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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1929 Congress of the 4th Chinese Red Army</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gutian_classroom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gutian_classroom.jpg/220px-Gutian_classroom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gutian_classroom.jpg/330px-Gutian_classroom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Gutian_classroom.jpg/440px-Gutian_classroom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Classroom where the meeting was held.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gutian Congress</b> or <b>Gutian Conference</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">古田会议</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">古田會議</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gǔtián huìyì</span></i>) was the 9th meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(National_Revolutionary_Army)" title="Fourth Army (National Revolutionary Army)">4th Red Army</a> and the first after the <a href="/wiki/Nanchang_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang Uprising">Nanchang Uprising</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">southward flight</a> of the rebel troops. It was convened in December 1929 in the town of <a href="/wiki/Gutian,_Shanghang_County" title="Gutian, Shanghang County">Gutian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shanghang_County" title="Shanghang County">Shanghang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> Province.<sup id="cite_ref-:Duan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Duan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Congress was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conference">Conference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutian_Congress&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conference"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> in September 1929, <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> wrote a letter to the 4th <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a> affirming <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s view of an armed division composed of workers and peasants.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 178">: 178 </span></sup> The letter emphasized the principle, "First is the Red Army, and later urban political power. This is characteristic of the Chinese revolution, which is a product of China's economic foundation."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 178">: 178 </span></sup> It described the Red Army's basic tasks as "1) mobilizing mass struggle, implementing the agrarian revolution, and establishing the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviet</a> regime, 2) implementing <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerilla warfare</a>, arming the peasants, expanding its own organization, and 3) expanding the guerilla's territory and political influence throughout the entire country."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 304">: 304 </span></sup> </p><p>Acting on this letter, in December 1929 the 4th Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army held its 9th Party Congress at Gutian.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 178">: 178 </span></sup> </p><p>Most of the delegates to this congress were army men. Mao, voted out six months earlier but moving from his success at the Jiaoyang Congress (also in Shanghang), addressed the <i>Zhu-Mao</i> 4th Army (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱毛四军</span></span>) as its <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>-anointed <a href="/wiki/Political_commissar" title="Political commissar">political commissar</a> and chaired the congress. Mao emphasized the importance of a politically and ideologically-aligned military to the success of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Duan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Duan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mao stated that the Red Army was "an armed group that carries out the political work of the revolution" and that "[i]n addition to fighting to destroy the enemy's power, it must also bear the burden of propagating, organizing, and arming the masses and helping them establish revolutionary regimes and even build the Communist Party."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 304–305">: 304–305 </span></sup> According to Mao, "This is the whole purpose behind winning the war, and the very purpose for which the army exists."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 305">: 305 </span></sup> </p><p>The Resolution adopted following the Congress (the Gutian Congress Resolution or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">古田会议决议</span></span>) also emphasized the connection between war and politics, including the <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class</a> nature of war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 289">: 289 </span></sup> According to the Resolution, the Party's leading organs in the army must become "the central leadership" and that all major issues discussed at Party Committee meetings must be "resolutely implemented".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 307">: 307 </span></sup> The Resolution stated that the Red Army must be organized <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">democratically</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 321">: 321 </span></sup> The Resolution also called for the criticism of what was seen as excessive democratic deliberation and discussion in the fighting force ("ultra-democracy"), preferring <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> whereby the minority agreed to abide by the decisions of the majority, lower levels unquestioningly implemented decisions made by the leadership, and that mistaken ideas must be "corrected through ideological criticism."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 400, 410">: 400, 410 </span></sup> Mao drafted the Resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 307">: 307 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutian_Congress&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Congress was important in establishing the principle of party control over the military, which continues to be a core principle of the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">ideology of the Chinese Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Duan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Duan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the short term, this concept was further developed in the June 1930 Program for the Red Fourth Army at All Levels and the winter 1930 Provisional Regulations on the Political Work of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Army (Draft), which formally established Party leadership of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 307">: 307 </span></sup> </p><p>The principles in the Guitan Congress Resolution were part of the development of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_line" title="Mass line">mass line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 366">: 366 </span></sup> </p><p>One of the selections from the Gutian Congress Resolution later included in Mao's <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Red_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Red Book">Little Red Book</a></i> is as follows: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>In the sphere of theory, destroy the roots of ultra-democracy. First, it should be pointed out that the danger of ultra-democracy lies in the fact that it damages or even completely wrecks the Party organisation and weakens or even completely undermines the Party's fighting capacity, rendering the Party incapable of fulfilling its fighting tasks and thereby causing the defeat of the revolution. Next it should be pointed out that the source of ultra-democracy consists in the <a href="/wiki/Petite_bourgeoisie" title="Petite bourgeoisie">petty bourgeoisie</a>'s individualistic aversion to discipline. When this characteristic is brought into the Party, it develops into ultra-democratic ideas politically and organisationally. These ideas are utterly incompatible with the fighting tasks of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> convened a Military Political Work Conference with 420 military officials at Gutian in order to emphasize the principles established at the 1929 Gutian Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-:Duan_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Duan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 279–280">: 279–280 </span></sup> Xi reaffirmed the principle that "<a href="/wiki/Political_power_grows_out_of_the_barrel_of_a_gun" title="Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun">the Party commands the Gun</a>" and highlighted the significance of political work in military development.<sup id="cite_ref-:Duan_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Duan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 280">: 280 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutian_Congress&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutian_Congress&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutian_Congress&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:Duan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Duan_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDuan2024" class="citation book cs1">Duan, Lei (2024). "Towards a More Joint Strategy: Assessing Chinese Military Reforms and Militia Reconstruction". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.). <i>China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment</i>. <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiden University Press">Leiden University Press</a>. p. 280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789087284411" title="Special:BookSources/9789087284411"><bdi>9789087284411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+a+More+Joint+Strategy%3A+Assessing+Chinese+Military+Reforms+and+Militia+Reconstruction&rft.btitle=China+under+Xi+Jinping%3A+A+New+Assessment&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Leiden+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789087284411&rft.aulast=Duan&rft.aufirst=Lei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGutian+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2020" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Yibing (2020). <i>An Ideological History of the Communist Party of China</i>. Vol. 1. Qian Zheng, Guoyou Wu, Xuemei Ding, Li Sun, Shelly Bryant. Montreal, Quebec: Royal Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4878-0425-1"><bdi>978-1-4878-0425-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165409653">1165409653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ideological+History+of+the+Communist+Party+of+China&rft.place=Montreal%2C+Quebec&rft.pub=Royal+Collins&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1165409653&rft.isbn=978-1-4878-0425-1&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Yibing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGutian+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://xuewen.cnki.net/R2006063310000007.html">"《关于纠正党内的错误思想》"</a>. Xuewen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%BA%A0%E6%AD%A3%E5%85%9A%E5%86%85%E7%9A%84%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=Xuewen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxuewen.cnki.net%2FR2006063310000007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGutian+Congress" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gutian_Congress&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a>, ed., East is Red Publishing (Beijing, 1964, April), pp. 309–11.</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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id="National_meetings_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">National Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convocations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">4th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">6th (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">7th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">11th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">17th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">Presidium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">3rd (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">4th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">5th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">6th (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">9th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">10th (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">11th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">12th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">13th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">14th (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">16th (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">17th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">18th (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">19th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Presidium of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">Qualification Review<br />Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">3rd (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">4th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">5th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">6th (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">9th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">10th (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">11th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">12th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">13th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">14th (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">16th (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">17th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">18th (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">19th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualification_Review_Committee_of_the_20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Qualification Review Committee of the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_golden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/100px-Danghui_golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/150px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/200px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delegates Assembly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1937_National_Assembly_of_Delegates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1937 National Assembly of Delegates (page does not exist)">1st (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1955_National_Assembly_of_Delegates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1955 National Assembly of Delegates (page does not exist)">2nd (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1985_National_Assembly_of_Delegates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1985 National Assembly of Delegates (page does not exist)">3rd (1985)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> & <br /> <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee</a> plenums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gutian Congress</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningdu_Conference" title="Ningdu Conference">Ningdu Conference</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunyi_Conference" title="Zunyi Conference">Zunyi Conference</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lushan_Conference" title="Lushan Conference">Lushan Conference</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_plenary_session_of_the_9th_Central_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd plenary session of the 9th Central Committee (page does not exist)">2nd Plenum, 9th CC (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenum, 11th CC (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_plenary_session_of_the_11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th plenary session of the 11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">6th Plenum, 11th CC (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_plenary_session_of_the_13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th plenary session of the 13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">4th Plenum, 13th CC (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_plenary_session_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">3rd Plenum, 18th CC (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_plenary_session_of_the_18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">4th Plenum, 18th CC (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_plenary_session_of_the_19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">3rd Plenum, 19th CC (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_plenary_session_of_the_19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">6th Plenum, 19th CC (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_plenary_session_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">1st Plenum, 20th CC (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_plenary_session_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd Plenum, 20th CC (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_plenary_session_of_the_20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd Plenum, 20th CC (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recurring</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Economic_Work_Conference" title="Central Economic Work Conference">Central Economic Work Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Conference" title="Central Financial Work Conference">Central Financial Work Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gutian_Congress&params=25.2228_N_116.8328_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°13′22″N</span> <span class="longitude">116°49′58″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, 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