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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South African legal case</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Geldenhuys v National Director of Public Prosecutions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitutional_court_of_South_Africa.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Constitutional_court_of_South_Africa.jpeg/180px-Constitutional_court_of_South_Africa.jpeg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Constitutional_court_of_South_Africa.jpeg/270px-Constitutional_court_of_South_Africa.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Constitutional_court_of_South_Africa.jpeg/360px-Constitutional_court_of_South_Africa.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court of South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Geldenhuys v National Director of Public Prosecutions and Others </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">26 November 2008</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2008/21.html">[2008] ZACC 21</a>, 2009 (2) SA 310 (CC), 2009 (1) SACR 231 (CC), 2009 (5) BCLR 435 (CC)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appealed from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">Supreme Court of Appeal</a> (<i>S v Geldenhuys</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZASCA/2008/47.html">[2008] ZASCA 47</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pius_Langa" title="Pius Langa">Langa</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">CJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dikgang_Moseneke" title="Dikgang Moseneke">Moseneke</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Deputy Chief Justice of South Africa">DCJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tholie_Madala" title="Tholie Madala">Madala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Mokgoro" title="Yvonne Mokgoro">Mokgoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandile_Ngcobo" title="Sandile Ngcobo">Ngcobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_O%27Regan" title="Kate O'Regan">O'Regan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albie_Sachs" title="Albie Sachs">Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johann_van_der_Westhuizen" title="Johann van der Westhuizen">Van der Westhuizen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Zak_Yacoob" title="Zak Yacoob">Yacoob</a> JJ</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decision by</th><td class="infobox-data">Justice Mokgoro</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Geldenhuys v National Director of Public Prosecutions and Others</b></i> is a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa" title="Constitutional Court of South Africa">Constitutional Court of South Africa</a> which struck down as unconstitutional a law which set the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> at 19 for homosexual sex but only 16 for heterosexual sex.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geldenhuys_v_National_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 14(1) of the <a href="/wiki/Sexual_Offences_Act,_1957" title="Sexual Offences Act, 1957">Sexual Offences Act, 1957</a>, as amended in 1969 and 1988, read as follows: </p> <blockquote> <p>(1) Any male person who— </p> <dl><dd>(a) has or attempts to have unlawful carnal intercourse with a girl under the age of 16 years; or</dd> <dd>(b) commits or attempts to commit with such a girl or with a boy under the age of 19 years an immoral or indecent act; or</dd> <dd>(c) solicits or entices such a girl or boy to the commission of an immoral or indecent act,</dd></dl> <p>shall be guilty of an offence. </p> </blockquote> <p>Section 14(3), added in 1988, contained a mirror provision with the genders inverted. The effect of these sections was to fix the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">age of consent</a> at 16 for heterosexual sex and 19 for homosexual sex. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Interim_Constitution_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Interim Constitution of South Africa">Interim Constitution of South Africa</a>, which came into force in 1994, contained a provision prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and this provision was preserved in the final <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">Constitution of South Africa</a>, which came into force in 1997. In 1998, in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Gay_and_Lesbian_Equality_v_Minister_of_Justice" title="National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice">National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court (South Africa)">Constitutional Court</a> struck down as unconstitutional the laws prohibiting consensual sex between men, based on the prohibition of discrimination and the right to privacy. That case did not address the unequal age of consent, although in his judgment Justice <a href="/wiki/Lourens_Ackermann" class="mw-redirect" title="Lourens Ackermann">Ackermann</a> took note of it without commenting on its constitutionality. </p><p>In 2007 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_South_Africa" title="Parliament of South Africa">Parliament</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Sexual_Offences_and_Related_Matters)_Amendment_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act">Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act</a>, which codified and reformed the law on sexual offences. It repealed section 14 of the Sexual Offences Act, and fixed a uniform age of consent of 16. This reform did not, however, have retrospective effect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_case">History of the case</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geldenhuys_v_National_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History of the case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geldenhuys was convicted in 2005 in the <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a> <a href="/wiki/Magistrate%27s_Court_(South_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magistrate's Court (South Africa)">Regional Court</a> on ten charges of "committing an immoral or indecent act with a boy under the age of nineteen years" in contravention of section 14(1)(b). Four of the charges related to acts committed when the boy was aged fourteen and fifteen, while the other six related to acts committed when he was sixteen or older. The total sentence handed down was eleven years' imprisonment. </p><p>Geldenhuys appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Provincial_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Transvaal Provincial Division">Transvaal Provincial Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_South_Africa" title="High Court of South Africa">High Court</a> on several grounds. He attacked the correctness of the verdict on the evidence presented; he also asserted that it was unconstitutional to prohibit consensual sex with a person over the age of twelve because the common law regarded twelve as the age at which a child was capable of consenting; and he attacked the sentence. The issue of discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation was not raised at this stage. The appeal against conviction was rejected, but the sentence was reduced to seven years. </p><p>Geldenhuys appealed further to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeal_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa">Supreme Court of Appeal</a> (SCA). The arguments made in the High Court were rejected by the SCA as they had been in the lower court. However, before the hearing the SCA pointed out the possible unconstitutionality of the unequal age of consent, and invited argument on that point. Both parties agreed that the law discriminated unfairly on the basis of sexual orientation and the government conceded that there was no justification for the discrimination. The court consequently found that sections 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) were unconstitutional because they violated <a href="/wiki/Section_Nine_of_the_Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Section Nine of the Constitution of South Africa">section nine of the Constitution</a>, and that the words "under the age of 19 years" should be struck out and replaced by the words "under the age of 16 years". The conviction of Geldenhuys on the six later charges was set aside. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judgment">Judgment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geldenhuys_v_National_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Judgment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SCA's order was referred to the Constitutional Court for confirmation, in compliance with the requirement that any court order declaring an Act of Parliament to be unconstitutional be confirmed by the Constitutional Court before it has effect. The court heard oral argument on 28 August 2008 and handed down its unanimous decision, authored by Justice <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Mokgoro" title="Yvonne Mokgoro">Mokgoro</a>, on 26 November. </p><p>The argument for Geldenhuys was simple: the inequality in the age of consent was discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation; there was no justification for the discrimination; and therefore it was unconstitutional. Consequently, the SCA was correct in altering the affected sections to reduce the age limit from 19 to 16. The <a href="/wiki/National_Prosecuting_Authority" title="National Prosecuting Authority">National Prosecuting Authority</a> (NPA) conceded the unconstitutionality, but argued that the age limits in sections 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) should be set at a uniform 18 rather than 16. The NPA justified this argument by reference to the legal definition of "child" as including all people under the age of 18, and to the fact that 18 was the age limit in other related laws, such as those prohibiting child pornography. </p><p>The court rejected the NPA's argument, pointing out that it would create an incongruity in the law. Firstly, the effect of the NPA's proposal would be to set the age of consent at 16 for acts termed "carnal intercourse" but 18 for those termed "immoral or indecent acts", and this would in fact cause the unconstitutional discrimination to persist, as "carnal intercourse" was understood to include only heterosexual sex. Secondly, Parliament had already chosen to set 16 as the uniform age of consent in the 2007 amendment act. </p><p>The Constitutional Court therefore confirmed unaltered the order of the Supreme Court of Appeal. The words "under the age of 19 years" were to be replaced by the words "under the age of 16 years" in sections 14(1)(b) and 14(3)(b) of the Sexual Offences Act, and, subject to certain limitations, the order was made retrospective to 27 April 1994, the date on which the Interim Constitution came into force. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geldenhuys_v_National_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_South_Africa" title="LGBT rights in South Africa">LGBT rights in South Africa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geldenhuys_v_National_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Consent-judgment-welcomed-20081126">"Consent judgment welcomed"</a>. <i>News24</i>. Sapa. 26 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News24&rft.atitle=Consent+judgment+welcomed&rft.date=2008-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.news24.com%2FSouthAfrica%2FNews%2FConsent-judgment-welcomed-20081126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeldenhuys+v+National+Director+of+Public+Prosecutions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geldenhuys_v_National_Director_of_Public_Prosecutions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZACC/2008/21.html">Constitutional Court judgment</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZASCA/2008/47.html">Supreme Court of Appeal judgment</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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rights in South Africa">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_South_Africa" title="Same-sex marriage in South Africa">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_partnership_in_South_Africa" title="Civil partnership in South Africa">Civil partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa" title="Intersex rights in South Africa">Intersex rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Section_Nine_of_the_Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Section Nine of the Constitution of South Africa">Section 9 of the Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_of_Equality_and_Prevention_of_Unfair_Discrimination_Act,_2000" title="Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act, 2000">Equality Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alteration_of_Sex_Description_and_Sex_Status_Act,_2003" title="Alteration of Sex Description and Sex Status Act, 2003">Alteration of Sex Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Union_Act,_2006" title="Civil Union Act, 2006">Civil Union Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Union_Amendment_Act,_2020" title="Civil Union Amendment Act, 2020">Amendment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_(Sexual_Offences_and_Related_Matters)_Amendment_Act,_2007" title="Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007">Sexual Offences Amendment Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Case law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Gay_and_Lesbian_Equality_v_Minister_of_Justice" title="National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice">NCGLE v Minister of Justice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Gay_and_Lesbian_Equality_v_Minister_of_Home_Affairs" title="National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs">NCGLE v Minister of Home Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satchwell_v_President_of_the_Republic_of_South_Africa" title="Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa">Satchwell v President</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Du_Toit_v_Minister_of_Welfare_and_Population_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development">Du Toit v Minister of Welfare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J_v_Director_General,_Department_of_Home_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="J v Director General, Department of Home Affairs">J v Director General, Home Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Home_Affairs_v_Fourie" title="Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie">Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gory_v_Kolver_NO" title="Gory v Kolver NO">Gory v Kolver</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strydom_v_Nederduitse_Gereformeerde_Gemeente_Moreleta_Park" title="Strydom v Nederduitse Gereformeerde Gemeente Moreleta Park">Strydom v NG Gemeente Moreleta Park</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Geldenhuys v NDPP</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Repealed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Section_20A" title="Section 20A">Section 20A</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Africa_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/South_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/South_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-South_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/South_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-South_Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zackie_Achmat" title="Zackie Achmat">Zackie Achmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Cameron" title="Edwin Cameron">Edwin Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Vos" title="Pierre de Vos">Pierre de Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Nkoli" title="Simon Nkoli">Simon Nkoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter-Dirk_Uys" title="Pieter-Dirk Uys">Pieter-Dirk Uys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Palesa_Ditsie" title="Beverley Palesa Ditsie">Beverley Palesa Ditsie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somizi_Mhlongo" title="Somizi Mhlongo">Somizi Mhlongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caster_Semenya" title="Caster Semenya">Caster Semenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portia_Modise" title="Portia Modise">Portia Modise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert-Johan_Coetzee" title="Gert-Johan Coetzee">Gert-Johan Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanele_Muholi" title="Zanele Muholi">Zanele Muholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhele_Mbhele" title="Zakhele Mbhele">Zakhele Mbhele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Brown" title="Lynne Brown">Lynne Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Waters_(politician)" title="Mike Waters (politician)">Mike 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