks/">To ‘End’ War in Ukraine, Trump Might Be Tougher on Putin Than Critics Think</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/violagienger/" title="Profile and articles by Viola Gienger" class="author url fn" rel="author">Viola Gienger</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104992/magnitsky-sanctions-iran-impunity-crisis/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/GettyImages-2181065820.jpg?fit=768%2C512&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104992/magnitsky-sanctions-iran-impunity-crisis/">Magnitsky-Style Sanctions Are a Precision Measure for Iran’s Crisis of Impunity</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/thompsonskylar/" title="Profile and articles by Skylar Thompson" class="author url fn" rel="author">Skylar Thompson</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/kubeschnatalia/" title="Profile and articles by Natalia Kubesch" class="author url fn" rel="author">Natalia Kubesch</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 21st, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Collage-6-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C324&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/82513/just-securitys-russia-ukraine-war-archive/">Just Security’s Russia–Ukraine War Archive</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a> and <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/grahamtess/" title="Profile and articles by Tess Graham" class="author url fn" rel="author">Tess Graham</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 20th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Ukraine-US-White-House-protest-scaled-e1731977966913.jpg?fit=768%2C289&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104929/ukraine-biden-trump-missiles/">Biden’s Final Efforts on Ukraine — and Trump’s First Moves</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/frieddaniel/" title="Profile and articles by Ambassador Daniel Fried" class="author url fn" rel="author">Ambassador Daniel Fried</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Climate-collage-scaled.jpg?fit=768%2C308&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/84303/just-securitys-climate-archive/">Just Security’s Climate Archive</a></h3> <p class="author">by <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/author/aptclara/" title="Profile and articles by Clara Apt" class="author url fn" rel="author">Clara Apt</a></p> <p class="date">Nov 19th, 2024</p> </div><div class="result-entry type-post"> <a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104844/sanctions-trump-maximum-pressure/" class="thumb" style="background-image:url(https://i0.wp.com/www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Trump-Iran-sanctions-scaled-e1731639937419.jpg?fit=768%2C271&ssl=1);"></a> <h3><a href="https://www.justsecurity.org/104844/sanctions-trump-maximum-pressure/">Will Renewed `Maximum Pressure’ Sanctions Yield Maximum Results? 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Lifting Russia Sanctions – What Can a President Do Unilaterally?