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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Literary career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The New Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1905–1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1905–1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1905–1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1905–1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1917–1919" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917–1919"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1917–1919</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917–1919-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gippius_in_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gippius_in_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Gippius in exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gippius_in_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>The last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Selected bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Prose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Drama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Non-fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>English translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zinaida Gippius</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="زينايدا غيبيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زينايدا غيبيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81" title="Зінаіда Мікалаеўна Гіпіус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зінаіда Мікалаеўна Гіпіус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Зінаіда Гіпіюс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зінаіда Гіпіюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Зинаида Гипиус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Зинаида Гипиус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina%C3%AFda_Gu%C3%ADppius" title="Zinaïda Guíppius – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zinaïda Guíppius" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Nikolajevna_Gippiusov%C3%A1" title="Zinaida Nikolajevna Gippiusová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zinaida Nikolajevna Gippiusová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaida_Hippius" title="Sinaida Hippius – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sinaida Hippius" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Hippius" title="Zinaida Hippius – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zinaida Hippius" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%90%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Ζιναΐντα Γκίππιους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζιναΐντα Γκίππιους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina%C3%ADda_Guipius" title="Zinaída Guipius – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zinaída Guipius" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="زینیدا گیپیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زینیدا گیپیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zina%C3%AFda_Hippius" title="Zinaïda Hippius – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zinaïda Hippius" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1_%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Զինաիդա Գիպպիուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զինաիդա Գիպպիուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Nikolajewna_Gippius" title="Zinaida Nikolajewna Gippius – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zinaida Nikolajewna Gippius" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Nikolaevna_Gippius" title="Zinaida Nikolaevna Gippius – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Zinaida Nikolaevna Gippius" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ზინაიდა გიპიუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზინაიდა გიპიუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Зинаида Николаевна Гиппиус – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зинаида Николаевна Гиппиус" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gipiusa" title="Zinaida Gipiusa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zinaida Gipiusa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Nyikolajevna_Hippiusz" title="Zinaida Nyikolajevna Hippiusz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zinaida Nyikolajevna Hippiusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Зинаида Гипиус – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Зинаида Гипиус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="زينايدا جيبيوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="زينايدا جيبيوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Hippius" title="Zinaida Hippius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zinaida Hippius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%83%E3%83%94%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9" title="ジナイーダ・ギッピウス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジナイーダ・ギッピウス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinaida_Gippius" title="Zinaida Gippius – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Zinaida Gippius" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гиппиус, Зинаида Николаевна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гиппиус, Зинаида Николаевна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81" title="Зинаида Гипијус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зинаида Гипијус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Russian poet, playwright, editor, short story writer and religious thinker</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Nikolayevna</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Gippius</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Zinaida Gippius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gippius_1910s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gippius in the early 1910s"><img alt="Gippius in the early 1910s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gippius_1910s.jpg/220px-Gippius_1910s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Gippius_1910s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Gippius in the early 1910s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius<br />20 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 November] 1869<br /><a href="/wiki/Belyov" title="Belyov">Belyov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tula_Governorate" title="Tula Governorate">Tula Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">9 September 1945<span style="display:none">(1945-09-09)</span> (aged 75)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Poet</li><li>novelist</li><li>dramatist</li><li>literary critic</li><li>memoirist</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius</b> or <b>Hippius</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Зинаи́да Никола́евна Ги́ппиус</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[zʲɪnɐˈidə<span class="wrap"> </span>nʲɪkɐˈlajɪvnə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡʲipʲɪus]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5e\/Zinaida_Nikolayevna_Gippius.ru.vorb.oga\/Zinaida_Nikolayevna_Gippius.ru.vorb.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius.ru.vorb.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Zinaida_Nikolayevna_Gippius.ru.vorb.oga/Zinaida_Nikolayevna_Gippius.ru.vorb.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinaida_Nikolayevna_Gippius.ru.vorb.oga" title="File:Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius.ru.vorb.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 20 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 November] 1869 – 9 September 1945) was a <a href="/wiki/Russian_literature" title="Russian literature">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Editor">editor</a> and religious thinker, one of the major figures in <a href="/wiki/Russian_symbolism" title="Russian symbolism">Russian symbolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dic_lit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dic_lit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of her marriage to <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a>, which lasted 52 years, is described in her unfinished book <i>Dmitry Merezhkovsky</i> (Paris, 1951; Moscow, 1991). </p><p>She began writing at an early age, and by the time she met Dmitry Merezhkovsky in 1888, she was already a published poet. The two were married in 1889. Gippius published her first book of poetry, <i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._1889%E2%80%931903" title="Collection of Poems. 1889–1903">Collection of Poems. 1889–1903</a></i>, in 1903, and her second collection, <i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._Book_2._1903-1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909">Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909</a></i>, in 1910. After the <a href="/wiki/1905_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Revolution">1905 Revolution</a>, the Merezhkovskys became critics of Tsarism; they spent several years abroad during this time, including trips for treatment of health issues. They denounced the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, seeing it as a cultural disaster, and in 1919 emigrated to Poland. </p><p>After living in Poland they moved to France, and then to Italy, continuing to publish and take part in Russian émigré circles, though Gippius's harsh literary criticism made enemies. The tragedy of the exiled Russian writer was a major topic for Gippius in emigration, but she also continued to explore mystical and covertly sexual themes, publishing short stories, plays, novels, poetry, and memoirs. The death of Merezhkovsky in 1941 was a major blow to Gippius, who died a few years later in 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zinaida Gippius was born on 20 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 8 November] 1869, in <a href="/wiki/Belyov" title="Belyov">Belyov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tula_Oblast" title="Tula Oblast">Tula</a>, the eldest of four sisters. Her father, Nikolai Romanovich Gippius, a respected lawyer and a senior officer in the Russian Senate, was a German-Russian, whose ancestor Adolphus von Gingst, later von Hippius, came to settle in Moscow in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mother, Anastasia Vasilyevna (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> Stepanova), was the daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a> Chief of Police.<sup id="cite_ref-imdb_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-krugosvet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krugosvet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nikolai Gippius's job entailed constant traveling, and because of this his daughters received little formal education. Taking lessons from governesses and visiting tutors, they attended schools sporadically in whatever city the family happened to stay for a significant period of time (<a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, among others).<sup id="cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibliotekar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of 48 Nikolai Gippius died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-russianculture_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianculture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sok_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sok-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Anastasia Vasilyevna, knowing that all of her girls had inherited a predisposition to the illness that killed him, moved the family southwards, first to <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> (where Zinaida had medical treatment) then in 1885 to <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a>, closer to their uncle Alexander Stepanov's home.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this time, Zinaida had already studied for two years at a girls' school in Kiev (1877—1878) and for a year at the Moscow Fischer Gymnasium.<sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only in <a href="/wiki/Borzhomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Borzhomi">Borzhomi</a> where her uncle Alexander, a man of considerable means, rented a <a href="/wiki/Dacha" title="Dacha">dacha</a> for her, that she started to get back to normal after the profound shock caused by her beloved father's death.<sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zinaida started writing poetry at the age of seven. By the time she met Dmitry Merezhkovsky in 1888, she was already a published poet. "By the year 1880 I was writing verses, being a great believer in 'inspiration', and making it a point never to take my pen away from paper. People around me saw these poems as a sign of my being 'spoiled', but I never tried to conceal them and, of course, I wasn't spoiled at all, what with my religious upbringing," she wrote in 1902 in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Valery_Bryusov" title="Valery Bryusov">Valery Bryusov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-belousenko_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belousenko-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good-looking girl, Zinaida attracted a lot of attention in Borzhomi, but Merezhkovsky, a well-educated introvert, impressed her first and foremost as a perfect kindred spirit. Once he proposed, she accepted him without hesitation, and never came to regret what might have seemed a hasty decision.<sup id="cite_ref-krugosvet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krugosvet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gippius and Merezhkovsky were married on 8 January 1889, in Tiflis. They had a short honeymoon tour involving a stay in the Crimea, then returned to Saint Petersburg and moved into a flat in the <a href="/wiki/Muruzi_House" title="Muruzi House">Muruzi House</a>, which Merezhkovsky's mother had rented and furnished for them as a wedding gift.<sup id="cite_ref-russianculture_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianculture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_career">Literary career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ZinaidaGippius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZinaidaGippius.jpg/220px-ZinaidaGippius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZinaidaGippius.jpg/330px-ZinaidaGippius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/ZinaidaGippius.jpg/440px-ZinaidaGippius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption>Gippius, 13 December 1897</figcaption></figure> <p>Merezhkovsky and Gippius made a pact, each promising to concentrate on what he or she did best, the former on poetry, the latter on prose. The agreement collapsed as Zinaida translated <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Manfred" title="Manfred">Manfred</a></i>, and Dimitry started working on his debut novel <i>Julian the Apostate</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Saint Petersburg Gippius joined the Russian Literary Society, became a member of the Shakespearean Circle (the celebrity lawyer Prince <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ivanovich_Urusov" title="Alexander Ivanovich Urusov">Alexander Urusov</a> being its most famous member), and met and befriended <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Polonsky" title="Yakov Polonsky">Yakov Polonsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollon_Maykov" title="Apollon Maykov">Apollon Maykov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Grigorovich_(writer)" title="Dmitry Grigorovich (writer)">Dmitry Grigorovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Pleshcheyev" title="Aleksey Pleshcheyev">Aleksey Pleshcheyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Veinberg" title="Pyotr Veinberg">Pyotr Veinberg</a>. She became close to the group of authors associated with the renovated <i><a href="/wiki/Severny_Vestnik" title="Severny Vestnik">Severny Vestnik</a></i>, where she herself made her major debut as a poet in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-russianculture_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianculture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890–91 this magazine published her first short stories, "The Ill-Fated One" and "In Moscow". Then three of her novels, <i>Without the Talisman</i>, <i>The Winner</i>, and <i>Small Waves</i>, appeared in <i><a href="/wiki/Mir_Bozhy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Bozhy">Mir Bozhy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing the writing of mediocre, generic prose as a commercial enterprise, Gippius treated her poetry differently, as something utterly intimate, calling her verses 'personal prayers'. Dealing with the darker side of the human soul and exploring sexual ambiguity and <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissism</a>, many of those 'prayers' were considered blasphemous at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibliotekar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detractors called Gippius a 'demoness', the 'queen of duality', and a 'decadent Madonna'. Enjoying the notoriety, she exploited her androgynous image, used male clothes and pseudonyms, shocked her guests with insults ('to watch their reaction', as she once explained to <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Teffi" title="Nadezhda Teffi">Nadezhda Teffi</a>), and for a decade remained the Russian symbol of 'sexual liberation', holding high what she in one of her diary entries termed as the 'cross of sensuality'. In 1901 all this transformed into the ideology of the "New Church" of which she was the instigator.<sup id="cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyr_mef-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1903 the <i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._1889%E2%80%931903" title="Collection of Poems. 1889–1903">Collection of Poems. 1889–1903</a></i>, Gippius's first book of poetry, came out; <a href="/wiki/Innokenty_Annensky" title="Innokenty Annensky">Innokenty Annensky</a> later called the book the "quintessence of fifteen years of Russian modernism." <a href="/wiki/Valery_Bryusov" title="Valery Bryusov">Valery Bryusov</a> was greatly impressed too, praising the "insurmountable frankness with which she document[ed] the emotional progress of her enslaved soul."<sup id="cite_ref-krugosvet_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krugosvet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gippius herself never thought much of the social significance of her published poetry. In a foreword to her debut collection she wrote: "It is sad to realize that one had to produce something as useless and meaningless as this book. Not that I think poetry to be useless; on the contrary, I am convinced that it is essential, natural and timeless. There were times when poetry was read everywhere and appreciated by everybody. But those times are gone. A modern reader has no use for a book of poetry any more."<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s the Muruzi House acquired the reputation of being one of the Russian capital's new cultural centers. Guests recognized and admired the hostess's authority and her talent for leadership, even if none of them found her particularly warm or affectionate.<sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Church">The New Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The New Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z._Gippius_by_L.Bakst_(1906,_Tretyakov_gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Z._Gippius_by_L.Bakst_%281906%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg/220px-Z._Gippius_by_L.Bakst_%281906%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Z._Gippius_by_L.Bakst_%281906%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg/330px-Z._Gippius_by_L.Bakst_%281906%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Z._Gippius_by_L.Bakst_%281906%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg/440px-Z._Gippius_by_L.Bakst_%281906%2C_Tretyakov_gallery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Gippius by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bakst" title="Léon Bakst">Léon Bakst</a>, 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899—1901, encouraged by the group of authors associated with <i><a href="/wiki/Mir_Iskusstva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Iskusstva">Mir Iskusstva</a></i>, the magazine she had become close to, Gippius published critical essays in it using male pseudonyms, Anton Krainy being the best known.<sup id="cite_ref-krugosvet_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krugosvet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analyzing the roots of the crisis that Russian culture had fallen into, Gippius (somewhat paradoxically, given her 'demonic' reputation) suggested as a remedy the 'Christianization' of it, which in practice meant bringing the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> and the Church closer together. Merging faith and intellect, according to Gippius, was crucial for the survival of Russia; only religious ideas, she thought, would bring its people enlightenment and liberation, both sexual and spiritual.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901 Gippius and Merezhkovsky co-founded the Religious and Philosophical Meetings. This 'gathering for free discussion', focusing on the synthesis of culture and religion, brought together an eclectic mix of intellectuals and was regarded in retrospect as an important, if short-lived attempt to pull Russia back from the major social upheavals it was headed for.<sup id="cite_ref-chur_3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chur_3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gippius was the driving force behind the Meetings, as well as the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Novy_Put" title="Novy Put">Novy Put</a></i> (1903–04), launched initially as a vehicle for the former. By the time <i>Novy Put</i> folded (due to a conflict caused by the newcomer <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bulgakov" title="Sergei Bulgakov">Sergei Bulgakov</a>'s refusal to publish her essay on <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Blok" title="Alexander Blok">Alexander Blok</a>), Gippius (as Anton Krainy) had become a prominent literary critic, contributing mostly to <i><a href="/wiki/Vesy" title="Vesy">Vesy</a></i> (Scales).<sup id="cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyr_mef-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Meetings were closed in 1903, Gippius tried to revive her initial idea in the form of what was regarded as her 'domestic Church', based on the controversial Troyebratstvo (Brotherhood of Three), composed of herself, Merezhkovsky, and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Filosofov" title="Dmitry Filosofov">Dmitry Filosofov</a>, their mutual close friend and, for a short while, her lover. This new development outraged many of their friends, like <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a> who saw this bizarre parody on the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, with its own set of quasi-religious rituals, as profanation bordering on blasphemy.<sup id="cite_ref-russianculture_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianculture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rulex_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1905–1917"><span id="1905.E2.80.931917"></span>1905–1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1905–1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triumvirate_by_Re-Mi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Triumvirate_by_Re-Mi.jpg/220px-Triumvirate_by_Re-Mi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Triumvirate_by_Re-Mi.jpg/330px-Triumvirate_by_Re-Mi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Triumvirate_by_Re-Mi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>Gippius, Merezhkovsky and Filosofov. Caricature by Re-Mi (Nikolai Remizov)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1905_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Revolution">1905 Revolution</a> had a profound impact on Gippius. During the next decade the Merezhkovskys were harsh critics of <a href="/wiki/Tsarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarism">Tsarism</a>, radical revolutionaries like <a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a> now entering their narrow circle of close friends. In February 1906 the couple left for France to spend more than two years in what they saw as self-imposed exile, trying to introduce Western intellectuals to their 'new religious consciousness'. In 1906 Gippius published the collection of short stories <i>Scarlet Sword</i> (Алый меч), and in 1908 the play <i>Poppie Blossom</i> (Маков цвет) came out, with Merezhkovsky and Filosofov credited as co-authors.<sup id="cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibliotekar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyr_mef-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disappointed with the indifference of European cultural elites to their ideas, the trio returned home. Back in Saint Petersburg Gippius's health deteriorated, and for the next six years she (along with her husband, who had heart problems) regularly visited European health resorts and clinics. During one such voyage in 1911 Gippius bought a cheap apartment in Paris, at Rue Colonel Bonnet, 11-bis. What at the time felt like a casual, unnecessary purchase, later saved them from homelessness abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the political tension in Russia subsided, the Meetings were re-opened as the Religious and Philosophical Society, in 1908. But Russian Church leaders ignored it, and soon the project withered into a mere literary circle. The heated discussion over the <i><a href="/wiki/Vekhi" title="Vekhi">Vekhi</a></i> manifesto led to a clash between the Merezhkovskys and Filosofov on the one hand and <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Rozanov" title="Vasily Rozanov">Vasily Rozanov</a> on the other; the latter quit and severed ties with his old friends. </p><p>By the time her <i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._Book_2._1903-1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909">Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909</a></i> came out in 1910, Gippius had become a well-known (though by no means as famous as her husband) European author, translated into German and French. In 1912 her book of short stories <i>Moon Ants</i> (Лунные муравьи) came out, featuring the best prose she had written in years. The two novels, <i>The Demon Dolls</i> (Чортовы куклы, 1911) and <i>Roman-Tsarevich</i> (Роман-царевич, 1912), were meant to be the first and the third book of the <a href="/wiki/Hieromonk" title="Hieromonk">Hieromonk</a> <a href="/wiki/Iliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Iliodor">Iliodor</a> trilogy, which remained unfinished. The literary left panned them as allegedly 'anti-revolutionary', mainstream critics found these books lackluster, formulaic and tendentious.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rulex_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the Merezhkovskys spoke out against Russia's involvement. Still, Gippius launched a support-the-soldiers campaign of her own, producing a series of frontline-forwarded letters, each combining stylized folk poetic messages with small tobacco-packets, signed with either her own, or one of her three servant maids' names. Some dismissed it as pretentious and meaningless, others applauded what they saw as her reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">jingoistic</a> hysteria of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bibliotekar-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1917–1919"><span id="1917.E2.80.931919"></span>1917–1919</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1917–1919"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The Merezhkovskys greeted the 1917 <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> and denounced the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, blaming <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional government</a> for the catastrophe. In her book of memoirs <i>Dmitry Merezhkovsky. Him and Us</i> Gippius wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Like mice for whom the world amounts to just themselves and cats, and nobody else, those 'revolutionaries' knew but one sort of distinction: that between the left and the right. Kerensky and his kind intrinsically saw themselves as the 'left', regarding their enemies as 'the right'. As the Revolution happened (not 'made' by them), the left triumphed, but – again, like mice in a basement where there are no more cats, they were still wary of the 'right' as the only source of fear, having in sight just one danger that in 1917 there was none of. They weren't afraid of the Bolsheviks – they belonged to the 'left' too. They never believed the Bolsheviks would be able to keep the power they had taken, and failed to notice how the latter, having stolen their slogans, started to use them with ingenuity, speaking of 'land for peasants', 'peace for everybody', 'the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Assembly</a> reinstated', republic, freedom and all that...<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FilosofovMerejkovskyGippiusZlobin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FilosofovMerejkovskyGippiusZlobin.JPG/220px-FilosofovMerejkovskyGippiusZlobin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FilosofovMerejkovskyGippiusZlobin.JPG/330px-FilosofovMerejkovskyGippiusZlobin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FilosofovMerejkovskyGippiusZlobin.JPG/440px-FilosofovMerejkovskyGippiusZlobin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Filosofov (left), Merezhkovsky (center), Gippius, and Zlobin, circa 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>Gippius saw the October Revolution as the end of Russia and the coming of the Kingdom of Antichrist. "It felt as if some pillow fell on you to strangle... Strangle what — the city? The country? No, something much, much bigger," — she wrote in her 26 October 1917, diary entry.<sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1917 Gippius was still able to publish her anti-Bolshevik verses in what remained of the old newspapers, but the next year was nightmarish, according to her <i>Diaries</i>. Ridiculing <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> ("I can see why he is so attracted to the Bolsheviks: they’ve leapfrogged him"), she wrote of <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> atrocities ("In Kiev 1200 officers killed; legs severed, boots taken off." — 23 February. "In <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a> teenager <a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">cadets</a> shot down — for being mistakenly taken for <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Constitutional Democratic Party</a> cadets, the banned ones." — 17 March), of mass hunger and her own growing feeling of dull indifference. "Those who still have a soul in them walk around like corpses: neither protesting, nor suffering, waiting for nothing, bodies and souls slumped into hunger-induced dormancy."<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Expressing some sympathy for 'the weeping <a href="/wiki/Lunacharsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunacharsky">Lunacharsky</a>' (the only Bolshevik leader to express at least some regret concerning the cruelties of the repressive organs), Gippius wrote: "The things that happen now have nothing to do with Russian history. They will be forgotten, like the atrocities of some savages on a faraway island; will vanish without a trace."<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Last Poems (1914–1918)</i>, published in 1918, presented a stark and gloomy picture of revolutionary Russia as Gippius saw it. After the defeats of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a>, respectively, the Merezhkovskys moved to <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>. In late 1919, invited to join a group of 'red professors' in Crimea, Gippius chose not to, having heard of massacres orchestrated by local chiefs <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Kun" title="Béla Kun">Béla Kun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosalia_Zemlyachka" title="Rosalia Zemlyachka">Rosalia Zemlyachka</a>. Having obtained permission to leave the city (the pretext being that they would head for the frontlines, with lectures on Ancient Egypt for <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> fighters), Merezhkovsky and Gippius, as well as her secretary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zlobin" title="Vladimir Zlobin">Vladimir Zlobin</a> and Dmitry Filosofov, departed to <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> by train.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gippius_in_exile">Gippius in exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gippius in exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gippius_Filosofov_Merezhkovsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gippius_Filosofov_Merezhkovsky.jpg/220px-Gippius_Filosofov_Merezhkovsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gippius_Filosofov_Merezhkovsky.jpg/330px-Gippius_Filosofov_Merezhkovsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Gippius_Filosofov_Merezhkovsky.jpg/440px-Gippius_Filosofov_Merezhkovsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Gippius with Filosofov and Merezhkovsky (right) c. 1920</figcaption></figure> <p>Their first destination was <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> where Merezhkovsky and Gippius gave a series of lectures for Russian immigrants and published political pamphlets in the <i>Minsk Courier</i>. During a stay of several months in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> Gippius edited the <i>Svoboda</i> newspaper. Disillusioned with <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Pilsudski" class="mw-redirect" title="Jozef Pilsudski">Jozef Pilsudski</a>'s policies, the Merezhkovskys and Zlobin left for France on 20 October without Filosofov, who chose to stay in the city with Boris Savinkov.<sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Merezhkovskys's relocation to France was facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Olga_Petit" title="Olga Petit">Olga</a> and Eugene Petit, who also helped them secure entry and residence permit for their friends such as Ivan Manukhin.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Paris Gippius concentrated on making appointments, sorting out mail, negotiating contracts and receiving guests. The Merezhkovsky's talks, as <a href="/wiki/Nina_Berberova" title="Nina Berberova">Nina Berberova</a> remembered, always revolved around two major themes: Russia and freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-evt_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evt-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backing Merezhkovsky in his anti-Bolshevik crusade, she was deeply pessimistic as regards what her husband referred to as his 'mission'. "Our slavery is so unheard of and our revelations are so outlandish that for a free man it is difficult to understand what we are talking about," she conceded.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tragedy of the exiled Russian writer became a major topic for Gippius in emigration, but she also continued to explore <a href="/wiki/Mystical" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical">mystical</a> and covertly sexual themes. She remained a harsh literary critic and, by dismissing many of the well-known writers of the Symbolist and <a href="/wiki/Acmeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Acmeist">Acmeist</a> camps, made herself an unpopular figure in France.<sup id="cite_ref-karlinsky_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karlinsky-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1920s several of Gippius's earlier works were re-issued in the West, including the collection of stories <i>Heavenly Words</i> (Небесные слова, 1921, Paris) and the <i>Poems. 1911–1912 Diary</i> (1922, Berlin). In <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> <i>The Kingdom of Antichrist</i> (Царство Антихриста), authored by Merezhkovsky, Gippius, Filosofov, and Zlobin, came out, including the first two parts of Gippius's <i>Petersburg Diaries</i> (Петербургские дневники). Gippius was the major force behind the <i>Green Lamp</i> (Зелёная лампа) society, named after the 19th century group associated with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>. Factional altercations aside, it proved to be the only cultural center where Russian émigré writers and philosophers (carefully chosen for each meeting and invited personally) could meet and discuss political and cultural topics.<sup id="cite_ref-krugosvet_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krugosvet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1928 the Merezhkovskys took part in the First Congress of Russian writers in exile held in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Encouraged by the success of Merezhkovsky's <a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Vinci">Da Vinci</a> series of lectures and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s benevolence, in 1933 the couple moved to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> where they stayed for about three years, visiting Paris only occasionally. With the Socialist movement rising there and anti-Russian emigration feelings spurred by President <a href="/wiki/Paul_Doumer" title="Paul Doumer">Paul Doumer</a>'s murder in 1932, France felt like a hostile place to them.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living in exile was very hard for Gippius psychologically. As one biographer put it, "her metaphysically grandiose personality, with its spiritual and intellectual overload, was out of place in what she herself saw as a 'soullessly pragmatic' period in European history."<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_last_years">The last years</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe rendered literature virtually irrelevant, Gippius, against all odds, compiled and published the <i>Literature Tornado</i>, an ambitious literary project set up to provide a safe haven for writers rejected by publishers for ideological reasons. What in other times might have been hailed as a powerful act in support of the freedom of speech, in 1939 passed unnoticed.<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Merezhkovsky and Gippius spent their last year together in a social vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-volk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of whether or not the 1944 text of Merezhkovsky's allegedly pro-Hitler "Radio speech" was indeed a prefabricated montage (as his biographer Zobnin asserted), there was little doubt that the couple, having become too close to (and financially dependent on) the Germans in Paris, had lost respect and credibility as far as their compatriots were concerned, many of whom expressed outright hatred toward them.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Merezhkovsky's death in 1941 came as a heavy blow to Gippius. After the deaths of Dmitry Filosofov and her sister Anna (in 1940 and 1942 respectively) she found herself alone in the world and, as some sources suggest, contemplated suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-wolf_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With her secretary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zlobin" title="Vladimir Zlobin">Vladimir Zlobin</a> still around, though, Gippius resorted to writing what she hoped would some day gel into the comprehensive life story of her late husband. As <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Teffi" title="Nadezhda Teffi">Teffi</a> remembered, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> Gippius spent the last months of her life working, mostly at nights. Filling one journal after another with that fine calligraphic handwriting of hers, she was preparing a major book that was to become, as she saw it, a proper tribute to her lifetime companion, the one she referred to as 'the Great Man'. She praised this man in terms which were most unusual for her – a woman of icy sharp intellect whose view on people around her was so utterly ironic. She must have loved him very, very strongly.<sup id="cite_ref-tff_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tff-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Gippius died on 9 September 1945. Her last written words were: "Low is my price.... And wise is God."<sup id="cite_ref-google_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was interred in <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois_Russian_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois Russian Cemetery">Sainte-Genevieve-des-Bois Russian Cemetery</a> with her husband. A small group of people attended the ceremony, among them <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyr_mef-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wolf_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wolf-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Z_Gippius_1910s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Z_Gippius_1910s.jpg/220px-Z_Gippius_1910s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Z_Gippius_1910s.jpg/330px-Z_Gippius_1910s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Z_Gippius_1910s.jpg/440px-Z_Gippius_1910s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Gippius in the early 1910s</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern scholars see Gippius's romantically tinged early poems as mostly derivative, <a href="/wiki/Semyon_Nadson" title="Semyon Nadson">Semyon Nadson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> being the two most obvious influences.<sup id="cite_ref-rulex_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The publication of Dmitry Merezhkovsky's symbolist manifesto proved to be a turning point: in a short time Gippius became a major figure of Russian Modernism. Her early symbolist prose carried the strong influence of <a href="/wiki/Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Dostoyevsky">Dostoyevsky</a>, while one of her later novels, <i>Roman Tzarevich</i> (1912), was said to be influenced again by Nietzsche. Gippius's first two short story collections, <i>New People</i> (1896) and <i>Mirrors</i> (1898), examining "the nature of beauty in all of its manifestations and contradictions," were seen as formulaic. Her <i>Third Book of Short Stories</i> (1902) marked a change of direction and was described as "sickly idiosyncratic" and full of "highbrow mysticism." Parallels have been drawn between Gippius's early 20th century prose and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Solovyov_(philosopher)" title="Vladimir Solovyov (philosopher)">Vladimir Solovyov</a>'s <i>Meaning of Love</i>, both authors examining the 'quest for love' as the means for self-fulfillment of the human soul.<sup id="cite_ref-sok_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sok-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was not prose but poetry that made Gippius a major innovative force. "Gippius the poet holds her own special place in Russian literature; her poems are deeply intellectual, immaculate in form, and genuinely exciting."<sup id="cite_ref-rulex_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics praised her originality and technical virtuosity, claiming her to be a "true heir to <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Yevgeny Baratynsky</a>'s muse".<sup id="cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cyr_mef-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her <i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._1889%E2%80%931903" title="Collection of Poems. 1889–1903">Collection of Poems. 1889–1903</a></i> became an important event in Russian cultural life. Having defined the world of poetry as a three-dimensional structure involving "Love and Eternity meeting in Death", she discovered and explored in it her own brand of ethic and aesthetic minimalism. Symbolist writers were the first to praise her 'hint and pause' metaphor technique, as well as the art of "extracting sonorous chords out of silent pianos," according to <a href="/wiki/Innokenty_Annensky" title="Innokenty Annensky">Innokenty Annensky</a>, who saw the book as the artistic peak of "Russia's 15 years of modernism" and argued that "not a single man would ever be able to dress abstractions in clothes of such charm [as this woman]." Men admired Gippius's outspokenness too: Gippius commented on her inner conflicts, full of 'demonic temptations' (inevitable for a poet whose mission was 'creating a new, true soul', as she put it), with unusual frankness.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1906 collection <i>Scarlet Sword</i>, described as a study in the 'human soul's metaphysics' performed from the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Christian">neo-Christian</a> standpoint, propagated the idea of God and man as one single being. The author equated 'self-denial' with the sin of betraying God, and detractors suspected blasphemy in this egocentric stance. Sex and death themes, investigated in the obliquely impressionist manner formed the leitmotif of her next book of prose, <i>Black on White</i> (1908). The 20th century also saw the rise of Gippius the playwright (<i>Saintly Blood</i>, 1900, <i>Poppie Blossom</i>, 1908). The most acclaimed of her plays, <i>The Green Ring</i> (1916), futuristic in plotline, if not in form, was successfully produced by <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold">Vsevolod Meyerhold</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrinsky_Theatre" title="Alexandrinsky Theatre">Alexandrinsky Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-russianculture_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-russianculture-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anton Krainy, Gippius's alter ego, was a highly respected and somewhat feared literary critic whose articles regularly appeared in <i>Novy Put</i>, <i>Vesy</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Mysl" class="mw-redirect" title="Russkaya Mysl">Russkaya Mysl</a></i>. Gippius's critical analysis, according to Brockhaus and Efron, was insightful, but occasionally too harsh and rarely objective.<sup id="cite_ref-rulex_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81.JPG/220px-%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81.JPG/330px-%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81.JPG/440px-%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>The grave of the Merezhkovskys at the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-des-Bois_Russian_Cemetery" title="Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery">Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1910 <i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._Book_2._1903-1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909">Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909</a></i> garnered good reviews; Bunin called Gippius's poetry 'electric', pointing at the peculiar use of <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> as an electrifying force in the author's hermetic, impassive world.<sup id="cite_ref-krugosvet_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krugosvet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some contemporaries found Gippius's works curiously unfeminine. <a href="/wiki/Vladislav_Khodasevich" title="Vladislav Khodasevich">Vladislav Khodasevich</a> spoke of the conflict between her "poetic soul and non-poetic mind." "Everything is strong and spatial in her verse, there is little room for details. Her lively, sharp thought, dressed in emotional complexity, sort of rushes out of her poems, looking for spiritual wholesomeness and ideal harmony," modern scholar Vitaly Orlov said.<sup id="cite_ref-orlov_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gippius's novels <i>The Devil's Doll</i> (1911) and <i>Roman Tzarevich</i> (1912), aiming to "lay bare the roots of Russian reactionary ideas," were unsuccessful: critics found them tendentious and artistically inferior. "In poetry Gippius is more original than in prose. Well constructed, full of intriguing ideas, never short of insight, her stories and novellas are always a bit too preposterous, stiff and uninspired, showing little knowledge of real life. Gippius's characters pronounce interesting words and find themselves in interestingly difficult situations but fail to turn into living people in the reader's mind. Serving as embodiments of ideas and concepts, they are genuinely crafted marionettes put into action by the author's hand, not by their own inner motives."<sup id="cite_ref-rulex_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulex-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The events of October 1917 led to Gippius severing all ties with most of those who admired her poetry, including Blok, Bryusov and Bely. The history of this schism and the reconstruction of the ideological collisions that made such a catastrophe possible became the subject matter of her memoirs <i>The Living Faces</i> (Живые лица, 1925). While Blok (the man whom she famously refused her hand in 1918) saw the Revolution as a 'purifying storm', Gippius was appalled by the 'suffocating dourness' of the whole thing, seeing it as one huge monstrosity "leaving one with just one wish: to go blind and deaf." Behind all this, for Gippius, there was a kind of 'monumental madness'; it was all the more important for her to keep a "healthy mind and strong memory," she explained. </p><p>After <i>Last Poems</i> (1918) Gippius published two more books of verse, <i>Poems. 1911–1920 Diaries</i> (1922) and <i>The Shining Ones</i> (1938). Her poetry, prose and essays published in emigration were utterly pessimistic; the 'rule of beastliness', the ruins of human culture, and the demise of civilization were her major themes. Most valuable for Gippius were her diaries: she saw these flash points of personal history as essential for helping future generations to restore the true course of events. Yet, as a modern Russian critic has put it, "Gippius's legacy, for all its inner drama and antinomy, its passionate, forceful longing for the unfathomable, has always borne the ray of hope, the fiery, unquenchable belief in a higher truth and the ultimate harmony crowning a person's destiny. As she herself wrote in one of her last poems, "Alas, now they are torn apart: the timelessness and all things human / But time will come and both will intertwine into one shimmering eternity'."<sup id="cite_ref-sok_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sok-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 20, 2019, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> celebrated her 150th birthday with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._1889%E2%80%931903" title="Collection of Poems. 1889–1903">Collection of Poems. 1889–1903</a></i> (Собрание стихов. 1889–1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._Book_2._1903-1909" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909">Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903-1909</a></i> (Собрание стихов. Книга 2, 1910)</li> <li><i>The Last Poems (1914–1918)</i></li> <li><i>Poems. 1911–1912 Diary</i> (1922, Berlin).</li> <li><i>Poems. 1911–1920 Diaries</i> (1922)</li> <li><i>The Shining Ones</i> (1938, poetry collection)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose">Prose</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>New People</i> (1896, short stories)</li> <li><i>Mirrors</i> (1898, short stories)</li> <li><i>The Third Book of Short Stories</i> (1902)</li> <li><i>Scarlet Sword</i> (1906, short stories)</li> <li><i>Black on White</i> (1908, short stories)</li> <li><i>Moon Ants</i> (1912, short stories)</li> <li><i>The Devil's Doll</i> (1911, novel)</li> <li><i>Roman-Tzarevich</i> (1912, novel)</li> <li><i>Words from the Heavens</i> (1921, Paris, short stories)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama">Drama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Drama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Sacred Blood</i> (1900, play)</li> <li><i>Poppie Blossom</i> (1908, play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Ring" title="The Green Ring">The Green Ring</a></i> (1916, play)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fiction">Non-fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Living Faces</i> (1925, memoirs)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: English translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Apple Blossom</i>, (story), from <i>Russian Short Stories</i>, Senate, 1995.</li> <li><i>The Green Ring</i>, (play), C.W. Daniel LTD, London, 1920.</li> <li><i>Poems</i>, <i>Outside of Time: an Old Etude</i> (story), and <i>They are All Alike</i> (story), from <i>A Russian Cultural Revival</i>, University of Tennessee Press, 1981. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87049-296-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87049-296-9">0-87049-296-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-imdb-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imdb_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imdb_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Shelokhonov" class="citation web cs1">Steve Shelokhonov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2267001/bio">"Zinaida Gippius biography"</a>. www.imdb.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinaida+Gippius+biography&rft.pub=www.imdb.com&rft.au=Steve+Shelokhonov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Fname%2Fnm2267001%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dic_lit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dic_lit_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/zinaida-nikolayevna-gippius-dlb/">"Zinaida Gippius"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Literary Biography</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Literary+Biography&rft.atitle=Zinaida+Gippius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fzinaida-nikolayevna-gippius-dlb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christa Ebert</i> Sinaida Hippius: Seltsame Nahe. — Oberbaum Verlag: Berlin, 2004. — S.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krugosvet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krugosvet_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krugosvet_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krugosvet_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krugosvet_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krugosvet_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krugosvet_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/kultura_i_obrazovanie/literatura/GIPPIUS_ZINAIDA_NIKOLAEVNA.html">"Gippius, Zinaida Nikolayevna"</a>. www.krugosvet.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gippius%2C+Zinaida+Nikolayevna&rft.pub=www.krugosvet.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krugosvet.ru%2Fenc%2Fkultura_i_obrazovanie%2Fliteratura%2FGIPPIUS_ZINAIDA_NIKOLAEVNA.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bibliotekar-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bibliotekar_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotekar.ru/gippius-zinaida/index.htm">"Biography and Diaries of Zinaida Gippius"</a>. bibliotekar.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Diaries+of+Zinaida+Gippius&rft.pub=bibliotekar.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekar.ru%2Fgippius-zinaida%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-makarenko-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-makarenko_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makarenko_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makarenko_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makarenko_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makarenko_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makarenko_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-makarenko_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakarenko,_Svetlana" class="citation web cs1">Makarenko, Svetlana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peoples.ru/art/literature/poetry/contemporary/gippius/">"Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius. "My Soul is Love"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. www.peoples.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinaida+Nikolayevna+Gippius.+%22My+Soul+is+Love%22&rft.pub=www.peoples.ru&rft.au=Makarenko%2C+Svetlana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoples.ru%2Fart%2Fliterature%2Fpoetry%2Fcontemporary%2Fgippius%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-russianculture-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russianculture_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianculture_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianculture_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianculture_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-russianculture_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russianculture.ru/formb.asp?ID=17&full">"Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius"</a>. <i>Bibliographical Dictionary</i>. XX Century Russian Writers. Moscow: Prosveshcheniye Publishers. 1998. p. 352<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bibliographical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Zinaida+Nikolayevna+Gippius&rft.pages=352&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russianculture.ru%2Fformb.asp%3FID%3D17%26full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sok-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sok_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sok_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sok_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokolov,_A.G" class="citation web cs1">Sokolov, A.G. P. A. Nikolayev (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://az.lib.ru/g/gippius_z_n/text_0020.shtml">"Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius"</a>. <i>Russian Writers. Biobibliographical Dictionary</i>. Moscow: Prosveshcheniye Publishers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Writers.+Biobibliographical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Zinaida+Nikolayevna+Gippius&rft.au=Sokolov%2C+A.G&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faz.lib.ru%2Fg%2Fgippius_z_n%2Ftext_0020.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyodorov,_V.S.2005" class="citation book cs1">Fyodorov, V.S. (January 2005). "Z.N. Gippius". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efZ44dFS1eAC&q=%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81+%D0%97.+%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0.%E2%80%94+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+XX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0&pg=PA483"><i>Russian Literature of the XX Century</i></a>. ОЛМА Медиа Групп. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785948482453" title="Special:BookSources/9785948482453"><bdi>9785948482453</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Z.N.+Gippius&rft.btitle=Russian+Literature+of+the+XX+Century&rft.pub=%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9C%D0%90+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0+%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=9785948482453&rft.au=Fyodorov%2C+V.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DefZ44dFS1eAC%26q%3D%25D0%2593%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%2B%25D0%2597.%2B%25D0%2590%25D0%25B2%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2584%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0.%25E2%2580%2594%2B%25D0%25A0%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F%2B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%2BXX%2B%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%26pg%3DPA483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orlov-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-orlov_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlov,_Vitaly" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orlov, Vitaly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100226164047/http://www.litwomen.ru/autogr20.html">"Zinaida Gippius"</a> (in Russian). www.litwomen.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litwomen.ru/autogr20.html">the original</a> on 2010-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinaida+Gippius&rft.pub=www.litwomen.ru&rft.au=Orlov%2C+Vitaly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litwomen.ru%2Fautogr20.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belousenko-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-belousenko_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogomolov,_N." class="citation web cs1">Bogomolov, N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belousenko.com/books/silver_age/gippius_bogomolov.htm">"Love is the One"</a>. The Works of Zinaida Gippius<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Love+is+the+One&rft.pub=The+Works+of+Zinaida+Gippius&rft.au=Bogomolov%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belousenko.com%2Fbooks%2Fsilver_age%2Fgippius_bogomolov.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cyr_mef-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cyr_mef_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShchemeleva,_L.M." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shchemeleva, L.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rhistory.ru/Gippius.html">"Zinaida Nikolayevna Gippius"</a>. <i>The Big Kirill and Mefody Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zinaida+Nikolayevna+Gippius&rft.btitle=The+Big+Kirill+and+Mefody+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Shchemeleva%2C+L.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhistory.ru%2FGippius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chur_3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chur_3_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTchurakov,_D.O." class="citation web cs1">Tchurakov, D.O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portal-slovo.ru/history/35131.php?ELEMENT_ID=35131&PAGEN_2=3">"The Aesthetic of Russian Decadence in the Late XIX – Early XX Centuries. P.3"</a>. www.portal-slovo.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Aesthetic+of+Russian+Decadence+in+the+Late+XIX+%E2%80%93+Early+XX+Centuries.+P.3&rft.pub=www.portal-slovo.ru&rft.au=Tchurakov%2C+D.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portal-slovo.ru%2Fhistory%2F35131.php%3FELEMENT_ID%3D35131%26PAGEN_2%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rulex-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rulex_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rulex_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rulex_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rulex_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rulex_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rulex_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rulex.ru/01040122.htm">"Gippius Zinaida Nikolayevna"</a>. <i>The Russian Biographical Dictionary</i>. Brokhaus & Efron<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gippius+Zinaida+Nikolayevna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rulex.ru%2F01040122.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gippius, Z.N. Memoirs. Dm. Merezhkovsky. Him and Us. Zakharov Publishers. Moscow, 2001. P.403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Graham (2011). <i>Other Voices: Three Centuries of Cultural Dialogue between Russia and Western Europe</i>. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 198. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4438-2790-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4438-2790-8">1-4438-2790-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-evt-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-evt_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYevtushenko,_Evgeny2005" class="citation web cs1">Yevtushenko, Evgeny (2005-04-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2005.novayagazeta.ru/nomer/2005/31n/n31n-s24.shtml">"Dmitry Merezhkovsky. Between Sharikov and Antichrist"</a>. <i>2005.novayagazeta.ru</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2005.novayagazeta.ru&rft.atitle=Dmitry+Merezhkovsky.+Between+Sharikov+and+Antichrist&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft.au=Yevtushenko%2C+Evgeny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2005.novayagazeta.ru%2Fnomer%2F2005%2F31n%2Fn31n-s24.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karlinsky-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-karlinsky_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlinskyVladimir_Zlobin1980" class="citation book cs1">Karlinsky, Simon; Vladimir Zlobin (1980). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqBTqd2w9uUC"><i>A Difficult Soul: Zinaida Gippius</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520038673" title="Special:BookSources/0520038673"><bdi>0520038673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Difficult+Soul%3A+Zinaida+Gippius&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0520038673&rft.aulast=Karlinsky&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Vladimir+Zlobin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqBTqd2w9uUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhaley,_S.2019" class="citation web cs1">Whaley, S. (2019-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/literature/2014/11/20/a_life_unshackled_remembering_the_symbolist_poet_zinaida_gippius_41541.html">"Who was Zinaida Gippius, Russia's first feminist?"</a>. Russia Beyond the Headlines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+Zinaida+Gippius%2C+Russia%27s+first+feminist%3F&rft.pub=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft.au=Whaley%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fliterature%2F2014%2F11%2F20%2Fa_life_unshackled_remembering_the_symbolist_poet_zinaida_gippius_41541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zobnin, p.327</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zobnin, p.329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-volk-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-volk_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonova,_Olga" class="citation web cs1">Volkogonova, Olga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perfilov.narod.ru/ser_poetry/merez/philosofy.htm">"The Religious Anarchism of D.Merezhkovsky"</a>. perfilov.narod.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Anarchism+of+D.Merezhkovsky&rft.pub=perfilov.narod.ru&rft.au=Volkogonova%2C+Olga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperfilov.narod.ru%2Fser_poetry%2Fmerez%2Fphilosofy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wolf-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wolf_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf,_Vitaly" class="citation web cs1">Wolf, Vitaly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727085732/http://mylove.ru/arsmoriendi/diary/view/?id=48141">"The Decadent Madonna"</a>. <i>mylove.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mylove.ru/arsmoriendi/diary/view/?id=48141">the original</a> on 2011-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mylove.ru&rft.atitle=The+Decadent+Madonna&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Vitaly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmylove.ru%2Farsmoriendi%2Fdiary%2Fview%2F%3Fid%3D48141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tff-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tff_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeffi" class="citation web cs1">Teffi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://az.lib.ru/t/teffi/text_0150.shtml">"Zinalida Gippius"</a>. az.lib.ru<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zinalida+Gippius&rft.pub=az.lib.ru&rft.au=Teffi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faz.lib.ru%2Ft%2Fteffi%2Ftext_0150.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/zinaida-gippius-150th-birthday/">"Zinaida Gippius' 150th Birthday"</a>. <i>Google</i>. 20 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google&rft.atitle=Zinaida+Gippius%27+150th+Birthday&rft.date=2019-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fzinaida-gippius-150th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZinaida+Gippius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zinaida_Gippius" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zinaida Gippius">Zinaida Gippius</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2kMAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Modern+Russian+Poetry%22+%2B+Deutsch+%2B+Contents&pg=PR7">English translations of 3 poems by Babette Deutsch and Avrahm Yarmolinsky, 1921</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albany.edu/offcourse/issue41/cigale_translations6.html#gippius">English translations of 4 miniatures from Last Poems, 1914–1918</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stihipoeta.ru/poety-serebryanogo-veka/zinaida-gippius/">Zinaida Gippius poetry</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stihipoeta.ru/">Stihipoeta.ru</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greenringplayinf00gipp">The Green Ring</a> (play) from archive.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/16693">Works by Zinaida Gippius</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zinaida_Gippius" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zinaida_Gippius" title="Template:Zinaida Gippius"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zinaida_Gippius" title="Template talk:Zinaida Gippius"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zinaida_Gippius" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zinaida Gippius"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zinaida_Gippius" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zinaida Gippius</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._1889%E2%80%931903" title="Collection of Poems. 1889–1903">Collection of Poems. 1889–1903</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Collection_of_Poems._Book_2._1903%E2%80%931909" title="Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903–1909">Collection of Poems. Book 2. 1903–1909</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Ring" title="The Green Ring">The Green Ring</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novy_Put" title="Novy Put">Novy Put</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Template:Dmitry Merezhkovsky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Dmitry_Merezhkovsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Dmitry Merezhkovsky (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dmitry Merezhkovsky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Merezhkovsky" title="Dmitry Merezhkovsky">Dmitry Merezhkovsky</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Gods" title="The Death of the Gods">The Death of the Gods</a></i> (1895)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Romance_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci">The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci</a></i> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Alexis" title="Peter and Alexis">Peter and Alexis</a></i> (1904)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/L._Tolstoy_and_Dostoyevsky" title="L. Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky">L. Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky</a></i> (1901)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zinaida Gippius</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Novy_Put" title="Novy Put">Novy Put</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61940#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61940#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61940#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121350630">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/59220596">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/12424/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjmPhfHk7C7htXjT7bcfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118708473">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50036584">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb130917505">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb130917505">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00747131">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gippīus, Zinaida Nikolaevna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV098214">Italy</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gippius, Zinaida <1869-1945>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV109981">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35553558">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20000080718&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000083072&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX827358">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069651418">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90727284">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000026710&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000207717&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000497517">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201770244">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/64jlgs0q1kws5ld">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810552277305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/348204">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272097005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14777923">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0111383X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/55df98db-3233-47d5-b2cf-9e1aba5ed08d">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/993826">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118708473.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118708473">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028297938">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qj7rw8">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&oldid=1244912183">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zinaida_Gippius&oldid=1244912183</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1869_births" title="Category:1869 births">1869 births</a></li><li><a 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