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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_focuses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Software focuses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Software_focuses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Software focuses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Software_focuses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Simulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_and_verification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_and_verification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Analysis and verification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_verification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Manufacturing preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Functional safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Companies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Companies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Companies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Current</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أتمتة التصميم الإلكتروني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أتمتة التصميم الإلكتروني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektron_dizayn%C4%B1n_avtomatla%C5%9Fd%C4%B1r%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Elektron dizaynın avtomatlaşdırılması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektron dizaynın avtomatlaşdırılması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Автоматизация на проектирането в електрониката – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автоматизация на проектирането в електрониката" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAD" title="ECAD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="ECAD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Design_Automation" title="Electronic Design Automation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Electronic Design Automation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatizaci%C3%B3n_de_dise%C3%B1o_electr%C3%B3nico" title="Automatización de diseño electrónico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Automatización de diseño electrónico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="خودکارسازی طراحی الکترونیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خودکارسازی طراحی الکترونیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception_assist%C3%A9e_par_ordinateur_pour_l%27%C3%A9lectronique" title="Conception assistée par ordinateur pour l'électronique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conception assistée par ordinateur pour l'électronique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90_%EC%84%A4%EA%B3%84_%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%ED%99%94" title="전자 설계 자동화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전자 설계 자동화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8" title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिजाइन स्वचालन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इलेक्ट्रॉनिक डिजाइन स्वचालन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automazione_della_progettazione_elettronica" title="Automazione della progettazione elettronica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Automazione della progettazione elettronica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDA_(%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E4%BD%93)" title="EDA (半導体) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="EDA (半導体)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_de_projeto_de_circuitos_integrados" title="Software de projeto de circuitos integrados – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Software de projeto de circuitos integrados" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Автоматизация проектирования электроники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автоматизация проектирования электроники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Design_Automation" title="Electronic Design Automation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Electronic Design Automation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%94%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Програми проєктування електронних систем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Програми проєктування електронних систем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B3a_thi%E1%BA%BFt_k%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Tự động hóa thiết kế điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tự động hóa thiết kế điện tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E5%8C%96" title="电子设计自动化 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电子设计自动化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E5%8C%96" title="電子設計自動化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電子設計自動化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1194864#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Software for designing electronic systems</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ECAD" redirects here. For the Brazilian organization, see <a href="/wiki/ECAD_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="ECAD (Brazil)">ECAD (Brazil)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/ECAD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="ECAD (disambiguation)">ECAD (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Electronic design" redirects here. For the magazine, see <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Design_(magazine)" title="Electronic Design (magazine)">Electronic Design (magazine)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Electronic design automation</b> (<b>EDA</b>), also referred to as <b>electronic computer-aided design</b> (<b>ECAD</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a category of <a href="/wiki/Software_tools" class="mw-redirect" title="Software tools">software tools</a> for designing <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic systems</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">printed circuit boards</a>. The tools work together in a <a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">design flow</a> that chip designers use to design and analyze entire <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> chips. Since a modern semiconductor chip can have billions of components, EDA tools are essential for their design; this article in particular describes EDA specifically with respect to <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> (ICs). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_days">Early days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest electronic design automation is attributed to <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> with the documentation of its <a href="/wiki/IBM_700/7000_series" title="IBM 700/7000 series">700 series</a> computers in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-CHMuseum_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CHMuseum-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the development of EDA, <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> were designed by hand and manually laid out.<sup id="cite_ref-EJournal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJournal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some advanced shops used geometric software to generate tapes for a <a href="/wiki/Gerber_format" title="Gerber format">Gerber</a> <a href="/wiki/Photoplotter" title="Photoplotter">photoplotter</a>, responsible for generating a monochromatic exposure image, but even those copied digital recordings of mechanically drawn components. The process was fundamentally graphic, with the translation from electronics to graphics done manually; the best-known company from this era was <a href="/wiki/Calma" title="Calma">Calma</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/GDSII" title="GDSII">GDSII</a> format is still in use today. By the mid-1970s, developers started to automate circuit design in addition to drafting and the first <a href="/wiki/Place_and_route" title="Place and route">placement and routing</a> tools were developed; as this occurred, the proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_Conference" title="Design Automation Conference">Design Automation Conference</a> catalogued the large majority of the developments of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-EJournal_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EJournal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next era began following the publication of "Introduction to <a href="/wiki/Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">VLSI</a> Systems" by <a href="/wiki/Carver_Mead" title="Carver Mead">Carver Mead</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Conway" title="Lynn Conway">Lynn Conway</a> in 1980;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considered the standard textbook for chip design.<sup id="cite_ref-CMAward_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMAward-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was an increase in the complexity of the chips that could be designed, with improved access to <a href="/wiki/Functional_verification" title="Functional verification">design verification</a> tools that used <a href="/wiki/Logic_simulation" title="Logic simulation">logic simulation</a>. The chips were easier to lay out and more likely to function correctly, since their designs could be simulated more thoroughly prior to construction. Although the languages and tools have evolved, this general approach of specifying the desired behavior in a textual programming language and letting the tools derive the detailed physical design remains the basis of digital IC design today. </p><p>The earliest EDA tools were produced academically. One of the most famous was the "Berkeley VLSI Tools Tarball", a set of <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> utilities used to design early VLSI systems. Widely used were the <a href="/wiki/Espresso_heuristic_logic_minimizer" title="Espresso heuristic logic minimizer">Espresso heuristic logic minimizer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> responsible for circuit complexity reductions and <a href="/wiki/Magic_(software)" title="Magic (software)">Magic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a computer-aided design platform. Another crucial development was the formation of <a href="/wiki/MOSIS" title="MOSIS">MOSIS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a consortium of universities and fabricators that developed an inexpensive way to train student chip designers by producing real integrated circuits. The basic concept was to use reliable, low-cost, relatively low-technology IC processes and pack a large number of projects per <a href="/wiki/Wafer_(electronics)" title="Wafer (electronics)">wafer</a>, with several copies of chips from each project remaining preserved. Cooperating fabricators either donated the processed wafers or sold them at cost, as they saw the program as helpful to their own long-term growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_birth">Commercial birth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commercial birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Productivity-improving_technologies#Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Productivity-improving technologies">Productivity-improving technologies § Semiconductor device fabrication</a></div> <p>1981 marked the beginning of EDA as an industry. For many years, the larger electronic companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tektronix" title="Tektronix">Tektronix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, had pursued EDA internally, with managers and developers beginning to spin out of these companies to concentrate on EDA as a business. <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Systems" title="Daisy Systems">Daisy Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mentor_Graphics" title="Mentor Graphics">Mentor Graphics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valid_Logic_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Valid Logic Systems">Valid Logic Systems</a> were all founded around this time and collectively referred to as DMV. In 1981, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> additionally began funding of <a href="/wiki/VHDL" title="VHDL">VHDL</a> as a hardware description language. Within a few years, there were many companies specializing in EDA, each with a slightly different emphasis. </p><p>The first trade show for EDA was held at the <a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_Conference" title="Design Automation Conference">Design Automation Conference</a> in 1984 and in 1986, <a href="/wiki/Verilog" title="Verilog">Verilog</a>, another popular high-level design language, was first introduced as a hardware description language by <a href="/wiki/Gateway_Design_Automation" title="Gateway Design Automation">Gateway Design Automation</a>. Simulators quickly followed these introductions, permitting direct simulation of chip designs and executable specifications. Within several years, back-ends were developed to perform <a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">logic synthesis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_day">Modern day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_design" title="Integrated circuit design">Integrated circuit design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Design_closure" title="Design closure">Design closure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">Design flow (EDA)</a></div> <p>Current digital flows are extremely modular, with front ends producing standardized design descriptions that compile into invocations of units similar to cells without regard to their individual technology. Cells implement logic or other electronic functions via the utilisation of a particular integrated circuit technology. Fabricators generally provide libraries of components for their production processes, with simulation models that fit standard simulation tools. </p><p>Most analog circuits are still designed in a manual fashion, requiring specialist knowledge that is unique to analog design (such as matching concepts).<sup id="cite_ref-Layout_book_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layout_book-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, analog EDA tools are far less modular, since many more functions are required, they interact more strongly and the components are, in general, less ideal. </p><p>EDA for electronics has rapidly increased in importance with the continuous scaling of <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> technology.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some users are <a href="/wiki/Foundry_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundry (electronics)">foundry</a> operators, who operate the <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Semiconductor fabrication">semiconductor fabrication</a> facilities ("fabs") and additional individuals responsible for utilising the technology design-service companies who use EDA software to evaluate an incoming design for manufacturing readiness. EDA tools are also used for programming design functionality into <a href="/wiki/FPGA" class="mw-redirect" title="FPGA">FPGAs</a> or field-programmable gate arrays, customisable integrated circuit designs. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_focuses">Software focuses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software focuses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Design_flow_(EDA)" title="Design flow (EDA)">Design flow (EDA)</a></div><p>Design flow primarily remains characterised via several primary components; these include: </p><ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-level_synthesis" title="High-level synthesis">High-level synthesis</a> (additionally known as behavioral synthesis or algorithmic synthesis) – The high-level design description (e.g. in C/C++) is converted into <a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">RTL</a> or the register transfer level, responsible for representing circuitry via the utilisation of interactions between registers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_synthesis" title="Logic synthesis">Logic synthesis</a> – The translation of <a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">RTL</a> design description (e.g. written in Verilog or VHDL) into a discrete <a href="/wiki/Netlist" title="Netlist">netlist</a> or representation of logic gates.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic_capture" title="Schematic capture">Schematic capture</a> – For standard cell digital, analog, RF-like Capture CIS in Orcad by Cadence and ISIS in Proteus.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placement_(EDA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Placement (EDA)">Layout</a> – usually <a href="/wiki/Schematic-driven_layout" title="Schematic-driven layout">schematic-driven layout</a>, like Layout in Orcad by Cadence, ARES in Proteus</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simulation">Simulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Simulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit_simulation" title="Electronic circuit simulation">Electronic circuit simulation</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPICE" title="SPICE">Transistor simulation</a> – low-level transistor-simulation of a schematic/layout's behavior, accurate at device-level.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_simulation" title="Logic simulation">Logic simulation</a> – digital-simulation of an <a href="/wiki/Register-transfer_level" title="Register-transfer level">RTL</a> or gate-netlist's digital (<a href="/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">Boolean</a> 0/1) behavior, accurate at Boolean-level.</li> <li>Behavioral simulation – high-level simulation of a design's architectural operation, accurate at cycle-level or interface-level.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_emulation" title="Hardware emulation">Hardware emulation</a> – Use of special purpose hardware to emulate the logic of a proposed design. Can sometimes be plugged into a system in place of a yet-to-be-built chip; this is called <b><a href="/wiki/In-circuit_emulation" title="In-circuit emulation">in-circuit emulation</a></b>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_CAD" title="Technology CAD">Technology CAD</a> simulate and analyze the underlying process technology. Electrical properties of devices are derived directly from device physics</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kicad_Eeschema_screenshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kicad_Eeschema_screenshot.jpg/380px-Kicad_Eeschema_screenshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kicad_Eeschema_screenshot.jpg/570px-Kicad_Eeschema_screenshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kicad_Eeschema_screenshot.jpg/760px-Kicad_Eeschema_screenshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>Schematic capture program</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_and_verification">Analysis and verification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis and verification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_verification" title="Functional verification">Functional verification</a>: ensures <a href="/wiki/Circuit_(computer_science)" title="Circuit (computer science)">logic design</a> matches specifications and executes tasks correctly. Includes dynamic functional verification via simulation, emulation, and prototypes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>RTL Linting for adherence to coding rules such as syntax, semantics, and style.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_domain_crossing" title="Clock domain crossing">Clock domain crossing verification</a> (CDC check): similar to <a href="/wiki/Lint_programming_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Lint programming tool">linting</a>, but these checks/tools specialize in detecting and reporting potential issues like <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">data loss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metastability_in_electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastability in electronics">meta-stability</a> due to use of multiple <a href="/wiki/Clock_domain" class="mw-redirect" title="Clock domain">clock domains</a> in the design.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_verification" title="Formal verification">Formal verification</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a>: attempts to prove, by mathematical methods, that the system has certain desired properties, and that some undesired effects (such as <a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">deadlock</a>) cannot occur.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_equivalence_checking" title="Formal equivalence checking">Equivalence checking</a>: algorithmic comparison between a chip's <a href="/wiki/RTLinux" title="RTLinux">RTL</a>-description and synthesized gate-<a href="/wiki/Netlist" title="Netlist">netlist</a>, to ensure functional equivalence at the <i>logical</i> level.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_timing_analysis" title="Static timing analysis">Static timing analysis</a>: analysis of the timing of a circuit in an input-independent manner, hence finding a worst case over all possible inputs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Layout extraction">Layout extraction</a>: starting with a proposed layout, compute the (approximate) electrical characteristics of every wire and device. Often used in conjunction with static timing analysis above to estimate the performance of the completed chip.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field_solver" title="Electromagnetic field solver">Electromagnetic field solvers</a>, or just <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field_solver" title="Electromagnetic field solver">field solvers</a>, solve Maxwell's equations directly for cases of interest in IC and PCB design. They are known for being slower but more accurate than the <a href="/wiki/Layout_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Layout extraction">layout extraction</a> above.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_verification" title="Physical verification">Physical verification</a>, PV: checking if a design is physically manufacturable, and that the resulting chips will not have any function-preventing physical defects, and will meet original specifications.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_preparation">Manufacturing preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Manufacturing preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mask_data_preparation" title="Mask data preparation">Mask data preparation</a> or MDP - The generation of actual <a href="/wiki/Photolithography" title="Photolithography">lithography</a> <a href="/wiki/Photomask" title="Photomask">photomasks</a>, utilised to physically manufacture the chip. <ul><li><i>Chip finishing</i> which includes custom designations and structures to improve <a href="/wiki/Design_for_manufacturability_(IC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Design for manufacturability (IC)">manufacturability</a> of the layout. Examples of the latter are a seal ring and filler structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Layout_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Layout-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Producing a <i>reticle layout</i> with test patterns and alignment marks.</li> <li><i>Layout-to-mask preparation</i> that enhances layout data with graphics operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Resolution_enhancement_techniques" class="mw-redirect" title="Resolution enhancement techniques">resolution enhancement techniques</a> (RET) – methods for increasing the quality of the final <a href="/wiki/Photomask" title="Photomask">photomask</a>. This also includes <a href="/wiki/Optical_proximity_correction" title="Optical proximity correction">optical proximity correction</a> (OPC) or <a href="/wiki/Inverse_lithography_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Inverse lithography technology">inverse lithography technology</a> (ILT) – the up-front compensation for <a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">interference</a> effects occurring later when chip is manufactured using this mask.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mask_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mask generation">Mask generation</a></i> – The generation of flat mask image from hierarchical design.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Automatic_test_pattern_generation" title="Automatic test pattern generation">Automatic test pattern generation</a></i> or ATPG – The generation of pattern data systematically to exercise as many logic-gates and other components as possible.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Built-in_self-test" title="Built-in self-test">Built-in self-test</a></i> or BIST – The installation of self-contained test-controllers to automatically test a logic or memory structure in the design</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_safety">Functional safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Functional safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_safety" title="Functional safety">Functional safety</a> analysis, systematic computation of <a href="/wiki/Failures_In_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Failures In Time">failure in time</a> (FIT) rates and diagnostic coverage metrics for designs in order to meet the compliance requirements for the desired safety integrity levels.</li> <li>Functional safety synthesis, add reliability enhancements to structured elements (modules, RAMs, ROMs, register files, FIFOs) to improve fault detection / fault tolerance. This includes (not limited to) addition of error detection and / or correction codes (Hamming), redundant logic for fault detection and fault tolerance (duplicate / triplicate) and protocol checks (interface parity, address alignment, beat count)</li> <li>Functional safety verification, running of a fault campaign, including insertion of faults into the design and verification that the safety mechanism reacts in an appropriate manner for the faults that are deemed covered.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gschem_and_gerbv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gschem_and_gerbv.jpg/380px-Gschem_and_gerbv.jpg" decoding="async" width="380" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gschem_and_gerbv.jpg/570px-Gschem_and_gerbv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Gschem_and_gerbv.jpg/760px-Gschem_and_gerbv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>PCB layout and schematic for connector design</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Companies">Companies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_EDA_companies" title="List of EDA companies">List of EDA companies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current">Current</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Current"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">Market capitalization</a> and company name as of March 2023: </p> <ul><li>$57.87 billion<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Synopsys" title="Synopsys">Synopsys</a></li> <li>$56.68 billion<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems" title="Cadence Design Systems">Cadence Design Systems</a></li> <li>$24.98 billion<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Ansys" title="Ansys">Ansys</a></li> <li>AU$4.88 billion<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Altium" title="Altium">Altium</a></li> <li>¥77.25 billion<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – <a href="/wiki/Zuken" title="Zuken">Zuken</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defunct">Defunct</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Defunct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Market capitalization and company name as of December 2011<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>$2.33 billion – <a href="/wiki/Mentor_Graphics" title="Mentor Graphics">Mentor Graphics</a>; <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> acquired Mentor in 2017 and renamed as Siemens EDA in 2021<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>$507 million – <a href="/wiki/Magma_Design_Automation" title="Magma Design Automation">Magma Design Automation</a>; Synopsys acquired Magma in February 2012<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>NT$6.44 billion – <a href="/wiki/SpringSoft" class="mw-redirect" title="SpringSoft">SpringSoft</a>; Synopsys acquired SpringSoft in August 2012</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acquisitions">Acquisitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Acquisitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many EDA companies acquire small companies with software or other technology that can be adapted to their core business.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the market leaders are amalgamations of many smaller companies and this trend is helped by the tendency of software companies to design tools as accessories that fit naturally into a larger vendor's suite of programs on <a href="/wiki/Digital_circuitry" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital circuitry">digital circuitry</a>; many new tools incorporate analog design and mixed systems.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is happening due to a trend to place <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">entire electronic systems on a single chip</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_conferences">Technical conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Technical conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_Conference" title="Design Automation Conference">Design Automation Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Computer-Aided_Design" title="International Conference on Computer-Aided Design">International Conference on Computer-Aided Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Automation_and_Test_in_Europe" title="Design Automation and Test in Europe">Design Automation and Test in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_and_South_Pacific_Design_Automation_Conference" title="Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference">Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symposia_on_VLSI_Technology_and_Circuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits">Symposia on VLSI Technology and Circuits</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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Design Automation">Foundations and Trends in Electronic Design Automation</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoff_(electronic_design_automation)" title="Signoff (electronic design automation)">Signoff (electronic design automation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_EDA_software" title="Comparison of EDA software">Comparison of EDA software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform-based_design" title="Platform-based design">Platform-based design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_compiler" title="Silicon compiler">Silicon compiler</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electronic_design_automation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span 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EETimes. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4231034/Synopsys-to-buy-Magma-for--507-million">the original</a> on October 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synopsys+to+buy+Magma+for+%24507+million&rft.pub=EETimes&rft.date=2011-11-30&rft.au=Dylan+McGrath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Felectronics-news%2F4231034%2FSynopsys-to-buy-Magma-for--507-million&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+design+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.synopsys.com/index.php?s=20295&item=123337">"Synopsys to Acquire Magma Design Automation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synopsys+to+Acquire+Magma+Design+Automation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.synopsys.com%2Findex.php%3Fs%3D20295%26item%3D123337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectronic+design+automation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirti_Sikri_Desai2006" class="citation web cs1">Kirti Sikri Desai (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www10.edacafe.com/nbc/articles/view_article.php?articleid=301031&interstitial_displayed=Yes">"EDA Innovation through Merger and Acquisitions"</a>. 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January 16, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semiwiki.com/forum/content/">the original</a> on April 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rubin</li> <li><i>Fundamentals of Layout Design for Electronic Circuits</i>, by Lienig, Scheible, Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-39284-0">10.1007/978-3-030-39284-0</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-39284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-39284-0">978-3-030-39284-0</a>, 2020</li> <li><i>VLSI Physical Design: From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure</i>, by Kahng, Lienig, Markov and Hu, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-96415-3">10.1007/978-3-030-96415-3</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-96414-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-96414-6">978-3-030-96414-6</a>, 2022</li> <li><i>Electronic Design Automation For Integrated Circuits Handbook</i>, by Lavagno, Martin, and Scheffer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-3096-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8493-3096-3">0-8493-3096-3</a>, 2006</li> <li><i>The Electronic Design Automation Handbook</i>, by Dirk Jansen et al., Kluwer Academic Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4020-7502-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4020-7502-2">1-4020-7502-2</a>, 2003, available also in German <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-446-21288-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-446-21288-4">3-446-21288-4</a> (2005)</li> <li><i>Combinatorial Algorithms for Integrated Circuit Layout</i>, by Thomas Lengauer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-519-02110-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-519-02110-2">3-519-02110-2</a>, Teubner Verlag, 1997.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">Free and<br />open-source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_systems_drawing" title="Mechanical systems drawing">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRL-CAD" title="BRL-CAD">BRL-CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeCAD" title="FreeCAD">FreeCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HeeksCAD" title="HeeksCAD">HeeksCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreCAD" title="LibreCAD">LibreCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Cascade_Technology" title="Open Cascade Technology">Open Cascade Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSCAD" title="OpenSCAD">OpenSCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QCAD" title="QCAD">QCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RattleCAD" title="RattleCAD">rattleCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(software)" title="Salome (software)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolveSpace" title="SolveSpace">SolveSpace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreePCB" title="FreePCB">FreePCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritzing" title="Fritzing">Fritzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEDA" title="GEDA">gEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiCad" title="KiCad">KiCad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTechLab" title="KTechLab">kTechLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(software)" title="Magic (software)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngspice" title="Ngspice">ngspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano_(software)" title="Oregano (software)">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quite_Universal_Circuit_Simulator" title="Quite Universal Circuit Simulator">QUCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XCircuit" title="XCircuit">XCircuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_systems_drawing" title="Mechanical systems drawing">Mechanical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABViewer" title="ABViewer">ABViewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibre_Design" title="Alibre Design">Alibre Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArchiCAD" class="mw-redirect" title="ArchiCAD">ArchiCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD" title="AutoCAD">AutoCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Alias" title="Autodesk Alias">Autodesk Alias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Inventor" title="Autodesk Inventor">Autodesk Inventor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk_Revit" title="Autodesk Revit">Autodesk Revit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoTURN" title="AutoTURN">AutoTURN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BricsCAD" title="BricsCAD">BricsCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADKEY" title="CADKEY">CADKEY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CATIA" title="CATIA">CATIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimatron" title="Cimatron">Cimatron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_(CAD_program)" title="Cobalt (CAD program)">Cobalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTC_Creo_Elements/Direct_Drafting" title="PTC Creo Elements/Direct Drafting">Creo Elements/Direct Drafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTC_Creo_Elements/Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="PTC Creo Elements/Pro">Creo Elements/Pro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DesignSpark_Mechanical" title="DesignSpark Mechanical">DesignSpark Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EasyCAD" class="mw-redirect" title="EasyCAD">EasyCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastCAD" title="FastCAD">FastCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FINE_MEP" title="FINE MEP">FINE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FORAN_System" title="FORAN System">FORAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_360" title="Fusion 360">Fusion 360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GstarCAD" title="GstarCAD">GstarCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRONCAD" title="IRONCAD">IRONCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeyCreator" title="KeyCreator">KeyCreator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEDUSA" title="MEDUSA">MEDUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroStation" title="MicroStation">MicroStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemens_NX" title="Siemens NX">NX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onshape" title="Onshape">Onshape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDMS_(software)" title="PDMS (software)">PDMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro/DESKTOP" title="Pro/DESKTOP">Pro/DESKTOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_3D" title="Rhinoceros 3D">Rhinoceros 3D</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grasshopper_3D" title="Grasshopper 3D">Grasshopper 3D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RattleCAD#Source_closing" title="RattleCAD">rattleCAD 4.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RUCAPS" title="RUCAPS">RUCAPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Edge" title="Solid Edge">Solid Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolidWorks" title="SolidWorks">SolidWorks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceClaim" title="SpaceClaim">SpaceClaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-FLEX_CAD" title="T-FLEX CAD">T-FLEX CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinkercad" title="Tinkercad">Tinkercad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TurboCAD" title="TurboCAD">TurboCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VariCAD" title="VariCAD">VariCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electrical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegro_(CAD_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegro (CAD software)">Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altium_Designer" title="Altium Designer">Altium Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD_Electrical" class="mw-redirect" title="AutoCAD Electrical">AutoCAD Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autotrax" title="Autotrax">Autotrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoardStation" class="mw-redirect" title="BoardStation">BoardStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADSTAR" title="CADSTAR">CADSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CircuitMaker" title="CircuitMaker">CircuitMaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR-2000" class="mw-redirect" title="CR-2000">CR-2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR-3000" class="mw-redirect" title="CR-3000">CR-3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR-5000" title="CR-5000">CR-5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR-8000" title="CR-8000">CR-8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta Design">Delta Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DesignSpark_PCB" title="DesignSpark PCB">DesignSpark PCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DipTrace" title="DipTrace">DipTrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAGLE_(program)" title="EAGLE (program)">EAGLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EasyEDA" title="EasyEDA">EasyEDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easytrax" class="mw-redirect" title="Easytrax">Easytrax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeStyle_(CAD_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeStyle (CAD software)">FreeStyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IntegraStation" class="mw-redirect" title="IntegraStation">IntegraStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTspice" title="LTspice">LTspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-Cap" title="Micro-Cap">Micro-Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NI_Multisim" title="NI Multisim">Multisim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrCAD" title="OrCAD">OrCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PADS_(CAD_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="PADS (CAD software)">PADS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-CAD" title="P-CAD">P-CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCB_(software)" title="PCB (software)">PCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protel_(CAD_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protel (CAD software)">Protel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_Design_Suite" title="Proteus Design Suite">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsonix" title="Pulsonix">Pulsonix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolidWorks" title="SolidWorks">SolidWorks Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TangoPCB" class="mw-redirect" title="TangoPCB">Tango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TARGET_(CAD_software)" title="TARGET (CAD software)">TARGET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TopoR" title="TopoR">TopoR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NI_Ultiboard" title="NI Ultiboard">Ultiboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upverter" title="Upverter">Upverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xpedition_(CAD_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xpedition (CAD software)">Xpedition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">File formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_Manufacturing_Format" title="3D Manufacturing Format">3MF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACIS#File_format" title="ACIS">ACIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Additive_manufacturing_file_format" title="Additive manufacturing file format">AMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C3D_Toolkit" title="C3D Toolkit">C3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KeyCreator" title="KeyCreator">CKD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specctra" title="Specctra">DSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Web_Format" title="Design Web Format">DWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Packaging_Conventions" title="Open Packaging Conventions">DWFX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.dwg" title=".dwg">DWG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoCAD_DXF" title="AutoCAD DXF">DXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGES" title="IGES">IGES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavefront_.obj_file" title="Wavefront .obj file">OBJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Design_Alliance" title="Open Design Alliance">OpenDWG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PLY_(file_format)" title="PLY (file format)">PLY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSpice_circuit_file" class="mw-redirect" title="PSpice circuit file">PSpice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specctra" title="Specctra">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">STEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STL_(file_format)" title="STL (file format)">STL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geometric_modeling_kernel" title="Geometric modeling kernel">Modeling<br />kernels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACIS" title="ACIS">ACIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C3D_Toolkit" title="C3D Toolkit">C3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Cascade_Technology" title="Open Cascade Technology">Open Cascade Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasolid" title="Parasolid">Parasolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Geometric_Kernel" title="Russian Geometric Kernel">RGK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_(modelling_kernel)" title="Romulus (modelling kernel)">Romulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KernelCAD" class="mw-redirect" title="KernelCAD">KernelCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShapeManager" title="ShapeManager">ShapeManager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teigha" class="mw-redirect" title="Teigha">Teigha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IntelliCAD" title="IntelliCAD">IntelliCAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_Modeling_Solutions" title="Solid Modeling Solutions">SMLib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DAC-1" title="DAC-1">DAC-1</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sketchpad" title="Sketchpad">Sketchpad</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNISURF" title="UNISURF">UNISURF</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_computer-aided_design_software" title="Comparison of computer-aided design software">Comparison</a> – <a href="/wiki/History_of_CAD_software" title="History of CAD software">History</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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