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initial-scale=1"/><title data-rh="true">German court finds Syrian colonel guilty of crimes against humanity - BBC News</title><meta data-rh="true" name="description" content="The trial of Anwar Raslan was the world's first criminal case over state-led torture in Syria."/><meta data-rh="true" name="theme-color" content="#FFFFFF"/><meta data-rh="true" property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/bbcnews"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:admins" content="100004154058350"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:app_id" content="1609039196070050"/><meta data-rh="true" property="fb:pages" 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-6qes9f-NavigationLink-LogoLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-6qes9f-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover,.ssrcss-6qes9f-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus,.ssrcss-6qes9f-NavigationLink-LogoLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-6qes9f-NavigationLink-LogoLink{margin-left:-1rem;padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;}}.ssrcss-6qes9f-NavigationLink-LogoLink:hover,.ssrcss-6qes9f-NavigationLink-LogoLink:focus{padding-bottom:0.25rem;border-bottom-style:none;}.ssrcss-vpg1m9-BlocksWrapper{display:inline-block;}.ssrcss-vpg1m9-BlocksWrapper svg{width:4.5625rem;height:1.3125rem;vertical-align:-0.375rem;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-vpg1m9-BlocksWrapper svg{width:5.25rem;height:1.5rem;vertical-align:-0.4375rem;}}.ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden{position:absolute;overflow:hidden;margin:0;width:1px;height:1px;-webkit-clip-path:inset(100%);clip-path:inset(100%);clip:rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 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(min-width: 55.625rem){.ssrcss-vp47zn-GlobalNavigationLinkList-En >li:nth-of-type(8){display:block;}}@media (min-width: 80rem){.ssrcss-vp47zn-GlobalNavigationLinkList-En >li{display:block;}}.ssrcss-d5c0hm-GlobalNavigationProduct-GlobalNavigationNonProductItem-GlobalNavigationAccount{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;text-align:center;border-right:1px solid #BABABA;-webkit-flex:none;-ms-flex:none;flex:none;text-align:left;}.ssrcss-1wrc3mj-NavigationLink-AccountLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#006def;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;box-sizing:border-box;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}@media (min-width: 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63rem){.ssrcss-qgttmg-AccountText{position:static;overflow:visible;width:auto;height:auto;-webkit-clip-path:none;clip-path:none;clip:auto;white-space:inherit;margin-left:0.5rem;}}.ssrcss-so3uhw-GlobalNavigationProduct{-webkit-flex:1;-ms-flex:1;flex:1;text-align:center;border-right:1px solid #BABABA;}.ssrcss-4aca3d-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#007BC7;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-4aca3d-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-4aca3d-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-4aca3d-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-4aca3d-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-13icshe-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-1j1nxpl-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#0068FF;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-1doc5cp-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#0052A1;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-1g0nxtm-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-13rbivf-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#589E50;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-13rbivf-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-13rbivf-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-13rbivf-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-13rbivf-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-f5m96n-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#002856;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-f5m96n-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-f5m96n-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-f5m96n-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-f5m96n-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-jyg7lk-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;border-bottom-color:#482878;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-jyg7lk-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-jyg7lk-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-jyg7lk-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-jyg7lk-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}.ssrcss-3bcvvu-NavigationLink{display:block;padding:0.25rem 0.875rem;border-bottom-width:0.25rem;line-height:1.4375rem;-webkit-text-decoration:inherit;text-decoration:inherit;color:inherit;white-space:nowrap;}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-3bcvvu-NavigationLink{padding-right:1rem;padding-left:1rem;line-height:1.9375rem;}}.ssrcss-3bcvvu-NavigationLink:hover,.ssrcss-3bcvvu-NavigationLink:focus,.ssrcss-3bcvvu-NavigationLink[data-open='true']{padding-bottom:0;border-bottom-style:solid;}@media (min-width: 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.222222222222222;}}.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button:disabled{opacity:0.2;cursor:auto;}.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button:active:enabled{cursor:pointer;}.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button:hover:enabled,.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button:focus:enabled,.ssrcss-17i5n3j-Button:active:enabled{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;background:#005BC8;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-1a1fy59-IconWrapper{display:inline-block;width:1em;height:1em;min-width:1.25rem;vertical-align:-0.125em;}.ssrcss-1ikuym4-ProductNavigationContainer{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'';font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;position:relative;}.ssrcss-yy5aio-Masthead{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.375;font-family:ReithSerif,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:500;font-feature-settings:'';background:#B80000;color:#FFFFFF;}.ssrcss-12x0ma7-ContentWrapper{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;}.ssrcss-1vyfvn-LogoLink{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:auto;-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;color:inherit;}@media 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;justify-content:space-between;background-color:#B80000;margin:0;}.ssrcss-17vmgpw-PrimaryListContainer .e14xdrat1 .eis6szr3:not(:last-of-type) .eis6szr2 .eis6szr1{border-right-style:solid;border-right-width:0.0625rem;border-right-color:#DB7F7F;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{position:absolute;right:0.5rem;top:0.25rem;border:0.0625rem solid;border-color:#DB7F7F;border-bottom-color:#DB7F7F;background-color:#B80000;}@media (min-width: 25rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{top:0.5rem;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer{display:none;}}.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:active,.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer .ekfn8591:focus{color:#3F3F42;background-color:#FFFFFF;}@media (hover: hover){.ssrcss-19rkgf0-ToggleContainer 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37.5rem){.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer{margin-left:-0.5rem;margin-right:-0.5rem;padding:0.5rem 0;}}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer{background-color:transparent;display:block;padding:0;margin:0;-webkit-flex-basis:100%;-ms-flex-preferred-size:100%;flex-basis:100%;}@media (pointer: coarse){.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer{overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;-ms-overflow-style:-ms-autohiding-scrollbar;-ms-overflow-style:none;scrollbar-width:none;}.ssrcss-196zlx0-MenuListContainer::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none;}}}.ssrcss-min3p3-StyledMenuList{font-family:ReithSans,Helvetica,Arial,freesans,sans-serif;font-weight:400;font-feature-settings:'';}@media (min-width: 37.5rem){.ssrcss-min3p3-StyledMenuList{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;position:relative;left:-0.5rem;}@media (pointer: 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spacing="2" class="ssrcss-d7aixc-ClusterItems e1ihwmse0"><li><a href="/web/20220113190701/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/cg41ylwvggnt" class="ssrcss-1yno9a1-StyledLink ed0g1kj0">Syrian civil war</a></li></ul></div></div></div></header><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-vk3nhx-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1xtcmof-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Syrian campaigner of the Caesar Families Association Yasmen Almashan holds pictures of victims of the Syrian regime as she and others wait outside the courthouse where former Syrian intelligence officer Anwar Raslan is on trial in Koblenz, western Germany on January 13, 2022" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-5ccyy0-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">Syrians stood outside the court in Koblenz clutching photos of victims of the civil war</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00"><b class="ssrcss-hmf8ql-BoldText e5tfeyi3">A German court has sentenced a Syrian colonel to life in prison for crimes against humanity in a historic trial.</b></p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Anwar Raslan, 58, was linked to the torture of over 4,000 people in Syria's civil war in a jail known as "Hell on Earth".</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The trial in Koblenz is the world's first criminal case brought over state-led torture in Syria.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/media.aspx?IsMediaPage=true" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">UN rights chief Michelle Bachelet praised the conviction</a> as a "landmark leap forward" in the pursuit of truth.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">It's hard to imagine what the men and women incarcerated in Syria's notorious Al-Khatib prison had to endure.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">At the heart of it, Raslan was accused of being a high-ranking security service officer under President Bashar al-Assad as mass anti-government protests were violently crushed in 2011.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Many protesters and others suspected of opposing the regime were rounded up and detained in the Al-Khatib facility in Damascus where, prosecutors say, Mr Raslan directed operations. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">He was charged with 58 murders as well as rape and sexual assault, and the torture of at least 4,000 people held there between 2011 and 2012. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">The ruling is significant, especially for those who survived Al-Khatib and gave evidence during the trial. A criminal court has now formally acknowledged that crimes against humanity were perpetrated by the Assad regime against its own citizens. </p></div></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-y32r44-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper e1xue1i88"><h2 tabindex="-1" id="subheadline-10" class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10"><span role="text">Universal jurisdiction</span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Raslan was arrested in Germany in 2019 having successfully sought asylum there. He denied all the charges against him, saying he had nothing to do with the mistreatment of prisoners and that he actually tried to help some detainees.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1xtcmof-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Syrian defendant Anwar Raslan arrives at court for an unprecedented trial on state-sponsored torture in Syria, on April 23, 2020 at court in Koblenz, western Germany" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1087B/production/_122670776_raslan.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1087B/production/_122670776_raslan.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1087B/production/_122670776_raslan.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1087B/production/_122670776_raslan.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1087B/production/_122670776_raslan.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1087B/production/_122670776_raslan.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1087B/production/_122670776_raslan.jpg" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-5ccyy0-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">The court in Koblenz ruled that Anwar Raslan's face should not be recognisable in media coverage</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">His trial was extraordinary for several reasons. It was unprecedented in taking on Syria's state-led torture and it was prompted by the arrival in Germany of hundreds of thousands of Syrians who'd fled their own country. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Many of the almost 800,000 Syrians who now live in Germany brought with them terrible stories of what happened to those who opposed the Assad regime, and German human rights lawyers took up their cause, using the principle of universal jurisdiction to bring the case to court. This allows serious crimes committed in one country to be tried elsewhere.</p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-h61a99-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="line" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png" width="624" height="2" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-y32r44-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper e1xue1i88"><h2 tabindex="-1" id="subheadline-16" class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10"><span role="text">What happened at Al-Khatib?</span></h2></div><div data-component="unordered-list-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><div class="ssrcss-1pzprxn-BulletListContainer e5tfeyi0"><ul role="list"><li>The underground detention facility is part of "Branch 251" of the General Security Directorate (GSD), one of Syria's four main intelligence agencies</li><li>It consists of two buildings in central Al-Khatib area of Damascus, according to witnesses and defectors</li><li>Anwar Raslan was <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701/https://www.generalbundesanwalt.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2019/Pressemitteilung-vom-29-10-2019.html" class="ssrcss-9nsdc6-InlineLink e1no5rhv0">alleged to have overseen torture of detainees </a>as head of Branch 251's investigations section from April 2011, a month after the uprising began against President Assad, until his defection in September 2012</li><li>Syrian journalist Amer Matar, held in April 2011, told the trial people were "being tortured without any logic" and that Raslan ripped off his blindfold during one interrogation, swore at him and hit him in the face</li></ul></div></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-h61a99-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="line" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/1FCD/production/_105914180_line976-nc.png" width="624" height="2" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Wolfgang Kaleck, head of the European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights which has led the case, says it's hard to talk about justice given that hundreds of thousands of people have been tortured and tens of thousands have died as a result. </p></div></div><div data-component="include-block" class="ssrcss-1kgou70-ComponentWrapper-IncludeComponentWrapper e1xue1i84"><div data-component="include-html" 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format("truetype"); } @font-face { font-family: 'NotoSansEthiopic'; font-display: swap; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/graphics/static/media/NotoSansEthiopic-Bold.ttf) format("truetype"); font-weight: bold; } @font-face { font-family: 'Mallanna'; font-display: swap; src: url(https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/graphics/static/media/mallanna.ttf) format("truetype"); } </style><div data-uuid="3a52f9d8-8925-4df3-b7c1-4f0e4305a925" class="sc-bdVaJa rPqeC"><div data-graphicpic="true" class="sc-htpNat kUePcj"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/assets/c3580d88-47aa-49f7-938c-c7781ee5b748" alt="Wolfgang Kaleck" class="sc-bwzfXH cODTrb"/><div dir="ltr" class="sc-bxivhb huvKBR">BBC</div></div><blockquote dir="ltr" class="sc-gzVnrw blLFIH"><svg width="30" height="25" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-label="Quote" class="sc-htoDjs kGbKV"><g fill="#C9A975" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="rotate(0 15 12)"><path d="M0 15.614c0-4.538 1.106-8.074 3.319-10.61C5.53 2.47 8.697.801 12.817 0v4.626c-3.143.89-5.234 2.55-6.271 4.983-.58 1.304-.809 2.535-.687 3.692H13V25H0v-9.386zM17 15.614c0-4.538 1.106-8.074 3.319-10.61C22.53 2.47 25.697.801 29.817 0v4.626c-3.143.89-5.234 2.55-6.271 4.983-.58 1.304-.809 2.535-.687 3.692H30V25H17v-9.386z"></path></g></svg><div class="sc-dnqmqq dHUwnI">International criminal justice, universal jurisdiction always comes too late and it's never enough but… I would say it's an important step forward</div><svg width="43" height="3" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 43 3" class="sc-iwsKbI jiPRqw"><path d="M1.5 1.5h40" stroke="#C9A975" stroke-width="3" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="square"></path></svg><footer class="sc-gZMcBi honXkL"><cite class="sc-gqjmRU klLnaG"><strong>Wolfgang Kaleck</strong><br/>European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights </cite></footer></blockquote></div></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1ix1qms-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="1px transparent line" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/4BEB/production/_112953491__108802839_624_transparent-nc.png 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/4BEB/production/_112953491__108802839_624_transparent-nc.png 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/4BEB/production/_112953491__108802839_624_transparent-nc.png 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/4BEB/production/_112953491__108802839_624_transparent-nc.png 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/4BEB/production/_112953491__108802839_624_transparent-nc.png 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/4BEB/production/_112953491__108802839_624_transparent-nc.png 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/4BEB/production/_112953491__108802839_624_transparent-nc.png" width="624" height="1" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span></div></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">But perhaps most importantly the trial gave a voice to those whom the Assad regime tried to silence. Fifty survivors have given evidence to the court in Koblenz; 24 are co-plaintiffs in the case. </p></div></div><div data-component="subheadline-block" class="ssrcss-y32r44-ComponentWrapper-HeadlineComponentWrapper e1xue1i88"><h2 tabindex="-1" id="subheadline-23" class="ssrcss-1nmw0uu-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10"><span role="text">Screams of torture</span></h2></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Their stories are horrifying. The court heard how detainees were beaten and doused in cold water. Others were raped or hung from the ceiling for hours on end. Torturers tore out their fingernails and administered electric shocks. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">One survivor told me that he could hear the screams of people being tortured all day, every day. Another that his attackers had used special "tools' and that they had appeared to enjoy what they were doing. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Raslan now faces life in prison and prosecutors sought to bar any possibility of probation after 15 years. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Prosecutors were encouraged by the conviction last year of another Syrian official as part of the same trial. Eyad-al-Gharib, who helped to arrest protesters who were later tortured and killed, was jailed for four and a half years for complicity in crimes against humanity. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Lawyers are preparing cases against a number of other suspects but, ultimately, they'd like to bring to justice those right at the top of the chain of command. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Bashar al-Assad has indicated that he's following the trial, but he and his government have repeatedly denied accusations of torturing or forcibly "disappearing" hundreds of thousands of his own citizens. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">This trial serves another purpose too: to build a body of evidence for use in future proceedings. In addition to witness testimonies, prosecutors in Koblenz have relied on the "Caesar files" - gruesome photographs smuggled out of Syria by a regime whistleblower which show the dead bodies of thousands of people who are believed to have died in detention facilities - many of whom appear to have been tortured. </p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">And it's a reminder of the ongoing plight of many Syrians. </p></div></div><div data-component="image-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><span class="ssrcss-1xtcmof-Placeholder e16icw910"><span><noscript><img alt="Attorney Patrick Kroker (C) and co-plaintiffs Wassim Mukdad (L) and Hussein Ghrer (R) answer journalists' questions outside the courtroom during a break in a trial against two Syrian defendants accused of state-sponsored torture in Syria, on April 23, 2020 in Koblenz" srcset="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 240w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 320w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 480w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 624w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 800w, https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 976w" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20220113190701im_/https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg" width="976" height="549" loading="lazy" class="ssrcss-1drmwog-Image ee0ct7c0"/></noscript></span></span><span role="text" class="ssrcss-99q1ky-StyledFigureCopyright e34k3c20"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image source, </span>Getty Images</span></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-5ccyy0-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Image caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">Twenty-four survivors were co-plaintiffs in the case including Wassim Mukdad (L) and Hussein Ghrer (R)</div></figcaption></figure></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">Wassim Mukdad, who was first detained in 2011 and now lives in Germany, gave evidence to the trial and returned to the court for the verdict.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">"For me, this is the first step in a very long way towards justice," he has told the BBC.</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">There are many stories that have not been heard, he says: "Either because they are still detained now - while we're talking, they're suffering torture and horrible situations in the detention centres. Or because they were murdered."</p></div></div><div data-component="text-block" class="ssrcss-uf6wea-RichTextComponentWrapper e1xue1i85"><div class="ssrcss-17j9f6r-RichTextContainer e5tfeyi1"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">And then, he adds, there were those who died as they tried to reach Europe, drowning at sea or freezing on Europe's borders.</p></div></div><div data-component="media-block" class="ssrcss-18mjolk-ComponentWrapper e1xue1i89"><figure class="ssrcss-wpgbih-StyledFigure e34k3c23"><div class="ssrcss-ab5fd8-StyledFigureContainer e34k3c21"><div class="ssrcss-dtyrnv-MediaPlayerWrapper e1h75hkw3"><div class="ssrcss-aqb7dr-Container e1h75hkw2"><div data-testid="bbc-logo-wrapper" class="ssrcss-1d84lqw-LogoIconWrapper e1h75hkw0"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 210.69 60" class="ssrcss-xi5oyi-StyledIcon e6m7o991" focusable="false" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M36.76 33.87c-2.21-.78-3.78-.78-7.12-.78h-5.18v11.79H30c4.28 0 5.61-.25 7.37-1a5.58 5.58 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10.38 0 012.71 7.32 10.78 10.78 0 01-1.92 5.88zM146.93 0v60h63.76V0zM198 48.24a36.9 36.9 0 01-8.07 3 38.19 38.19 0 01-8.6.93 28.11 28.11 0 01-12.73-2.8 22.06 22.06 0 01-8.73-7.84 20.39 20.39 0 01-3.35-11.13 21.92 21.92 0 013.4-11.71 23 23 0 019-8A28.39 28.39 0 01182 7.86a35.63 35.63 0 017.52 1 58.32 58.32 0 018 2.65v8A40.05 40.05 0 00189.8 16a28.65 28.65 0 00-7.39-1.28 19.92 19.92 0 00-9 1.7 15.8 15.8 0 00-6.57 5.51 14.64 14.64 0 006.46 21.71 21.75 21.75 0 009.09 1.65 26.09 26.09 0 007.1-1.2 34.81 34.81 0 008.5-4z"></path></svg></div></div><noscript><div class="ssrcss-rjl2v3-ErrorMessage eitf6461"><div class="ssrcss-mufbiz-StyledInnerContainer eitf6460"><p class="ssrcss-1q0x1qg-Paragraph eq5iqo00">This video can not be played</p><h2 class="ssrcss-1qr3f1s-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">To play this video you need to enable JavaScript in your browser.</h2></div></div></noscript></div></div><figcaption class="ssrcss-5ccyy0-StyledFigureCaption e34k3c22"><span class="ssrcss-1f39n02-VisuallyHidden e1y6uwnp0">Media caption, </span><div spacing="6" class="ssrcss-1yybcoc-Stack e1y4nx260">Artist Sami told the BBC's Lina Sinjab of the horror of prison in Syria (video from 2015)</div></figcaption></figure></div><section data-component="see-alsos" class="ssrcss-2z3pjz-SectionWrapper e1nh2i2l2"><h2 class="ssrcss-18xk9km-StyledHeading e1fj1fc10">More on this story</h2><ul role="list" spacing="responsive" class="ssrcss-v19xcd-Stack e1y4nx260"><li class="ssrcss-1kjfs1c-PromoItem e1nh2i2l4"><div class="ssrcss-1s4uljh-Promo ett16tt0"><div class="ssrcss-1wok6t6-PromoNoImage e98n9a20"><div class="ssrcss-1gi6l8c-PromoContent e1f5wbog7"><div spacing="2" class="ssrcss-1cbga70-Stack e1y4nx260"><a href="/web/20220113190701/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-56160486" class="ssrcss-o79sa2-PromoLink e1f5wbog0"><span role="text"><p class="ssrcss-17zglt8-PromoHeadline e1f5wbog4"><span aria-hidden="false">Syrian ex-agent convicted in landmark torture case</span></p></span></a></div><div spacing="4" 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ago\",\"publishedDateTime\":\"2022-01-13T14:29:45.000Z\",\"translations\":{\"aroundTheBBC\":\"Around the BBC\",\"externalLinksWarningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"published\":\"Published\",\"relatedInternetLinks\":\"Related Internet Links\",\"seeAlsos\":\"More on this story\",\"socialEmbed\":{\"instagram\":{\"warningText\":null,\"linkText\":null},\"facebook\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original post on Facebook\"},\"twitter\":{\"warningText\":\"The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites.\",\"linkText\":\"View original tweet on Twitter\"},\"youtube\":{\"warningText\":\"Warning: Third party content may contain adverts\",\"linkText\":null}},\"tagList\":\"Related Topics\",\"updated\":\"Updated\"}},\"headline\":\"German court finds Syrian colonel guilty of crimes against humanity\",\"content\":{\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Syrians stood outside the court in Koblenz clutching photos of victims of the civil war\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Syrian campaigner of the Caesar Families Association Yasmen Almashan holds pictures of victims of the Syrian regime as she and others wait outside the courthouse where former Syrian intelligence officer Anwar Raslan is on trial in Koblenz, western Germany on January 13, 2022\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/00A9/production/_122696100_koblenz.jpg 320w, 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3.692H30V25H17v-9.386z\\\">\\u003c/path>\\u003c/g>\\u003c/svg>\\u003cdiv class=\\\"sc-dnqmqq dHUwnI\\\">International criminal justice, universal jurisdiction always comes too late and it's never enough but… I would say it's an important step forward\\u003c/div>\\u003csvg width=\\\"43\\\" height=\\\"3\\\" xmlns=\\\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\\\" viewBox=\\\"0 0 43 3\\\" class=\\\"sc-iwsKbI jiPRqw\\\">\\u003cpath d=\\\"M1.5 1.5h40\\\" stroke=\\\"#C9A975\\\" stroke-width=\\\"3\\\" fill=\\\"none\\\" fill-rule=\\\"evenodd\\\" stroke-linecap=\\\"square\\\">\\u003c/path>\\u003c/svg>\\u003cfooter class=\\\"sc-gZMcBi honXkL\\\">\\u003ccite class=\\\"sc-gqjmRU klLnaG\\\">\\u003cstrong>Wolfgang Kaleck\\u003c/strong>\\u003cbr/>European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights \\u003c/cite>\\u003c/footer>\\u003c/blockquote>\\u003c/div>\\u003cscript type=\\\"text/javascript\\\" src=\\\"https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/graphics/static/js/quotePic.37c63597.js\\\">\\u003c/script>\\u003cscript 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Fifty survivors have given evidence to the court in Koblenz; 24 are co-plaintiffs in the case. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But perhaps most importantly the trial gave a voice to those whom the Assad regime tried to silence. Fifty survivors have given evidence to the court in Koblenz; 24 are co-plaintiffs in the case. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Screams of torture\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Screams of torture\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2,\"fontScale\":\"headlineSmall\",\"id\":\"subheadline-23\",\"isFocusable\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Their stories are horrifying. The court heard how detainees were beaten and doused in cold water. Others were raped or hung from the ceiling for hours on end. Torturers tore out their fingernails and administered electric shocks. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Their stories are horrifying. The court heard how detainees were beaten and doused in cold water. Others were raped or hung from the ceiling for hours on end. Torturers tore out their fingernails and administered electric shocks. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One survivor told me that he could hear the screams of people being tortured all day, every day. Another that his attackers had used special \\\"tools' and that they had appeared to enjoy what they were doing. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One survivor told me that he could hear the screams of people being tortured all day, every day. Another that his attackers had used special \\\"tools' and that they had appeared to enjoy what they were doing. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Raslan now faces life in prison and prosecutors sought to bar any possibility of probation after 15 years. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Raslan now faces life in prison and prosecutors sought to bar any possibility of probation after 15 years. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prosecutors were encouraged by the conviction last year of another Syrian official as part of the same trial. Eyad-al-Gharib, who helped to arrest protesters who were later tortured and killed, was jailed for four and a half years for complicity in crimes against humanity. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prosecutors were encouraged by the conviction last year of another Syrian official as part of the same trial. Eyad-al-Gharib, who helped to arrest protesters who were later tortured and killed, was jailed for four and a half years for complicity in crimes against humanity. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Lawyers are preparing cases against a number of other suspects but, ultimately, they'd like to bring to justice those right at the top of the chain of command. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Lawyers are preparing cases against a number of other suspects but, ultimately, they'd like to bring to justice those right at the top of the chain of command. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Bashar al-Assad has indicated that he's following the trial, but he and his government have repeatedly denied accusations of torturing or forcibly \\\"disappearing\\\" hundreds of thousands of his own citizens. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Bashar al-Assad has indicated that he's following the trial, but he and his government have repeatedly denied accusations of torturing or forcibly \\\"disappearing\\\" hundreds of thousands of his own citizens. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This trial serves another purpose too: to build a body of evidence for use in future proceedings. In addition to witness testimonies, prosecutors in Koblenz have relied on the \\\"Caesar files\\\" - gruesome photographs smuggled out of Syria by a regime whistleblower which show the dead bodies of thousands of people who are believed to have died in detention facilities - many of whom appear to have been tortured. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"This trial serves another purpose too: to build a body of evidence for use in future proceedings. In addition to witness testimonies, prosecutors in Koblenz have relied on the \\\"Caesar files\\\" - gruesome photographs smuggled out of Syria by a regime whistleblower which show the dead bodies of thousands of people who are believed to have died in detention facilities - many of whom appear to have been tortured. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And it's a reminder of the ongoing plight of many Syrians. \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And it's a reminder of the ongoing plight of many Syrians. \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"caption\":{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Twenty-four survivors were co-plaintiffs in the case including Wassim Mukdad (L) and Hussein Ghrer (R)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},\"image\":{\"alt\":\"Attorney Patrick Kroker (C) and co-plaintiffs Wassim Mukdad (L) and Hussein Ghrer (R) answer journalists' questions outside the courtroom during a break in a trial against two Syrian defendants accused of state-sponsored torture in Syria, on April 23, 2020 in Koblenz\",\"copyright\":\"Getty Images\",\"height\":549,\"width\":976,\"src\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg\",\"srcSet\":\"https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/240/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 240w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/320/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 320w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/480/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 480w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 624w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/800/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 800w, https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/BA5B/production/_122670774_walid.jpg 976w\"}}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wassim Mukdad, who was first detained in 2011 and now lives in Germany, gave evidence to the trial and returned to the court for the verdict.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Wassim Mukdad, who was first detained in 2011 and now lives in Germany, gave evidence to the trial and returned to the court for the verdict.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"For me, this is the first step in a very long way towards justice,\\\" he has told the BBC.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"For me, this is the first step in a very long way towards justice,\\\" he has told the BBC.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There are many stories that have not been heard, he says: \\\"Either because they are still detained now - while we're talking, they're suffering torture and horrible situations in the detention centres. 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