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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Eighteen+Greater+Texts%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;" class="toccolours" width="220"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#A8BDEC;text-align:center;" colspan="2">Topics in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#efefef;"><a href="/wiki/Eight_Anthologies" title="Eight Anthologies">Eight Anthologies</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ai%E1%B9%85kurun%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Aiṅkurunūṟu">Aiṅkurunūṟu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akan%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Akanāṉūṟu">Akanāṉūṟu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%9Fan%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Puṟanāṉūṟu">Puṟanāṉūṟu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalittokai" title="Kalittokai">Kalittokai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%9Funtokai" title="Kuṟuntokai">Kuṟuntokai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Na%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fi%E1%B9%87ai" title="Naṟṟiṇai">Natṟiṇai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Parip%C4%81%E1%B9%ADal" title="Paripāṭal">Paripāṭal</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pati%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppattu" title="Patiṟṟuppattu">Patiṟṟuppattu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#efefef"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Idylls" title="Ten Idylls">Ten Idylls</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%9Fi%C3%B1cipp%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" title="Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu">Kuṟiñcippāṭṭu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaipa%E1%B9%ADuka%E1%B9%AD%C4%81m" title="Malaipaṭukaṭām">Malaipaṭukaṭām</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maturaikk%C4%81%C3%B1ci" title="Maturaikkāñci">Maturaikkāñci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mullaipp%C4%81%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADu" title="Mullaippāṭṭu">Mullaippāṭṭu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ne%E1%B9%ADunalv%C4%81%E1%B9%ADai" title="Neṭunalvāṭai">Neṭunalvāṭai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADi%E1%B9%89app%C4%81lai" title="Paṭṭiṉappālai">Paṭṭiṉappālai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perump%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai">Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poru%E1%B9%87ar%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai">Poruṇarāṟṟuppaṭai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ci%E1%B9%9Fup%C4%81%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai">Ciṟupāṇāṟṟuppaṭai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC;"><b>Related topics</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Sangams" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Sangams">Sangam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_history_from_Sangam_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil history from Sangam literature">Tamil history from Sangam literature</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Tamil_music" title="Ancient Tamil music">Ancient Tamil music</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC;"><b><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81la%E1%B9%ADiy%C4%81r" title="Nālaṭiyār">Nālaṭiyār</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81%E1%B9%89ma%E1%B9%87ikka%E1%B9%ADikai" title="Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai">Nāṉmaṇikkaṭikai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/I%E1%B9%89%E1%B9%89%C4%81_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu">Iṉṉā Nāṟpatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I%E1%B9%89iyavai_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu">Iṉiyavai Nāṟpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81r_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Kār Nāṟpatu">Kār Nāṟpatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B8%B7ava%E1%B8%BBi_N%C4%81%E1%B9%9Fpatu" title="Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu">Kaḷavaḻi Nāṟpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ainti%E1%B9%87ai_Aimpatu" title="Aintiṇai Aimpatu">Aintiṇai Aimpatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%89aimo%E1%B8%BBi_Aimpatu" title="Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu">Tiṉaimoḻi Aimpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Aintinai_E%E1%B8%BBupatu" title="Aintinai Eḻupatu">Aintinai Eḻupatu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ti%E1%B9%87aim%C4%81lai_N%C5%AB%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Faimpatu" title="Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu">Tiṇaimālai Nūṟṟaimpatu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirika%E1%B9%ADukam" title="Tirikaṭukam">Tirikaṭukam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81rakk%C5%8Dvai" title="Ācārakkōvai">Ācārakkōvai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pa%E1%B8%BBamo%E1%B8%BBi_N%C4%81%E1%B9%89%C5%AB%E1%B9%9Fu" title="Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu">Paḻamoḻi Nāṉūṟu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ci%E1%B9%9Fupa%C3%B1cam%C5%ABlam" title="Ciṟupañcamūlam">Ciṟupañcamūlam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mutumo%E1%B8%BBikk%C4%81nci" title="Mutumoḻikkānci">Mutumoḻikkānci</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/El%C4%81ti" title="Elāti">Elāti</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kainnilai" title="Kainnilai">Kainnilai</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#A8BDEC"><b>Bhakti Literature</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Ramavataram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tevaram" title="Tevaram">Tevaram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumuṟai</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right;padding: 0 5px 0 5px"><small class="editlink noprint plainlinksneverexpand"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sangam_literature&action=edit">edit </a></small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Eighteen Greater Texts</b>, known as <b>Patiṉeṇmēlkaṇakku</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: <span lang="ta">பதினெண்மேல்கணக்கு</span>) in the literature, is the collection of the oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">poetry</a>. This collection is considered part of the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam Literature">Sangam Literature</a> and dated approximately between 100 BCE and 200 CE. A series of eighteen major anthologies, it contains the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Anthologies" title="Eight Anthologies">Eight Anthologies</a> (<i>Ettuthokai</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Idylls" title="Ten Idylls">Ten Idylls</a> (<i>Pattupattu</i>). The songs in the Eighteen Greater Texts anthology are set in the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akaval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akaval (page does not exist)">Akaval</a></i> style. </p><p>The Eighteen Greater Texts anthology contains 2,381 poems including the ten larger works belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Idylls" title="Ten Idylls">Ten Idylls</a> collection. These poems are attributed to 473 poets. Sixteen of the 473 poets are responsible for 1,177 of the 2,279 poems for which the name of the author is known. In all, 102 of the poems are anonymous. Notably, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pati%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppattu" title="Patiṟṟuppattu">pathirruppathu</a></i> collection exclusively collects poetry from the <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty#Early_Cheras" title="Chera dynasty">Cheral</a> kings (from Kerala), whereas the other collections contain a mix of poetry patronized by diverse Tamil kings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anthology">Anthology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighteen_Greater_Texts&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anthology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no information available on when these poems were collected or on the identity of the anthologist. These poems have passed through four stages of evolution. The poems were created by the bardic authors between 100 BCE and 200 CE. The poems were collected into the various anthologies. <a href="/wiki/Colophon_(publishing)" title="Colophon (publishing)">colophons</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighteen_Greater_Texts&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_Indian_texts" title="List of historic Indian texts">List of historic Indian texts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eighteen_Greater_Texts&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Zvelebil, K. V. <i>Abschnitt. Tamil literature</i> (1975) Brill Academic Publishers <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Tamil_Conference" title="World Tamil Conference">World Tamil Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Classical_Tamil_Conference_2010" title="World Classical Tamil Conference 2010">World Classical Tamil Conference 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Classics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></li> <li><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural_(poetic_form)" title="Kural (poetic form)">Kural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venpa" title="Venpa">Venpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraichchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraichchi">Iraichchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akam_(poetry)" title="Akam (poetry)">Akam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puram_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puram (poetry)">Puram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinai">Thinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullurai" title="Ullurai">Ullurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ula_(poetry)" title="Ula (poetry)">Ulā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Grammars and<br />dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agattiyam" title="Agattiyam">Agattiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nann%C5%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Nannūl">Nannūl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purapporul_Venbamaalai" title="Purapporul Venbamaalai">Purapporul Venbamaalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature#Vijayanagar_and_Nayak_period" title="Tamil literature">Caturakarāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Lexicon_dictionary" title="Tamil Lexicon dictionary">Tamil Lexicon dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalpana_Vaipava_Malai" title="Yalpana Vaipava Malai">Yāḻpāna Vaipava Mālai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mathematics and<br />natural 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