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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturn_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturn_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Saturn development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturn_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection_for_Apollo_lunar_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection_for_Apollo_lunar_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Selection for Apollo lunar landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection_for_Apollo_lunar_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Launch history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-S-IC_first_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S-IC_first_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>S-IC first stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-IC_first_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-S-II_second_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S-II_second_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>S-II second stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-II_second_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-S-IVB_third_stage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S-IVB_third_stage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>S-IVB third stage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-IVB_third_stage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Instrument_unit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instrument_unit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Instrument unit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instrument_unit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_mission_launch_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_mission_launch_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lunar mission launch sequence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lunar_mission_launch_sequence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lunar mission launch sequence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lunar_mission_launch_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Range_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Range_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Range safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Range_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Startup_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Startup_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Startup sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Startup_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Q_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Q_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Max Q sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Q_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-S-II_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S-II_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>S-II sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-II_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-S-IVB_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S-IVB_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>S-IVB sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-IVB_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_Module_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_Module_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Lunar Module sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_Module_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skylab_sequence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skylab_sequence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Skylab sequence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skylab_sequence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Apollo_proposal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Apollo_proposal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Post-Apollo proposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Apollo_proposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_successors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_successors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Proposed successors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Proposed_successors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Proposed successors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Proposed_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-Apollo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Apollo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Post-Apollo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Apollo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ares_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ares_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ares family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ares_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Launch_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Launch_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Space Launch System</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Launch_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saturn_V_displays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saturn_V_displays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Saturn V displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saturn_V_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discarded_stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discarded_stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Discarded stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discarded_stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.2</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Saturn V</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_5" title="ساتورن 5 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساتورن 5" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86_%DB%B5" title="ساتورن ۵ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساتورن ۵" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD" title="স্যাটার্ন ফাইভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্যাটার্ন ফাইভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_V" title="Сатурн V – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сатурн V" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_V" title="Сатурн V – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сатурн V" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_V" title="Saturno V – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saturno V" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%86_%DB%B5" title="ساترن ۵ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساترن ۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_V" title="Saturno V – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saturno V" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88%ED%84%B4_V" title="새턴 V – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새턴 V" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_5" title="सैटर्न 5 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सैटर्न 5" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9F_5" title="סטורן 5 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטורן 5" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C_V" title="სატურნ V – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სატურნ V" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BA_V" title="സാറ്റേൺ V – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാറ്റേൺ V" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%81%85" title="စေတန် ၅ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စေတန် ၅" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnus_V" title="Saturnus V – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saturnus V" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3V" title="サターンV – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サターンV" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturno_V" title="Saturno V – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saturno V" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD-5" title="Сатурн-5 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сатурн-5" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_V_(%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%87)" title="Сатурн V (ракета-носач) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сатурн V (ракета-носач)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_V" title="சாடர்ன் V – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாடர்ன் V" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99_V" title="แซตเทิร์น V – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แซตเทิร์น V" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD_V" title="Сатурн V – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сатурн V" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saturn V" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F5%E5%8F%B7%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="土星5号运载火箭 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土星5号运载火箭" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F5%E8%99%9F" title="土星5號 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土星5號" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F5%E5%8F%B7%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD" title="土星5号运载火箭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土星5号运载火箭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q54363#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American super heavy-lift expendable rocket</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the rocket. For Saturn's moon, see <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea (moon)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title">Saturn V</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The launch of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> on Saturn V SA-506, July 16, 1969</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Launch vehicle of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data brand"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> (<a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American</a> (<a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas</a> (<a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Project cost</th><td class="infobox-data">US$6.417 billion<sup id="cite_ref-budget_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $50 billion in 2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cost per launch</th><td class="infobox-data">US$185 million<sup id="cite_ref-SP4221Ch6_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP4221Ch6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $1.451 billion in 2023)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Size</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">111 m (363 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">10 m (33 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,822,000 to 2,965,000 kg (6,221,000 to 6,537,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-svgiw_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svgiw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stages</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Capacity <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Altitude</th><td class="infobox-data">170 km (90 nmi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital inclination</th><td class="infobox-data">30°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">141,136 kg (311,152 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-infoNoteLEO_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infoNoteLEO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Space-Launch_Capabilities_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-Launch_Capabilities-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddf;">Payload to <a href="/wiki/Trans_Lunar_Injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans Lunar Injection">TLI</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mass</th><td class="infobox-data">52,759 kg (116,314 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Associated rockets</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative work</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_INT-21" title="Saturn INT-21">Saturn INT-21</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Comparable</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Historic: <a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a> (never operational)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccf;">Launch history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Retired</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">LC-39</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Total launches</th><td class="infobox-data">13</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Success(es)</th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Partial failure(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">1 (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">November 9, 1967 (AS-501 <a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-serialnote_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serialnote-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Last flight</th><td class="infobox-data">May 14, 1973 (AS-513 <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">First stage – <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">42 m (138 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">10 m (33 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empty mass</th><td class="infobox-data">137,000 kg (303,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">2,214,000 kg (4,881,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">5 × <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">34,500 kN (7,750,000 lbf) sea level <sup id="cite_ref-SICMaxThrust_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SICMaxThrust-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">263 s (2.58 km/s) sea level</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">168 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a> / <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Second stage – <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">24.8 m (81.5 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">10 m (33 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empty mass</th><td class="infobox-data">40,100 kg (88,400 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-infonote1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infonote1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">496,200 kg (1,093,900 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-infonote1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infonote1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">5 × <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">5,141 kN (1,155,800 lbf) vacuum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">421 s (4.13 km/s) vacuum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">360 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a> / <a href="/wiki/LH2" class="mw-redirect" title="LH2">LH<sub>2</sub></a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;">Third stage – <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">18.8 m (61.6 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Diameter</th><td class="infobox-data">6.6 m (21.7 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Empty mass</th><td class="infobox-data">15,200 kg (33,600 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-infonote2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infonote2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gross mass</th><td class="infobox-data">123,000 kg (271,000 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-infonote2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infonote2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Powered by</th><td class="infobox-data">1 × <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Maximum thrust</th><td class="infobox-data">1,033.1 kN (232,250 lbf) vacuum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">Specific impulse</a></th><td class="infobox-data">421 s (4.13 km/s) vacuum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burn time</th><td class="infobox-data">165 + 335 seconds (2 burns)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Propellant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">LOX</a> / <a href="/wiki/LH2" class="mw-redirect" title="LH2">LH<sub>2</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q54363" class="extiw" title="d:Q54363">edit on Wikidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Saturn V</b><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a retired American <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a> for human <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">exploration of the Moon</a>. The rocket was <a href="/wiki/Human-rated" class="mw-redirect" title="Human-rated">human-rated</a>, had <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">three stages</a>, and was powered by <a href="/wiki/Liquid-propellant_rocket" title="Liquid-propellant rocket">liquid fuel</a>. Flown from 1967 to 1973, it was used for nine crewed flights to the Moon, and to launch <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a>, the first American <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a>. </p><p>As of 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the Saturn V remains the only launch vehicle to have carried humans beyond <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (LEO). The Saturn V holds the record for the largest payload capacity to low Earth orbit, 311,152 lb (141,136 kg), which included unburned <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> needed to send the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> to the Moon. </p><p>The largest production model of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn family of rockets</a>, the Saturn V was designed under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>; the lead contractors for construction of the rocket were <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. Fifteen flight-capable vehicles were built, not counting three used for ground testing. A total of thirteen missions were launched from <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>, nine of which carried <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">24 astronauts</a> to the Moon from <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> (December 1968) to <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> (December 1972). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-vonBraun_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonBraun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. government brought the German rocket technologist <a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Wernher von Braun</a> and over 1,500 German rocket engineers and technicians to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Operation Paperclip</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archives.gov_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archives.gov-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a program authorized by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Braun, who had helped create the German <a href="/wiki/V-2" class="mw-redirect" title="V-2">V-2</a> rocket, was assigned to the Army's rocket design division.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1945 and 1958, his work was restricted to conveying the ideas and methods behind the V-2 to American engineers,<sup id="cite_ref-vonBraun_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonBraun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he wrote books and articles in popular magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This approach changed in 1957, when the Soviets launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> atop an <a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> ICBM, which could carry a <a href="/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon" title="Thermonuclear weapon">thermonuclear warhead</a> to the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army and government began putting more effort towards sending Americans into space before the Soviets. They turned to von Braun's team, who had created the <a href="/wiki/Jupiter-C" title="Jupiter-C">Jupiter series of rockets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-time58_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time58-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a> rocket launched the <a href="/wiki/Explorer_1" title="Explorer 1">first American satellite</a> in January 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Braun considered the Jupiter series of rockets to be a prototype of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn series of rockets</a>, and referred to it as "an infant Saturn".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saturn_development">Saturn development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Saturn development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn (rocket family)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V_vehicle_configurations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Saturn_V_vehicle_configurations.jpg/220px-Saturn_V_vehicle_configurations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Saturn_V_vehicle_configurations.jpg/330px-Saturn_V_vehicle_configurations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Saturn_V_vehicle_configurations.jpg/440px-Saturn_V_vehicle_configurations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Saturn V testing vehicle and flight vehicle configurations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg/220px-S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg/330px-S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg/440px-S-IC_engines_and_Von_Braun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wernher_von_Braun" title="Wernher von Braun">Von Braun</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a> engines of the Saturn V first stage at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_and_Rocket_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Space and Rocket Center">U.S. Space and Rocket Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Named after <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">the sixth planet from the Sun</a>, the design of the various Saturn rockets evolved from the Jupiter vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1960 and 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> (MSFC) designed a series of Saturn rockets that could be deployed for Earth orbit and lunar missions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA planned to use the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-3" title="Saturn C-3">Saturn C-3</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous" title="Earth orbit rendezvous">Earth orbit rendezvous</a> (EOR) method for a lunar mission, with at least two or three launches needed for a single landing on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the MSFC planned an even bigger rocket, the C-4, which would use four <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1</a> engines in its first stage, an enlarged C-3 second stage, and the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a>, a stage with a single <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2</a> engine, as its third stage. The C-4 would only need to carry out two launches to carry out an EOR lunar mission.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 10, 1962, NASA announced plans to build the C-5. The three-stage rocket would consist of the S-IC first stage, with five F-1 engines; the S-II second stage, with five J-2 engines; and the S-IVB third stage, with a single J-2 engine.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The C-5 would undergo component testing even before the first model was constructed. The S-IVB third stage would be used as the second stage for the C-1B, which would serve both to demonstrate proof of concept and feasibility for the C-5, but would also provide flight data critical to the development of the C-5.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than undergoing testing for each major component, the C-5 would be tested in an "all-up" fashion, meaning that the first test flight of the rocket would include complete versions of all three stages. By testing all components at once, far fewer test flights would be required before a crewed launch.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C-5 was confirmed as NASA's choice for the Apollo program in early 1962, and was named the Saturn V.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Saturn_Illustrated_Chronology..._38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturn_Illustrated_Chronology...-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C-1 became the Saturn I and C-1B became Saturn IB.<sup id="cite_ref-Saturn_Illustrated_Chronology..._38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturn_Illustrated_Chronology...-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Braun headed a team at the MSFC to build a vehicle capable of launching a crewed spacecraft to the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During these revisions, the team rejected the single engine of the V-2's design and moved to a multiple-engine design.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saturn V's final design had several key features. F-1 engines were chosen for the first stage,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while new liquid hydrogen propulsion system called J-2 for the second and third stage.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA had finalized its plans to proceed with von Braun's Saturn designs, and the Apollo space program gained speed.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing-Saturn_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing-Saturn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The stages were designed by von Braun's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, and outside contractors were chosen for the construction: Boeing (<a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a>), North American Aviation (<a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a>), Douglas Aircraft (<a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a>), and IBM (<a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">instrument unit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing-Saturn_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing-Saturn-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection_for_Apollo_lunar_landing">Selection for Apollo lunar landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selection for Apollo lunar landing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Project_Apollo#Choosing_a_mission_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Apollo">Project Apollo § Choosing a mission mode</a></div> <p>Early in the planning process, NASA considered three methods for the Moon mission: <a href="/wiki/Earth_orbit_rendezvous" title="Earth orbit rendezvous">Earth orbit rendezvous</a> (EOR), <a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">lunar orbit rendezvous</a> (LOR). A direct ascent configuration would require an extremely large rocket to send a three-man spacecraft to land directly on the lunar surface. An EOR would launch the direct-landing spacecraft in two smaller parts which would combine in Earth orbit. A LOR mission would involve a single rocket launching two spacecraft: a <a href="/wiki/Mother_ship" title="Mother ship">mother ship</a>, and a smaller, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">two-man landing module</a> which would rendezvous back with the main spacecraft in lunar orbit. The lander would be discarded and the mother ship would return home.<sup id="cite_ref-expeditions3.2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-expeditions3.2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, NASA dismissed LOR as a riskier option, as a <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">space rendezvous</a> had yet to be performed in Earth orbit, much less in lunar orbit. Several NASA officials, including Langley Research Center engineer <a href="/wiki/John_Houbolt" title="John Houbolt">John Houbolt</a> and NASA Administrator <a href="/wiki/George_Low" title="George Low">George Low</a>, argued that a lunar orbit rendezvous provided the simplest landing on the Moon with the most cost–efficient launch vehicle, and the best chance to accomplish the lunar landing within the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other NASA officials became convinced, and LOR was then officially selected as the mission configuration for the Apollo program and announced by NASA administrator <a href="/wiki/James_E._Webb" title="James E. Webb">James E. Webb</a> on November 7, 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rudolph" title="Arthur Rudolph">Arthur Rudolph</a> became the project director of the Saturn V rocket program in August 1963. He developed the requirements for the rocket system and the mission plan for the Apollo program. The first Saturn V launch lifted off from Kennedy Space Center and performed flawlessly on November 9, 1967, Rudolph's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then assigned as the special assistant to the director of MSFC in May 1968 and subsequently retired from NASA on January 1, 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 16, 1969, the Saturn V launched <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, putting the first men on the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_history">Launch history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Launch history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V_launches.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saturn_V_launches.jpg/440px-Saturn_V_launches.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saturn_V_launches.jpg/660px-Saturn_V_launches.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Saturn_V_launches.jpg/880px-Saturn_V_launches.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>All Saturn V launches, 1967–1973</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">Serial<br />number<sup id="cite_ref-serialnote_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-serialnote-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Mission </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Launch<br />date<br />(UTC) </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Pad </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SA-500F" title="SA-500F">SA-500F</a> </th> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Facilities integration </td> <td>Used to check precise fits and test facilities operation on Pad 39A before a flight model was ready. First stage scrapped, second stage converted to <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a>-F/D, third stage on display at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-displays_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displays-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Dynamic_Test_Vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Dynamic Test Vehicle">SA-500D</a> </th> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Dynamic testing </td> <td>Used to evaluate the vehicle's response to vibrations. On display at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-displays_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displays-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/S-IC-T" title="S-IC-T">S-IC-T</a> </th> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">All Systems Test </td> <td>First stage used for static test firing at Marshall Space Flight Center. On display at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-displays_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displays-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-501 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a> </td> <td align="center">November 9, 1967<br />12:00:01 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">39A</a> </td> <td>First uncrewed, all-up test flight; complete success. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-502 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a> </td> <td align="center">April 4, 1968<br />12:00:01 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Second uncrewed test flight; J-2 engine problems caused early shutdown of two engines in second stage, and prevented third stage restart. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-503 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a> </td> <td align="center">December 21, 1968<br />12:51:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>First crewed flight; first <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-504 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> </td> <td align="center">March 3, 1969<br />16:00:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Crewed low Earth orbit test of complete Apollo spacecraft with the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> (LM). </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-505 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> </td> <td align="center">May 18, 1969<br />16:49:00 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">39B</a> </td> <td>Second crewed trans-lunar injection of complete Apollo spacecraft with LM; Only Saturn V launched from Pad 39B. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-506 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> </td> <td align="center">July 16, 1969<br />13:32:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>First crewed lunar landing, at <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Tranquility" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea of Tranquility">Sea of Tranquility</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-507 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> </td> <td align="center">November 14, 1969<br />16:22:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Vehicle was struck twice by lightning shortly after liftoff, but not causing any serious damage. Precision crewed lunar landing, near <a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ocean_of_Storms" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean of Storms">Ocean of Storms</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-508 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> </td> <td align="center">April 11, 1970<br />19:13:03 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Severe <a href="/wiki/Pogo_oscillations" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogo oscillations">pogo oscillations</a> in second stage caused early center engine shutdown; guidance compensated by burning remaining engines longer. Third crewed lunar landing mission was aborted by service module failure. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-509 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> </td> <td align="center">January 31, 1971<br />21:03:02 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Third crewed lunar landing, near <a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_(crater)" title="Fra Mauro (crater)">Fra Mauro</a>, Apollo 13's intended landing site. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-510 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> </td> <td align="center">July 26, 1971<br />13:34:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Fourth crewed lunar landing, at <a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a>. First extended Apollo mission, carrying lunar orbital Scientific Instrument Module and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-511 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> </td> <td align="center">April 16, 1972<br />17:54:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Fifth crewed lunar landing, at <a href="/wiki/Descartes_Highlands" title="Descartes Highlands">Descartes Highlands</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-512 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> </td> <td align="center">December 7, 1972<br />05:33:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Only night launch. Sixth and final crewed lunar landing, at <a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-513 </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> 1 </td> <td align="center">May 14, 1973<br />17:30:00 </td> <td align="center">39A </td> <td>Uncrewed launch of the Skylab orbital workshop, which replaced the third stage, S-IVB-513, on display at <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-displays_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displays-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally designated for <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled Apollo 18</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-514 </th> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Unused </td> <td>Originally designated for canceled Apollo 18 or 19;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> never used. It was proposed for launching an <a href="/wiki/International_Skylab" class="mw-redirect" title="International Skylab">International Skylab</a>. This station would have been serviced by Apollo, <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_programme" title="Soyuz programme">Soyuz</a> and later by the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_skylabb_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix_skylabb-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stage (S-IC-14) on display at <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a>, second and third stage (S-II-14, S-IV-14) on display at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-displays_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displays-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The S-II <a href="/wiki/Interstage" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstage">interstage</a> is located at <a href="/wiki/Parque_de_las_Ciencias" title="Parque de las Ciencias">Parque de las Ciencias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">SA-515 </th> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;">Unused </td> <td>Originally designated for Apollo 20, never used. Later it was proposed to launch the <a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">backup Skylab station</a> into orbit sometime between January 1975 and April 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_skylabb_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix_skylabb-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That way, it could expand the <a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> mission by 56–90 days. The first stage was on display at <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a>, until June 2016 then was moved to the <a href="/wiki/INFINITY_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="INFINITY Science Center">INFINITY Science Center</a> in Mississippi. The second stage (S-II-15) is on display at Johnson Space Center. The third stage was converted to a backup Skylab orbital workshop and is on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-displays_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-displays-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_v_schematic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of a Saturn V rocket, showing all the stages of the rocket with brief descriptions and two tiny people to show relative size." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saturn_v_schematic.svg/170px-Saturn_v_schematic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saturn_v_schematic.svg/255px-Saturn_v_schematic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saturn_v_schematic.svg/340px-Saturn_v_schematic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1143" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>Saturn V diagram</figcaption></figure> <p>The size and payload capacity of the Saturn V dwarfed those of all other previous rockets successfully flown at that time. With the Apollo spacecraft on top, it stood 363 feet (111 m) tall, and, ignoring the fins, was 33 feet (10 m) in diameter. Fully fueled, the Saturn V weighed 6.5 million pounds (2,900,000 kg)<sup id="cite_ref-svgiw_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svgiw-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had a low Earth orbit (LEO) payload capacity originally estimated at 261,000 pounds (118,000 kg), but was designed to send at least 90,000 pounds (41,000 kg) to the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later upgrades increased that capacity; on the final three Apollo lunar missions, it sent up to 95,901 lb (43,500 kg) to the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a height of 363 feet (111 m), the Saturn V stood 58 feet (18 m) taller than the <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> from the ground to the torch,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 48 feet (15 m) taller than the <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Tower">Elizabeth Tower</a>, which houses Big Ben at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bong_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bong-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_Launch_Vehicle" title="Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle">Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle</a> used on <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_7" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom 7">Freedom 7</a></i>, the first crewed American spaceflight, was approximately 11 feet (3.4 m) longer than the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage and delivered less sea level thrust (78,000 pounds-force (350 kN))<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> than the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_spacecraft#Launch_Escape_System_(LES)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo spacecraft">Launch Escape System</a> rocket (150,000 pounds-force (667 kN) sea level thrust) mounted atop the Apollo command module.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo LES fired for a much shorter time than the Mercury-Redstone (3.2 seconds vs. 143.5 seconds).<sup id="cite_ref-:6_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saturn V was principally designed by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>, although numerous major systems, including propulsion systems, were designed by subcontractors. The rocket used the powerful <a href="/wiki/F-1_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="F-1 (rocket engine)">F-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/J-2_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="J-2 (rocket engine)">J-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engines</a>; during testing at Stennis Space Center, the force developed by the engines shattered the windows of nearby houses.<sup id="cite_ref-Stennis_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stennis-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Designers decided early on to attempt to use as much technology from the Saturn I program as possible for the Saturn V. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a>-500 third stage of the Saturn V was based on the S-IVB-200 second stage of the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">instrument unit</a> that controlled the Saturn V shared characteristics with the one carried by the Saturn IB.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saturn V was primarily constructed of <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>. It was also made of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">cork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS-construction_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-construction-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blueprints and other plans of the rocket are available on <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> at the Marshall Space Flight Center.<sup id="cite_ref-MSFC-plans_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSFC-plans-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saturn V consisted of three stages—the <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> first stage, <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> second stage, and <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage—and the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_instrument_unit" title="Saturn V instrument unit">instrument unit</a>. All three stages used <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (LOX) as the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizer</a>. The first stage used <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a> for fuel, while the second and third stages used <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrogen" title="Liquid hydrogen">liquid hydrogen</a> (LH2). LH2 has a higher <a href="/wiki/Specific_energy" title="Specific energy">specific energy</a> (energy per unit mass) than RP-1, which makes it more suitable for higher-energy orbits, such as the trans-lunar injection required for Apollo missions. Conversely, RP-1 offers higher <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> (energy per unit volume) and higher thrust than LH2, which makes it more suitable for reducing aerodynamic drag and gravity losses in the early stages of launch. If the first stage had used LH2, the volume required would have been more than three times greater, which would have been aerodynamically infeasible at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The upper stages also used small solid-propellant <a href="/wiki/Ullage_motor" title="Ullage motor">ullage motors</a> that helped to separate the stages during the launch, and to ensure that the liquid propellants were in a proper position to be drawn into the pumps.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-IC_first_stage">S-IC first stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: S-IC first stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg/170px-Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg/255px-Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg/340px-Apollo_8_first_stage_in_the_Vehicle_Assembly_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1645" /></a><figcaption>The first stage of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>'s Saturn V being erected in the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">VAB</a> on February 1, 1968. Engine fairings and fins not yet installed.</figcaption></figure> <p>The S-IC was built by the Boeing Company at the <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">Space Shuttle external tanks</a> would later be built by <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>. Most of its mass at launch was propellant: <a href="/wiki/RP-1" title="RP-1">RP-1</a> fuel with <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stage was 138 feet (42 m) tall and 33 feet (10 m) in diameter. It provided 7,750,000 lbf (34,500 kN)<sup id="cite_ref-SICMaxThrust_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SICMaxThrust-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of thrust at sea level. The S-IC stage had a dry mass of about 303,000 pounds (137,000 kilograms); when fully fueled at launch, it had a total mass of 4,881,000 pounds (2,214,000 kilograms). The S-IC was powered by five <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">Rocketdyne F-1</a> engines arrayed in a <a href="/wiki/Quincunx" title="Quincunx">quincunx</a>. The center engine was held in a fixed position, while the four outer engines could be <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic">hydraulically</a> turned with <a href="/wiki/Gimbal" title="Gimbal">gimbals</a> to steer the rocket.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In flight, the center engine was turned off about 26 seconds earlier than the outboard engines to limit acceleration. During launch, the S-IC fired its engines for 168 seconds (ignition occurred about 8.9 seconds before liftoff) and at engine cutoff, the vehicle was at an <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> of about 42 miles (67 km), was <a href="/wiki/Downrange" title="Downrange">downrange</a> about 58 miles (93 km), and was moving around 7,500 feet per second (2,300 m/s).<sup id="cite_ref-FlightManual503§_4_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlightManual503§_4-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While not put into production, a proposed replacement for the first stage was the <a href="/wiki/AJ-260" class="mw-redirect" title="AJ-260">AJ-260x</a>. This solid rocket motor would have simplified the design by removing the five-engine configuration and, in turn, reduced launch costs.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-II_second_stage">S-II second stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: S-II second stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V,_S-II_Stage_is_Lifted_into_Test_Stand_-_GPN-2000-000540.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saturn_V%2C_S-II_Stage_is_Lifted_into_Test_Stand_-_GPN-2000-000540.jpg/170px-Saturn_V%2C_S-II_Stage_is_Lifted_into_Test_Stand_-_GPN-2000-000540.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saturn_V%2C_S-II_Stage_is_Lifted_into_Test_Stand_-_GPN-2000-000540.jpg/255px-Saturn_V%2C_S-II_Stage_is_Lifted_into_Test_Stand_-_GPN-2000-000540.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Saturn_V%2C_S-II_Stage_is_Lifted_into_Test_Stand_-_GPN-2000-000540.jpg/340px-Saturn_V%2C_S-II_Stage_is_Lifted_into_Test_Stand_-_GPN-2000-000540.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An S-II stage hoisted onto the A-2 test stand at the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Test_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Test Facility">Mississippi Test Facility</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The S-II was built by <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aviation" title="North American Aviation">North American Aviation</a> at <a href="/wiki/Seal_Beach,_California" title="Seal Beach, California">Seal Beach, California</a>. Using <a href="/wiki/LH2" class="mw-redirect" title="LH2">liquid hydrogen</a> and liquid oxygen, it had five <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">Rocketdyne J-2</a> engines in a similar arrangement to the S-IC, and also used the four outer engines for control. The S-II was 81.6 feet (24.87 m) tall with a diameter of 33 feet (10 m), identical to the S-IC,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_air_and_space_museum_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_air_and_space_museum-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus was the largest <a href="/wiki/Cryogenics#Fuels" title="Cryogenics">cryogenic</a> stage until the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> in 1981. The S-II had a dry mass of about 80,000 pounds (36,000 kg); when fully fueled, it weighed 1,060,000 pounds (480,000 kg). The second stage accelerated the Saturn V through the upper atmosphere with 1,100,000 pounds-force (4,900 kN) of thrust in a vacuum.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When loaded with fuel, more than 90 percent of the mass of the stage was propellant; however, the ultra-lightweight design had led to two failures in structural testing. Instead of having an intertank structure to separate the two fuel tanks as was done in the S-IC, the S-II used a common <a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)" title="Bulkhead (partition)">bulkhead</a> that was constructed from both the top of the LOX tank and bottom of the LH2 tank. It consisted of two <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a> sheets separated by a honeycomb structure made of <a href="/wiki/Phenolic_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenolic resin">phenolic resin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smithsonian_air_and_space_museum_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian_air_and_space_museum-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This bulkhead had to be able to insulate against the 126 °F (70 °C) temperature difference between the two tanks. The use of a common bulkhead saved 7,900 pounds (3.6 t) by both eliminating one bulkhead and reducing the stage's length.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the S-IC, the S-II was transported from its manufacturing plant to Cape Kennedy by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-SP-4206_Stages_to_Saturn_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-4206_Stages_to_Saturn-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-IVB_third_stage">S-IVB third stage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: S-IVB third stage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_IB_S-IVB-206.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Saturn_IB_S-IVB-206.jpg/170px-Saturn_IB_S-IVB-206.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Saturn_IB_S-IVB-206.jpg/255px-Saturn_IB_S-IVB-206.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Saturn_IB_S-IVB-206.jpg/340px-Saturn_IB_S-IVB-206.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An S-IVB stage being moved out of NASA's <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage was built by the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft Company</a> at <a href="/wiki/Huntington_Beach,_California" title="Huntington Beach, California">Huntington Beach, California</a>. It had one <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">Rocketdyne J-2</a> engine and used the same fuel as the S-II.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The S-IVB used a common bulkhead to separate the two tanks. It was 58.6 feet (17.86 m) tall with a diameter of 21.7 feet (6.604 m) and was also designed with high mass efficiency, though not quite as aggressively as the S-II. The S-IVB had a dry mass of about 23,000 pounds (10,000 kg) and, when fully fueled, weighed about 262,000 pounds (119,000 kg).<sup id="cite_ref-Saturn_S-IVB_Stage_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saturn_S-IVB_Stage-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The S-IVB was the only rocket stage of the Saturn V small enough to be transported by the cargo plane <a href="/wiki/Aero_Spacelines_Pregnant_Guppy" title="Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy">Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SP-4206_Stages_to_Saturn_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-4206_Stages_to_Saturn-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For lunar missions it was fired twice: first for Earth orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and a second time for <a href="/wiki/Translunar_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Translunar injection">translunar injection</a> (TLI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Instrument_unit">Instrument unit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Instrument unit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">Saturn V Instrument Unit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IU-501_From_Below.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/IU-501_From_Below.jpg/170px-IU-501_From_Below.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/IU-501_From_Below.jpg/255px-IU-501_From_Below.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/IU-501_From_Below.jpg/340px-IU-501_From_Below.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2377" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">instrument unit</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a> Saturn V</figcaption></figure> <p>The Saturn V's instrument unit was built by IBM and was placed on top of the rocket's third stage. It was constructed at the Space Systems Center in <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. This computer controlled the operations of the rocket from just before liftoff until the S-IVB was discarded. It included guidance and <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> systems for the rocket. By measuring the acceleration and vehicle <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_attitude_control" title="Spacecraft attitude control">attitude</a>, it could calculate the position and velocity of the rocket and correct for any deviations.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assembly">Assembly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the construction and ground testing of each stage was completed, they were each shipped to the Kennedy Space Center. The first two stages were so massive that the only way to transport them was by barge. The S-IC, constructed in New Orleans, was transported down the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrie2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After rounding <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, the stages were transported up the <a href="/wiki/Intra-Coastal_Waterway" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-Coastal Waterway">Intra-Coastal Waterway</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (originally called the Vertical Assembly Building). This was essentially the same route which would be used later to ship <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_external_tank" title="Space Shuttle external tank">Space Shuttle external tanks</a>. The S-II was constructed in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and traveled to Florida via the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>. The third stage and Instrument Unit was carried by the <a href="/wiki/Aero_Spacelines_Pregnant_Guppy" title="Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy">Aero Spacelines Pregnant Guppy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aero_Spacelines_Super_Guppy" title="Aero Spacelines Super Guppy">Super Guppy</a>, but could also have been carried by barge if warranted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrie2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arrival at the Vertical Assembly Building, each stage was inspected in a horizontal position before being oriented vertically. NASA also constructed large spool-shaped structures that could be used in place of stages if a particular stage was delayed. These spools had the same height and mass and contained the same electrical connections as the actual stages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrie2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NASA stacked (assembled) the Saturn V on a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Saturn_V_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher</a>, which consisted of a Launch Umbilical Tower with nine swing arms (including the crew access arm), a "hammerhead" crane, and a water suppression system which was activated prior to engine ignition during a launch. After assembly was completed, the entire stack was moved from the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> (VAB) to the launch pad using the <a href="/wiki/Crawler_Transporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Crawler Transporter">Crawler Transporter</a> (CT). Built by the <a href="/wiki/Marion_Power_Shovel_Company" title="Marion Power Shovel Company">Marion Power Shovel Company</a> (and later used for transporting the smaller and lighter Space Shuttle, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a>), the CT ran on four double-tracked treads, each with 57 "shoes". Each shoe weighed 2,000 pounds (910 kg). This transporter was also required to keep the rocket level as it traveled the 3 miles (4.8 km) to the launch site, especially at the 3 percent <a href="/wiki/Grade_(slope)" title="Grade (slope)">grade</a> encountered at the launch pad. The CT also carried the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_Service_Structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile Service Structure">Mobile Service Structure</a> (MSS), which allowed technicians access to the rocket until eight hours before launch, when it was moved to the "halfway" point on the Crawlerway (the junction between the VAB and the two launch pads).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrie2016-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1964 until 1973, $6.417 billion (equivalent to $40.9 billion in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was appropriated for the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Research and Development">Research and Development</a> and flights of the Saturn V, with the maximum being in 1966 with $1.2 billion (equivalent to $8.61 billion in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-budget_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, NASA received its largest total budget of $4.5 billion, about 0.5 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States</a> at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two main reasons for the cancellation of the last three Apollo missions were the heavy investments in Saturn V and the ever-increasing costs of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> to the U.S. in money and resources. In the time frame from 1969 to 1971 the cost of launching a Saturn V Apollo mission was between $185,000,000 to $189,000,000,<sup id="cite_ref-budget_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-budget-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SP4221Ch6_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP4221Ch6-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which $110 million were used for the production of the vehicle<sup id="cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.nasa.gov-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $1.18 billion–$1.2 billion in 2023).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lunar_mission_launch_sequence">Lunar mission launch sequence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lunar mission launch sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Saturn V carried all Apollo lunar missions,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were launched from Launch Complex 39 at the <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Space Center">John F. Kennedy Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the rocket cleared the launch tower, flight control transferred to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas">Houston, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An average mission used the rocket for a total of just 20 minutes. Although <a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a> experienced three engine failures,<sup id="cite_ref-Report—AS-502_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report—AS-502-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> experienced one engine shutdown,<sup id="cite_ref-lverAS508_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lverAS508-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the onboard computers were able to compensate by burning the remaining engines longer to achieve parking orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-Report—AS-502_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Report—AS-502-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Range_safety">Range safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Range safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the event of an abort requiring the destruction of the rocket, the range safety officer would remotely shut down the engines and after several seconds send another command for the shaped explosive charges attached to the outer surfaces of the rocket to detonate. These would make cuts in fuel and oxidizer tanks to disperse the fuel quickly and to minimize mixing. The pause between these two actions would give time for the crew to escape via the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)#Launch_escape_system_(LES)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Launch Escape Tower</a> or (in the later stages of the flight) the propulsion system of the Service module. A third command, "safe", was used after the S-IVB stage reached orbit to irreversibly deactivate the self-destruct system. The system was also held inactive as long as the rocket was still on the launch pad.<sup id="cite_ref-MSFC-RSO_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSFC-RSO-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Startup_sequence">Startup sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Startup sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_launch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apollo_11_launch.jpg/170px-Apollo_11_launch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apollo_11_launch.jpg/255px-Apollo_11_launch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Apollo_11_launch.jpg/340px-Apollo_11_launch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Condensation_cloud" title="Condensation cloud">Condensation clouds</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> Saturn V as it works its way through the dense lower atmosphere.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first stage burned for about 2 minutes and 41 seconds, lifting the rocket to an altitude of 42 miles (68 km) and a speed of 6,164 miles per hour (2,756 m/s) and burning 4,700,000 pounds (2,100,000 kg) of propellant.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 8.9 seconds before launch, the first stage ignition sequence started. The center engine ignited first, followed by opposing outboard pairs at 300-millisecond intervals to reduce the structural loads on the rocket. When thrust had been confirmed by the onboard computers, the rocket was "soft-released" in two stages: first, the hold-down arms released the rocket, and second, as the rocket began to accelerate upwards, it was slowed by tapered metal pins pulled through holes for half a second.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once the rocket had lifted off, it could not safely settle back down onto the pad if the engines failed. The astronauts considered this one of the tensest moments in riding the Saturn V, for if the rocket did fail to lift off after release they had a low chance of survival given the large amounts of propellant. To improve safety, the Saturn Emergency Detection System (EDS) inhibited engine shutdown for the first 30 seconds of flight. If all three stages were to explode simultaneously on the launch pad, an unlikely event, the Saturn V had a total explosive yield of 543 tons of TNT or 0.543 kilotons (2,271,912,000,000 J or 155,143 lbs of weight loss), which is 0.222 kt for the first stage, 0.263 kt for the second stage and 0.068 kt for the third stage.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">Saturn V Instrument Unit</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_misconceptions" title="List of common misconceptions">popular myth</a>, the noise produced was not able to melt <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It took about 12 seconds for the rocket to clear the tower. During this time, it <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yawed</a> 1.25 degrees away from the tower to ensure adequate clearance despite adverse winds; this yaw, although small, can be seen in launch photos taken from the east or west. At an altitude of 430 feet (130 m) the rocket rolled to the correct flight <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> and then gradually pitched down until 38 seconds after second stage ignition. This pitch program was set according to the prevailing winds during the launch month.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four outboard engines also tilted toward the outside so that in the event of a premature outboard engine shutdown the remaining engines would thrust through the rocket's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a>. The Saturn V reached 400 feet per second (120 m/s) at over 1 mile (1,600 m) in altitude. Much of the early portion of the flight was spent gaining altitude, with the required velocity coming later. The Saturn V broke the <a href="/wiki/Sound_barrier" title="Sound barrier">sound barrier</a> at just over 1 minute at an altitude of between 3.45 and 4.6 miles (5.55 and 7.40 km). At this point, shock collars, or condensation clouds, would form around the bottom of the command module and around the top of the second stage.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Q_sequence">Max Q sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Max Q sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_first_stage_separation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Apollo_11_first_stage_separation.jpg/220px-Apollo_11_first_stage_separation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Apollo_11_first_stage_separation.jpg/330px-Apollo_11_first_stage_separation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Apollo_11_first_stage_separation.jpg/440px-Apollo_11_first_stage_separation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 11 S-IC separation</figcaption></figure><p>At about 80 seconds, the rocket experienced <a href="/wiki/Max_q" title="Max q">maximum dynamic pressure</a> (max q). The dynamic pressure on a rocket varies with <a href="/wiki/Air_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Air density">air density</a> and the square of <a href="/wiki/Relative_velocity" title="Relative velocity">relative velocity</a>. Although velocity continues to increase, air density decreases so quickly with altitude that dynamic pressure falls below max q.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The propellant in just the S-IC made up about three-quarters of Saturn V's entire launch mass, and it was consumed at 13,000 kilograms per second (1,700,000 lb/min). <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_second_law_of_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton's second law of motion">Newton's second law of motion</a> states that force is equal to mass multiplied by acceleration, or equivalently that acceleration is equal to force divided by mass, so as the mass decreased (and the force increased somewhat), acceleration rose. Including gravity, launch acceleration was only <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> <a href="/wiki/G-force" title="G-force"><i>g</i></a>, i.e., the astronauts felt <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> <i>g</i> while the rocket accelerated vertically at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> <i>g</i>. As the rocket rapidly lost mass, total acceleration including gravity increased to nearly 4 <i>g</i> at T+135 seconds. At this point, the inboard (center) engine was shut down to prevent acceleration from increasing beyond 4 <i>g</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When oxidizer or fuel depletion was sensed in the suction assemblies, the remaining four outboard engines were shut down. First stage separation occurred a little less than one second after this to allow for F-1 thrust tail-off. Eight small solid fuel separation motors backed the S-IC from the rest of the vehicle at an altitude of about 42 miles (67 km). The first stage continued on a ballistic trajectory to an altitude of about 68 miles (109 km) and then fell in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> about 350 miles (560 km) downrange.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The engine shutdown procedure was changed for the launch of Skylab to avoid damage to the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a>. Rather than shutting down all four outboard engines at once, they were shut down two at a time with a delay to reduce peak acceleration further.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-II_sequence">S-II sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: S-II sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/220px--Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="164" data-durationhint="38" data-mwtitle="Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="644" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="966" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1450" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1450" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="194" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="322" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="484" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8f/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm/Apollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="484" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AApollo_4_separation_of_interstage_ring.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Apollo 4 interstage falling away. The engine exhaust from the S-II stage glows as it impacts the interstage.</figcaption></figure><p>After S-IC separation, the S-II second stage burned for 6 minutes and propelled the craft to 109 miles (175 km) and 15,647 mph (25,181 km/h), close to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_speed" title="Orbital speed">orbital velocity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the first two uncrewed launches, eight <a href="/wiki/Rocket_fuel#Solid_propellants" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket fuel">solid-fuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Ullage_motor" title="Ullage motor">ullage motors</a> ignited for four seconds to accelerate the S-II stage, followed by the ignition of the five J-2 engines. For the first seven crewed Apollo missions, only four ullage motors were used on the S-II, and they were eliminated for the final four launches. About 30 seconds after first stage separation, the interstage ring dropped from the second stage. This was done with an inertially fixed attitude—orientation around its <a href="/wiki/Center_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of gravity">center of gravity</a>—so that the interstage, only 3 feet 3 inches (1 m) from the outboard J-2 engines, would fall cleanly without hitting them, as the interstage could have potentially damaged two of the J-2 engines if it was attached to the S-IC. Shortly after interstage separation the <a href="/wiki/Launch_Escape_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Escape System">Launch Escape System</a> was also jettisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 38 seconds after the second stage ignition, the Saturn V switched from a preprogrammed trajectory to a "closed loop" or Iterative Guidance Mode. The instrument unit now computed in real time the most fuel-efficient trajectory toward its target orbit. If the instrument unit failed, the crew could switch control of the Saturn to the command module's computer, take manual control, or abort the flight.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 90 seconds before the second stage cutoff, the center engine shut down to reduce <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_wave" title="Longitudinal wave">longitudinal</a> pogo oscillations. At around this time, the LOX flow rate decreased, changing the mix ratio of the two propellants and ensuring that there would be as little propellant as possible left in the tanks at the end of second stage flight. This was done at a predetermined <a href="/wiki/Delta-v" title="Delta-v">delta-v</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five level <a href="/wiki/Sensor" title="Sensor">sensors</a> in the bottom of each S-II propellant tank were armed during S-II flight, allowing any two to trigger S-II cutoff and staging when they were uncovered. One second after the second stage cut off it separated and several seconds later the third stage ignited. Solid fuel <a href="/wiki/Retro-rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro-rocket">retro-rockets</a> mounted on the interstage at the top of the S-II fired to back it away from the S-IVB. The <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> impacted about 2,600 miles (4,200 km) from the launch site.<sup id="cite_ref-SecondStage_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SecondStage-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the Apollo 13 mission, the inboard engine suffered major pogo oscillation, resulting in an early automatic cutoff. To ensure sufficient velocity was reached, the remaining four engines were kept active for longer than planned. A pogo suppressor was fitted to later Apollo missions to avoid this, though the early fifth engine's cutoff remained to reduce <a href="/wiki/G-forces" class="mw-redirect" title="G-forces">g-forces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lverAS508_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lverAS508-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-IVB_sequence">S-IVB sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: S-IVB sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS17-148-22714_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AS17-148-22714_crop.jpg/220px-AS17-148-22714_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AS17-148-22714_crop.jpg/330px-AS17-148-22714_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/AS17-148-22714_crop.jpg/440px-AS17-148-22714_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 17 <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> rocket stage, shortly after transposition and docking with the Lunar Module.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the two-plane separation of the S-IC and S-II, the S-II and S-IVB stages separated with a single step. Although it was constructed as part of the third stage, the interstage remained attached to the second stage. The third stage did not use much fuel to get into LEO (Low Earth Orbit), because the second stage had done most of the job.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>, a typical lunar mission, the third stage burned for about 2.5 minutes until first cutoff at 11 minutes 40 seconds. At this point it was 1,645.61 miles (2,648.35 km) downrange and in a parking orbit at an altitude of 118 miles (190 km) and velocity of 17,432 miles per hour (28,054 km/h). The third stage remained attached to the spacecraft while it <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbited</a> the Earth one and a half times while astronauts and mission controllers prepared for <a href="/wiki/Translunar_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Translunar injection">translunar injection</a> (TLI).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the final three Apollo flights, the temporary parking orbit was even lower (approximately 107 miles or 172 kilometers), using the <a href="/wiki/Oberth_effect" title="Oberth effect">Oberth effect</a> to increase payload capacity for these missions. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a> Earth orbit mission was launched into the nominal orbit consistent with Apollo 11, but the spacecraft were able to use their own engines to raise the perigee high enough to sustain the 10-day mission. Skylab was launched into a quite different orbit, with a 270-mile (434 km) perigee which sustained it for six years, and also a higher inclination to the equator (50 degrees versus 32.5 degrees for Apollo).<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_Module_sequence">Lunar Module sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lunar Module sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On Apollo 11, TLI came at 2 hours and 44 minutes after launch. The S-IVB burned for almost six minutes, giving the spacecraft a velocity close to the Earth's escape velocity of 25,053 mph (40,319 km/h). This gave an energy-efficient transfer to lunar orbit, with the Moon helping to capture the spacecraft with a minimum of CSM fuel consumption.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 40 minutes after TLI, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo command and service module</a> (CSM) separated from the third stage, turned 180 degrees, and docked with the Lunar Module (LM) that rode below the CSM during launch. The CSM and LM separated from the spent third stage 50 minutes later, in a maneuver known as <a href="/wiki/Transposition,_docking,_and_extraction" title="Transposition, docking, and extraction">transposition, docking, and extraction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If it were to remain on the same trajectory as the spacecraft, the S-IVB could have presented a collision hazard, so its remaining propellants were vented and the auxiliary propulsion system fired to move it away. For lunar missions before Apollo 13, the S-IVB was directed toward the Moon's trailing edge in its orbit so that the Moon would <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_slingshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational slingshot">slingshot</a> it beyond earth escape velocity and into solar orbit. From Apollo 13 onwards, controllers directed the S-IVB to hit the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-impact_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-impact-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seismometer" title="Seismometer">Seismometers</a> left behind by previous missions detected the impacts, and the information helped map the <a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">internal structure of the Moon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skylab_sequence">Skylab sequence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Skylab sequence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></div> <p>In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Apollo Applications Program</a> (AAP) was created to look into science missions that could be performed using Apollo hardware. Much of the planning centered on the idea of a space station. Wernher von Braun's earlier (1964) plans employed a "<a href="/wiki/Wet_workshop" title="Wet workshop">wet workshop</a>" concept, with a spent <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> Saturn V second stage being launched into orbit and outfitted in space. The next year AAP studied a smaller station using the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a> second stage. By 1969, Apollo funding cuts eliminated the possibility of procuring more Apollo hardware and forced the cancellation of some later Moon landing flights. This freed up at least one Saturn V, allowing the wet workshop to be replaced with the "dry workshop" concept: the station (now known as Skylab) would be built on the ground from a surplus Saturn IB second stage and launched atop the first two live stages of a Saturn V.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A backup station, constructed from a Saturn V third stage, was built and is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skylab was the only launch not directly related to the Apollo lunar landing program. The only significant changes to the Saturn V from the Apollo configurations involved some modification to the S-II to act as the terminal stage for inserting the Skylab payload into Earth orbit, and to vent excess propellant after engine cutoff so the spent stage would not rupture in orbit. The S-II remained in orbit for almost two years, and made an uncontrolled re-entry on January 11, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three crews lived aboard Skylab from May 25, 1973, to February 8, 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skylab remained in orbit until July 11, 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Apollo_proposal">Post-Apollo proposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Post-Apollo proposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn-Shuttle_model_at_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saturn-Shuttle_model_at_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg/170px-Saturn-Shuttle_model_at_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saturn-Shuttle_model_at_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg/255px-Saturn-Shuttle_model_at_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Saturn-Shuttle_model_at_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg/340px-Saturn-Shuttle_model_at_Udvar-Hazy_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2070" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a> concept</figcaption></figure> <p>After Apollo, the Saturn V was planned to be the prime launch vehicle for <a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a> to be launched to the Moon. Prospector was a proposed 330-kilogram (730 lb) robotic rover, similar to the two Soviet <a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a> rovers,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program_(Mars)" title="Voyager program (Mars)">Voyager Mars probes</a>, and a scaled-up version of the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager interplanetary probes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cortright_Oral_History_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortright_Oral_History-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saturn V was also to have been the launch vehicle for the nuclear rocket stage RIFT test program and for some versions of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/NERVA" title="NERVA">NERVA</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of these planned uses of the Saturn V were cancelled, with cost being a major factor. <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cortright" title="Edgar Cortright">Edgar Cortright</a>, who had been the director of <a href="/wiki/NASA_Langley" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Langley">NASA Langley</a>, stated decades later that "JPL never liked the big approach. They always argued against it. I probably was the leading proponent in using the Saturn V, and I lost. Probably very wise that I lost."<sup id="cite_ref-Cortright_Oral_History_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cortright_Oral_History-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canceled second production run of Saturn Vs would very likely have used the <a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1#F-1A_after_Apollo" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1A</a> engine in its first stage, providing a substantial performance boost. Other likely changes would have been the removal of the fins (which turned out to provide little benefit when compared to their weight), a stretched S-IC first stage to support the more powerful F-1As, and uprated J-2s or an <a href="/wiki/M-1_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="M-1 (rocket engine)">M-1</a> for the upper stages.<sup id="cite_ref-SaturnGenealogy_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SaturnGenealogy-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of alternate Saturn vehicles were proposed based on the Saturn V, ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_INT-20" title="Saturn INT-20">Saturn INT-20</a> with an <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage and interstage mounted directly onto an <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> stage, through to the Saturn V-23(L) which would not only have five F-1 engines in the first stage, but also four strap-on <a href="/wiki/Booster_(rocketry)" title="Booster (rocketry)">boosters</a> with two F-1 engines each, giving a total of thirteen F-1 engines firing at launch.<sup id="cite_ref-EA-23L_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EA-23L-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lack of a second Saturn V production run killed these plans and left the United States without a super heavy-lift launch vehicle. Some in the U.S. space community came to lament this situation,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as continued production could have allowed the International Space Station, using a <i>Skylab</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Mir" title="Mir">Mir</a></i> configuration with both U.S. and Russian docking ports, to be lifted with just a handful of launches. The <a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a> concept also could have eliminated the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters</a> that ultimately precipitated the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Challenger_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster"><i>Challenger</i> accident</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proposed_successors">Proposed successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Proposed successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/M-1_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="M-1 (rocket engine)">M-1 (rocket engine)</a>, <a href="/wiki/NERVA" title="NERVA">NERVA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_Dragon_(rocket)" title="Sea Dragon (rocket)">Sea Dragon (rocket)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Apollo">Post-Apollo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Post-Apollo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V-Shuttle-Ares_I-Ares_V-Ares_IV-SLS_Block_1_comparison_(2019).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saturn_V-Shuttle-Ares_I-Ares_V-Ares_IV-SLS_Block_1_comparison_%282019%29.png/220px-Saturn_V-Shuttle-Ares_I-Ares_V-Ares_IV-SLS_Block_1_comparison_%282019%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saturn_V-Shuttle-Ares_I-Ares_V-Ares_IV-SLS_Block_1_comparison_%282019%29.png/330px-Saturn_V-Shuttle-Ares_I-Ares_V-Ares_IV-SLS_Block_1_comparison_%282019%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Saturn_V-Shuttle-Ares_I-Ares_V-Ares_IV-SLS_Block_1_comparison_%282019%29.png/440px-Saturn_V-Shuttle-Ares_I-Ares_V-Ares_IV-SLS_Block_1_comparison_%282019%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Saturn V, Shuttle, Ares I, Ares V, Ares IV, and SLS Block 1</figcaption></figure> <p>U.S. proposals for a rocket larger than the Saturn V from the late 1950s through the early 1980s were generally called <a href="/wiki/Nova_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova rocket">Nova</a>. Over thirty different large rocket proposals carried the Nova name, but none were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wernher von Braun and others also had plans for a rocket that would have featured eight F-1 engines in its first stage, like the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-8" title="Saturn C-8">Saturn C-8</a>, allowing a <a href="/wiki/Direct_ascent" title="Direct ascent">direct ascent</a> flight to the Moon. Other plans for the Saturn V called for using a <a href="/wiki/Centaur_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur rocket">Centaur</a> as an upper stage or <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_ELV" title="Saturn V ELV">adding strap-on boosters</a>. These enhancements would have enabled the launch of large robotic spacecraft to the <a href="/wiki/Outer_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer planet">outer planets</a> or the sending of astronauts to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Other Saturn V derivatives analyzed included the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_MLV" title="Saturn MLV">Saturn MLV</a> family of "Modified Launch Vehicles", which would have almost doubled the payload lift capability of the standard Saturn V and were intended for use in <a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_Mars_mission_plans" title="List of crewed Mars mission plans">a proposed mission to Mars by 1980</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1968, <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> studied another Saturn-V derivative, the <a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-5N" title="Saturn C-5N">Saturn C-5N</a>, which included a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_thermal_rocket" title="Nuclear thermal rocket">nuclear thermal rocket</a> engine for the <a href="/wiki/Multistage_rocket" title="Multistage rocket">third stage</a> of the vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Saturn C-5N would carry a considerably greater payload for <a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_spaceflight" title="Interplanetary spaceflight">interplanetary spaceflight</a>. Work on the nuclear engines, along with all <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_ELV" title="Saturn V ELV">Saturn V ELVs</a>, ended in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Comet_HLLV" title="Comet HLLV">Comet HLLV</a> was a massive <a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavy lift launch vehicle</a> designed for the <a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost program</a>, which was in the design phase from 1992 to 1993 under the <a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a>. It was a Saturn V derived launch vehicle with over twice the payload capability and would have relied completely on existing technology. All of the Comet HLLV engines were modernized versions of their Apollo counterparts and the fuel tanks would be stretched. Its main goal was to support the First Lunar Outpost program and future crewed Mars missions. It was designed to be as cheap and easy to operate as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ares_family">Ares family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ares family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006, as part of the proposed <a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation program</a>, NASA unveiled plans to construct two Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicles, the <a href="/wiki/Ares_I" title="Ares I">Ares I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ares_V" title="Ares V">Ares V</a>, which would use some existing Space Shuttle and Saturn V hardware and infrastructure. The two rockets were intended to increase safety by specializing each vehicle for different tasks, Ares I for crew launches and Ares V for cargo launches.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original design of the heavy-lift Ares V, named in homage to the Saturn V, was 360 feet (110 m) in height and featured a core stage based on the Space Shuttle External Tank, with a diameter of 28 feet (8.4 m). It was to be powered by five <a href="/wiki/RS-25" title="RS-25">RS-25</a> engines and two five-segment <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Solid_Rocket_Booster" title="Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster">Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters</a> (SRBs). As the design evolved, the RS-25 engines were replaced with five <a href="/wiki/RS-68" title="RS-68">RS-68</a> engines, the same engines used on the <a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">Delta IV</a>. The switch from the RS-25 to the RS-68 was intended to reduce cost, as the latter was cheaper, simpler to manufacture, and more powerful than the RS-25, though the lower <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">efficiency</a> of the RS-68 required an increase in core stage diameter to 33 ft (10 m), the same diameter as the Saturn V's S-IC and S-II stages.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, NASA again redesigned the Ares V, lengthening the core stage, adding a sixth RS-68 engine, and increasing the SRBs to 5.5 segments each.<sup id="cite_ref-Ares_V_Overview_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ares_V_Overview-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vehicle would have been 381 feet (116 m) tall and would have produced a total thrust of approximately 8,900,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_(force)" title="Pound (force)">lbf</a> (40 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">MN</a>) at liftoff, more than the Saturn V or the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a>, but less than the Soviet <a href="/wiki/N-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="N-1 (rocket)">N-1</a>. Projected to place approximately 400,000 pounds (180 t) into orbit, the Ares V would have surpassed the Saturn V in payload capability. An upper stage, the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Departure_Stage" title="Earth Departure Stage">Earth Departure Stage</a>, would have utilized a more advanced version of the J-2 engine, the <a href="/wiki/J-2X" title="J-2X">J-2X</a>. Ares V would have placed the <a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a> lunar landing vehicle into low Earth orbit. An <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a> crew vehicle launched on Ares I would have docked with Altair, and the Earth Departure Stage would then send the combined stack to the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Launch_System">Space Launch System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Space Launch System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a></div> <p>After the cancellation of the Constellation program – and hence Ares I and Ares V – NASA announced the <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">Space Launch System</a> (SLS) heavy-lift launch vehicle for beyond low Earth orbit space exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_Announces_Design_for_New_Deep_Space_Exploration_System_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_Announces_Design_for_New_Deep_Space_Exploration_System-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SLS, similar to the original Ares V concept, is powered by four RS-25 engines and two five-segment SRBs. Its Block 1 configuration can lift approximately 209,000 pounds (95 t) to LEO. The Block 1B configuration will add the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_Upper_Stage" title="Exploration Upper Stage">Exploration Upper Stage</a>, powered by four <a href="/wiki/RL10" title="RL10">RL10</a> engines, to increase payload capacity. An eventual Block 2 variant will upgrade to advanced boosters, increasing LEO payload to at least 290,000 pounds (130 t).<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One proposal for advanced boosters would use a derivative of the Saturn V's <a href="/wiki/F-1_(rocket_engine)" class="mw-redirect" title="F-1 (rocket engine)">F-1</a>, the F-1B, and increase SLS payload to around 330,000 pounds (150 t) to LEO.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The F-1B is to have better <a href="/wiki/Specific_impulse" title="Specific impulse">specific impulse</a> and be cheaper than the F-1, with a simplified <a href="/wiki/Combustion_chamber" title="Combustion chamber">combustion chamber</a> and fewer engine parts, while producing 1,800,000 lbf (8.0 MN) of thrust at sea level, an increase over the approximate 1,550,000 lbf (6.9 MN) achieved by the mature <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> F-1 engine,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saturn_V_displays">Saturn V displays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Saturn V displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2024_Alabama_American_Innovation_Dollar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2024_Alabama_American_Innovation_Dollar.jpg/220px-2024_Alabama_American_Innovation_Dollar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/2024_Alabama_American_Innovation_Dollar.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The Saturn V depicted on the reverse of the 2024 Alabama <a href="/wiki/American_Innovation_dollars" title="American Innovation dollars">American Innovation dollar</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>There are two displays at the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</a> in Huntsville: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SA-500D" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-500D">SA-500D</a> is on horizontal display made up of its S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D. These were all test stages not meant for flight. This vehicle was displayed outdoors from 1969 to 2007, was restored, and is now displayed in the Davidson Center for Space Exploration.</li> <li>Vertical display (replica) built in 1999 located in an adjacent area.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>There is one at the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> made up of the first stage from SA-514, the second stage from SA-515, and the third stage from SA-513 (replaced for flight by the Skylab workshop). With stages arriving between 1977 and 1979, this was displayed in the open until its 2005 restoration when a structure was built around it for protection. This is the only display Saturn consisting entirely of stages intended to be launched.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Another one at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a>, made up of S-IC-T (test stage) and the second and third stages from SA-514.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was displayed outdoors for decades, then in 1996 was enclosed for protection from the elements in the Apollo/Saturn V Center.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The S-IC stage from SA-515, originally at the <a href="/wiki/Michoud_Assembly_Facility" title="Michoud Assembly Facility">Michoud Assembly Facility</a>, New Orleans, is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/INFINITY_Science_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="INFINITY Science Center">Infinity Science Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The S-IVB stage from SA-515 was converted for use as a <a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">backup for Skylab</a>, and is on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V,_rocket_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Complete Saturn V rocket display. Temporary exposition at the Kennedy Space Center."><img alt="Complete Saturn V rocket display. Temporary exposition at the Kennedy Space Center." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_V%2C_rocket_display.jpg/271px-Saturn_V%2C_rocket_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Saturn_V%2C_rocket_display.jpg/407px-Saturn_V%2C_rocket_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Saturn_V%2C_rocket_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="317" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Complete Saturn V rocket display. Temporary exposition at the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V_building_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn V display, Johnson Space Center"><img alt="Saturn V display, Johnson Space Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saturn_V_building_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/271px-Saturn_V_building_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saturn_V_building_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/407px-Saturn_V_building_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Saturn_V_building_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/542px-Saturn_V_building_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1361" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saturn V display, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V_Rocket_--_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First stage from SA-514, second stage from SA-515, and third stage from SA-513, Johnson Space Center"><img alt="First stage from SA-514, second stage from SA-515, and third stage from SA-513, Johnson Space Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saturn_V_Rocket_--_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/272px-Saturn_V_Rocket_--_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saturn_V_Rocket_--_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/408px-Saturn_V_Rocket_--_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Saturn_V_Rocket_--_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg/544px-Saturn_V_Rocket_--_Johnson_Space_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First stage from SA-514, second stage from SA-515, and third stage from SA-513, Johnson Space Center</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V%27s_F-1_engines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First stage from SA-514, Johnson Space Center"><img alt="First stage from SA-514, Johnson Space Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saturn_V%27s_F-1_engines.jpg/239px-Saturn_V%27s_F-1_engines.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saturn_V%27s_F-1_engines.jpg/358px-Saturn_V%27s_F-1_engines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Saturn_V%27s_F-1_engines.jpg/478px-Saturn_V%27s_F-1_engines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3978" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First stage from SA-514, Johnson Space Center</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Davidson_Center-27527-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SA-500D (S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D), U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville"><img alt="SA-500D (S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D), U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Davidson_Center-27527-2.jpg/450px-Davidson_Center-27527-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Davidson_Center-27527-2.jpg/675px-Davidson_Center-27527-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Davidson_Center-27527-2.jpg/900px-Davidson_Center-27527-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/SA-500D" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-500D">SA-500D</a> (S-IC-D, S-II-F/D and S-IVB-D), <a href="/wiki/U.S._Space_%26_Rocket_Center" title="U.S. Space & Rocket Center">U.S. Space & Rocket Center</a>, Huntsville</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V,_Davidson_Center_for_Space_Exploration_(Huntsville,_Alabama,_USA).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn V mock up, 1ː1 scale, U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville"><img alt="Saturn V mock up, 1ː1 scale, U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saturn_V%2C_Davidson_Center_for_Space_Exploration_%28Huntsville%2C_Alabama%2C_USA%29.jpg/187px-Saturn_V%2C_Davidson_Center_for_Space_Exploration_%28Huntsville%2C_Alabama%2C_USA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saturn_V%2C_Davidson_Center_for_Space_Exploration_%28Huntsville%2C_Alabama%2C_USA%29.jpg/280px-Saturn_V%2C_Davidson_Center_for_Space_Exploration_%28Huntsville%2C_Alabama%2C_USA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Saturn_V%2C_Davidson_Center_for_Space_Exploration_%28Huntsville%2C_Alabama%2C_USA%29.jpg/373px-Saturn_V%2C_Davidson_Center_for_Space_Exploration_%28Huntsville%2C_Alabama%2C_USA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2096" data-file-height="2023" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saturn V mock up, 1ː1 scale, U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaturnVcenter.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="S-IC-T (test stage) and second and third stages from SA-514, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex"><img alt="S-IC-T (test stage) and second and third stages from SA-514, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SaturnVcenter.JPG/270px-SaturnVcenter.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SaturnVcenter.JPG/405px-SaturnVcenter.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/SaturnVcenter.JPG/540px-SaturnVcenter.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">S-IC-T (test stage) and second and third stages from SA-514, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SaturnVMichoudOct2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="S-IC stage from SA-515, at Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, 2009."><img alt="S-IC stage from SA-515, at Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SaturnVMichoudOct2009.JPG/240px-SaturnVMichoudOct2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SaturnVMichoudOct2009.JPG/360px-SaturnVMichoudOct2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/SaturnVMichoudOct2009.JPG/480px-SaturnVMichoudOct2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">S-IC stage from SA-515, at Michoud Assembly Facility, New Orleans, 2009.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skylab_B_Smithsonian.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="S-IVB stage from SA-515, converted for use as Skylab B, National Air and Space Museum."><img alt="S-IVB stage from SA-515, converted for use as Skylab B, National Air and Space Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Skylab_B_Smithsonian.jpg/114px-Skylab_B_Smithsonian.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Skylab_B_Smithsonian.jpg/171px-Skylab_B_Smithsonian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Skylab_B_Smithsonian.jpg/228px-Skylab_B_Smithsonian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="3329" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">S-IVB stage from SA-515, converted for use as <a href="/wiki/Skylab_B" title="Skylab B">Skylab B</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saturn_V_main_rockets_in_the_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saturn V main rockets, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex"><img alt="Saturn V main rockets, Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saturn_V_main_rockets_in_the_back.jpg/240px-Saturn_V_main_rockets_in_the_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saturn_V_main_rockets_in_the_back.jpg/360px-Saturn_V_main_rockets_in_the_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Saturn_V_main_rockets_in_the_back.jpg/480px-Saturn_V_main_rockets_in_the_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saturn V main rockets, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Visitor_Complex" title="Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex">Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discarded_stages">Discarded stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Discarded stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 3, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Yeung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Yeung">Bill Yeung</a> discovered a suspected <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a>, which was given the discovery designation <a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a>. It appeared to be in orbit around the Earth, and was soon discovered from spectral analysis to be covered in white <a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">titanium dioxide</a>, which was a major constituent of the paint used on the Saturn V. Calculation of orbital parameters led to tentative identification as being the Apollo 12 S-IVB stage.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mission controllers had planned to send Apollo 12's S-IVB into solar orbit after separation from the Apollo spacecraft, but it is believed the burn lasted too long, and hence did not send it close enough to the Moon, so it remained in a barely stable orbit around the Earth and Moon. In 1971, through a series of <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_(astronomy)" title="Perturbation (astronomy)">gravitational perturbations</a>, it is believed to have entered in a solar orbit and then returned into weakly captured Earth orbit 31 years later. It left Earth orbit again in June 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Space exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comet_HLLV" title="Comet HLLV">Comet HLLV</a> (a Saturn-derived launch vehicle design from the 1990s)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-infoNoteLEO-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infoNoteLEO_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes mass of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo command module">Apollo command module</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)#Spacecraft_Lunar_Module_Adapter_(SLA)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Spacecraft/LM Adapter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">Saturn V Instrument Unit</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> stage, and propellant for <a href="/wiki/Translunar_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Translunar injection">translunar injection</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-serialnote-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-serialnote_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-serialnote_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Serial numbers were initially assigned by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">Marshall Space Flight Center</a> in the format "SA-5xx" (for Saturn-Apollo). By the time the rockets achieved flight, the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Manned Spacecraft Center</a> started using the format "AS-5xx" (for Apollo-Saturn).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infonote1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infonote1_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infonote1_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes S-II/S-IVB interstage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not present in Skylab configuration</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infonote2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-infonote2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-infonote2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_Instrument_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn V Instrument Unit">Saturn V Instrument Unit</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced "Saturn five". "V" is the <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">roman numeral</a> for 5.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-budget-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-budget_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-budget_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-budget_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-16_Apollo_Program_Budget_Appropriations.htm">"Apollo Program Budget Appropriations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120115033646/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-16_Apollo_Program_Budget_Appropriations.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apollo+Program+Budget+Appropriations&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FApollo_18-16_Apollo_Program_Budget_Appropriations.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP4221Ch6-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP4221Ch6_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP4221Ch6_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4221/ch6.htm">"SP-4221 The Space Shuttle Decision- Chapter 6: Economics and the Shuttle"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SP-4221+The+Space+Shuttle+Decision-+Chapter+6%3A+Economics+and+the+Shuttle&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4221%2Fch6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svgiw-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-svgiw_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-svgiw_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-19_Ground_Ignition_Weights.htm">"Ground Ignition Weights"</a>. <i>NASA.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007203846/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/Apollo_18-19_Ground_Ignition_Weights.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA.gov&rft.atitle=Ground+Ignition+Weights&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FApollo_18-19_Ground_Ignition_Weights.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Space-Launch_Capabilities-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Space-Launch_Capabilities_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/10-09-spacelaunch.pdf"><i>Alternatives for Future U.S. Space-Launch Capabilities</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, The Congress of the United States. Congressional Budget Office, October 2006, p. 4 9, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211001030246/https://www.cbo.gov/publication/18196">archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternatives+for+Future+U.S.+Space-Launch+Capabilities&rft.pages=4+9&rft.pub=The+Congress+of+the+United+States.+Congressional+Budget+Office&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbo.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F10-09-spacelaunch.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStafford1991">Stafford 1991</a>, p. 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBongat2011" class="citation web cs1">Bongat, Orlando (September 16, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408004131/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v.html">"NASA - Saturn V"</a>. <i>www.nasa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airandspace.si.edu&rft.atitle=Apollo+Launches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fexplore-and-learn%2Ftopics%2Fapollo%2Fapollo-program%2Flaunches.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19730025115.pdf">"Saturn V Launch Evaluation Report –SA-513 Skylab 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. NASA. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocket+Motor%2C+Solid+Fuel%2C+Ullage%2C+Also+Designated+TX-280&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Frocket-motor-solid-fuel-ullage-also-designated-tx-280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLennick2006">Lennick 2006</a>, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FlightManual503§_4-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FlightManual503§_4_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNASA1968" class="citation web cs1">NASA (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/afj//ap08fj/pdf/sa503-flightmanual.pdf">"Saturn V Flight Manual – SA-503"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. NASA – George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225233922/https://history.nasa.gov/afj/ap08fj/pdf/sa503-flightmanual.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturn+V+Flight+Manual+%E2%80%93+SA-503&rft.pub=NASA+%E2%80%93+George+C.+Marshall+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.au=NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fafj%2F%2Fap08fj%2Fpdf%2Fsa503-flightmanual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span> § 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronautix.com/a/aj-260x.html">"AJ-260X"</a>. <i>www.astronautix.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112033323/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/rocketpark/saturn_v_second_stage.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Saturn+V+Second+Stage&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fjohnson%2Frocketpark%2Fsaturn_v_second_stage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian_air_and_space_museum-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_air_and_space_museum_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_air_and_space_museum_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/second-stage-s-ii-f-d-saturn-v-launch-vehicle-dynamic-test-version/nasm_A19750676000">"Second Stage, S-II-F/D, Saturn V Launch Vehicle, Dynamic Test Version"</a>. <i>airandspace.si.edu</i>. Smithsonian air and space museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200707011941/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/second-stage-s-ii-f-d-saturn-v-launch-vehicle-dynamic-test-version/nasm_A19750676000">Archived</a> from the original on July 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airandspace.si.edu&rft.atitle=Second+Stage%2C+S-II-F%2FD%2C+Saturn+V+Launch+Vehicle%2C+Dynamic+Test+Version&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fsecond-stage-s-ii-f-d-saturn-v-launch-vehicle-dynamic-test-version%2Fnasm_A19750676000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP-4206_Stages_to_Saturn-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP-4206_Stages_to_Saturn_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP-4206_Stages_to_Saturn_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch10.htm">"SP-4206 Stages to Saturn"</a>. <i>history.nasa.gov</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210609003029/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/ch10.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=SP-4206+Stages+to+Saturn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4206%2Fch10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saturn_S-IVB_Stage-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saturn_S-IVB_Stage_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apollosaturn.com/sibnews/sec5.htm">"Saturn S-IVB"</a>. apollosaturn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919052651/http://www.apollosaturn.com/sibnews/sec5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saturn+S-IVB&rft.pub=apollosaturn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apollosaturn.com%2Fsibnews%2Fsec5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710024203.pdf">"NASA SPACE VEHICLE DESIGN CRITERIA (GUIDANCE AND CONTROL)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ntrs.nasa.gov</i>. NASA. March 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706195508/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19710024203.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 6, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ntrs.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=NASA+SPACE+VEHICLE+DESIGN+CRITERIA+%28GUIDANCE+AND+CONTROL%29&rft.date=1971-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19710024203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawrie2016-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawrie2016_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawrie2016">Lawrie 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_73-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> series. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.nasa.gov-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history.nasa.gov_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/sp4206.htm">"sp4206"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041015005320/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4206/sp4206.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 15, 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sp4206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4206%2Fsp4206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar2015" class="citation web cs1">Dunbar, Brian (June 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-was-the-saturn-v-58.html">"What Was the Saturn V?"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710154715/https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-was-the-saturn-v-58.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+Saturn+V%3F&rft.date=2015-06-02&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Faudience%2Fforstudents%2F5-8%2Ffeatures%2Fnasa-knows%2Fwhat-was-the-saturn-v-58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/launch-complex39-toc.html">"Launch Complex 39"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528174033/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/launch/launch-complex39-toc.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 28, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Launch+Complex+39&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fshuttle%2Flaunch%2Flaunch-complex39-toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/">"JSC History"</a>. <i>nasa.gov</i>. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714111539/https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nasa.gov&rft.atitle=JSC+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.jsc.nasa.gov%2FJSCHistoryPortal%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report—AS-502-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Report—AS-502_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report—AS-502_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://klabs.org/history/history_docs/jsc_t/apollo_06_saturn_v.pdf">"Saturn V Launch Vehicle Evaluation Report—AS-502 Apollo 6 Mission"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200214191852/http://klabs.org/history/history_docs/jsc_t/apollo_06_saturn_v.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 14, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Skylab%3A+First+U.S.+Space+Station&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F19607-skylab.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThree%2520successive%2520three%252Dman%2520crews%2CEarth%2520observations%2520and%2520materials%2520processing.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong" class="citation magazine cs1">Long, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2011/07/0711skylab-reentry-space-junk/">"July 11, 1979: Look Out Below! 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Sumrall <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100528002043/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20070002794_2007001555.pdf">A New Heavy-Lift Capability for Space Exploration: NASA's Ares V Cargo Launch Vehicle</a>. NASA <i>Through years of triumph and tragedy, direct experience and engineering risk analyses have concluded that separating the crew from the cargo during launch reduces safety risks and improves safety statistics.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ares_V_Overview-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ares_V_Overview_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhil_Sumrall2008" class="citation web cs1">Phil Sumrall (August 15, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090531171117/http://event.arc.nasa.gov/aresv-sss/home/ppt/AresV-sss/SAT/am/4Sumrall/7567AresVSolarSysWorkshop.pdf">"Ares V Overview"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 4 – Launch Vehicle Comparisons. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rocketcenter.com&rft.atitle=U.S+space+and+rocket+center.&rft.date=2014-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rocketcenter.com%2Fmuseum%23%3A~%3Atext%3DExperience%2520the%2520mesmerizing%2520view%2520of%2CDavidson%2520Center%2520for%2520Space%2520Exploration.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://spacecenter.org/exhibits-and-experiences/nasa-tram-tour/saturn-v-at-rocket-park/">"Saturn V at Rocket Park"</a>. <i>spacecenter.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708192739/https://spacecenter.org/exhibits-and-experiences/nasa-tram-tour/saturn-v-at-rocket-park/">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kennedyspacecenter.com&rft.atitle=Saturn+V+Rocket&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kennedyspacecenter.com%2Fexplore-attractions%2Frace-to-the-moon%2Ffeatured-attraction%2Fsaturn-v-rocket%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAlthough%2520a%2520total%2520of%252013%2Cremaining%2520in%2520the%2520United%2520States.%26text%3DAs%2520the%2520centerpiece%2520of%2520the%2Conly%2520accessible%2520through%2520the%2520tour.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitinfinity.com/apollo-19-booster/">"About the S-IC"</a>. <i>www.visitinfinity.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708141523/https://www.visitinfinity.com/apollo-19-booster/">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.visitinfinity.com&rft.atitle=About+the+S-IC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitinfinity.com%2Fapollo-19-booster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/s-ivb-d-dynamic-test-stage-or-third-stage-saturn-v-launch-vehicle/nasm_A19750677000">"S-IVB-D Dynamic Test Stage, Or Third Stage, Saturn V Launch Vehicle"</a>. <i>airandspace.si.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710233638/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/s-ivb-d-dynamic-test-stage-or-third-stage-saturn-v-launch-vehicle/nasm_A19750677000">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airandspace.si.edu&rft.atitle=S-IVB-D+Dynamic+Test+Stage%2C+Or+Third+Stage%2C+Saturn+V+Launch+Vehicle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fs-ivb-d-dynamic-test-stage-or-third-stage-saturn-v-launch-vehicle%2Fnasm_A19750677000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodasChesley2002" class="citation news cs1">Chodas, Paul; Chesley, Steve (October 9, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030503111617/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news136.html">"J002E3: An Update"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news136.html">the original</a> on May 3, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=J002E3%3A+An+Update&rft.date=2002-10-09&rft.aulast=Chodas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Chesley%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fneo.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews136.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJorgensenRivkinBinzelWhitely2003">Jorgensen et al. 2003</a>, p. 981</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonFaherty1978" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Charles D.; Faherty, William B. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190714112323/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4204/cover.html">"Moonport: A History of Apollo Launch Facilities and Operation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. Washington, DC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4204/cover.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Moonport%3A+A+History+of+Apollo+Launch+Facilities+and+Operation&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Charles+D.&rft.au=Faherty%2C+William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Foffice%2Fpao%2FHistory%2FSP-4204%2Fcover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span> Published by University Press of Florida in two volumes: <i>Gateway to the Moon: Building the Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex</i>, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2091-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-2091-3">0-8130-2091-3</a> and <i>Moon Launch!: A History of the Saturn-Apollo Launch Operations</i>, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-2094-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-2094-8">0-8130-2094-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilsteinLucas1980" class="citation book cs1">Bilstein, Roger E.; Lucas, William R. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN0160489091"><i>Stages to Saturn: A Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn Launch Vehicle</i></a>. Washington, DC: U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-048909-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-048909-1"><bdi>0-16-048909-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36332191">36332191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stages+to+Saturn%3A+A+Technological+History+of+the+Apollo%2FSaturn+Launch+Vehicle&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36332191&rft.isbn=0-16-048909-1&rft.aulast=Bilstein&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft.au=Lucas%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISBN0160489091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortright1975" class="citation book cs1">Cortright, Edgar M. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/ch-3-4.html">"3.4"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/toc.html"><i>Apollo Expeditions to the Moon</i></a>. NASA Langley Research Center. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9997398277" title="Special:BookSources/978-9997398277"><bdi>978-9997398277</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080214215716/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-350/toc.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 11,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.4&rft.btitle=Apollo+Expeditions+to+the+Moon&rft.pub=NASA+Langley+Research+Center&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-9997398277&rft.aulast=Cortright&rft.aufirst=Edgar+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-350%2Fch-3-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunarWaring1999" class="citation book cs1">Dunar, Andrew J.; Waring, Stephen P. (1999). <i>Power to Explore A History of Marshall Space Flight Center, 1960-1990</i>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160589928" title="Special:BookSources/9780160589928"><bdi>9780160589928</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42290367">42290367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+to+Explore+A+History+of+Marshall+Space+Flight+Center%2C+1960-1990&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42290367&rft.isbn=9780160589928&rft.aulast=Dunar&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Waring%2C+Stephen+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jacobsen" title="Annie Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Annie</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867715781"><i>Operation Paperclip: The Secret Intelligence Program to Bring Nazi Scientists to America</i></a>. New York: Little, Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-22105-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-22105-4"><bdi>978-0-316-22105-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867715781">867715781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Paperclip%3A+The+Secret+Intelligence+Program+to+Bring+Nazi+Scientists+to+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867715781&rft.isbn=978-0-316-22105-4&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F867715781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrieGodwin2005" class="citation book cs1">Lawrie, Alan; Godwin, Robert (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62313648"><i>Saturn V : the complete manufacturing and test records : plus supplemental material</i></a>. Burlington, Ont.: Apogee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-19-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894959-19-3"><bdi>978-1-894959-19-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62313648">62313648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturn+V+%3A+the+complete+manufacturing+and+test+records+%3A+plus+supplemental+material&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Ont.&rft.pub=Apogee&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62313648&rft.isbn=978-1-894959-19-3&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Godwin%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F62313648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrie2016" class="citation book cs1">Lawrie, Alan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/962064723"><i>Saturn V Rocket</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-5862-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4396-5862-8"><bdi>978-1-4396-5862-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/962064723">962064723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saturn+V+Rocket.&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F962064723&rft.isbn=978-1-4396-5862-8&rft.aulast=Lawrie&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F962064723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLennick2006" class="citation book cs1">Lennick, Michael (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68621072"><i>Launch vehicles : heritage of the space race</i></a>. Burlington, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Apogee_Books" title="Apogee Books">Apogee Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894959-28-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-894959-28-0"><bdi>1-894959-28-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68621072">68621072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Launch+vehicles+%3A+heritage+of+the+space+race&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Apogee+Books&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68621072&rft.isbn=1-894959-28-0&rft.aulast=Lennick&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F68621072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntressMarov2011" class="citation book cs1">Huntress, Wesley T.; Marov, Mikhail Y. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/743306981"><i>The Soviet Robots in the Solar System : mission technologies and discoveries</i></a>. New York, NY: Gardners Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7897-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-7897-4"><bdi>978-1-4419-7897-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/743306981">743306981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Robots+in+the+Solar+System+%3A+mission+technologies+and+discoveries&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Gardners+Books&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F743306981&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-7897-4&rft.aulast=Huntress&rft.aufirst=Wesley+T.&rft.au=Marov%2C+Mikhail+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F743306981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayler2001" class="citation book cs1">Shayler, David J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46394069"><i>Skylab: America's Space Station</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-407-9"><bdi>978-1-85233-407-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46394069">46394069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skylab%3A+America%27s+Space+Station&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46394069&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-407-9&rft.aulast=Shayler&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46394069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStafford1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Stafford, Thomas P.</a> (1991). <i>America at the Threshold – Report of the Synthesis Group on America's Space Exploration Initiative</i>. Bernan Assoc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160317651" title="Special:BookSources/9780160317651"><bdi>9780160317651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+at+the+Threshold+%E2%80%93+Report+of+the+Synthesis+Group+on+America%27s+Space+Exploration+Initiative&rft.pub=Bernan+Assoc&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780160317651&rft.aulast=Stafford&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrloff2001" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55915696"><i>Apollo by the numbers : a statistical reference</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Government Reprints Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-931641-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-931641-00-5"><bdi>1-931641-00-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55915696">55915696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+by+the+numbers+%3A+a+statistical+reference&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Reprints+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55915696&rft.isbn=1-931641-00-5&rft.aulast=Orloff&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55915696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlivi2004" class="citation book cs1">Ulivi, Paolo (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52830179"><i>Lunar Exploration: Human Pioneers and Robotic Surveyors</i></a>. London: Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-746-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-746-9"><bdi>978-1-85233-746-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52830179">52830179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lunar+Exploration%3A+Human+Pioneers+and+Robotic+Surveyors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52830179&rft.isbn=978-1-85233-746-9&rft.aulast=Ulivi&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52830179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2008" class="citation book cs1">Young, Anthony (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1088879682"><i>The Saturn V F-1 Engine: Powering Apollo into History</i></a>. New York: Springer-Praxis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09629-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09629-2"><bdi>978-0-387-09629-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088879682">1088879682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saturn+V+F-1+Engine%3A+Powering+Apollo+into+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer-Praxis&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088879682&rft.isbn=978-0-387-09629-2&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1088879682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_V&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorgensenRivkinBinzelWhitely2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jorgensen, K.; Rivkin, A.; Binzel, R.; Whitely, R.; Hergenrother, C.; Chodas, P.; Chesley, S.; Vilas, F. (2003). "Observations of J002E3: Possible Discovery of an Apollo Rocket Body". <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Astronomical_Society" title="Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society">Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>35</b>: 981. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003DPS....35.3602J">2003DPS....35.3602J</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Observations+of+J002E3%3A+Possible+Discovery+of+an+Apollo+Rocket+Body&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=981&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003DPS....35.3602J&rft.aulast=Jorgensen&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Rivkin%2C+A.&rft.au=Binzel%2C+R.&rft.au=Whitely%2C+R.&rft.au=Hergenrother%2C+C.&rft.au=Chodas%2C+P.&rft.au=Chesley%2C+S.&rft.au=Vilas%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaturn+V" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Template talk:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Orbital launch systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="List of orbital launch systems">List of orbital launch systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_orbital_launch_systems" title="Comparison of orbital launch systems">Comparison of orbital launch systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara_(rocket_family)" title="Angara (rocket family)">Angara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angara-1.2" title="Angara-1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angara_A5" title="Angara A5">A5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_6" title="Ariane 6">Ariane 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1" title="Ceres-1">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres-1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres-1 (rocket)">1S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima-1" title="Chollima-1">Chollima-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity-1" title="Gravity-1">Gravity-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIA" title="H-IIA">H-IIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-1" title="Hyperbola-1">Hyperbola-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jielong_(rocket_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jielong (rocket family) (page does not exist)">Jielong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_1" title="Jielong 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jielong_3" title="Jielong 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KAIROS_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="KAIROS (rocket)">KAIROS</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe_(rocket_family)" title="Kaituozhe (rocket family)">Kaituozhe 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetica_1" title="Kinetica 1">Kinetica 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_11" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2C" title="Long March 2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2D" title="Long March 2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2F" title="Long March 2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3A" title="Long March 3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B/E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3C" title="Long March 3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4B" title="Long March 4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4C" title="Long March 4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5" title="Long March 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_5B" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 5B">5B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6" title="Long March 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_6A" title="Long March 6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7" title="Long March 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_7A" class="mw-redirect" title="Long March 7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_8" title="Long March 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_11" title="Long March 11">11H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">Nuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS-M1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS-M1">OS-M1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-M" title="Proton-M">Proton-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaem_100" title="Qaem 100">Qaem 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qased_(rocket)" title="Qased (rocket)">Qased</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2" title="Soyuz-2">Soyuz-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1a">2.1a / STA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2.1b" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2.1b">2.1b / STB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-2-1v" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-2-1v">2-1v</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-2" title="Tianlong-2">Tianlong-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unha" title="Unha">Unha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_C" title="Vega C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-2" title="Zhuque-2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloostar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloostar">Bloostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone-4M" title="Cyclone-4M">Cyclone-4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#DECA_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Deca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)#Epsilon_S" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilmour_Space_Technologies#Eris_orbital_rocket" title="Gilmour Space Technologies">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienspace" title="Orienspace">Gravity-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbola-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbola-2">Hyperbola-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtysh_(rocket)" title="Irtysh (rocket)">Irtysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou" title="Kuaizhou">Kuaizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaizhou_31" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuaizhou 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_9" title="Long March 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_10" title="Long March 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_12" title="Long March 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miura_5" title="Miura 5">Miura 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Neutron" title="Rocket Lab Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Line_1" class="mw-redirect" title="New Line 1">New Line 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">OS-M</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneSpace#OS-M_series" title="OneSpace">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbex#Prime" title="Orbex">Orbex Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallas-1" title="Pallas-1">Pallas-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-7_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soyuz-7 (rocket)">Soyuz-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianlong-3" title="Tianlong-3">Tianlong-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLM_(rocket)" title="VLM (rocket)">VLM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vega E">Vega E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_Technologies#ZERO_orbital_rocket" title="Interstellar Technologies">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace#Zhuque-3" title="LandSpace">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuljanah_(rocket)" title="Zuljanah (rocket)">Zuljanah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">130</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">230+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_1" title="Ariane 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_2" title="Ariane 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_3" title="Ariane 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_4" title="Ariane 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Arrow" title="Black Arrow">Black Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamant_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamant (rocket)">Diamant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnepr_(rocket)" title="Dnepr (rocket)">Dnepr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_(rocket)" title="Energia (rocket)">Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_(rocket)" title="Epsilon (rocket)">Epsilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">Europa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">I</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(rocket)" title="Europa (rocket)">II</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Bao_1" title="Feng Bao 1">Feng Bao 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSLV_Mk_I" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV Mk I">Mk I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-II" title="H-II">H-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-IIB" title="H-IIB">H-IIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaituozhe-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaituozhe-1">Kaituozhe-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">Kosmos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_(rocket_family)" title="Kosmos (rocket family)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-1" title="Kosmos-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-2I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-2I">2/2I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosmos-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos-3M" title="Kosmos-3M">3M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_(rocket_family)" title="Lambda (rocket family)">Lambda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_4S" title="Lambda 4S">4S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_(rocket_family)" title="Long March (rocket family)">Long March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1" title="Long March 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_1D" title="Long March 1D">1D</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2A" title="Long March 2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_2E" title="Long March 2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3" title="Long March 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_3B" title="Long March 3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_March_4A" title="Long March 4A">4A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(rocket_family)" title="Mu (rocket family)">Mu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M-4S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-4S">4S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3C" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3H" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3H">3H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3S" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3S">3S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-3SII" class="mw-redirect" title="M-3SII">3SII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-V" title="M-V">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N1_(rocket)" title="N1 (rocket)">N1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_(rocket)" title="N-I (rocket)">N-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_(rocket)" title="N-II (rocket)">N-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naro-1" title="Naro-1">Naro-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektusan_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paektusan (rocket)">Paektusan</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-7_(rocket_family)" title="R-7 (rocket family)">R-7</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_(rocket)" title="Luna (rocket)">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya_(rocket)" title="Molniya (rocket)">Molniya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-M" title="Molniya-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molniya-L" class="mw-redirect" title="Molniya-L">L</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyot_(rocket)" title="Polyot (rocket)">Polyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket_family)" title="Soyuz (rocket family)">Soyuz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-FG" title="Soyuz-FG">FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-L" title="Soyuz-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-M" title="Soyuz-M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U" title="Soyuz-U">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz-U2" title="Soyuz-U2">U2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyuz/Vostok" title="Soyuz/Vostok">Soyuz/Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputnik_(rocket)" title="Sputnik (rocket)">Sputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod_(rocket)" title="Voskhod (rocket)">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(rocket_family)" title="Vostok (rocket family)">Vostok</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-L" title="Vostok-L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-K" title="Vostok-K">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2_(rocket)" title="Vostok-2 (rocket)">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok-2M" title="Vostok-2M">2M</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-29_Vysota" title="R-29 Vysota">R-29</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shtil%27" title="Shtil'">Shtil'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volna" title="Volna">Volna</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-1" title="Scout X-1">X-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-90_Blue_Scout_II" title="RM-90 Blue Scout II">Blue Scout II</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2" title="Scout X-2">X-2</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2M" title="Scout X-2M">X-2M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3 (page does not exist)">X-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-3M&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-3M (page does not exist)">X-3M</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_X-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout X-4 (page does not exist)">X-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_X-2B" title="Scout X-2B">X-2B</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_B-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout B-1">B-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_D-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout D-1">D-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_A-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout A-1">A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scout_E-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scout E-1 (page does not exist)">E-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_F-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout F-1">F-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_G-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout G-1">G-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-520#SS-520-4" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-520">SS-520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start-1" title="Start-1">Start-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">SLV-2H</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">Tsyklon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R-36_(missile)" title="R-36 (missile)">R-36-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon" title="Tsyklon">original</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-2" title="Tsyklon-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsyklon-3" title="Tsyklon-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket" title="Universal Rocket">Universal Rocket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton_(rocket_family)" title="Proton (rocket family)">UR-500 Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-K" title="Proton-K">Proton-K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokot" title="Rokot">Rokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strela_(rocket)" title="Strela (rocket)">Strela</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">Vega</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vega_(rocket)" title="Vega (rocket)">original</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit_(rocket_family)" title="Zenit (rocket family)">Zenit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2" title="Zenit-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-2M" title="Zenit-2M">2FG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SL" title="Zenit-3SL">3SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3SLB" title="Zenit-3SLB">3SLB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenit-3F" title="Zenit-3F">3F</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LandSpace" title="LandSpace">Zhuque</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuque-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuque-1">1</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">Sounding rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">Small-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">Medium-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">Heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Super heavy-lift launch vehicle">Super heavy-lift launch vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future</li> <li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_launch_systems" title="Template talk:US launch systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_launch_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US launch systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Orbital_launch_systems_developed_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">Orbital</a> <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch systems</a> developed in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a>**<sup>††</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Electron" title="Rocket Lab Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Block_5" title="Falcon 9 Block 5">Falcon 9 Block 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Heavy" title="Falcon Heavy">Falcon Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Alpha" title="Firefly Alpha">Firefly Alpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_(rocket_family)" title="Minotaur (rocket family)">Minotaur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_I" title="Minotaur I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_IV" title="Minotaur IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur_V" title="Minotaur V">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minotaur-C" title="Minotaur-C">C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus (rocket)">Pegasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegasus XL">XL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_Centaur" title="Vulcan Centaur">Vulcan Centaur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 330</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Space_Corporation#Daytona_I" title="Phantom Space Corporation">Daytona I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#MLV" title="Firefly Aerospace">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Glenn" title="New Glenn">New Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutron (rocket)">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Space_Nova" title="Stoke Space Nova">Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BluShift_Aerospace#Red_Dwarf" title="BluShift Aerospace">Red Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System#Block_variants" title="Space Launch System">Block 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SpaceX_Starship" title="SpaceX Starship">Starship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_R" title="Terran R">Terran R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antares_(rocket)" title="Antares (rocket)">Antares 110/120/130/230/230+</a>**<sup>†††</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_(rocket_family)" title="Athena (rocket family)">Athena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athena_I" title="Athena I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athena_II" title="Athena II">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_(rocket_family)" title="Atlas (rocket family)">Atlas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SM-65B_Atlas" title="SM-65B Atlas">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SM-65D_Atlas" title="SM-65D Atlas">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_E/F" title="Atlas E/F">E/F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_G" title="Atlas G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_H" title="Atlas H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_I" title="Atlas I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_II" title="Atlas II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_III" title="Atlas III">III</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_LV-3B" title="Atlas LV-3B">LV-3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_SLV-3" title="Atlas SLV-3">SLV-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Able" title="Atlas-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Agena" title="Atlas-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas-Centaur" title="Atlas-Centaur">Centaur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conestoga_(rocket)" title="Conestoga (rocket)">Conestoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_(rocket_family)" title="Delta (rocket family)">Delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_A" title="Delta A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_B" title="Delta B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_C" title="Delta C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_D" title="Delta D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_E" title="Delta E">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_G" title="Delta G">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_J" title="Delta J">J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_L" title="Delta L">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_M" title="Delta M">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_N" title="Delta N">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_0100" title="Delta 0100">0100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_1000" title="Delta 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_2000" title="Delta 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_3000" title="Delta 3000">3000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_4000" title="Delta 4000">4000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_5000" title="Delta 5000">5000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_II" title="Delta II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_III" title="Delta III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV" title="Delta IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_IV_Heavy" title="Delta IV Heavy">IV Heavy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.0" title="Falcon 9 v1.0">v1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_v1.1" title="Falcon 9 v1.1">v1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9_Full_Thrust" title="Falcon 9 Full Thrust">v1.2 "Full Thrust"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H-I" title="H-I">H-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_I" title="Juno I">Juno I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_II" title="Juno II">Juno II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LauncherOne" title="LauncherOne">LauncherOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-I_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-I rocket">N-I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-II_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="N-II rocket">N-II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOTS-EV-1_Pilot" title="NOTS-EV-1 Pilot">Pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astra_Rocket" title="Astra Rocket">Rocket 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RS1_(rocket)" class="mw-redirect" title="RS1 (rocket)">RS1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(rocket_family)" title="Scout (rocket family)">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARK_(rocket)" title="SPARK (rocket)">SPARK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta_(rocket)" title="Sparta (rocket)">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terran_1" title="Terran 1">Terran 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(rocket_family)" title="Thor (rocket family)">Thor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Able" title="Thor-Able">Able</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Ablestar" title="Thor-Ablestar">Ablestar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Agena" title="Thor-Agena">Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Burner" title="Thor-Burner">Burner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor-Delta" title="Thor-Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_DSV-2U" title="Thor DSV-2U">DSV-2U</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorad-Agena" title="Thorad-Agena">Thorad-Agena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_II_GLV" title="Titan II GLV">II GLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIA" title="Titan IIIA">IIIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIB" title="Titan IIIB">IIIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIC" title="Titan IIIC">IIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIID" title="Titan IIID">IIID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IIIE" title="Titan IIIE">IIIE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_34D" title="Titan 34D">34D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_23G" title="Titan 23G">23G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Titan_III" title="Commercial Titan III">CT-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_IV" title="Titan IV">IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(rocket)" title="Vanguard (rocket)">Vanguard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* - Japanese projects using US rockets or stages</li> <li>** - uses Russian engines</li> <li><sup>†</sup> - never succeeded</li> <li><sup>††</sup> - no new orders accepted</li> <li><sup>†††</sup> - used Ukrainian first stage</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saturn_launch_vehicle_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saturn_rockets" title="Template:Saturn rockets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saturn_rockets" title="Template talk:Saturn rockets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn_rockets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saturn rockets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saturn_launch_vehicle_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn launch vehicle family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early proposals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_V" title="Juno V">Juno V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_A-1" title="Saturn A-1">Saturn A-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_A-2" title="Saturn A-2">A-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_B-1" title="Saturn B-1">B-1</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/100px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/150px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg/200px-Apollo_11_Launch_-_GPN-2000-000630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"C" series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn C-1</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-2" title="Saturn C-2">C-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-3" title="Saturn C-3">C-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-4" title="Saturn C-4">C-4</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C-5</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-5N" title="Saturn C-5N">C-5N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_C-8" title="Saturn C-8">C-8</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn I series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">IB</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB-CE" title="Saturn IB-CE">IB-CE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB-A" title="Saturn IB-A">IB-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB-B" title="Saturn IB-B">IB-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB-C" title="Saturn IB-C">IB-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB-D" title="Saturn IB-D">IB-D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-05&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-05 (page does not exist)">INT-05</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-11&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-11 (page does not exist)">INT-11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-12 (page does not exist)">INT-12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-13&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-13 (page does not exist)">INT-13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-14 (page does not exist)">INT-14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-15 (page does not exist)">INT-15</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-16 (page does not exist)">INT-16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-27 (page does not exist)">INT-27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_LCB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn LCB (page does not exist)">LCB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn II series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_II" title="Saturn II">Saturn II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_II_(rocket)#Saturn_INT-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn II (rocket)">INT-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_II_(rocket)#Saturn_INT-18" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn II (rocket)">INT-18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_II_(rocket)#Saturn_INT-19" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn II (rocket)">INT-19</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn V series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn V</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_MLV" title="Saturn MLV">MLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_ELV" title="Saturn V ELV">V ELV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_INT-20" title="Saturn INT-20">INT-20</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saturn_INT-21" title="Saturn INT-21">INT-21</a></b></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-23 (page does not exist)">INT-23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-24 (page does not exist)">INT-24</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saturn_INT-25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saturn INT-25 (page does not exist)">INT-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn-Shuttle" title="Saturn-Shuttle">Saturn-Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V-3" title="Saturn V-3">Saturn V-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V-A" title="Saturn V-A">V-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V-B" title="Saturn V-B">V-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V-C" title="Saturn V-C">V-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V-D" title="Saturn V-D">V-D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V-Centaur" title="Saturn V-Centaur">V-Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_(rocket)" title="Jarvis (rocket)">Jarvis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program_hardware" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Template:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Template talk:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program hardware"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program_hardware" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program hardware</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicle<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_F-1" title="Rocketdyne F-1">F-1 engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocketdyne_J-2" title="Rocketdyne J-2">J-2 engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V_instrument_unit" title="Saturn V instrument unit">Instrument unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Vehicle_Digital_Computer" title="Launch Vehicle Digital Computer">Launch Vehicle Digital Computer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo command module">Apollo command module</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Columbia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_service_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo service module">Apollo service module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Eagle</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Abort_Guidance_System" title="Apollo Abort Guidance System">Apollo Abort Guidance System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Docking_Mechanism" title="Apollo Docking Mechanism">Apollo Docking Mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_PGNCS" title="Apollo PGNCS">Primary guidance, navigation, and control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Telescope_Mount" title="Apollo Telescope Mount">Apollo Telescope Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_TV_camera" title="Apollo TV camera">Apollo TV camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descent_propulsion_system" title="Descent propulsion system">Descent propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascent_propulsion_system" title="Ascent propulsion system">Ascent propulsion system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_antenna" title="Scimitar antenna">Scimitar antenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space suits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_spacesuit" title="Apollo/Skylab spacesuit">Apollo/Skylab A7L</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cloth" title="Beta cloth">Beta cloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_Micrometeoroid_Garment" title="Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment">Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar surface<br />equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_life_support_system" title="Primary life support system">Portable Life Support System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Laser_Ranging_experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Laser Ranging experiment">Lunar Laser Ranging experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_retroreflectors_on_the_Moon" title="List of retroreflectors on the Moon">list of retroreflectors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Wind_Composition_Experiment" title="Solar Wind Composition Experiment">Solar Wind Composition Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Seismic_Experiment" title="Active Seismic Experiment">Active Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 12 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14_Passive_Seismic_Experiment" title="Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment">Apollo 14 Passive Seismic Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charged_Particle_Lunar_Environment_Experiment" title="Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment">Charged Particle Lunar Environment Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ejecta_and_Meteorites_(experiment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites (experiment)">Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Wind_Spectrometer" title="Solar Wind Spectrometer">Solar Wind Spectrometer Experiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Seismic_Profiling_Experiment" title="Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment">Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Surface_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Surface Gravimeter">Lunar Surface Gravimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Surface_Magnetometer" title="Lunar Surface Magnetometer">Lunar Surface Magnetometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Traverse_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Traverse Gravimeter">Lunar Traverse Gravimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Cathode_Gauge_Experiment" title="Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment">Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_Experiment" title="Heat Flow Experiment">Heat Flow Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suprathermal_Ion_Detector_Experiment" title="Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment">Suprathermal Ion Detector Experiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_launcher_platform#Saturn_V_and_Space_Shuttle" title="Mobile launcher platform">Mobile Launcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_launch_umbilical_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo launch umbilical tower">Launch Umbilical Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Landing_Research_Vehicle" title="Lunar Landing Research Vehicle">Lunar Landing Research Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_quarantine_facility" title="Mobile quarantine facility">Mobile quarantine facility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flag_Assembly" title="Lunar Flag Assembly">Lunar Flag Assembly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_escape_systems" title="Lunar escape systems">Lunar escape systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_Docking_Simulator" title="Rendezvous Docking Simulator">Rendezvous Docking Simulator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Apollo_program_hardware" title="Category:Apollo program hardware">Category:Apollo program hardware</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Template talk:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:People who have traveled to the Moon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People_who_have_traveled_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">People who have traveled to the Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_walked_on_the_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have walked on the Moon">Walked on the Moon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pete_Conrad" title="Pete Conrad">Pete Conrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bean" title="Alan Bean">Alan Bean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John Young</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts#Apollo_astronauts_who_flew_to_the_Moon_without_landing" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Flew to the Moon<br />without landing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_P._Stafford" title="Thomas P. Stafford">Thomas Stafford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)" title="Michael Collins (astronaut)">Michael Collins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Haise" title="Fred Haise">Fred Haise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swigert" title="Jack Swigert">Jack Swigert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Al Worden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Saturn V</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration of the Moon</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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