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<li id="toc-Type_and_age_of_rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_and_age_of_rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Type and age of rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_and_age_of_rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highest_peaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highest_peaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Highest peaks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highest_peaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bakhtiari_Lurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bakhtiari_Lurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bakhtiari Lurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bakhtiari_Lurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Kurds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qashqai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qashqai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Qashqai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qashqai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assyrians,_Turks_and_Iranians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assyrians,_Turks_and_Iranians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Assyrians, Turks and Iranians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assyrians,_Turks_and_Iranians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Climate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Climate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glaciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glaciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Glaciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glaciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flora and fauna subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parts_of_the_Zagros_Mountains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parts_of_the_Zagros_Mountains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Parts of the Zagros Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parts_of_the_Zagros_Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zagros Mountains</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="زاغروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زاغروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaqros_da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Zaqros dağları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zaqros dağları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زاگروس داغلاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زاگروس داغلاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="জগ্রোস পর্বতমালা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জগ্রোস পর্বতমালা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros-Gebirge" title="Zagros-Gebirge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zagros-Gebirge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%CC%84%C4%81grose_m%C3%A4ed" title="Z̄āgrose mäed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Z̄āgrose mäed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%96%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Όρη Ζάγκρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Όρη Ζάγκρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros-montaro" title="Zagros-montaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zagros-montaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_mendiak" title="Zagros mendiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zagros mendiak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="زاگرس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زاگرس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monts_Zagros" title="Monts Zagros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monts Zagros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montes_Zagros" title="Montes Zagros – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Montes Zagros" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EA%B7%B8%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%82%B0%EB%A7%A5" title="자그로스산맥 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자그로스산맥" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3" title="Զագրոսի լեռնային համակարգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զագրոսի լեռնային համակարգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4" title="ज़ाग्रोस पर्वत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज़ाग्रोस पर्वत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegunungan_Zagros" title="Pegunungan Zagros – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegunungan Zagros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrosfj%C3%B6ll" title="Sagrosfjöll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sagrosfjöll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monti_Zagros" title="Monti Zagros – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monti Zagros" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="הרי זגרוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הרי זגרוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ზაგროსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზაგროსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milima_ya_Zagros" title="Milima ya Zagros – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Milima ya Zagros" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_(r%C3%AAze%C3%A7iya)" title="Zagros (rêzeçiya) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zagros (rêzeçiya)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%ABps_de_Zagros" title="Crëps de Zagros – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Crëps de Zagros" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrium" title="Zagrium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zagrium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%81gross" title="Zāgross – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zāgross" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrosas" title="Zagrosas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zagrosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrosz" title="Zagrosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zagrosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_(tangoron-tendrombohitra)" title="Zagros (tangoron-tendrombohitra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Zagros (tangoron-tendrombohitra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സാഗ്രോസ് മലനിരകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഗ്രോസ് മലനിരകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergunungan_Zagros" title="Pergunungan Zagros – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pergunungan Zagros" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83" title="Загросын нуруу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Загросын нуруу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrosgebergte" title="Zagrosgebergte – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zagrosgebergte" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B6%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="ザグロス山脈 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ザグロス山脈" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrosfjellene" title="Zagrosfjellene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Zagrosfjellene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monts_Zagros" title="Monts Zagros – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Monts Zagros" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C" title="ਜ਼ਾਗਰਸ ਪਹਾੜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜ਼ਾਗਰਸ ਪਹਾੜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordilheira_de_Zagros" title="Cordilheira de Zagros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cordilheira de Zagros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱜᱽᱨᱚᱥ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Zagros Mountains" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3" title="زاگرۆس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زاگرۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagrosvuoret" title="Zagrosvuoret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Zagrosvuoret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulubundukin_ng_Zagros" title="Bulubundukin ng Zagros – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulubundukin ng Zagros" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="சக்ரோசு மலைத்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சக்ரோசு மலைத்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="เทือกเขาซากรอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เทือกเขาซากรอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros_Da%C4%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Zagros Dağları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zagros Dağları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Загрос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Загрос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%81_%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="سلسلہ کوہ زاگرس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلسلہ کوہ زاگرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A3y_n%C3%BAi_Zagros" title="Dãy núi Zagros – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dãy núi Zagros" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagros" title="Zagros – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Zagros" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabubkiran_Zagros" title="Kabubkiran Zagros – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kabubkiran Zagros" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="扎格罗斯山脉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="扎格罗斯山脉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AD%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88" title="札格羅斯山脈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zagros_Mountains&params=33_40_N_47_00_E_region:IR_type:mountain_scale:8000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">47°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.667°N 47.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.667; 47.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mountain range in Western Asia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Zagros</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ecoregion_PA0446.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ecoregion_PA0446.svg/272px-Ecoregion_PA0446.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ecoregion_PA0446.svg/408px-Ecoregion_PA0446.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Ecoregion_PA0446.svg/544px-Ecoregion_PA0446.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="1443" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Peak</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Qash-Mastan (Dena)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4,409 m (14,465 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zagros_Mountains&params=30_57_N_51_26_E_region:IR_type:mountain"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">30°57′N</span> <span class="longitude">51°26′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">30.950°N 51.433°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">30.950; 51.433</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,600 km (990 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">240 km (150 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="4" data-overlays="["_613546c4a17180c94a29b7c0f2f94299af30fe13"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zagros_Mountains&revid=1258337286&groups=_613546c4a17180c94a29b7c0f2f94299af30fe13" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Zagros_Mountains&revid=1258337286&groups=_613546c4a17180c94a29b7c0f2f94299af30fe13 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><br />Middle East or Western Asia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Range coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zagros_Mountains&params=33_40_N_47_00_E_region:IR_type:mountain_scale:8000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">47°00′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.667°N 47.000°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.667; 47.000</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Fold and thrust belt">Fold and thrust belt</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Zagros Mountains</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a long <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain range</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The mountain range has a total length of 1,600 km (990 miles). The Zagros range begins in northwestern Iran and roughly follows Iran's western border while covering much of southeastern Turkey and northeastern Iraq. From this border region, the range continues southeast to the waters of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. It spans the southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a>, and the whole length of the western and southwestern <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>, ending at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. The highest point is Mount <a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a>, at 4,409 metres (14,465 ft). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Iran" title="Geology of Iran">Geology of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagros_Mountains,_Iran,_SRTM_Shaded_Relief_Anaglyph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zagros_Mountains%2C_Iran%2C_SRTM_Shaded_Relief_Anaglyph.jpg/220px-Zagros_Mountains%2C_Iran%2C_SRTM_Shaded_Relief_Anaglyph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zagros_Mountains%2C_Iran%2C_SRTM_Shaded_Relief_Anaglyph.jpg/330px-Zagros_Mountains%2C_Iran%2C_SRTM_Shaded_Relief_Anaglyph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Zagros_Mountains%2C_Iran%2C_SRTM_Shaded_Relief_Anaglyph.jpg/440px-Zagros_Mountains%2C_Iran%2C_SRTM_Shaded_Relief_Anaglyph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1534" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_Radar_Topography_Mission" title="Shuttle Radar Topography Mission">SRTM shaded relief anaglyph</a> of Zagros Mountains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagros_1992.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zagros_1992.jpg/220px-Zagros_1992.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zagros_1992.jpg/330px-Zagros_1992.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Zagros_1992.jpg/440px-Zagros_1992.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The Zagros Mountains from space, September 1992<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zagros_fold_and_thrust_belt" title="Zagros fold and thrust belt">Zagros fold and thrust belt</a> was mainly formed by the <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">collision</a> of two <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-readersnatural_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-readersnatural-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This collision mainly happened during the <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> (about 25–5 mya or <a href="/wiki/Million_years_ago" title="Million years ago">million years ago</a>) and folded the entirety of the rocks that had been deposited from the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> (541–242 mya) to the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> (66 mya – present) in the passive continental margin on the Arabian Plate. However, the <a href="/wiki/Obduction" title="Obduction">obduction</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neotethys" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotethys">Neotethys</a> oceanic crust during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> (145–66 mya), and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_arc" title="Continental arc">continental arc</a> collision in the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (56–34 mya) both had major effects on uplifts in the northeastern parts of the belt. </p><p>The process of collision continues to the present, and as the Arabian Plate is being pushed against the Eurasian Plate, the Zagros Mountains and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> are getting higher and higher. Recent <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> measurements in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have shown that this collision is still active and the resulting deformation is distributed non-uniformly in the country, mainly taken up in the major mountain belts like <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> and Zagros. A relatively dense GPS network which covered the Iranian Zagros<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also proves a high rate of deformation within the Zagros. The GPS results show that the current rate of shortening in the southeast Zagros is ~10 mm/a (0.39 in/year), dropping to ~5 mm/a (0.20 in/year) in the northwest Zagros. The north–south <a href="/wiki/Kazerun" title="Kazerun">Kazerun</a> <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip fault</a> divides the Zagros into two distinct zones of deformation. The GPS results also show different shortening directions along the belt, normal shortening in the southeast, and oblique shortening in the northwest Zagros. The Zagros mountains were created around the time of the second ice age,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which caused the tectonic collision, leading to its uniqueness. </p><p>The sedimentary cover in the SE Zagros is deforming above a layer of rock salt (acting as a <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a> <a href="/wiki/Decollement" class="mw-redirect" title="Decollement">decollement</a> with a low basal <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>), whereas in the NW Zagros the salt layer is missing or is very thin.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This different basal friction is partly responsible for the different topographies on either side of the Kazerun fault. Higher topography and narrower zone of deformation in the NW Zagros is observed whereas in the SE, deformation was spread more and a wider zone of deformation with lower topography was formed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stresses induced in the Earth's crust by the collision caused extensive folding of the preexisting layered <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>. Subsequent erosion removed softer rocks, such as <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstone</a> (rock formed by consolidated mud) and <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstone</a> (a slightly coarser-grained mudstone) while leaving harder rocks, such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> (calcium-rich rock consisting of the remains of marine organisms) and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> (rocks similar to limestone containing <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>). This differential <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> formed the linear ridges of the Zagros Mountains. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_depositional_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary depositional environment">depositional environment</a> and tectonic history of the rocks were conducive to the formation and trapping of petroleum, and the Zagros region is an important area for oil production. <a href="/wiki/Salt_dome" title="Salt dome">Salt domes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_glacier" title="Salt glacier">salt glaciers</a> are a common feature of the Zagros Mountains. Salt domes are an important target for <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum exploration">petroleum exploration</a>, as the impermeable salt frequently traps petroleum beneath other rock layers. There is also much water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Type_and_age_of_rock">Type and age of rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Type and age of rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_view_of_Dena_from_Semirom_road_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_view_of_Dena_from_Semirom_road_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-The_view_of_Dena_from_Semirom_road_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_view_of_Dena_from_Semirom_road_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-The_view_of_Dena_from_Semirom_road_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/The_view_of_Dena_from_Semirom_road_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-The_view_of_Dena_from_Semirom_road_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Glaciers on Dena</figcaption></figure> <p>The mountains are completely of sedimentary origin and are made primarily of <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a> rocks can be found mainly in the upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains, along the Zagros main fault. On both sides of this fault, there are <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> rocks, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> (252–201 mya) and <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> (201–145 mya) rocks that are surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> rocks on both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> rocks, with the <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a> (66–23 mya) rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the <a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene</a> (23–2.6 mya) rocks south of the Paleogene rocks. The mountains are divided into many parallel sub-ranges (up to 10 or 250 km (6.2 or 155.3 miles) wide), and <a href="/wiki/Orogeny" title="Orogeny">orogenically</a> have the same age as the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Iran's main <a href="/wiki/Oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Oilfield">oilfields</a> lie in the western central foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The southern ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars Province</a> have somewhat lower summits, reaching 4,000 metres (13,000 feet). They contain some limestone rocks showing abundant marine fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highest_peaks">Highest peaks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Highest peaks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The peaks that are at least 3800 meters high and have a <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a> of at least 300 meters: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><b>Name</b> </th> <th><b>Sub-range</b> </th> <th><b>Height (m)</b> </th> <th><b>Prominence (m)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Qash-Mastan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a> </td> <td>4409 </td> <td>2604 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Kale Qodveis </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a> </td> <td>4341 </td> <td>424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Pazane Pir </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a> </td> <td>4250 </td> <td>1080 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Kuh-e Dama </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a> </td> <td>4216 </td> <td>504 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Kolonchin </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zard-Kuh" title="Zard-Kuh">Zard-Kuh</a> </td> <td>4221 </td> <td>2095 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Chegaleh </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zard-Kuh" title="Zard-Kuh">Zard-Kuh</a> </td> <td>4134 </td> <td>594 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Haft Tanan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zard-Kuh" title="Zard-Kuh">Zard-Kuh</a> </td> <td>4104 </td> <td>653 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>San-Borān </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oshtorankuh" title="Oshtorankuh">Oshtorankuh</a> </td> <td>4150 </td> <td>1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Qalikuh </td> <td> </td> <td>4078 </td> <td>1420 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Shahankuh </td> <td> </td> <td>4038 </td> <td>1427 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Qanbarkosh </td> <td> </td> <td>3982 </td> <td>316 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Haft Cheshmeh </td> <td> </td> <td>3975 </td> <td>1545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>Cheshmeh Kuhrang </td> <td> </td> <td>3969 </td> <td>360 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Karpush </td> <td> </td> <td>3961 </td> <td>915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Bel </td> <td> </td> <td>3943 </td> <td>1563 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td>Khurbeh </td> <td> </td> <td>3902 </td> <td>915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Darab Shah </td> <td> </td> <td>3900 </td> <td>1495 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td>Piaro Kamandan </td> <td> </td> <td>3891 </td> <td>370 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Hezar Darreh </td> <td> </td> <td>3890 </td> <td>1628 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Kuh-e Hashtad </td> <td> </td> <td>3869 </td> <td>1248 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td>Chahardah Pahlu </td> <td> </td> <td>3845 </td> <td>949 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>Dome Qalikuh </td> <td> </td> <td>3839 </td> <td>602 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>Kule Jonou </td> <td> </td> <td>3823 </td> <td>422 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Durup%C4%B1nar_site" title="Durupınar site">Durupınar site</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ancient Cobblestoned Pathway in Zagros, Behbahan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/170px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/255px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/340px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Cobblestone" title="Cobblestone">cobblestoned</a> pathway in Zagros, <a href="/wiki/Behbahan" title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalma_ceramic_vessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dalma_ceramic_vessel.jpg/220px-Dalma_ceramic_vessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dalma_ceramic_vessel.jpg/330px-Dalma_ceramic_vessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Dalma_ceramic_vessel.jpg/440px-Dalma_ceramic_vessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2858" /></a><figcaption>A ceramic ware excavated in Zagros, <a href="/wiki/Dalma_Tepe" title="Dalma Tepe">Dalma Tepe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Zagros Mountains have significant ancient history. They were occupied by early humans since the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> Period. The earliest human fossils discovered in Zagros belongs to <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> and come from <a href="/wiki/Shanidar_Cave" title="Shanidar Cave">Shanidar Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisitun_Cave" title="Bisitun Cave">Bisitun Cave</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wezmeh" title="Wezmeh">Wezmeh</a> Cave. The remains of ten <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthals</a>, dating from around 65,000–35,000 years ago, have been found in the Shanidar Cave.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cave also contains two later "<a href="/wiki/Proto-Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Neolithic">proto-Neolithic</a>" cemeteries, one of which dates back about 10,600 years and contains 35 individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence from later <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> occupations come from Yafteh Cave, Kaldar Cave near <a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khoramabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warwasi" title="Warwasi">Warwasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaverd" title="Malaverd">Malaverd</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, Kenacheh Cave in Kurdistan, Boof Cave in Fars and a number of other caves and rock shelters.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Signs of early agriculture date back as far as 9000 BC in the foothills of the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some settlements later grew into cities, eventually named <a href="/wiki/Anshan_(Persia)" title="Anshan (Persia)">Anshan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> is one archaeological site in this area. Some of the earliest evidence of wine production has been discovered in the mountains; both the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz_Tepe" title="Hajji Firuz Tepe">Hajji Firuz Tepe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godin_Tepe" title="Godin Tepe">Godin Tepe</a> have given evidence of wine storage dating between 3500 and 5400 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A human <a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsal bone">metatarsal bone</a> fragment from <a href="/wiki/Wezmeh" title="Wezmeh">Wezmeh Cave</a> has been analyzed and dated to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">Neolithic period</a>. The DNA from this bone fragment shows that it is from a distinct genetic group, which was not known to scientists before. He belongs to the Y-DNA haplogroup G2b,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifically its branch <b>G-Y37100</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and mitochondrial haplogroup J1d6. He had brown eyes, relatively dark skin, and black hair, although Neolithic pre Indo-European Iranians carried reduced pigmentation-associated alleles in several genes and derived alleles at 7 of the 12 loci, showing the strongest signatures of selection in ancient Eurasians. He did not contribute to the genetic makeup of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">early European farmers</a> or modern <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>. Instead, he was the most genetically similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism#Demographics" title="Zoroastrianism">Iranian Zoroastrians</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Fars_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars people">Fars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahui_people" title="Brahui people">Brahui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalash_people" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallego-Llorente et al. (2016) believes that the Zagros Mountain was a plausible source of Eurasian ancestry in Central and South Asia, along with <a href="/wiki/Satsurblia_Cave" title="Satsurblia Cave">Kotias</a>, which was inhabited by Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers. He cites archaeological evidence of eastward Neolithic expansions from the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During early ancient times, the Zagros was the home of various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre_Indo-European&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pre Indo-European (page does not exist)">Pre Indo-European</a> peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Guti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamites" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamites">Elamites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turukku" class="mw-redirect" title="Turukku">Turukku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi</a>, (together with <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> peoples such as <a href="/wiki/Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrians">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> on the western side) who periodically invaded the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrian</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The mountains create a geographic barrier between the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> Plain, which is in modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a>. A small archive of clay tablets detailing the complex interactions of these groups in the early second millennium BC has been found at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Shemshara" title="Tell Shemshara">Tell Shemshara</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">Little Zab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tell_Bazmusian" title="Tell Bazmusian">Tell Bazmusian</a>, near Shemshara, was occupied between 5000 BCE and 800 CE, although not continuously.<sup id="cite_ref-al-soof_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-soof-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zagros mountains have been inhabited by different groups of pastoralists and farmers for thousands of years. Current Pastoralist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiaris">Bakhtiari Lurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqais</a> move from their herds from the east slopes in summer (<i>Yeylāgh</i>) to the west slopes in winter (<i>Gheshlāgh</i>). Some major cities are located on the foothills of the Zagros mountains, including <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lurs">Lurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> are an Iranic tribe, primarily inhabiting the Central, Western, and Southern Zagros. Cities inhibited by Lurs include <a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borujerd" title="Borujerd">Borujerd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayer" title="Malayer">Malayer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izeh" title="Izeh">Izeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Kord" title="Shahr-e Kord">Shahr-e Kord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yasuj" title="Yasuj">Yasuj</a>. Lurs speak <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> and span across many provinces in Iran including <a href="/wiki/Lorestan_province" title="Lorestan province">Lorestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari_province" title="Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province">Chaharmahal and Bakthiari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilam_province" title="Ilam province">Ilam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_province" title="Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province">Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamedan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bakhtiari_Lurs">Bakhtiari Lurs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bakhtiari Lurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiaris">Bakhtiaris</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lur</a> tribe from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, primarily inhabiting the Central and South Zagros. Major cities inhabited by Bakhtiaris include <a href="/wiki/Masjed_Soleyman" title="Masjed Soleyman">Masjed Soleyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Izeh" title="Izeh">Izeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Kord" title="Shahr-e Kord">Shahr-e Kord</a>. A significant number of Bakhtiari still practice nomadic pastoralism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kurds">Kurds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kurds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mountain_child.jpg/220px-Mountain_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mountain_child.jpg/330px-Mountain_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mountain_child.jpg/440px-Mountain_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>A Kurdish girl in the eastern Zagros village of <a href="/wiki/Palangan,_Kurdistan" title="Palangan, Kurdistan">Palangan</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Newroz</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> are another Iranic group found in the northwestern and the eastern Zagros <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus mountain ranges</a>, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. The high <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> of the Zagros mountains produces a series of <a href="/wiki/Choke_point" title="Choke point">choke points</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">valleys</a> perfect for agriculture and human development.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also long defended the Kurds in times of war by acting as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_barrier" title="Natural barrier">natural barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qashqai">Qashqai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Qashqai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai people</a> are a tribal confederation in Iran mostly of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> origin. Significant populations can be found in Central and South Zagros, especially around the city of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assyrians,_Turks_and_Iranians"><span id="Assyrians.2C_Turks_and_Iranians"></span>Assyrians, Turks and Iranians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Assyrians, Turks and Iranians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zagros is also home to populations of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Farsi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Farsi language">Farsi</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mountains contain several <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Prominent among them are the forest and <a href="/wiki/Forest_steppe" title="Forest steppe">forest steppe</a> areas with a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a>. As defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wildlife_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="World Wildlife Fund">World Wildlife Fund</a> and used in their Wildfinder, the particular terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a> of the mid to high mountain area is <i>Zagros Mountains forest steppe</i> (PA0446). The annual <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> ranges from 400–800 mm (16–31 in) and falls mostly in winter and spring. Winters are severe, with low temperatures often below −25 °C (−13 °F). The region exemplifies the continental variation of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> pattern, with a snowy winter and mild, rainy spring, followed by a dry summer and autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Amadiya District, Iraq </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.2<br />(31.6) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4<br />(43.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7<br />(36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB76F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.9<br />(58.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.0<br />(17.6) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8<br />(19.8) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8<br />(47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1<br />(35.8) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.1) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glaciation">Glaciation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Glaciation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mountains of the East-Zagros, the Kuh-i-Jupar (4,135 m (13,566 ft)), Kuh-i-Lalezar (4,374 m (14,350 ft)) and Kuh-i-Hezar (4,469 m (14,662 ft)) do not currently have glaciers. Only at <a href="/wiki/Zard_Kuh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zard Kuh">Zard Kuh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a> some glaciers still survive. However, before the Last Glacial Period they had been glaciated to a depth in excess of 1,900 metres (1.2 miles), and during the Last Glacial Period to a depth in excess of 2,160 metres (7,090 feet). Evidence exists of a 20 km (12 miles) wide glacier fed along a 17 km (11 miles) long valley dropping approximately 1,600 m (5,200 ft) along its length on the north side of Kuh-i-Jupar with a thickness of 350–550 m (1,150–1,800 ft). Under conditions of precipitation comparable to current climatic record-keeping, this size of glacier could be expected to form where the annual average temperature was between 10.5 and 11.2 °C (50.9 and 52.2 °F), but since conditions are expected to have been dryer during the period in which this glacier was formed, the temperature must have been lower.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains_forest_steppe" title="Zagros Mountains forest steppe">Zagros Mountains forest steppe</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_environs_of_Borujerd_(Goldasht).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_environs_of_Borujerd_%28Goldasht%29.JPG/220px-The_environs_of_Borujerd_%28Goldasht%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_environs_of_Borujerd_%28Goldasht%29.JPG/330px-The_environs_of_Borujerd_%28Goldasht%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/The_environs_of_Borujerd_%28Goldasht%29.JPG/440px-The_environs_of_Borujerd_%28Goldasht%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A view of <a href="/wiki/Quercus_brantii" title="Quercus brantii">Quercus brantii</a> forests that dominate the Zagros Mountains</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoin_Sevruguin_7_Men_with_live_lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoin_Sevruguin_7_Men_with_live_lion.jpg/220px-Antoin_Sevruguin_7_Men_with_live_lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoin_Sevruguin_7_Men_with_live_lion.jpg/330px-Antoin_Sevruguin_7_Men_with_live_lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antoin_Sevruguin_7_Men_with_live_lion.jpg/440px-Antoin_Sevruguin_7_Men_with_live_lion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="498" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Men with a restrained lion in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. This photograph was taken by <a href="/wiki/Antoin_Sevruguin" title="Antoin Sevruguin">Antoin Sevruguin</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1880,<sup id="cite_ref-Sevruguin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sevruguin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">lion</a>'s <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extirpate#Verb" class="extiw" title="wikt:extirpate">extirpation</a> in the country.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although currently degraded through <a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">overgrazing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, the Zagros region is home to a rich and complex flora. Remnants of the originally widespread <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>-dominated woodland can still be found, as can the park-like <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a>/<a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a> steppelands. The ancestors of many familiar foods, including wheat, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">lentil</a>, almond, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>, pistachio, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> and grape can be found growing wild throughout the mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_brantii" title="Quercus brantii">Quercus brantii</a></i> (covering more than 50% of the Zagros forest area) is the most important tree species of the Zagros in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other floral <a href="/wiki/Endemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemics">endemics</a> found within the mountain range include: <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_iranicum" title="Allium iranicum">Allium iranicum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astragalus_crenophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astragalus crenophila (page does not exist)">Astragalus crenophila</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellevalia_kurdistanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellevalia kurdistanica (page does not exist)">Bellevalia kurdistanica</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousinia_carduchorum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousinia carduchorum (page does not exist)">Cousinia carduchorum</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cousinia_odontolepis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cousinia odontolepis (page does not exist)">Cousinia odontolepis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echinops_rectangularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Echinops rectangularis (page does not exist)">Echinops rectangularis</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erysimum_boissieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erysimum boissieri (page does not exist)">Erysimum boissieri</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_barnumiae" title="Iris barnumiae">Iris barnumiae</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithogalum_iraqense&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornithogalum iraqense (page does not exist)">Ornithogalum iraqense</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scrophularia_atroglandulosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scrophularia atroglandulosa (page does not exist)">Scrophularia atroglandulosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scorzonera_kurdistanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scorzonera kurdistanica (page does not exist)">Scorzonera kurdistanica</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tragopogon_rechingeri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tragopogon rechingeri (page does not exist)">Tragopogon rechingeri</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tulipa_kurdica" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulipa kurdica">Tulipa kurdica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Zagros are home to many <a href="/wiki/Threatened" class="mw-redirect" title="Threatened">threatened</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> species, including the <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains_mouse-like_hamster" title="Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster">Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster</a> (<i>Calomyscus bailwardi</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Basra_reed-warbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra reed-warbler">Basra reed-warbler</a> (<i>Acrocephalus griseldis</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a> (<i>Hyena hyena</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer</a> (<i>Dama dama mesopotamica</i>), an ancient <a href="/wiki/Domesticate" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticate">domesticate</a> once thought extinct, was rediscovered in the late 20th century in <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> Province, in the southern Zagros. Also, <a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">wild goats</a> can be found almost all over the Zagros mountain range. In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> (<i>Panthera leo persica</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-CatSG2017_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatSG2017-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inhabited the southwestern part of the mountains. It is now extinct in this region.<sup id="cite_ref-HeptnerSludskiy1972_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeptnerSludskiy1972-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaiser%27s_spotted_newt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser's spotted newt">Luristan newt</a> (<i>Neurergus kaiseri</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Salamander" title="Salamander">salamander</a> <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to a small section of the central Zagros Mountains in Iran. It lives in highland streams and is primarily aquatic. This newt is considered <a href="/wiki/Vulnerable_species" title="Vulnerable species">vulnerable</a> to extinction due to poaching for the <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">pet trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a> is predicted to strongly impact this species. <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">ancient Mesopotamian underworld</a> was believed to be located in the Zagros Mountains in the far east.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_&_Green_1992_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_&_Green_1992-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A staircase led down to the gates of the underworld.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_&_Green_1992_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_&_Green_1992-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underworld itself is usually located even deeper below ground than the <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a>, the body of freshwater which the ancient Mesopotamians believed lay deep beneath the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_&_Green_1992_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_&_Green_1992-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> religion in the Bronze and Iron Ages, and later by <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a>. Today the vast majority of the population are Iranic and Turkic <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, with small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>, mainly <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian people">Armenians</a> also extant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zagros_iraq.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A road through the Zagros mountains in Kurdistan region, Iraq"><img alt="A road through the Zagros mountains in Kurdistan region, Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/284px-Zagros_iraq.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/426px-Zagros_iraq.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Zagros_iraq.png/568px-Zagros_iraq.png 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A road through the Zagros mountains in Kurdistan region, Iraq</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wild_Goat_Herd,_Zagros,_Behbahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wild goat herd, Zagros, Behbahan"><img alt="Wild Goat Herd, Zagros, Behbahan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wild_Goat_Herd%2C_Zagros%2C_Behbahan.jpg/270px-Wild_Goat_Herd%2C_Zagros%2C_Behbahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wild_Goat_Herd%2C_Zagros%2C_Behbahan.jpg/405px-Wild_Goat_Herd%2C_Zagros%2C_Behbahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Wild_Goat_Herd%2C_Zagros%2C_Behbahan.jpg/540px-Wild_Goat_Herd%2C_Zagros%2C_Behbahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat</a> herd, Zagros, Behbahan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fritillaria imperialis in Dena, Iranian Zagros"><img alt="Fritillaria Imperialis in Dena, Iranian Zagros" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/120px-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/180px-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg/240px-%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="3651" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Fritillaria_imperialis" title="Fritillaria imperialis">Fritillaria imperialis</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Dena" title="Dena">Dena</a>, Iranian Zagros</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient pathway in Zagros, Behbahan"><img alt="Ancient Pathway in Zagros, Behbahan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/270px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/405px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/540px-%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient pathway in Zagros, <a href="/wiki/Behbahan" title="Behbahan">Behbahan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 686px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 684px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oshtoran_Kooh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mount Oshtorankuh"><img alt="Mount Oshtorankuh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Oshtoran_Kooh.jpg/1026px-Oshtoran_Kooh.jpg" decoding="async" width="684" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Oshtoran_Kooh.jpg/1539px-Oshtoran_Kooh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Oshtoran_Kooh.jpg/2052px-Oshtoran_Kooh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2582" data-file-height="453" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mount <a href="/wiki/Oshtorankuh" title="Oshtorankuh">Oshtorankuh</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parts_of_the_Zagros_Mountains">Parts of the Zagros Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parts of the Zagros Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gardaneh_ye_Kuli_Kash" title="Gardaneh ye Kuli Kash">Gardaneh ye Kuli Kash</a>, mountain pass</li> <li>Mount <a href="/wiki/Alvand" title="Alvand">Alvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arbaba" title="Mount Arbaba">Mount Arbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Derak" title="Mount Derak">Mount Derak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalishk%C3%AAne" title="Nalishkêne">Nalishkêne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaleh_gorikhteh" title="Qaleh gorikhteh">Qaleh gorikhteh</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a> Mountains</li> <li>Al-<a href="/wiki/Hajar_Mountains" title="Hajar Mountains">Hajar Mountains</a>, technically a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_highlands" title="Armenian highlands">Armenian highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Persian_Gate" title="Battle of the Persian Gate">Battle of the Persian Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Turkey" title="Geography of Turkey">Geography of Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat" title="Mountains of Ararat">Mountains of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Judi" title="Mount Judi">Mount Judi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silakhor_Plain" title="Silakhor Plain">Silakhor Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">کوه‌های زاگرس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Kuh hā-ye Zāgros</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">جبال زاغروس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Jibal Zaghrus</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">چیاکانی زاگرۆس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Çiyakanî Zagros</i></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Zagros Dağları</i>; <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a>: <i>Kûya Zagrus</i> چغائیا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Zagros-Mountains">"Zagros Mountains"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Zagros+Mountains&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FZagros-Mountains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZagros+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dengeamerika.com/a/iran-plane-crush-/4259602.html">"Li Îranê 66 Kes di Ketina Firokeka Bazirganî de Têne Kuştin"</a>. <i>VOA (Dengê Amerika)</i> (in Kurdish). 18 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA+%28Deng%C3%AA+Amerika%29&rft.atitle=Li+%C3%8Eran%C3%AA+66+Kes+di+Ketina+Firokeka+Bazirgan%C3%AE+de+T%C3%AAne+Ku%C5%9Ftin&rft.date=2018-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dengeamerika.com%2Fa%2Firan-plane-crush-%2F4259602.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZagros+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.basnews.com/so/babat/530530">"چەند دیمەنێکی زنجیرە چیاکانی زاگرۆس"</a>. <i>Basnews</i> (in Kurdish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Basnews&rft.atitle=%DA%86%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF+%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8E%DA%A9%DB%8C+%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95+%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.basnews.com%2Fso%2Fbabat%2F530530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZagros+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001000943/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17245">"Salt Dome in the Zagros Mountains, Iran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17245">the original</a> on 1 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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W.; Johnson, W.; Luo, S.-J.; Meijaard, E.; O'Donoghue, P.; Sanderson, J.; Seymour, K.; Bruford, M.; Groves, C.; Hoffmann, M.; Nowell, K.; Timmons, Z.; Tobe, S. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.10._SI_11/CN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf">"A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cat News</i>. Special Issue 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cat+News&rft.atitle=A+revised+taxonomy+of+the+Felidae%3A+The+final+report+of+the+Cat+Classification+Task+Force+of+the+IUCN+Cat+Specialist+Group&rft.volume=Special+Issue+11&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Kitchener%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Breitenmoser-W%C3%BCrsten%2C+C.&rft.au=Eizirik%2C+E.&rft.au=Gentry%2C+A.&rft.au=Werdelin%2C+L.&rft.au=Wilting+A.&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+N.&rft.au=Abramov%2C+A.+V.&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+P.&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+C.&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+W.&rft.au=Luo%2C+S.-J.&rft.au=Meijaard%2C+E.&rft.au=O%27Donoghue%2C+P.&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+J.&rft.au=Seymour%2C+K.&rft.au=Bruford%2C+M.&rft.au=Groves%2C+C.&rft.au=Hoffmann%2C+M.&rft.au=Nowell%2C+K.&rft.au=Timmons%2C+Z.&rft.au=Tobe%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catsg.org%2Ffileadmin%2Ffilesharing%2F5.Cat_News%2F5.3._Special_Issues%2F5.3.10._SI_11%2FCN_Special_Issue_11_Revised_taxonomy_of_the_Felidae.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZagros+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeptnerSludskiy1972-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HeptnerSludskiy1972_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeptner,_V._G.Sludskij,_A._A.1992" class="citation book cs1">Heptner, V. G.; Sludskij, A. A. (1992) [1972]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/83/mode/2up">"Lion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/n0/mode/2up"><i>Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola</i></a> [<i>Mammals of the Soviet Union. Volume II, Part 2. Carnivora (Hyaenas and Cats)</i>]. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation. pp. 82–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08876-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08876-8"><bdi>90-04-08876-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lion&rft.btitle=Mlekopitaju%C5%A1%C4%8Die+Sovetskogo+Soiuza.+Moskva%3A+Vys%C5%A1aia+%C5%A0kola&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=82-95&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+and+the+National+Science+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=90-04-08876-8&rft.au=Heptner%2C+V.+G.&rft.au=Sludskij%2C+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmammalsofsov221992gept%23page%2F83%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZagros+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIUCN2016" class="citation report cs1">IUCN (22 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/59450/0">Neurergus kaiseri: IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T59450A49436271</a> (Report). International Union for Conservation of Nature. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2Fiucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t59450a49436271.en">10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t59450a49436271.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Neurergus+kaiseri%3A+IUCN+SSC+Amphibian+Specialist+Group%3A+The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species+2016%3A+e.T59450A49436271&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2Fiucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t59450a49436271.en&rft.au=IUCN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fdetails%2F59450%2F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZagros+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_&_Green_1992-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_&_Green_1992_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_&_Green_1992_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_&_Green_1992_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), <i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i>, Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, p. 180, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714117056" title="Special:BookSources/0714117056"><bdi>0714117056</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0714117056&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZagros+Mountains" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Zagros_Mountains" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><i>Zagros</i>, Photos from Iran, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/zagros/">Livius</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dionysia4u.com">The genus Dionysia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204055011/http://www.dionysia4u.com/">Archived</a> 4 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826132128/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=02&region=wai">Iran, Timeline of Art History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906061252/http://www.usfca.edu/westciv/Mesochro.html">Mesopotamia 9000–500 B.C.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/range.aspx?rid=42">Major Peaks of the Zagros Mountains</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ranges_of_Iranian_Plateau" title="Template:Ranges of Iranian Plateau"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ranges_of_Iranian_Plateau" title="Template talk:Ranges of Iranian Plateau"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ranges_of_Iranian_Plateau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ranges of Iranian Plateau"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mountain_ranges_of_the_Iranian_plateau_and_their_political_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">Mountain ranges</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a> and their political geography</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aladagh_Mountains" title="Aladagh Mountains">Aladagh Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Kush" title="Hindu Kush">Hindu Kush Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Mountains" title="Sulaiman Mountains">Sulaiman Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zagros Mountains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Mesopotamia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Mesopotamia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Mesopotamia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Ancient Mesopotamia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mesopotamia" title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iran_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iran_topics" title="Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes <span class="nowrap">culture (3400–2000 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite <span class="nowrap">civilization (3100–2700 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite <span class="nowrap">dynasties (2700–540 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian <span class="nowrap">Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi <span class="nowrap">(c.2300–675 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites <span class="nowrap">(c.1595–c.1155 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian <span class="nowrap">Empire (911–609 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu <span class="nowrap">(860 BC–590 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median <span class="nowrap">Empire (678–549 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian <span class="nowrap">Kingdom (652–625 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian <span class="nowrap">Empire (626–539 BC)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid <span class="nowrap">Empire (550–330 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene <span class="nowrap">(c.323 BC–AD 226)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid <span class="nowrap">Empire (312–63 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka <span class="nowrap">(c.295–220 BC)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of <span class="nowrap">Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian <span class="nowrap">Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of <span class="nowrap">Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian <span class="nowrap">Empire (AD 224–651)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and<br />early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (632–661)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (661–750)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid <span class="nowrap">Caliphate (750–1258)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (819–999)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (821–873)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (864–928)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (861–1003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (931–1090)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (934–1062)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (977–1186)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1011–1215)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk <span class="nowrap">Empire (1037–1194)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1077–1231)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids <span class="nowrap">(1135/36-1225)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1244–1381)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate"><span class="nowrap">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1314–1393)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1335–1432)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1338–1357)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1370–1507)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1374–1468)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu <span class="nowrap">Turcomans (1378–1508)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1501–1736)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid <span class="nowrap">Empire (1736–1796)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand <span class="nowrap">Dynasty (1751–1794)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar <span class="nowrap">Empire (1789–1925)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the <span class="nowrap">Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi <span class="nowrap">dynasty (1925–1979)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian <span class="nowrap">revolution (1979)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic</a></span><br />1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran"><span class="nowrap">History (1979–)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy <span class="nowrap">siege (1980)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq <span class="nowrap">War (1980–88)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 <span class="nowrap">shootdown (1988)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned<br />companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (<i>Nowruz</i>)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Iraq_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iraq_topics" title="Template:Iraq topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iraq_topics" title="Template talk:Iraq topics"><abbr title="Discuss this 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colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Neo-Sumerian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">First Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Assyrian Period">Old Assyrian Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoristan" title="Asoristan">Sassanid Asorestan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">638–1958</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Iraq" title="Ottoman Iraq">Ottoman Iraq</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk dynasty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mandate for Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Iraq" title="Mandatory Iraq">Mandatory Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Kingdom of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Iraq" title="List of kings of Iraq">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Arab Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">1958–1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">1968–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Iraq_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)">2003–2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">2011–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Socialist_Ba%27ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Iraq_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party_(Iraqi-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)">National Command</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974%E2%80%9375_Shatt_al-Arab_conflict" title="1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict">1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1977 Shia uprising in Iraq">1977 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979%E2%80%931980_Shia_uprising_in_Iraq" title="1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq">1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Operation Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_uprisings" title="1991 Iraqi uprisings">1991 uprisings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iraq">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">U.S. invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_of_United_States_troops_from_Iraq_(2007%E2%80%932011)" title="Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011)">U.S. troop withdrawal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War (2014–2017)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul" title="Fall of Mosul">Fall of Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mosul_(2016%E2%80%932017)" title="Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)">Mosul liberation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">Insurgency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932021_Iraqi_protests" title="2019–2021 Iraqi protests">2019–2021 protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iraqi_political_crisis" title="2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis">2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iraq" title="Geography of Iraq">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Faw_peninsula" title="Al-Faw peninsula">Faw peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Iraq" title="Template:Borders of Iraq">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Iraq" title="Category:Lakes of Iraq">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iraq" title="List of islands of Iraq">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Iraq" title="List of places in Iraq">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Shatt al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Qasr" title="Umm Qasr">Umm Qasr</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iraq" title="Wildlife of Iraq">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iraq" title="Politics of Iraq">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Iraq" title="Governorates of Iraq">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq" title="Constitution of Iraq">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Representatives_of_Iraq" title="Council of Representatives of Iraq">Council of Representatives <span style="font-size:85%;">(legislative)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Iraq" title="Democracy in Iraq">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iraq" title="Elections in Iraq">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Iraq" title="Foreign aid to Iraq">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iraq" title="Foreign relations of Iraq">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Iraq" title="Federal government of Iraq">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Iraq)" title="Council of Ministers (Iraq)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_Council_of_Iraq" title="Presidency Council of Iraq">Presidency Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iraq" title="President of Iraq">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Iraq" title="List of presidents of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Iraq" title="Prime Minister of Iraq">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Iraq" title="List of prime ministers of Iraq">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iraq" title="Human rights in Iraq">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_pre-Saddam_Iraq" title="Human rights in pre-Saddam Iraq">in pre-Saddam Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saddam_Hussein%27s_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq">in Saddam Hussein's Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Human rights in post-invasion Iraq">in post-invasion Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Islamic_State-controlled_territory" title="Human rights in Islamic State-controlled territory">in ISIL-controlled territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iraq">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Iraq" title="Law of Iraq">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armed_Forces" title="Iraqi Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iraq" title="List of political parties in Iraq">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Iraq" title="Judiciary of Iraq">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iraq" title="List of wars involving Iraq">Wars and conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Iraq" title="List of banks in Iraq">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iraq" title="Central Bank of Iraq">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iraq" title="List of companies of Iraq">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iraq" title="Corruption in Iraq">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_dinar" title="Iraqi dinar">Dinar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_of_Iraq" title="Infrastructure of Iraq">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Foreign Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Oil Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Iraq" title="Oil reserves in Iraq">Oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_post-invasion_Iraq" title="Investment in post-invasion Iraq">Reconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_Stock_Exchange" title="Iraq Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iraq" title="Transport in Iraq">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iraq" title="List of airlines of Iraq">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_Railways" title="Iraqi Republic Railways">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iraq" title="Tourism in Iraq">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iraq" title="Category:Society of Iraq">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iraq" title="Demographics of Iraq">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis" title="Iraqis">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen#Language" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minorities_in_Iraq" title="Minorities in Iraq">Minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Armenians" title="Iraqi Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iraq" title="Circassians in Iraq">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_Arabs" title="Marsh Arabs">Marsh Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajam_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajam of Iraq">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solluba" title="Solluba">Solluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>/Turkoman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Iraq" title="Secularism in Iraq">Secularism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iraq" title="Islam in Iraq">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iraq" title="Christianity in Iraq">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Iraq" title="Irreligion in Iraq">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_art" title="Iraqi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iraq" title="Cinema of Iraq">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Iraq">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iraq" title="Education in Iraq">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iraq" title="Health in Iraq">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iraq" title="Mass media in Iraq">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Iraq" title="Television in Iraq">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iraq" title="Music of Iraq">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Iraq" title="Smoking in Iraq">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iraq" title="Sport in Iraq">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Iraq" title="Squatting in Iraq">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iraq" title="Public holidays in Iraq">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Mandaean New Year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iraq" title="Category:Iraq">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iraq" title="Portal:Iraq">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iraq" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Iraq">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Iraq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Iraq">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests_ecoregions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest_ecoregions" title="Template:Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest_ecoregions" title="Template talk:Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest_ecoregions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Palearctic_temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests_ecoregions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Palearctic_realm" title="Palearctic realm">Palearctic</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">temperate broadleaf and mixed forests</a> <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_deciduous_montane_forests" title="Apennine deciduous montane forests">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mixed_forests" title="Atlantic mixed forests">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_temperate_mixed_forests" title="Azores temperate mixed forests">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mixed_forests" title="Baltic mixed forests">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mixed_forests" title="Cantabrian mixed forests">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_broadleaf_forests" title="Celtic broadleaf forests">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Lowlands_beech_forests" title="English Lowlands beech forests">English Lowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_evergreen_forests" title="Madeira evergreen forests">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_moist_mixed_forests" title="North Atlantic moist mixed forests">North Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Po_Basin_mixed_forests" title="Po Basin mixed forests">Po Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenees_conifer_and_mixed_forests" title="Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_European_broadleaf_forests" title="Western European broadleaf forests">Western European</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_mixed_forests" title="Central European mixed forests">Central European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Submediterranean_forest_complex" title="Crimean Submediterranean forest complex">Crimean Submediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Dinaric Mountains mixed forests">Dinaric Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_European_forest_steppe" title="East European forest steppe">East European forest steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_mixed_forests" title="Pannonian mixed forests">Pannonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodope_montane_mixed_forests" title="Rodope montane mixed forests">Rodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatic_mixed_forests" title="Sarmatic mixed forests">Sarmatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_mixed_forests" title="Caucasus mixed forests">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolian_deciduous_forests" title="Central Anatolian deciduous forests">Central Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Anatolian_deciduous_forests" title="Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests">Eastern Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euxine%E2%80%93Colchic_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Euxine–Colchic deciduous forests">Euxine–Colchic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains_forest_steppe" title="Zagros Mountains forest steppe">Zagros Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China_loess_plateau_mixed_forests" title="Central China loess plateau mixed forests">Central China loess plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Korean_deciduous_forests" title="Central Korean deciduous forests">Central Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changbai_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Changbai Mountains mixed forests">Changbai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiang_Plain_evergreen_forests" title="Changjiang Plain evergreen forests">Changjiang Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_Mountains_evergreen_forests" title="Daba Mountains evergreen forests">Daba Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D_deciduous_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō deciduous forests">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_He_Plain_mixed_forests" title="Huang He Plain mixed forests">Huang He Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_mixed_forests" title="Manchurian mixed forests">Manchurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonkai_evergreen_forests" title="Nihonkai evergreen forests">Nihonkai evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihonkai_montane_deciduous_forests" title="Nihonkai montane deciduous forests">Nihonkai montane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain_deciduous_forests" title="Northeast China Plain deciduous forests">Northeast China Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Ling_Mountains_deciduous_forests" title="Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests">Qin Ling Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_Basin_evergreen_broadleaf_forests" title="Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests">Sichuan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sakhalin%E2%80%93Kurile_mixed_forests" title="South Sakhalin–Kurile mixed forests">South Sakhalin–Kurile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Korea_evergreen_forests" title="Southern Korea evergreen forests">Southern Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiheiyo_evergreen_forests" title="Taiheiyo evergreen forests">Taiheiyo evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiheiyo_montane_deciduous_forests" title="Taiheiyo montane deciduous forests">Taiheiyo montane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin_deciduous_forests_and_steppe" title="Tarim Basin deciduous forests and steppe">Tarim Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ussuri_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests">Ussuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="West Siberian broadleaf and mixed forests">West Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167021#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167021#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167021#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/240371582">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4108915-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007534266205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/29816">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&oldid=1258337286">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Mountains&oldid=1258337286</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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