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<span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individual_martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individual_martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Individual martyrs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Individual_martyrs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Individual martyrs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Individual_martyrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andrew_Kim_Taegon,_Paul_Chong_Hasang,_and_101_Companions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andrew_Kim_Taegon,_Paul_Chong_Hasang,_and_101_Companions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Andrew Kim Taegon, Paul Chong Hasang, and 101 Companions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andrew_Kim_Taegon,_Paul_Chong_Hasang,_and_101_Companions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul_Yun_Jichung_and_123_Companions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul_Yun_Jichung_and_123_Companions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Paul Yun Jichung and 123 Companions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul_Yun_Jichung_and_123_Companions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beatification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beatification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beatification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beatification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_Martyrs_Museum-Shrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_Martyrs_Museum-Shrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Korean Martyrs Museum-Shrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_Martyrs_Museum-Shrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches_named_after_the_martyrs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_named_after_the_martyrs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Churches named after the martyrs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_named_after_the_martyrs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Korean Martyrs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7645Shrine_of_Saint_Andrew_Kim_Bulacan_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/7645Shrine_of_Saint_Andrew_Kim_Bulacan_22.jpg/250px-7645Shrine_of_Saint_Andrew_Kim_Bulacan_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/7645Shrine_of_Saint_Andrew_Kim_Bulacan_22.jpg/500px-7645Shrine_of_Saint_Andrew_Kim_Bulacan_22.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Painting at <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Saint_Andrew_Kim" title="Shrine of Saint Andrew Kim">Shrine of Saint Andrew Kim</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Martyrs</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1791-1888</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglicanism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">Beatified</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>5 July 1925, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a></li><li>6 October 1968, by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a></li><li>16 August 2014, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6 May 1984, <a href="/wiki/Yeouido" title="Yeouido">Yeouido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>20 September</li><li>9 May</li><li>29 May</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Korean Martyrs</b> were the victims of <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">religious persecution</a> against <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> during the 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. Among them are 103 Saints and 124 Blesseds officially recognized by the Catholic Church. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were 5 main sets of persecutions against <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in nineteenth-century Korea; </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Persecution_of_1791&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Persecution of 1791 (page does not exist)">Catholic Persecution of 1791</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%95%ED%95%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:신해박해">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Persecution_of_1801" title="Catholic Persecution of 1801">Catholic Persecution of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Persecution_of_1839&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Persecution of 1839 (page does not exist)">Catholic Persecution of 1839</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%95%ED%95%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:기해박해">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catholic_Persecution_of_1846&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catholic Persecution of 1846 (page does not exist)">Catholic Persecution of 1846</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%91%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%95%ED%95%B4" class="extiw" title="ko:병오박해">ko</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Persecution_of_1866" title="Catholic Persecution of 1866">Catholic Persecution of 1866</a></li></ul> <p>Between 8,000–10,000 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Korean Christians</a> were killed during this period. In May 1984, 103 Catholics were <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonised</a> <i>en masse</i>, including the first Korean Catholic priest, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kim_Taegon" title="Andrew Kim Taegon">Andrew Kim Taegon</a>, who was executed by sword in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_1984_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen_1984-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, Paul Yun Ji-Chung and 123 companions were declared "<a href="/wiki/Venerable" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerable">Venerable</a>" on 7 February 2014 and on 16 August 2014. They were <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Youth_Day" title="Asian Youth Day">Asian Youth Day</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gwanghwamun_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwanghwamun Plaza">Gwanghwamun Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. They further moved to beatify <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_North_Korea" title="Persecution of Christians in North Korea">Catholics who were killed by North Korean communists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the eighteenth century, Korea was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon Dynasty</a>. It was a society based on <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and its hierarchical, class relationships. There was a small minority of privileged scholars and nobility while the majority were commoners paying taxes, providing labor, and manning the military, all above a slave class.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When scholars first introduced <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity to Korea</a>, ordinary people flocked to the new religion. The new believers called themselves <i>Chonju Kyo Udul</i>, literally "Friends of the Teaching of God of Heaven". The term "friends" was the only term in the Confucian understanding of relationships which implied equality.<sup id="cite_ref-okeefe_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okeefe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early seventeenth century, Christian literature written in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> was imported from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. The Catholic ideas espoused in them were debated and denounced as heterodoxy as early as 1724.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1777, Christian literature obtained from <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> in China led educated Korean Christians to study the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-foley_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point some Koreans started to be converted to Catholicism. </p><p>When a Chinese priest managed to secretly enter the country a dozen years later, he found 4,000 Catholics, none of whom had ever seen a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-foley_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic communities were led almost entirely by educated <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laypeople</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, as they were the only ones who could read the books that were written in <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>. </p><p>The community sent a delegation on foot to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, 750 miles away, to ask the city's <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Beijing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing">bishop</a> for their own bishops and priests. Eventually, two Chinese priests were sent, but their ministry was short-lived, and another forty years passed before the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Mission Society</a> began its work in Korea with the arrival of Father Maubant in 1836. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Chong_Hasang" title="Paul Chong Hasang">Paul Chong Hasang</a>, Augustine Yu Chin-gil and Charles Cho Shin-chol had made several visits to Beijing in order to find ways of introducing missionaries into Korea. </p><p>Since the Sinhae persecution of 1791-1801, there had been no priest to care for the Catholic community. Serious dangers awaited the missionaries who dared to enter Korea. The bishops and priests who confronted this danger, as well as the laypeople who aided and sheltered them, were in constant threat of losing their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-cbck_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbck-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Laurent-Marie-Joseph_Imbert,_M.E.P._(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Saint_Laurent-Marie-Joseph_Imbert%2C_M.E.P._%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Saint Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert, M.E.P.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bishop <a href="/wiki/Laurent-Marie-Joseph_Imbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert">Laurent Imbert</a> and ten other French missionaries were the first <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> priests to enter Korea. During the daytime, they stayed in hiding, but at night they traveled about on foot attending to the spiritual needs of the faithful and administering the sacraments. The first Korean Catholic priest, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kim_Taegon" title="Andrew Kim Taegon">Andrew Kim Taegŏn</a>, who was trained in <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, succeeded in entering Korea as a missionary. However, thirteen months after his ordination he was put to death by the sword in 1846 at the age of 26.<sup id="cite_ref-cbck_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbck-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is now recognised as the patron saint of Korean clergy. </p><p>The idea of Catholics gathering in one place with no distinction on the basis of class were perceived to undermine "hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>", the ideology which held the state together. The new learning was seen to be subversive of the establishment and this gave rise to systematic suppression and persecution. Official documents detail trials and the sentences. There were four major persecutions; the last one was in 1866, at which time there were only 20,000 Catholics in Korea (other Christian denominations did not enter Korea until sometime later).<sup id="cite_ref-okeefe_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-okeefe-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The vast majority of the martyrs were laypeople.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 10,000 martyrs died in persecutions which extended over more than one hundred years. Of all these martyrs, seventy-nine were beatified in 1925. Twenty-four others were beatified on 6 October 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had died in the persecutions of 1839 (Ki-hae persecution), 1846 (Pyong-o persecution) and 1866 (Pyong-in persecution). All together, 103 martyrs were canonized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> on 6 May 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-cbck_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbck-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In breaking tradition, the ceremony did not take place in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> but <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> is September 20. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Taegon_Statue_in_Jeoldu-san_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kim_Taegon_Statue_in_Jeoldu-san_%282%29.jpg/220px-Kim_Taegon_Statue_in_Jeoldu-san_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kim_Taegon_Statue_in_Jeoldu-san_%282%29.jpg/330px-Kim_Taegon_Statue_in_Jeoldu-san_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Kim_Taegon_Statue_in_Jeoldu-san_%282%29.jpg/440px-Kim_Taegon_Statue_in_Jeoldu-san_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Kim Taegon Statue in Jeoldu-san</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kim_Taegon" title="Andrew Kim Taegon">Andrew Kim Taegŏn</a> wrote to his parish as he awaited his execution with a group of twenty persons: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My dear brothers and sisters, know this: Our Lord <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> upon descending into the world took innumerable pains upon and constituted the holy Church through his own <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">passion</a> and increases it through the passion of its faithful… Now, however, some fifty or sixty years since the holy Church entered into our Korea, the faithful suffer persecutions again. Even today persecution rages, so that many of our friends of the same faith, among whom I am myself, have been thrown into prison… Since we have formed one body, how can we not be saddened in our innermost hearts? How can we not experience the pain of separation in our human faculties? However, as Scripture says, God cares for the least hair of our heads, and indeed he cares with his omniscience; therefore, how can persecution be considered as anything other than the command of God, or his prize, or precisely his punishment?… We are twenty here, and thanks be to God all are still well. If anyone is killed, I beg you not to forget his family. I have many more things to say, but how can I express them with pen and paper? I make an end to this letter. Since we are now close to the struggle, I pray you to walk in faith, so that when you have finally entered into Heaven, we may greet one another. I leave you my kiss of love.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Quotations#Specific_recommendations" title="Wikipedia:Quotations"><span title="too-lengthy quotation (November 2022)">excessive quote</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the early 1870s, Father <a href="/wiki/Claude-Charles_Dallet" title="Claude-Charles Dallet">Claude-Charles Dallet</a> compiled a comprehensive history of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Korea" title="Catholic Church in Korea">Catholic Church in Korea</a>, largely from the manuscripts of martyred Bishop <a href="/wiki/Marie-Nicolas-Antoine_Daveluy" title="Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy">Antoine Daveluy</a>. The Korean Martyrs were known for their staunchness, sincerity, and number of their converts. An English lawyer and <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harper_Parker" title="Edward Harper Parker">Edward Harper Parker</a> observed that: </p> <blockquote><p>Coreans [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>], unlike Chinese and Japanese, make the most staunch and devoted converts… The Annamese [Vietnamese] make better converts than either Chinese or Japanese, whose tricky character, however, they share; but they are gentler and more sympathetic; they do not possess the staunch masculinity of the Coreans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (August 2022)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_Martyrs#Is_this_relevant_to_the_martyrs_specifically?" title="Talk:Korean Martyrs">discuss</a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Oppert" title="Ernst Oppert">Ernst Oppert</a>, </p> <blockquote><p>An observation, founded upon many years' experience, may not be out of place here, and that is, that among all Asiatic nationalities there is probably none more inclined to be converted to Christianity than the Corean [<i>sic</i>]… He becomes a Christian from conviction, not from any mercenary motives.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (August 2022)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_Martyrs#Is_this_relevant_to_the_martyrs_specifically?" title="Talk:Korean Martyrs">discuss</a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bishop and martyr <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on-Fran%C3%A7ois_Berneux" title="Siméon-François Berneux">Simeon François Berneux</a> wrote, </p> <blockquote><p>The Corean [<i>sic</i>] possesses the most perfect dispositions for receiving the faith. Once convinced, he accepts and attaches himself to it, in spite of all sacrifices it may cost him.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (August 2022)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_Martyrs#Is_this_relevant_to_the_martyrs_specifically?" title="Talk:Korean Martyrs">discuss</a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <p>The priest Francis Goldie stated, </p> <blockquote><p>Certainly few countries, if any, have to tell of such a painful <a href="/wiki/Apostolate" title="Apostolate">apostolate</a>, or of one which has had such success. Japan alone in later days can boast a <a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">martyrology</a> at all to compare with that of Corea [<i>sic</i>] in the number of the slain, or in the heroism of those who died for Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (August 2022)">relevant?</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Korean_Martyrs#Is_this_relevant_to_the_martyrs_specifically?" title="Talk:Korean Martyrs">discuss</a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individual_martyrs">Individual martyrs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Individual martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_martyrs_stela_MEP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Korean_martyrs_stela_MEP.jpg/220px-Korean_martyrs_stela_MEP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Korean_martyrs_stela_MEP.jpg/330px-Korean_martyrs_stela_MEP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Korean_martyrs_stela_MEP.jpg/440px-Korean_martyrs_stela_MEP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="2737" /></a><figcaption>Stela to the members of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> who were martyred in Korea.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian community first began to take shape when <a href="/wiki/Yi_Seung-hun" title="Yi Seung-hun">Yi Seung-hun</a> started to study Christian doctrine by himself and was eventually baptized and given the name Peter in 1784. Because of their belief in the Christian <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Korean Christians</a> were persecuted repeatedly, rejected by their families, and suffered a loss of their social rank. Despite persecutions, the faith continued to spread.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christian community in Korea was given the assistance of two Chinese priests, but their ministry was short-lived, and another forty years passed before the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Paris Foreign Missions Society</a> began its work in Korea with the arrival of Father Mauban in 1836. A delegation was selected and sent to Beijing on foot, 750 miles, in order to ask the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Beijing" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Beijing">Bishop of Beijing</a> to send them bishops and priests. </p><p>The same appeal was made to the Pope in Rome. Serious dangers awaited the missionaries who dared to enter Korea. The bishops and priests who confronted this danger, as well as the lay Christians who aided and sheltered them, were in constant threat of losing their lives. </p><p>Until the granting of religious liberty in Korea in 1886, there were many "disciples who shed their blood, in imitation of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Christ</a> Our Lord, and who willingly submitted to death, for the salvation of the world" (<a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium"><i>Lumen Gentium</i></a>, 42). Among those who died, and were later named as martyrs, were eleven priests and ninety-two lay people who would be canonized as saints. </p><p>Bishop Laurent Imbert and ten other French missionaries were the first Paris Foreign Mission Society priests to enter Korea and to embrace a different culture for the love of God. During the daytime, they stayed in hiding, but at night they travelled about on foot attending to the spiritual needs of the faithful and administering the sacraments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andrew_Kim_Taegon,_Paul_Chong_Hasang,_and_101_Companions"><span id="Andrew_Kim_Taegon.2C_Paul_Chong_Hasang.2C_and_101_Companions"></span>Andrew Kim Taegon, Paul Chong Hasang, and 101 Companions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Andrew Kim Taegon, Paul Chong Hasang, and 101 Companions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Korean priest, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kim_Taegon" title="Andrew Kim Taegon">Andrew Kim Taegon</a>, found a way to make the difficult task of entering Korea as a missionary from Macau. Thirteen months after his ordination he was put to death by the sword when he was 25 years old. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chong_Hasang" title="Paul Chong Hasang">Paul Chong Hasang</a>, Augustine Yu Chin-gil and Charles Cho Shin-chol had made several visits to Beijing in order to find new ways of introducing missionaries into Korea and a bishop and ten priests from the Paris Foreign Missions Society arrived in the country for the first time since 1801. </p><p>Among the martyrs honored were fifteen women, including the two sisters, Agnes Kim Hyo-ju and Columba Kim Hyo-im. These women, in an era when Christian religious life was still unknown in Korea, lived in community and cared for the sick and the poor. John Yi Kwang-hyol died a martyr's death after having lived a life of <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> in consecrated service to the Church. </p><p>Some of the other martyrs who were canonized that day included: </p> <ul><li>Damien Nam Myong-hyok and Maria Yi Yon-hui</li> <li>John Nam Chong-sam, though of high social rank, was a model of justice, <a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a> and poverty;</li> <li>John Pak Hu-jae who, after he lost his parents in the persecutions, learned to survive by making straw sandals;</li> <li>Peter Kwon Tug-in who devoted himself to meditation;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pak_Agi" title="Anna Pak Agi">Anna Pak Agi</a> who, although she did not have a deep grasp of Christian doctrine, was wholly devoted to Jesus and <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Yu_Tae-chol" title="Peter Yu Tae-chol">Peter Yu Tae-chol</a> who confessed his faith and died a martyr at the age of 13 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><b>Peter Yi Hoyong</b></li> <li><b>Protasius Chong Kukbo</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Kim Obi</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Anna_Pak_Agi" title="Anna Pak Agi">Anna Pak Agi</a></b></li> <li><b>Agatha Yi Sosa</b></li> <li><b>Agatha Kim Agi</b></li> <li><b>Augustine Yi Kwanghon</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Han Agi</b></li> <li><b>Lucia Pak Huisun</b></li> <li><b>Damian Nam Myonghyok</b></li> <li><b>Peter Kwon Tugin</b></li> <li><b>Joseph Chang Songjib</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Kim</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Yi</b></li> <li><b>Rosa Kim Nosa</b></li> <li><b>Martha Kim Songim</b></li> <li><b>Teresa Yi Maeim</b></li> <li><b>Anna Kim Changgum</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Baptist_Yi_Kwang-nyol" title="John Baptist Yi Kwang-nyol">John Baptist Yi Kwang-nyol</a></b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Yi Yonghui</b></li> <li><b>Lucia Kim Nusia</b></li> <li><b>Maria Won Kwiim</b></li> <li><b>Maria Pak Kunagi</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Kwon Hui</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Pak Hujae</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Yi Chonghui</b></li> <li><b>Maria Yi Yonhui</b></li> <li><b>Agnes Kim Hyochu</b></li> <li><b>Francis Choe Kyonghwan</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Laurent-Marie-Joseph_Imbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert">Laurent-Marie-Joseph Imbert</a></b></li> <li><b>Pierre-Philibert Maubant</b></li> <li><b>Jacques-Honoré Chastan</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_Chong_Hasang" title="Paul Chong Hasang">Paul Chong Hasang</a></b></li> <li><b>Augustine Yu Chinkil</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Ho Kyeim</b></li> <li><b>Sebastian Nam Igwan</b></li> <li><b>Kim Juliette</b></li> <li><b>Agatha Chon Kyonghyob</b></li> <li><b>Charles Cho Shinchol</b></li> <li><b>Ignatius Kim Chejun</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Pak Pongson</b></li> <li><b>Perpetua Hong Kimju</b></li> <li><b>Columba Kim Hyoim</b></li> <li><b>Lucia Kim Kopchu</b></li> <li><b>Catherine Yi</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Cho</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Peter_Yu_Tae-chol" title="Peter Yu Tae-chol">Peter Yu Tae-chol</a></b></li> <li><b>Cecilia Yu Sosa</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Cho Chungi</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Han Yongi</b></li> <li><b>Peter Choe Changhub</b></li> <li><b>Benedicta Hyong Kyongnyon</b></li> <li><b>Elizabeth Chong Chonghye</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Ko Suni</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Yi Yongdok</b></li> <li><b>Teresa Kim</b></li> <li><b>Agatha Yi</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Min_Kuk-ka" title="Stephen Min Kuk-ka">Stephen Min Kuk-ka</a></b></li> <li><b>Andrew Chong Hwagyong</b></li> <li><b>Paul Ho Hyob</b></li> <li><b>Augustine Pak Chongwon</b></li> <li><b>Peter Hong Pyongju</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Son Sobyok</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Yi_Kyong-i" title="Agatha Yi Kyong-i">Agatha Yi Kyong-i</a></b></li> <li><b>Maria Yi Indok</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Kwon_Chin-i" title="Agatha Kwon Chin-i">Agatha Kwon Chin-i</a></b></li> <li><b>Paul Hong Yongju</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Yi Munu</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Choe Yongi</b></li> <li><b>Anthony Kim Songu</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kim_Taegon" title="Andrew Kim Taegon">Andrew Kim Taegon</a></b></li> <li><b>Charles Hyon Songmun</b></li> <li><b>Peter Nam Kyongmun</b></li> <li><b>Lawrence Han Ihyong</b></li> <li><b>Susanna U Surim</b></li> <li><b>Joseph Im Chipek</b></li> <li><b>Teresa Kim Imi</b></li> <li><b>Agatha Yi Kannan</b></li> <li><b>Catherina Chong Choryom</b></li> <li><b>Peter Yu Chongnyul</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on-Fran%C3%A7ois_Berneux" title="Siméon-François Berneux">Siméon-François Berneux</a></b></li> <li><b>Simon-Marie-Just Ranfer de Bretenières</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Henri_Dorie" title="Pierre-Henri Dorie">Pierre-Henri Dorie</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beaulieu" title="Louis Beaulieu">Louis Beaulieu</a></b></li> <li><b>John Baptist Nam Chongsam</b></li> <li><b>John Baptist Chon Changun</b></li> <li><b>Peter Choe Hyong</b></li> <li><b>Mark Chong Uibae</b></li> <li><b>Alexis U Seyong</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marie-Nicolas-Antoine_Daveluy" title="Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy">Marie-Nicolas-Antoine Daveluy</a></b></li> <li><b>Martin-Luc Huin</b></li> <li><b>Pierre Aumaitre</b></li> <li><b>Joseph Chang Chugi</b></li> <li><b>Lucas Hwang Soktu</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Son_Chasuhn" title="Thomas Son Chasuhn">Thomas Son Chasuhn</a></b></li> <li><b>Bartholomew Chong Munho</b></li> <li><b>Peter Cho Hwaso</b></li> <li><b>Peter Son Sonji</b></li> <li><b>Peter Yi Myongso</b></li> <li><b>Joseph Han Wonso</b></li> <li><b>Peter Chong Wonji</b></li> <li><b>Joseph Cho Yunho</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Yi_Yun-il" title="John Yi Yun-il">John Yi Yun-il</a></b></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paul_Yun_Jichung_and_123_Companions">Paul Yun Jichung and 123 Companions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paul Yun Jichung and 123 Companions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 124 martyrs were beatified on August 16, 2014 in Seoul by Pope Francis during <a href="/wiki/List_of_pastoral_visits_of_Pope_Francis#2014" title="List of pastoral visits of Pope Francis">his visit</a> to Korea. </p><p>Biography of major martyrs: <b>Yun Ji-chung Paul</b> (1759-1791). The first Chosun martyr killed for his Catholic faith, was born in 1759 to a noble family in Jinsan, Jeolla-do. Yun Ji-heon Francis, who was martyred during the Shinyu Persecution of 1801, was his younger brother. </p><p>In 1783, Yun passed the first state examination and learned about Catholicism for the first time through his cousin Jung Yak Yong John. After being baptized in 1787, he preached the Catholic doctrine to his mother, younger brother, and cousin Kwon Sang Yeon James. He also kept in touch with Yoo Hang Geom Augustine to keep up mission work. </p><p>In 1791, Bishop Gouvea of Beijing ordered a ban on traditional ancestral rites within his diocese. Yun Ji Chung and Kwon Sang Yeon, in accordance with the Church's commands, set their families ancestral tablets on fire. Chung's mother died the following year. She requested to receive a Catholic funeral which her son duly provided for her. These actions angered the royal family. </p><p>News of Yun's actions led to dispute in the royal court. In the end, Jeongjo backed the Noron faction push to oppress Catholicism and ordered the arrest of Yun and Kwon. The governor of Jinsan went to Yun's house and discovered the absence of the family's ancestral plates. At the time the pair were in hiding. Upon hearing that Yuns's uncle had been taken into custody they handed themselves into the authorities. </p><p>In the face of calls to renounce their Catholic faith the pair refused. The governor judged that getting them to abandon their religion was beyond him. They were sent to a government building in Jeonju. The pair continued to refuse apostasy despite interrogation and torture. An official report on the situation was delivered to the royal court. Opinion within the court was in favour of the death penalty. Jeongjo supported this view and ordered their execution. On the 8th of the December 1791 Yun and Kwon were beheaded.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This episode is referred to as the 'Jinsan incident'. </p><p><b>Fr. Jacob Zhou Wenmo</b> (1752-1801): The first missionary priest to be dispatched to Chosun. Born in <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a>, China in 1752, he lost his parents early in life and were raised by his grandmother. He became a priest as one of the first graduates at Beijing Archdiocese seminary. At that time, Bishop Gouvea in Beijing was planning to send a clergy to Chosun. He chose Father Ju, who had a strong faith and looked similar to Chosun people. After leaving Beijing in February 1794, Father Ju waited at Yodong area until the Amnokgang River froze enough to cross across. On the appointed date, he went to a town located on the border between China and Chosun to meet secret envoys sent from Chosun and entered Chosun on the night of December 24. Since then, Father Ju stayed at the house of a faithful Christian so that he could learn <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, the Korean alphabets. On Easter of 1795, he held a mass with the faithful for the first time. However, after his entry was revealed, he escaped to female President Kang Wan Sook (Colomba)'s house and continued to pray in many areas in secrecy. The number of the faithful increased to 10,000 after six years but as the Catholic Persecution of 1801 occurred and the faithful were forced to confess the location of Father Ju, he decided to surrender on March 11 of that year. On May 31, Father Ju was decapitated at Saenamteo area near Han River at the age of 49. </p><p><b>Yun Yoo Il Paul</b> (1760-1795): A secret envoy from Beijing who helped missionary to enter Chosun. He was born in Yeoju, Kyungki-do in 1760. After moving to Yanggeun, he encountered Catholicism while studying under Kwon Chul Shin. He learned Catholic doctrine from Kwon Il Shin, the younger brother of Kwon Chul Shin, and became a Catholic. He then preached the doctrine to his family. In 1789, Yun Yoo Il was selected as a secret envoy by the church leaders to report the situation of Chosun church to Bishop Gouvea. He went to Beijing twice, in 1789 and in 1790. In 1791, Bishop Gouvea's plan to dispatch a priest failed and persecution took place in Chosun. Nonetheless, Yun Yoo Il continued to endeavor to dispatch a priest. In 1794, he finally succeeded in bringing Father Ju Mun Mo to Chosun. In 1795, he was arrested along with Ji Hwang (Sabas), Choi In Gil (Mathew). They were tortured to tell the location of Father Ju, but their strong endurance and wise response rather confused the persecutors. As a result, the three of them were beaten to death on June 28 of that year, when Yun Yoo Il was 35, Ji Hwang 28, and Choi In Gil 30. </p><p><b>Jeong Yak Jong Augustinus</b> (1760-1801): The first Catholic lay theologian in Korea. In 1760, he was born into a family of scholars in Majae (current Neungnae-ri Joan-myeon, Namyangju-si Gyeonggi-go). He is the father of Jeong Chul Sang (Charles) (?-1801) who was beatified together with the 123 Blessed and St. Jeong Ha Sang Paul (martyred in 1839), who was declared saint in 1984. After learning Catholic doctrine from his older brother Jeong Yak Jeon in 1786, he moved to Yanggeon Bunwon (current Bunwon-ri, Namjeong-myeon, Gwangju-gun, Gyeonggi-go) to preached Catholic doctrine to his neighbors while participating in church activities. After Father Ju Mun Mo came in 1794, Jeong Yak Jong often visited Han Yang to help church work. He also wrote two easy Hangul textbooks called 'Jugyo-yoji' a Catechism in the Korean language and distributed them to Christians with Father Ju's approval. Later he became the first president of a layperson association called 'Myeongdo-hoe' which was organized by Father Ju. When persecution began in his hometown in 1800, Jeong Yak Jong and his family moved to Han Yang. However, the 1801Catholic Persecution began and Jeong Yak Jong was arrested. As he tried to preach doctrine to persecutors, he was decapitated at Seosomun, 15 days after he was arrested, on 8 April 1801. When he was martyred, he said "I'd rather die looking up at the sky than to die looking down at the ground" and was decapitated while looking up at the sky. </p><p><b>Kang Wan Sook Columba</b> (1761-1801): Female leader of Chosun Catholics. In 1761, she was born to a concubine of a noble family in Naepo area in ChungCheong-do. She learned about Catholicism soon after she was married and followed Christianity by reading Catholic books. During the persecution in 1791, she was imprisoned while taking care of the imprisoned faithful. Kang Wan Sook guided her mother-in-law and her son from previous marriage (Hong Pil Joo Phillips, martyred in 1801) to become Catholics, but could not persuade her husband. Later, when her husband got a concubine, Kang Wan Sook and her husband lived separately. After hearing that the faithful in Han Yang are well-informed with Catholic doctrine, she moved to Han Yang with her mother-in-law and her son. She provided financial support to Christians who were working on recruiting a clergy and she was baptized by Father Ju Mun Mo. Father Ju appointed her as a female President to take care of the faithful. When a persecution in 1795 took place, she took advantage of the fact that persecutors cannot search a house owned by a woman and let Father Ju to take refuge in her house. Her house was also used for the faithful's assembly. On April 6, 1801, she helped Father Ju to escape while being arrested. Although persecutors tried to trace Father Ju's whereabouts through her, she refused to confess. On 2 July, she was decapitated outside Seosomun at age 40. </p><p><b>Yu Hang-geom Augustine</b> (1756-1801). The priest of Ho Nam. He was born in 1756 in Chonam, Jeonju and became a Catholic soon after Catholicism was introduced to Korea in 1784. His sons Yu Jung-cheol John, Yu Mun-seok John, daughter-in-law Yi Sun-i Lutgarda and his nephew Yu Jung-seong Matthew were beatified along with Yu Hang-geom Augustine. He showed compassion and gave alms to poor neighbors as well as to his servants. Augustine Yu was appointed as pastor of Jeolla-do region in the spring of 1786, when the leaders of the Catholics held a meeting and appointed clergy at their own discretion. Afterwards, he returned to his hometown and celebrated Mass and administered the Sacraments to the faithful. However, after a while, the leaders of the Catholics understood that such an act was a sacrilege. As soon as this was brought to his attention, he stopped immediately. When the Persecution of 1801 broke out, Augustine Yu, who was recognized as the head of the Church in the Jeolla-do region, was first to be arrested. He was taken to Seoul (Hanyang) where he underwent interrogation and torture at the Police Headquarters. However, since he was already determined to die a martyr, he neither betrayed the other believers nor said anything that would harm the Church. The persecutors, despite all their efforts, could not get any of the information they were looking for. Instead, they charged him with the crime of treason and ordered that he be executed. He was transferred back to Jeonju, where he was hacked to pieces outside the South Gate of Jeonju. </p><p><b>Hwang Il-gwang Simon</b> (1757-1802). Hwang Il-gwang Simon was born in Hongju, Chungcheong-do to a low-class family. Around 1792, he moved to Hongsan, where he went to see Yi Jon-chang Louis Gonzaga to learn about the Catholic teaching. After he understood the faith, he left his hometown and moved to Gyeongsang-do to have more freedom to practice his religious life. He stated, "Here, everybody treats me as a human being despite my low-class status. Now, I believe that Heaven exists here and hereafter." In 1800 Simon Hwang moved to the neighboring house of Chŏng Yakjong Augustine and when Augustine Chŏng moved to Seoul (Hanyang), he also moved to Seoul (Hanyang) with his younger brother and made his living by selling firewood. In 1801, he was arrested while he was on his way to the mountain to get firewood. After stating that the Catholic religion is a 'holy religion', he was beaten to the point that one of his legs was broken. He was then transferred to his hometown Hong ju and was beheaded on 30 January 1802. </p><p><b>Yi Sun-I Lutgarda</b> (1782-1802) and her husband, <b>Yu Jung-cheol John</b>. A couple who kept their virginity through faith. Yi Sun-I Lutgarda was born in 1782 to a well-known noble family. Her brothers Yi Gyeong-do Charles (martyred in 1801) and Yi Gyeong-eon Paul (martyred in 1827), and her husband Yu Jung-cheol John (martyred in 1801) were beatified with her. Yi Yun-ha. Her father Matthew and great-grandfather Yi Ik were renowned scholars. Matthew Yi became a Catholic in 1784, soon after Catholicism was introduced to Korea, when he met Kwon Chol-sin, and Kwon Il-sin. Lutgarda Yi received her First Holy Communion from Father Zhou Wen-mo James and made a vow of chastity. However, in the society of that time, it was extremely difficult for a young woman to remain single. Her mother consulted Father James Zhou who remembered that Yu Jung-cheol John also wanted to live a life of celibacy. He sent a messenger and arranged their marriage. In 1798, Lutgarda Yi went to her husband's hometown, Chonam in Jeonju and made a vow to live a celibate life. During Shinyu Persecution in 1801, Yu Hang-gom Augustine, her father-in-law, was first arrested. She was arrested later and was taken to Jeonju. She was condemned to exile and left for Hamgyeong-do. However soon the police followed them and arrested them again. On 31 January 1802, she was taken to the execution ground in Jeonju, called 'Supjeongi' and was beheaded. The letter she wrote while she was imprisoned in Jeonju still remains and testifies for the values of Catholics of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Kim Jin-hu Pius</b> (1739-1814). The ancestor of the St. Kim Taegon Andrew. Kim Jin-hu Pius was born in Solmoe, Chungcheong-do. He was the great-grandfather of St. Kim Taegon Andrew and the father of Kim Jong-han Andrew, who was martyred in 1816 and was beatified with the 123 Blessed. Pius Kim encountered Catholicism when his eldest son learned the catechism from Yi Jon-chang Gonzaga and taught it to his brothers. As his sons continued to tell him about <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, he gradually drew towards <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> and left his government position to focus on fulfilling religious duties. When Pius Kim was arrested during the Sinhae persecution in 1791, he professed his faith in God. He was arrested four to five more times but was released each time. He was also arrested during the Shinyu Persecution in 1801, but was exiled and set free. Pius Kim was arrested again in 1805 and was taken to Haemi. He continued to profess his faith in God without hesitation and was held in prison for a long time without being sentenced to death. In prison, the officials and prison guards respected him for his dignity and conduct. He spent 10 years in prison and died there on 1 December 1814 at the age of 75. </p><p><b>Yi Seong-rye</b> (1801-1840): A mother who inherited faith to her children. She was born in 1801 in Hongju, Chungcheong-do to the family of Louis Gonzaga Yi Jon-chang. At the age of 17, she married St. Francis Choe Kyeong-hwan and lived in Darakgol, Hongju. In 1821 she gave birth to their first son, Thomas Choe Yang-up. Due to the danger of persecution the family had to move frequently but Yi Seong-rye told <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> stories to her children and taught them to endure difficulties. After settling down in Surisan (currently Gunpo-city, Gyeonggi-do) she helped her husband to set up a Christian village. Meanwhile, her son Thomas Choe Yang-up was chosen to be a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> candidate and was sent to Macau to study theology. In 1839, during the Gihae persecution her husband went back and forth to Hanyang (now Seoul) to take care of the bodies of the Martyrs, she supported her husband and finally was arrested by the police with her whole family in Surisan. At that time, her new-born baby was nearly starved to death due to lack of milk. She could no longer abandon her baby so she yielded to defy her faith and was released from prison. When her eldest son left to study at a Chinese seminary, she was imprisoned once again. When she was sentenced to death, she was sent to Danggogae (now Wonhyoro 2-ga, Yongsan-gu, Seoul) to be beheaded at the age of 39. Her son Thomas Choe Yang-eop went on to become the second ordained Catholic priest in Korean history.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Net_website_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Net_website-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Full list: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Yun_Ji_Chung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Yun Ji Chung (page does not exist)">Paul Yun Ji Chung</a></b></li> <li><b>Jacob Gwon Sangyeon</b></li> <li><b>Peter Won Sijang</b></li> <li><b>Paul Yun Yuil</b></li> <li><b>Matthew Choe Ingil</b></li> <li><b>Sabas Jihwang</b></li> <li><b>Paul Yi Dogi</b></li> <li><b>Francis Bang</b></li> <li><b>Lawrence Pak Chwideuk</b></li> <li><b>Jacob Won Sibo</b></li> <li><b>Peter Jeong Sanpil</b></li> <li><b>Francis Bae Gwangyeom</b></li> <li><b>Martin In Eonmin</b></li> <li><b>Francis Yi Bohyeon</b></li> <li><b>Peter Jo Yongsam</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Simagi</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Choe Changhyeon</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Fng_Yakjong" class="mw-redirect" title="Chŏng Yakjong">Augustine Chŏng Yakjong</a></b></li> <li><b>Francis Xavier Hong Gyoman</b></li> <li><b>Thomas Choe Pilgong</b></li> <li><b>Luke Hong Nakmin</b></li> <li><b>Marcellinus Choe Changju</b></li> <li><b>Martin Yi Jungbae</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Won Gyeongdo</b></li> <li><b>Jacob Yun Yuo</b></li> <li><b>Barnabas Kim Ju</b></li> <li><b>Peter Choe Pilje</b></li> <li><b>Lucia Yun Unhye</b></li> <li><b>Candida Jeong Bokhye</b></li> <li><b>Thaddeus Jeong Inhyeok</b></li> <li><b>Carol Jeong Cheolsang</b></li> <li>Father <b>Jacob Zhou Wenmu</b>, Missionary from <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><b>Paul Yi Gukseung</b></li> <li><b>Columba Gang Wansuk</b></li> <li><b>Susanna Gang Gyeongbok</b></li> <li><b>Matthew Kim Hyeonu</b></li> <li><b>Bibiana Mun Yeongin</b></li> <li><b>Juliana Kim Yeoni</b></li> <li><b>Anthony Yi Hyeon</b></li> <li><b>Ignatius Choe Incheol</b></li> <li><b>Agatha Han Sinae</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Jeong Sunmae</b></li> <li><b>Agatha Yun Jeomhye</b></li> <li><b>Andrew Kim Gwangok</b></li> <li><b>Peter Kim Jeongduk</b></li> <li><b>Stanislaus Han Jeongheum</b></li> <li><b>Matthew Choe Yeogyeom</b></li> <li><b>Andrew Gim Jonggyo</b></li> <li><b>Philip Hong Pilju</b></li> <li><b>Augustine Yu Hanggeom</b></li> <li><b>Francis Yun Jiheon</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Yu Jungcheol</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Yu Munseok</b></li> <li><b>Paul Hyeon Gyeheum</b></li> <li><b>Francis Kim Sajip</b></li> <li><b>Gervasius Son Gyeongyun</b></li> <li><b>Carol Yi Gyeongdo</b></li> <li><b>Simon Kim Gyewan</b></li> <li><b>Barnabas Jeong Gwangsu</b></li> <li><b>Anthony Hong Ikman</b></li> <li><b>Thomas Han Deokun</b></li> <li><b>Simon Hwang Ilgwang</b></li> <li><b>Leo Hong In</b></li> <li><b>Sebastian Kwon Sangmun</b></li> <li><b>Lutgrada Yi Suni</b></li> <li><b>Matthew Yu Jungseong</b></li> <li><b>Pius Kim Jinhu</b></li> <li><b>Agatha Magdalena Kim Yundeok</b></li> <li><b>Alexis Kim Siu</b></li> <li><b>Francis Choe Bonghan</b></li> <li><b>Simon Kim Gangi</b></li> <li><b>Andrew Seo Seokbong</b></li> <li><b>Francis Kim Huiseong</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Ku Seongyeol</b></li> <li><b>Anna Yi Simi</b></li> <li><b>Peter Ko Seongdae</b></li> <li><b>Joseph Ko Seongun</b></li> <li><b>Andrew Kim Jonghan</b></li> <li><b>Jacob Kim Hwachun</b></li> <li><b>Peter Jo Suk</b></li> <li><b>Teresa Kwon</b></li> <li><b>Paul Yi Gyeongeon</b></li> <li><b>Paul Pak Gyeonghwa</b></li> <li><b>Ambrose Kim Sebak</b></li> <li><b>Richard An Gunsim</b></li> <li><b>Andrew Yi Jaehaeng</b></li> <li><b>Andrew Pak Saui</b></li> <li><b>Andrew Kim Sageon</b></li> <li><b>Job Yi Ileon</b></li> <li><b>Peter Sin Taebo</b></li> <li><b>Peter Yi Taegwon</b></li> <li><b>Paul Jeong Taebong</b></li> <li><b>Peter Gim Daegwon</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Cho Haesong</b></li> <li><b>Anastasia Kim Joi</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Kim Joi</b></li> <li><b>Anastasia Yi Bonggeum</b></li> <li><b>Brigida Choe</b></li> <li><b>Protasius Hong Jaeyeong</b></li> <li><b>Barbara Choe Joi</b></li> <li><b>Magdalena Yi Joi</b></li> <li><b>Jacob Oh Jongrye</b></li> <li><b>Maria Yi Seongrye</b></li> <li><b>Thomas Jang</b></li> <li><b>Thaddeus Ku Hanseon</b></li> <li><b>Paul Oh Banji</b></li> <li><b>Mark Sin Seokbok</b></li> <li><b>Stephan Kim Wonjung</b></li> <li><b>Benedict Song</b></li> <li><b>Peter Song</b></li> <li><b>Anna Yi</b></li> <li><b>Felix Peter Kim Giryang</b></li> <li><b>Matthias Pak Sanggeun</b></li> <li><b>Anthony Jeong Chanmun</b></li> <li><b>Johannes Yi Jeongsik</b></li> <li><b>Martin Yang Jaehyeon</b></li> <li><b>Peter Yi Yangdeung</b></li> <li><b>Luke Kim Jongryun</b></li> <li><b>Jacob Heo Inbaek</b></li> <li><b>Francis Pak</b></li> <li><b>Margarita Oh</b></li> <li><b>Victor Pak Daesik</b></li> <li><b>Peter Joseph Yun Bongmun</b></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pope John Paul II, speaking at the canonization, said, "The Korean Church is unique because it was founded entirely by lay people. This fledgling Church, so young and yet so strong in faith, withstood wave after wave of fierce persecution. Thus, in less than a century, it could boast of 10,000 martyrs. The death of these martyrs became the leaven of the Church and led to today's splendid flowering of the Church in Korea. Even today their undying spirit sustains the Christians in the Church of silence in the north of this tragically divided land".<sup id="cite_ref-foley_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foley-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beatification">Beatification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Beatification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the canonization of the 103 Martyrs, the Catholic Church in Korea felt that the martyrs who died in the other persecutions also need to be recognized. In 2003, the beatification process for 124 martyrs who died in persecutions between 1791 and 1888 began.<sup id="cite_ref-Korea_Net_website_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korea_Net_website-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 the Archdiocese of Seoul opened its investigation into the cause for beatification of the Servant of God Paul Yun Ji-Chung and his 123 companions who in 1791 were tortured and killed in odium fidei, in hatred of the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>This group was declared Venerable by Pope Francis on 7 February 2014. </p><p>Among the martyrs in this group are; </p> <ul><li>Fr. James Zhou Wen-mo (1752-1801), a Chinese priest who secretly ministered to the Christians in Korea;</li> <li>Augustine Chŏng Yakjong (1760-1801), the husband of St. Cecilia Yu So-sa and father of Sts. Paul Chong Ha-sang and Elizabeth Chong Chong-hye;</li> <li>Columba Kang Wan-suk (1761-1801), known as the "catechist of the Korean Martyrs";</li> <li>Maria Yi Seong-rye (1801-1840) the wife of St. Francis Choe Kyeong-hwan.</li> <li>Barbara Sim-gi, an 18 year old virgin and martyr</li> <li>Augustine Yu Hang-geom (1756-1801), also known as the "apostle of Jeolla-do";</li> <li>Augustine Yu Hang-geom's son John Yu Jeong-cheol (1779-1801) and his wife Lutgarda Yi Sun-i (1782-1802). They both decided to live celibate lives in order to fully dedicate themselves to God, but the Confucian society, which greatly valued furthering the family line, made it impossible for them to live as celibates. Fr. James Zhou introduced the two to each other and suggested them to marry each other and live as a "virgin couple". The two were married in 1797 and were martyred 4 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Korean_Martyrs_Museum-Shrine">Korean Martyrs Museum-Shrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Korean Martyrs Museum-Shrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jeoldusan_Shrine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jeoldusan_Shrine.jpg/250px-Jeoldusan_Shrine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jeoldusan_Shrine.jpg/330px-Jeoldusan_Shrine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jeoldusan_Shrine.jpg/440px-Jeoldusan_Shrine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeoldu-san" title="Jeoldu-san">Jeoldu-san</a> Shrine</figcaption></figure> <p>The Museum-Shrine, which contains rooms for liturgical celebration and prayer, was built in 1967 on the site in <a href="/wiki/Jeoldu-san" title="Jeoldu-san">Jeoldu-san</a>, where many of the Korean martyrs died from 1866 to 1873. The Shrine-Museum presents numerous historical documents, visual reconstructions, photographs and documentaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Churches_named_after_the_martyrs">Churches named after the martyrs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Churches named after the martyrs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Holy Korean Martyrs,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, US</li> <li>Church of the Korean Martyrs,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, US</li> <li>Church of the Korean Martyrs,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saddle_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddle Brook">Saddle Brook</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, US</li> <li>Korean Martyrs Catholic Church<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, US</li> <li>Korean Martyrs Catholic Church<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, US</li> <li>Korean Martyrs Catholic Church<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Westminster,_California" title="Westminster, California">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, US</li> <li>Korean Martyrs Catholic Church<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, US</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in South Korea">Roman Catholicism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seohak" title="Seohak">Seohak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Persecution_of_1801" title="Catholic Persecution of 1801">Catholic Persecution of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jermain_Thomas" title="Robert Jermain Thomas">Robert Jermain Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jensen_1984-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_1984_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJensen1984" class="citation web cs1">Jensen, Alex (6 May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200125224009/http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html">"Korea and the Church of Martyrs"</a>. <i>kofc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kofc.org/en/columbia/detail/korea-church-martyrs.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kofc.org&rft.atitle=Korea+and+the+Church+of+Martyrs&rft.date=1984-05-06&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kofc.org%2Fen%2Fcolumbia%2Fdetail%2Fkorea-church-martyrs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernie_NiFhlatharta" class="citation web cs1">Bernie NiFhlatharta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107033458/https://connachttribune.ie/pressure-pope-beatify-galway-priest/">"Pressure on Pope to beatify Galway priest"</a>. <i>Connacht Tribune – Galway City Tribune</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicsentinel.org/Content/Social/Social/Article/Church-of-Korean-Martyrs/-2/-2/11573">the original</a> on 2021-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Church+of+Korean+Martyrs%2C+Portland%2C+Catholic+Sentinel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicsentinel.org%2FContent%2FSocial%2FSocial%2FArticle%2FChurch-of-Korean-Martyrs%2F-2%2F-2%2F11573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kmccga.com/kmcc/">"Welcome | 애틀랜타 한국 순교자 천주교회"</a>. <i>Korean Martyrs Catholic Church of Atlanta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korean+Martyrs+Catholic+Church+of+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Welcome+%26%23124%3B+%EC%95%A0%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%9C%ED%83%80+%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EC%88%9C%EA%B5%90%EC%9E%90+%EC%B2%9C%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkmccga.com%2Fkmcc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmccoc.org/">"Home"</a>. <i>한국 순교자 천주교회 Korean Martyrs Catholic Center</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD+%EC%88%9C%EA%B5%90%EC%9E%90+%EC%B2%9C%EC%A3%BC%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C+Korean+Martyrs+Catholic+Center&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmccoc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chicagokmcc.org/index.php?mid=welcome_page&url=aHR0cHM6Ly9jaGljYWdva21jYy5vcmcvP21pZD13ZWxjb21lX3BhZ2UmdXJsPWFIUjBjSE02THk5amFHbGpZV2R2YTIxall5NXZjbWN2UDIxcFpEMTNaV3hqYjIxbFgzQmhaMlVtZFhKc1BXRklVakJqU0UwMlRIazVhbUZIYkdwWlYyUjJZVEl4YWxsNU5YWmpiV04yVURJeGNGcEVNVE5hVjNocVlqSXhiRmd6UW1oYU1sVWxNMFFtYzJsblBYbFNjMGxIVlVSUFh5MUJORmR3VTNCWlFtUlJaRUZpY0MxUlp5MTNTM1EyZGpFMFREUk5aakUlM0Qmc2lnPXVDV2FteFI3bGpqVm1WRm9rZ2dISGJ5Ql9VclVndXd6M0VOZHRlZ28%3D&sig=MeynhLFUBrLbMWeMeXoUD9YllXNV3W57GY4a1BKe">"홈"</a>. <i>chicagokmcc.org</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chicagokmcc.org&rft.atitle=%ED%99%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchicagokmcc.org%2Findex.php%3Fmid%3Dwelcome_page%26url%3DaHR0cHM6Ly9jaGljYWdva21jYy5vcmcvP21pZD13ZWxjb21lX3BhZ2UmdXJsPWFIUjBjSE02THk5amFHbGpZV2R2YTIxall5NXZjbWN2UDIxcFpEMTNaV3hqYjIxbFgzQmhaMlVtZFhKc1BXRklVakJqU0UwMlRIazVhbUZIYkdwWlYyUjJZVEl4YWxsNU5YWmpiV04yVURJeGNGcEVNVE5hVjNocVlqSXhiRmd6UW1oYU1sVWxNMFFtYzJsblBYbFNjMGxIVlVSUFh5MUJORmR3VTNCWlFtUlJaRUZpY0MxUlp5MTNTM1EyZGpFMFREUk5aakUlM0Qmc2lnPXVDV2FteFI3bGpqVm1WRm9rZ2dISGJ5Ql9VclVndXd6M0VOZHRlZ28%253D%26sig%3DMeynhLFUBrLbMWeMeXoUD9YllXNV3W57GY4a1BKe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKorean+Martyrs" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Attwater, Donald and Catherine Rachel John (1993). <i>The Penguin Dictionary of Saints</i>. 3rd ed. New York: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-051312-4">0-14-051312-4</a>.</li> <li>Dallet, Charles (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/histoiredelegli01dallgoog"><i>Histoire de l'Église de Corée</i>, Vol. 1</a>. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Dallet, Charles (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LoUPAAAAIAAJ"><i>Histoire de l'Église de Corée</i>, Vol. 2</a>. Paris: Librairie Victor Palmé. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li>Fathers of the London Oratory (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMUCAAAAQAAJ"><i>The New Glories of the Catholic Church</i></a>. London: Richardson and Son.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korean_Martyrs&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/homilies/1984/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_19840506_martiri-coreani_en.html">Homily of Pope John Paul II given for the Mass for the canonization of the Korean martyrs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=4740&CFID=29233537&CFTOKEN=88892945">List and brief description of martyrs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152040/http://animation.mepasie.org/rubriques/haut/historique-des-mep">History of the Missions Etrangeres de Paris MEP</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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(archangel)">Raphael</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Kiev" title="Anthony of Kiev">Anthony of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chariton_the_Confessor" title="Chariton the Confessor">Chariton the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Borgia" title="Francis Borgia">Francis Borgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Homobonus" title="Saint Homobonus">Homobonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Zographos" title="Lazarus Zographos">Lazarus Zographos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bertrand_(saint)" title="Louis Bertrand (saint)">Louis Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Synnada" title="Michael of Synnada">Michael of Synnada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutius_of_Thebes" title="Paphnutius of Thebes">Paphnutius the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_of_Constantinople" title="Paul I of Constantinople">Paul I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Claver" title="Peter Claver">Peter Claver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonius" title="Salonius">Salonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_of_Radonezh" title="Sergius of Radonezh">Sergius of Radonezh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Pio of Pietrelcina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary of Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla and Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede the Venerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Damian" title="Peter Damian">Peter Damian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Francis de Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Canisius" title="Peter Canisius">Peter Canisius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_the_Cross" title="John of the Cross">John of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_of_Brindisi" title="Lawrence of Brindisi">Lawrence of Brindisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Teresa of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Thérèse of Lisieux">Thérèse of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_%C3%81vila" title="John of Ávila">John of Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard of Bingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Narek" title="Gregory of Narek">Gregory of Narek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church<br />Fathers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Alexander I of Alexandria">Alexander of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose of Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolius_of_Laodicea" title="Anatolius of Laodicea">Anatolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Arles" title="Caesarius of Arles">Caesarius of Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caius_(presbyter)" title="Caius (presbyter)">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Fathers" title="Desert Fathers">Desert Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Mothers" title="Desert Mothers">Desert Mothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Corinth" title="Dionysius of Corinth">Dionysius of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius of Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulgentius_of_Ruspe" title="Fulgentius of Ruspe">Fulgentius of Ruspe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_of_Poitiers" title="Hilary of Poitiers">Hilary of Poitiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus of Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome of Stridonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melito_of_Sardis" title="Melito of Sardis">Melito of Sardis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadratus_of_Athens" title="Quadratus of Athens">Quadratus of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chrysologus" title="Peter Chrysologus">Peter Chrysologus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarp" title="Polycarp">Polycarp of Smyrna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_of_Pettau" title="Victorinus of Pettau">Victorinus of Pettau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_of_L%C3%A9rins" title="Vincent of Lérins">Vincent of Lérins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abda_and_Abdisho" title="Abda and Abdisho">Abda and Abdisho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Boris and Gleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Foucauld" title="Charles de Foucauld">Charles de Foucauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Martyrs" title="Canadian Martyrs">Canadian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs" title="Carthusian Martyrs">Carthusian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Martyrs_of_Tlaxcala" title="Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala">Child Martyrs of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_of_Persia" title="Christina of Persia">Christina of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominguito_del_Val" title="Dominguito del Val">Dominguito del Val</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devasahayam_Pillai" title="Devasahayam Pillai">Devasahayam Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Dismas the Good Thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_England_and_Wales" title="Forty Martyrs of England and Wales">Forty Martyrs of England and Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Crowned_Martyrs" title="Four Crowned Martyrs">Four Crowned Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Csan%C3%A1d" title="Gerard of Csanád">Gerard of Csanád</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_martyr" title="Great martyr">Great Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">The Holy Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic_Martyrs" title="Irish Catholic Martyrs">Irish Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Korean Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ruiz" title="Lorenzo Ruiz">Lorenzo Ruiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_martyrs" title="Lübeck martyrs">Martyrs of Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Versiglia" title="Luigi Versiglia">Luigi Versiglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrology" title="Martyrology">Martyrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Albania" title="Martyrs of Albania">Martyrs of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19_martyrs_of_Algeria" title="19 martyrs of Algeria">Martyrs of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Cajonos" title="Martyrs of Cajonos">Martyrs of Cajonos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne" title="Martyrs of Compiègne">Martyrs of Compiègne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessed_Martyrs_of_Drina" title="Blessed Martyrs of Drina">Martyrs of Drina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_Saints_of_China" title="Martyr Saints of China">Martyrs of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum" title="Martyrs of Gorkum">Martyrs of Gorkum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Japan" title="Martyrs of Japan">Martyrs of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_kidnapping_and_beheading_of_Copts_in_Libya" title="2015 kidnapping and beheading of Copts in Libya">21 Martyrs of Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_La_Rioja" title="Martyrs of La Rioja">Martyrs of La Rioja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Damascus" title="Martyrs of Damascus">Martyrs of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Laos" title="Martyrs of Laos">Martyrs of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Natal" title="Martyrs of Natal">Martyrs of Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Otranto" title="Martyrs of Otranto">Martyrs of Otranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Prague" title="Martyrs of Prague">Martyrs of Prague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadok_and_48_Dominican_martyrs_from_Sandomierz" title="Sadok and 48 Dominican martyrs from Sandomierz">Martyrs of Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_Zenta" title="Martyrs of Zenta">Martyrs of Zenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Romero" title="Óscar Romero">Óscar Romero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Calungsod" title="Pedro Calungsod">Pedro Calungsod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Chanel" title="Peter Chanel">Peter Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Parenzo" title="Pietro Parenzo">Pietro Parenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomena" title="Philomena">Philomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_of_the_Cristero_War" title="Saints of the Cristero War">Saints of the Cristero War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Teresa Benedicta of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Brandsma" title="Titus Brandsma">Titus Brandsma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasian_Martyrs" title="Thomasian Martyrs">17 Thomasian Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Martyrs_of_Chimbote" title="Three Martyrs of Chimbote">Three Martyrs of Chimbote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulma_family" title="Ulma family">Ulma Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Martyrs" title="Uganda Martyrs">Uganda Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Martyrs" title="Vietnamese Martyrs">Vietnamese Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Valentine" title="Saint Valentine">Valentine of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_and_Corona" title="Victor and Corona">Victor and Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanitas_and_Lazarus_of_Persia" title="Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia">Zanitas and Lazarus of Persia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Missionaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Boniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Damien" title="Father Damien">Damien of Molokai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evermode_of_Ratzeburg" title="Evermode of Ratzeburg">Evermode of Ratzeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Laval" title="François de Laval">François de Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Nino of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Patrick of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Remigius" title="Saint Remigius">Remigius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cain_and_Abel" title="Cain and Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph (father of Jesus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matriarchs_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchs (Bible)">Matriarchs</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_I" title="Pope Adeodatus I">Adeodatus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adeodatus_II" title="Pope Adeodatus II">Adeodatus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_III" title="Pope Adrian III">Adrian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agapetus_I" title="Pope Agapetus I">Agapetus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Agatho" title="Pope Agatho">Agatho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_I" title="Pope Alexander I">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anacletus" title="Pope Anacletus">Anacletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anastasius_I" title="Pope Anastasius I">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anicetus" title="Pope Anicetus">Anicetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Anterus" title="Pope Anterus">Anterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_II" title="Pope Benedict II">Benedict II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_I" title="Pope Boniface I">Boniface I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_IV" title="Pope Boniface IV">Boniface IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Caius" title="Pope Caius">Caius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_I" title="Pope Callixtus I">Callixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_I" title="Pope Celestine I">Celestine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Cornelius" title="Pope Cornelius">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Damasus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius" title="Pope Dionysius">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eleutherius" title="Pope Eleutherius">Eleuterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_I" title="Pope Eugene I">Eugene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eusebius" title="Pope Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Eutychian" title="Pope Eutychian">Eutychian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Evaristus" title="Pope Evaristus">Evaristus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Fabian" title="Pope Fabian">Fabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_I" title="Pope Felix I">Felix I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_III" title="Pope Felix III">Felix III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Felix_IV" title="Pope Felix IV">Felix IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_II" title="Pope Gregory II">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_III" title="Pope Gregory III">Gregory III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hilarius" title="Pope Hilarius">Hilarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hormisdas" title="Pope Hormisdas">Hormisdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Hyginus" title="Pope Hyginus">Hyginus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_I" title="Pope Innocent I">Innocent I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_I" title="Pope John I">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_I" title="Pope Julius I">Julius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_I" title="Pope Leo I">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_II" title="Pope Leo II">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IV" title="Pope Leo IV">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_IX" title="Pope Leo IX">Leo IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Lucius_I" title="Pope Lucius I">Lucius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellinus" title="Pope Marcellinus">Marcellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Marcellus_I" title="Pope Marcellus I">Marcellus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Mark" title="Pope Mark">Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_I" title="Pope Martin I">Martin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Miltiades" title="Pope Miltiades">Miltiades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_I" title="Pope Nicholas I">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_I" title="Pope Paschal I">Paschal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_I" title="Pope Paul I">Paul I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_I" title="Pope Pius I">Pius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pontian" title="Pope Pontian">Pontian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sergius_I" title="Pope Sergius I">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Silverius" title="Pope Silverius">Silverius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Simplicius" title="Pope Simplicius">Simplicius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Siricius" title="Pope Siricius">Siricius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_I" title="Pope Sixtus I">Sixtus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_II" title="Pope Sixtus II">Sixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_III" title="Pope Sixtus III">Sixtus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Soter" title="Pope Soter">Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_I" title="Pope Stephen I">Stephen I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Stephen_IV" title="Pope Stephen IV">Stephen IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I" title="Pope Sylvester I">Sylvester I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Symmachus" title="Pope Symmachus">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Telesphorus" title="Pope Telesphorus">Telesphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_I" title="Pope Urban I">Urban I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Victor_I" title="Pope Victor I">Victor I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Vitalian" title="Pope Vitalian">Vitalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zachary" title="Pope Zachary">Zachary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zephyrinus" title="Pope Zephyrinus">Zephyrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Zosimus" title="Pope Zosimus">Zosimus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_(prophet)" title="Amos (prophet)">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah" title="Baruch ben Neriah">Baruch ben Neriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea" title="Hosea">Hosea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_(biblical_figure)" title="Job (biblical figure)">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_(prophet)" title="Joel (prophet)">Joel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah" title="Jonah">Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachi" title="Malachi">Malachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melchizedek" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micah_(prophet)" title="Micah (prophet)">Micah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum" title="Nahum">Nahum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah" title="Obadiah">Obadiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel" title="Samuel">Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_with_seven_sons" title="Woman with seven sons">Seven Maccabees and their mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah (prophet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah (NT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah" title="Zephaniah">Zephaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_of_Sicily" title="Agatha of Sicily">Agatha of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_of_Rome" title="Agnes of Rome">Agnes of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_of_the_Cross" title="Angela of the Cross">Angela of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelthryth" title="Æthelthryth">Æthelthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Soubirous" title="Bernadette Soubirous">Bernadette Soubirous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Bologna" title="Catherine of Bologna">Catherine of Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_of_Kildare" title="Brigid of Kildare">Brigid of Kildare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Labour%C3%A9" title="Catherine Labouré">Catherine Labouré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Cecilia" title="Saint Cecilia">Cecilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eulalia_of_M%C3%A9rida" title="Eulalia of Mérida">Eulalia of Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia" title="Euphemia">Euphemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_Kowalska" title="Faustina Kowalska">Faustina Kowalska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faustina_and_Liberata_of_Como" title="Faustina and Liberata of Como">Faustina and Liberata of Como</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve" title="Genevieve">Genevieve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiltrude_of_Liessies" title="Hiltrude of Liessies">Hiltrude of Liessies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateri_Tekakwitha" title="Kateri Tekakwitha">Kateri Tekakwitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucy" title="Saint Lucy">Lucy of Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goretti" title="Maria Goretti">Maria Goretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Maravillas_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="María de las Maravillas de Jesús">María de las Maravillas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcisa_de_Jes%C3%BAs" title="Narcisa de Jesús">Narcisa de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_of_Naples" title="Patricia of Naples">Patricia of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Rosalia" title="Saint Rosalia">Rosalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Lima" title="Rose of Lima">Rose of Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_the_Andes" title="Teresa of the Andes">Teresa of the Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Teresa of Calcutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasilla_and_Emiliana" title="Trasilla and Emiliana">Trasilla and Emiliana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaldesca_Taccini" title="Ubaldesca Taccini">Ubaldesca Taccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Bakhita" title="Josephine Bakhita">Josephine Bakhita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Calendar of saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Marshals" title="Four Holy Marshals">Four Holy Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Holy_Helpers" title="Fourteen Holy Helpers">Fourteen Holy Helpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr_of_charity" title="Martyr of charity">Martyr of charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_saint" title="Military saint">Military saints</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athleta_Christi" title="Athleta Christi">Athleta Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Christianus" title="Miles Christianus">Miles Christianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Church Militant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Champions_of_Christendom" title="Seven Champions of Christendom">Seven Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_venerated_couples" title="List of venerated couples">Venerated couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/17px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="17" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/26px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/34px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/20px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, 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