CINXE.COM
{"title":"Migration Loneliness and Family Links: A Case Narrative","authors":"R.Narchal","volume":64,"journal":"International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","pagesStart":463,"pagesEnd":470,"ISSN":"1307-6892","URL":"https:\/\/publications.waset.org\/pdf\/12348","abstract":"Culture and family structure provide a sense security.\nFurther, the chrono, macro and micro contexts of development\ninfluence developmental transitions and timetable particularly owing\nto variations in the macrosystem associated with non normative life\nevents like migration. Migration threatens family links, security and\nattachment bonds. Rising migratory trends have prompted an\nincreased interest in migration consequences on familial bonds,\ndevelopmental autonomy, socialization process, and sense of\nsecurity. This paper takes a narrative approach and applies the\nattachment paradigm from a lifespan perspective, to examine the\nsettlement experiences of an India-born migrant student in Sydney,\nAustralia. It focuses on her quest to preserve family ties; her remote\nsecure base; her continual struggle to balance dependency and\nautonomy, a major developmental milestone. As positional parental\npower is culturally more potent in the Indian society, the paper\ntherefore raises some important concerns related to cultural\nexpectations, adaptation, acculturative stress and sense of security.","references":"[1] J. Garbarino, Children and families in the social environment (2 nd ed.).\nNew York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1992.\n[2] E. J. Leeder, The Family in Global Perspective. A Gendered Journey.\nThousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2004.\n[3] U. Bronfenbrenner, \"The developing ecology of human development:\nParadigm lost or paradigm gained,\" in U. Bronfenbrenner (Ed.), Making\nHuman Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human\nDevelopment, 1989, pp. 94-195. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications\nLtd.\n[4] B. D. Whitehead & D. Popenoe, The state of the unions. The social\nhealth of marriage in America. Essay: Marriage and children: Coming\ntogether again? The national marriage project, Rutgers University,\n2003, Retrieved from\nhttp:\/\/marriage.rutgers.edu\/Publications\/Print\/PrintSOOU2003.htm\n[5] J. H. Plek, and B. P. Masciadrelli, Parental involvement by US\nresidential fathers: Levels, resources and consequences. In M.E. Lamb\n(Ed.), The Role of The Father in Child Development (4th Ed.), 2004.\nHoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.\n[6] J. N. Roopnarine, and P. Suppal, \"Kakar-s psychoanalytic\ninterpretation of Indian childhood: The need to emphasize the father and\nmultiple caregivers in the socialization equation,\" International Journal\nof Group Tensions, vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 349-37, 2000. doi:\n10.1023\/A:1026529413613\n[7] R. E. Bulanda, R. E. \"Parental involvement with children: The\ninfluence of gender ideologies,\" Journal of Marriage and Family, vol.\n66, pp. 40-45, 2004. doi: 10.1111\/j.0022-2455.2004.00003.x\n[8] N. Howe, J. Aquan-Assee, W. M. Bukowski, C. M. Rinaldi and P. M.\nLehoux, \"Sibling self-disclosure in early adolescence,\" Merrill-Palmer\nQuarterly, vol 46, no. 4, pp. 653-671, 2000.\n[9] E. Erikson, Childhood and Society. New York: Norton, 1950.\n[10] E. Erikson, E. Identity: Youth and Crisis, New York: Norton, 1968.\n[11] A. J. Fuligni, \"Authority, autonomy, and parent-adolescent conflict and\ncohesion: A study of adolescents from Mexican, Chinese, Filipino, and\nEuropean backgrounds,\" Developmental Psychology, vol. 34, no. 4, pp\n782-792, 1998. doi: 10.1037\/0012-1649.34.4.782\n[12] L. Steinberg, Adolescence (6th Ed.). Boston McGraw-Hill, 2002.\n[13] R. C. Fraley, \"Attachment stability from infancy to adulthood: Metaanalysis\nand dynamic modeling of development mechanisms,\"\nPersonality and Social Psychology Review, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 123-151,\n2002. doi: 10.1207\/S15327957PSPR0602_03\n[14] C. Franz, and K. White, \"Individuation and attachment in personality\ndevelopment: Extending Erikson's theory,\" Journal of Personality, vol.\n53, pp. 224-256, 1985. doi:10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1985.tb00365.x\n[15] H. D. Grotevant, and C. R. Cooper, \"Individuation in family\nrelationships: A perspective on individual differences in the\ndevelopment of identity and role-taking skill in adolescence,\" Human\nDevelopment, vol. 29, no 2, pp. 82-100, 1986. doi: 10.1159\/000273025)\n[16] S. Shulman, B. Feldman, S. J. Blatt, O. Cohen, and A. Mahler,\n\"Emerging adulthood: Age-related tasks and underlying self processes,\"\nJournal of Adolescent Research, vol. 20, pp. 577-603, 2005. doi:\n10.1177\/0743558405274913\n[17] M. Kerr, and H. Stattin, Parenting of adolescents: Action or reaction?\nIn A.C. Crouter, & A. Booth (Eds.), Children-s Influence on Family\nDynamics: The Neglected Side of Family Relationships. Mahwah, NJ:\nErlbaum, 2003.\n[18] S. Minuchin, S, Families and Family Therapy. Cambridge, MA:\nHarvard University Press, 1974.\n[19] A. Roland, \"Toward A Psychoanalytical Psychology of Hierarchical\nRelationships In Hindu India,\" Ethos, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 232-253, 1982.\nDOI: 10.1525\/eth.1982.10.3.02a00020\n[20] P. Agrawal, and J. K. Gulati, \"The patterns of infant-mother attachment\nas a function of home environment,\" Journal of Human Ecology, vol.\n18, no. 4, pp. 287-293, 2005.\n[21] Kakar, S. Indian Childhood: Cultural Ideals and Social Reality. Oxford\nUniv Press, 1979.\n[22] S. Kakar, The Inner World: A Psychoanalytic Study of Childhood and\nSociety in India. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989.\n[23] D. Sharma, \"Infancy and childhood in India: A critical review,\"\nInternational Journal of Group Tensions, vol. 29, no. 3-4, pp. 219-251,\n2000. doi: 10.1023\/A:1026521211796\n[24] A. Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan Toward a Cross-Cultural\nPsychology, Princeton Univ Press, 1988.\n[25] J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss: Separation, Anxiety and Anger (Vol.\n2). London: The Hogarth Press, 1973.\n[26] D. W. Winnicott. The Aim o f Psychoanalytical Treatment. In D.W.\nWinnicott, The Maturational Processes and the Facilitating\nEnvironment. Studies In The Theory of Emotional Development (pp.\n166-170). New York: International Universities Press, 1962.\n[27] J. Bowlby, Attachment and Loss: Attachment (Vol. 1). London: The\nHogarth Press, 1969.\n[28] M. Mikulincer, P. R. Shaver and P. Z. Mark, (2003). \"The attachment\nbehavioural system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics and\ninterpersonal processes. In Advances in Experimental and Social\nPsychology, vol. 35, pp 53-152: Academic Press, 2003.\n[29] M. D. S. Ainsworth, (1989). \"Attachments beyond infancy,\" American\nPsychologist, vol. 44, pp.709-716, 1989. Retrieved from\nhttp:\/\/ea3se7mz8x.scholar.serialssolutions.com\/?sid=google&auinit=MS\n&aulast=Ainsworth&atitle=Attachments+beyond+infancy.&id=doi:10.1\n037\/0003066X.44.4.709&title=American+psychologist&volume=44&is\nsue=4&date=1989&spage=709&issn=0003-066X\n[30] N. L. Collins, and S. J. Read, \"Adult attachment, working models, and\nrelationship quality in dating couples,\" Journal of Personality and Social\nPsychology, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 644-663, 1990. doi: 10.1037\/0022-\n3514.58.4.644\n[31] R. Weiss, Continuities and Transformations in Social Relationships\nFrom Adulthood to Childhood. In W. Hartup & Z. Rubin (Eds.),\nRelationships and Development , pp. 95-110. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum,\n1986.\n[32] M. D. S. Ainsworth, M. C. Blehar, E. Waters and S. Wall, Patterns of\nAttachment: A Psychological Study of The Strange Situation: Hillsdale,\nNJ: Erlbaum, 1978.\n[33] M. E. Kenny, \"The extent and functioning of parental attachment\namong first year college students,\" Journal of Youth and Adolescence,\nvol. 16, no.1, pp. 17-29, 1987, doi: 10.1007\/BF02141544\n[34] M. Kenny, \"College seniors' perceptions of parental attachments: The\nvalue and stability of family ties,\" Journal of College Student\nDevelopment, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 39-46, 1990.\n[35] S. Mehta, \"Relationship between acculturation and mental health for\nAsian Indian immigrants in the United States\". Genetic, Social, and\nGeneral Psychology Monographs, vol. 124, no. 1, pp. 61-78, 1998.\nRetrieved from\nhttp:\/\/ea3se7mz8x.scholar.serialssolutions.com\/?sid=google&auinit=S&\naulast=Mehta&atitle=Relationship+between+acculturation+and+mental\n+health+for+Asian+Indian+immigrants+in+the+United+States.&title=G\nenetic,+social,+and+general+psychology+monographs&volume=124&i\nssue=1&date=1998&spage=61&issn=8756-7547\n[36] J. Butler, \"Bracha-s Eurydice,\" Theory Culture and Society, vol. 21, no.\n1, pp. 95-100, 2004. doi: 10.1177\/0263276404040481\n[37] G.M. Constantine, S. Okazaki and S. O. Utsey, \"Self-concealment,\nsocial self-efficacy, acculturative stress, and depression in African,\nAsian, and Latin American international college students\", American\nJournal of Orthopsychiatry, vol.74, pp. 230-241, 2004.\n[38] A. Ponizovsky, and M. Ritsner, \"Patterns of loneliness in an immigrant\npopulation,\" Comprehensive Psychiatry, vol. 45, pp. 408-414, 1998.\ndoi:10.1016\/j.comppsych.2004.03.011\n[39] E. DiTommaso, C. Brannen-McNulty and L. A. Best, \"Measurement\nand Validity characteristics of the short version of the social and\nemotional loneliness scale for adults,\" Educational and Psychological\nMeasurement, vol. 64, no. 1, pp. 99-119, 2004. doi:\n10.1177\/0013164403258450 2004 64: 99\n[40] R. Papadopoulos, M. Lay, S. Lees and A. Gebrehiwot, \"Ethiopian\nrefugees in the UK: Migration, adaptation and settlement experiences\nand their relevance to health\". Ethnicity and Health, vol. 9, no. 1, pp.\n55-73, 2004. doi: 10.1080\/1355785042000202745 I\n[41] Australian Bureau of Statistics, Census of Population and Housing\nSources for Historical Background, 2009. Retrieved from\nhttp:\/\/www.immi.gov.au\/media\/publications\/statistics\/commsumm\/_\npdf\/india.pdf\n[42] Institute of International Education, Open doors: 2002\/2003\u00d4\u00c7\u00f6Report on\ninternational student enrolment, 2005. Retrieved\nfrom.http:\/\/opendoors.iienetwork.org.\n[43] C. Norberg-Schultz, \"Place,\" Architectural Association Quarterly, vol.\n8, no. 4, pp. 3-10, 1977.\n[44] R. Narchal, \"At home and lonely?\" Refereed conference proceedings,\njoint conference of The APS and NZPS, September 26-30, Sky City\nAuckland., 2006.\n[45] R. Narchal, \"Migration: Destruction and reconstruction of the self\". EJournal\nof Applied Psychology Clinical and Social Issues, vol. 3 no. 1,\npp. 55-64, 2007. Retrieved from\nhttp:\/\/ojs.lib.swin.edu.au\/index.php\/ejap\/article\/view\/80\/107\n[46] M. A. Swagler, and M. V. Ellis, \"Crossing the distance: Adjustment of\nTaiwanese graduate students in the United States,\" Journal of\nCounseling Psychology, vol, 5, no. 4, pp. 420-437, 2003. doi:\n10.1037\/0022-0167.50.4.420\n[47] Y. Ying, \"Variation in acculturative stressors over time: A study of\nTaiwanese students in the United States,\" International Journal of\nIntercultural Relations, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 59-71, 2005.\n[48] A. Reynolds and M. Constantine, \"Cultural adjustment difficulties and\ncareer development of international students,\" Journal of Career\nAssessment, vol. 15, no, 3, pp. 338-350, 2007. doi:\n10.1177\/1069072707301218\n[49] V. K. Koneru, WeisA. G. man de Mamani, P. m. Flynn and H.\nBetancourt \"Acculturation and mental health: Current findings and\nrecommendations for future research,\" Applied and Preventive\nPsychology, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 76-96, 2007.\ndoi:10.1016\/j.appsy.2007.07.016\n[50] J. Smart and D. Smart, \"Acculturative stress: The experience of the\nHispanic immigrant,\" The Counseling Psychologist, vol. 23, pp. 25-42,\n1995. doi: 10.1177\/0011000095231003\n[51] M. Rutter, \"Understanding and testing risk mechanisms for mental\ndisorders,\" Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, vol. 50, no. 1-\n2, pp. 44-52, 2009. doi:10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2008.01976.x\n[52] M. Rutter, \"Resilience, competence and coping\", Child Abuse and\nNeglect, vol. 31, pp. 205-209, 2007. doi: 10.1016\/j.chiabu.2007.02.001\n[53] U. Bronfenbrenner, The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments\nBy Nature And Design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,\n1979.\n[54] M. Alexander, The Shock of Arrival: Reflections on Postcolonial\nExperience. Boston: South End Press, 2000.\n[55] R. Mahalingam, C. Philip and S. Balan, S. \"Cultural psychology and\nmarginality: An explorative study on Indian Diaspora\" (pg 151-166). In\nR. Mahalingam (Ed.) Cultural Psychology of Immigrants, Lawrence\nErlbaum Associates, Inc, 2006.\n[56] R. Mahalingam, \"Essentialism, culture and power: Rethinking social\nclass,\" Journal of Social Issues, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 733-749, 2003.\n[57] O. Mayseless, R. Daniel, and R. Sharabany \"Adults' attachment\npatterns: Coping with separations,\" Journal of Youth and Adolescence,\nvol. 25, no. 5, pp. 667-690, 1996. Retrieved from\nhttp:\/\/construct.haifa.ac.il\/~ofram\/article_list_15.pdf\n[58] E. V. Cardemil and C. L. Battle, \"Guess whos-s coming to therapy?\nGetting comfortable with conversations about race and ethnicity in\npsychotherapy,\" Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, vol.\n34, no. 3, pp. 278-286, 2003. doi: 10.1037\/0735-7028.34.3.278\n[59] J. W. Berry, \"Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation,\"Applied\nPsychology, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 5-68, 1997. Retrieved from\nhttp:\/\/www.unige.ch\/international\/etudageneve\/gisp\/prog\/Readings\/Akk\nari_Berry.pdf\n[60] J.W. Berry, \"Social and cultural change,\" In H. Triandis & R. Brislin\n(Eds.) Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol 5, pp 211-280.\nBoston: Allyn & Bacon, 1980.\n[61] J. W. Berry and U. Kim, \"Acculturation and mental health\". In P.R.\nDasen, J. W. Berry, & N. Sartorius (Eds.), Health and Cross-Cultural\nPsychology: Toward Applications (pp. 207-236). Thousand Oaks, CA:\nSage publications Inc. 1988.\n[62] A. C. Garza-Guerrero, \"Culture Shock: Its mourning and the vicissitudes\nof identity\". Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, vol.\n22, no. 2, pp. 408-429, 1974. doi: 10.1177\/000306517402200213\n[63] K. Oberg, K. \"Culture shock: Adjustment to new cultural\nenvironments,\" Practical Anthropology, vol. 7, 177-182, 1960.\n[64] V. Christofi and C. L. Thomson, \"You cannot go home again: A\nphenomenological investigation of returning to the sojourn country after\nstudying abroad,\" Journal of Counseling & Development, vol. 85, no. 1,\npp. 53-63, 2007.\n[65] K. Cushman, \"Facing the culture shock of college,\" Educational\nLeadership, vol. 64, no. 7, pp. 44-47, 2007.\n[66] D. Bhugra and P. Arya, \"Ethnic density, cultural congruity and mental\nillness in migrants,\" International Review of Psychiatry, vol. 17, no.\npp.133-137, 2005. doi:10.1080\/09540260500049984\n[67] E. DiTommaso, C. Brannen-McNulty, L. Ross and M. Burgess,\n\"Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults\".\nPersonality and Individual Differences, vol.35, no. 2, pp. 303-312,\n2003. doi: 10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00190-3\n[68] L. L.Frey, D. Beesley and M. R. Miller, \"Relational health, attachment,\nand psychological distress in college men and women,\" Psychology of\nWomen Quarterly, vol. 30, no. pp. 303-311, 2006. doi: 10.1111\/j.1471-\n6402.2006.00298.x\n[69] V. Cattell, \"Poor people, poor places and poor health: The mediating\nrole of social networks and social capital,\" Social Science & Medicine,\nvol.52, no. 10, pp. 1501-1516, 2001. doi: 10.1016\/S0277-\n9536(00)00259-8\n[70] I. Kawachi and L. Berkman, \"Social ties and mental health, \"Journal of\nUrban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, vol. 78,\nno.3. pp. 458-467, 2001. doi: 10.1093\/jurban\/78.3.458\n[71] M. Ritsner and A. Ponizovsky \"Psychological symptoms among an\nimmigrant population: A prevalence study,\" Comprehensive Psychiatry,\nvol.39, no.1, pp. 21-27, 1998. doi: 10.1016\/S0010-440X(98)90028-1\n[72] P. Ghuman, \"Best or worst of two worlds? A study of Asian\nadolescents,\" Educational Research, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 121-132, 1991.\ndoi:10.1080\/0013188910330205\n[73] G. R. Sodowsky and J. C. Carey, \"Relationships between acculturationrelated\ndemographics and cultural attitudes of an Asian-Indian\nimmigrant group,\" Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development,\nvol.16, no. 3, pp. 117-136, 1988.\n[74] S. Mori, \"Addressing the mental health concerns of international\nstudents,\" Journal of Counseling and Development, vol.78, pp.137-144,\n2000.\n[75] A. Das and S. F. Kemp, \"Between two worlds: Counseling South Asian\nAmericans\". Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, vol.\n25, no. 1, pp. 23-33, 1997. Retrieved from\nhttp:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/psycinfo\/1997-07241-002\n[76] C. K. Riessman, C. K. Narrative Methods for Human Sciences. Sage\nPublications, Inc.2008.\n[77] C. J. Riessman, Narrative Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993.\n[78] S. Delamont, Sex Roles and the School. 2nd ed. London: Routledge and\nKegan Paul, 1990.\n[79] P. A. Duff, Case Study Research in Applied Linguistics. New York:\nLawrence Erlbaum, 2008.\n[80] J. Gerring, Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge\nUniversity Press, 2007.\n[81] D. Russell, L.A. Peplau, & E. C. Cutrona, \"The revised UCLA\nloneliness scale: Concurrent validity and discriminant validity\nevidence,\" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 39, no. 3,\npp. 472 -480, 1980.\n[82] K. Bartholomew and L. M. Horowitz, \"Attachment styles among adults:\nA Test of a four-category model,\" Journal of Personality and Social\nPsychology, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 226-244, 1991. doi: 10.1037\/0022-\n3514.61.2.226\n[83] M. Rutter, Genes and Behaviour: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained.\nOxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.\n[84] A. Roland, \"Sexuality, the Indian extended family, and Hindu culture,\"\nJournal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis, vol.19, pp. 595-605,\n1991.\n[85] J. Rempel, M. Ross and J. Holmes, \"Trust and communicated\nattributions in close relationships\". Journal of Personality and Social\nPsychology, vol. 81, no. 1, pp. 57-64, 2001. doi: 10.1037\/0022-\n3514.81.1.57\n[86] M. Mikulincer, \"Adult attachment style and information processing:\nIndividual differences in curiosity and cognitive closure,\" Journal of\nPersonality and Social Psychology, vol. 72, pp. 1217-1230, 1997. doi:\n10.1037\/0022-3514.72.5.1217\n[87] E. Silveira, and P. Allebeck, (2001). \"Migration, ageing and mental\nhealth: An ethnographic study on perceptions of life satisfaction, anxiety\nand depression in older Somali men in east London,\" International\nJournal of Social Welfare, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 309-320, 2001.\ndoi: 10.1111\/1468-2397.0018\n[88] J. R. P. Jr.French, W. Rodgers and S. Cobb, Adjustment as Person-\nEnvironment Fit. In G. V. Coelho, D. A. Hamburg, & J. E. Adms (Eds.),\nCoping and adaptation (pp. 316-333). New York: Basic Books Inc.\n1974.","publisher":"World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology","index":"Open Science Index 64, 2012"}