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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">MI5</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/MI5" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:MI5" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list minerva-icon-only-menu"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=MI5" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MI-5_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="MI-5 (disambiguation)">MI-5 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>MI5 (<a href="/wiki/MI_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="MI numbers">Military Intelligence, Section 5</a>),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> officially the Security Service, is the United Kingdom's domestic <a href="/wiki/Counter-intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-intelligence">counter-intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security_agency" title="Security agency">security agency</a> and is part of its intelligence machinery alongside the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6), <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> (GCHQ), and <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence" title="Defence Intelligence">Defence Intelligence</a> (DI). MI5 is directed by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Intelligence_Committee_(United_Kingdom)" title="Joint Intelligence Committee (United Kingdom)">Joint Intelligence Committee</a> (JIC), and the service is bound by the <a href="/wiki/Security_Service_Act_1989" title="Security Service Act 1989">Security Service Act 1989</a>. The service is directed to protect British parliamentary democracy and economic interests and to counter <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">terrorism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">espionage</a> within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Within the civil service community, the service is colloquially known as Box,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or Box 500,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> after its official wartime address of PO Box 500; its current address is PO Box 3255, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> SW1P 1AE.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Security Service (MI5)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mi5_crest_and_logotype.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Mi5_crest_and_logotype.svg/250px-Mi5_crest_and_logotype.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Mi5_crest_and_logotype.svg/330px-Mi5_crest_and_logotype.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/67/Mi5_crest_and_logotype.svg/500px-Mi5_crest_and_logotype.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="126"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Thames_House_and_Lambeth_Bridge,_looking_across_the_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thames_House_and_Lambeth_Bridge%2C_looking_across_the_river.jpg/330px-Thames_House_and_Lambeth_Bridge%2C_looking_across_the_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thames_House_and_Lambeth_Bridge%2C_looking_across_the_river.jpg/500px-Thames_House_and_Lambeth_Bridge%2C_looking_across_the_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Thames_House_and_Lambeth_Bridge%2C_looking_across_the_river.jpg/550px-Thames_House_and_Lambeth_Bridge%2C_looking_across_the_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399"></a> <a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">7 October 1909; 115 years ago (1909-10-07) (as the <a href="/wiki/British_Secret_Service_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="British Secret Service Bureau">Secret Service Bureau</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Government">His Majesty's Government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=MI5&params=51_29_38_N_0_07_32_W_region:GB-WSM_scale:5000&title=Security+Service+%E2%80%93+MI5">51°29′38″N 0°07′32″W / 51.49389°N 0.12556°W / 51.49389; -0.12556 (Security Service – MI5)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">Regnum Defende (Defend the Realm)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">5,259<a href="#cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Single_Intelligence_Account" class="mw-redirect" title="Single Intelligence Account">Single Intelligence Account</a> £3.711 billion (2021–22)<a href="#cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cooper" title="Yvette Cooper">Yvette Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Home Secretary</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Ken_McCallum" title="Ken McCallum">Ken McCallum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_MI5" title="Director General of MI5">Director General</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mi5.gov.uk">www.mi5.gov.uk</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210175#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Security Service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, founded in 1909. At the start of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, it was responsible for the arrest of enemy spies, or suspected enemy spies. Throughout the First World War, Germany continually attempted to infiltrate Britain, but MI5 was able to identify most, if not all, of the agents dispatched. During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, it developed the <a href="/wiki/Double-Cross_System" title="Double-Cross System">Double-Cross System</a>. This involved attempting to 'turn' captured agents wherever possible, and use them to mislead enemy intelligence agencies. After the war, the service was instrumental in breaking up a large <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spy ring at the start of the 1970s. It then allegedly became involved in monitoring <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and left-wing politicians. It also assumed responsibility for the investigation of all <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican</a> activity within Britain during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a>. Its role was then expanded to countering other forms of terrorism, particularly in more recent years the more widespread threat of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>. In 1996, legislation formalised the extension of the Security Service's statutory remit to include supporting the law enforcement agencies in their work against serious crime. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Organisation">1 Organisation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Structure">1.1 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Legislation">1.2 Legislation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Oversight">1.3 Oversight</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Centenary_and_awards">1.4 Centenary and awards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_years">2.1 Early years</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Inter-war_period">2.2 Inter-war period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Second_World_War">2.3 Second World War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Post-Second_World_War">2.4 Post-Second World War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#The_Security_Service's_role_in_counter-terrorism">2.5 The Security Service's role in counter-terrorism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Serious_crime">2.6 Serious crime</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Surveillance">2.7 Surveillance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Participation_of_MI5_officers_in_criminal_activity">2.8 Participation of MI5 officers in criminal activity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Allegations_of_collusion_in_torture">2.9 Allegations of collusion in torture</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Buildings">3 Buildings</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Directors_General_of_the_Security_Service">4 Directors General of the Security Service</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Past_names_of_the_Security_Service">5 Past names of the Security Service</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Cover_name">5.1 Cover name</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Coat_of_arms">6 Coat of arms</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Organisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Security Service comes under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SSAct-6">[6]</a> The service is headed by a Director General (DG) at the grade of a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent Secretary">Permanent Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Civil_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="British Civil Service">Civil Service</a>, who is directly supported by an internal security organisation, secretariat, legal advisory branch, and information services branch. The Deputy Director General is responsible for the operational activity of the service, being responsible for four branches; international counter-terrorism, National Security Advice Centre (counter proliferation and counter espionage), Irish and domestic counter-terrorism, and technical and surveillance operations.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The service is directed for intelligence operational priorities by the Joint Intelligence Committee.<a href="#cite_note-ISAct-8">[8]</a> It liaises with SIS, GCHQ, <a href="/wiki/Defence_Intelligence_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Defence Intelligence Staff">DI</a>, and a number of other bodies within the British government, and industrial base. It is overseen by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Members of Parliament, who are directly appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Commissioner" title="Investigatory Powers Commissioner">Investigatory Powers Commissioner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Judicial oversight of the service's conduct is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislation">Legislation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Operations of the service are required to be proportionate, and compliant with British legislation, including the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Data_Protection_Act_2018" title="Data Protection Act 2018">Data Protection Act 2018</a>, and various other items of legislation. Information held by the service is exempt from disclosure under section 23 of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_2000" title="Freedom of Information Act 2000">Freedom of Information Act 2000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Security Service Act of 1989 establishes several legal key mechanisms aimed at ensuring the accountability and control of the Service.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a> Certain provisions from this act were later integrated into the Intelligence Services Act of 1994 with European Commission on Human Rights later having endorsed these mechanisms in multiple applications under the European Convention on Human Rights.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Additionally, the Service is subject to oversight and accountability through various other means. These oversight mechanisms have evolved over time to meet changing governmental requirements, with the Service now being held accountable through a variety of oversight arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oversight">Oversight</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Oversight" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> All employees of the service are bound by the <a href="/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act_1989" title="Official Secrets Act 1989">Official Secrets Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In certain circumstances, officers handling agents or informers may authorise them to carry out activity which would otherwise be criminal within the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-20180302-16">[16]</a> The Security Service "is authorised to investigate any person or movement that might threaten the...security" of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> The current Director General is <a href="/wiki/Ken_McCallum" title="Ken McCallum">Ken McCallum</a>, who succeeded <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Parker,_Baron_Parker_of_Minsmere" title="Andrew Parker, Baron Parker of Minsmere">Andrew Parker</a> in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-HomeOffice-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centenary_and_awards">Centenary and awards</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Centenary and awards" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The service marked its centenary in 2009 by publishing an official history titled <a href="/wiki/The_Defence_of_the_Realm" title="The Defence of the Realm">The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a>, Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Members of the Security Service are recognised annually by <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Intelligence_Community_Awards" title="Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards">Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> alongside members of the <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6), and <a href="/wiki/GCHQ" title="GCHQ">GCHQ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mayer2016-20">[20]</a> Awards and citations are given to teams within the agencies as well as individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Mayer2016-20">[20]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Security Service is derived from the Secret Service Bureau, founded in 1909, and concentrating originally on the activities of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Imperial German</a> government, as a joint initiative of the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_Office" title="War Office">War Office</a>. The Bureau was initially split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised respectively in foreign target <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> and internal <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">counter-espionage</a> activities. The former specialisation was a result of a growing interest at the Admiralty, at the time, in intelligence regarding the fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a>. This division was formalised, as separate home and foreign sections, prior to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Following a number of administrative changes, the home section became known as <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Military_Intelligence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Directorate of Military Intelligence (United Kingdom)">Directorate of Military Intelligence</a>, Section 5 and the abbreviation MI5, the name by which it is still known in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> (The foreign/naval section of the Secret Service Bureau was to become the basis of the later Secret Intelligence Service, or <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The founding head of the Army section was <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Vernon Kell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Staffordshire_Regiment" title="South Staffordshire Regiment">South Staffordshire Regiment</a>, who remained in that role until the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Its role was originally quite restricted, as the section existed solely to ensure national security through counter-espionage. With a small staff, and working in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch_(Metropolitan_Police)" title="Special Branch (Metropolitan Police)">Special Branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Police" title="Metropolitan Police">Metropolitan Police</a>, the service was responsible for overall direction and the identification of foreign agents, while Special Branch provided the manpower for the investigation of their affairs, arrest and interrogation.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> On the day after the declaration of the First World War, the Home Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Reginald_McKenna" title="Reginald McKenna">Reginald McKenna</a>, announced that "within the last twenty-four hours no fewer than twenty-one spies, or suspected spies, have been arrested in various places all over the country, chiefly in important military or naval centres, some of them long known to the authorities to be spies".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> These arrests have provoked recent historical controversy. According to the official history of MI5, the actual number of agents identified was 22, and Kell had started sending out letters to local police forces on 29 July, giving them advance warning of arrests to be made as soon as war was declared. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portsmouth_Constabulary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portsmouth Constabulary (page does not exist)">Portsmouth Constabulary</a> jumped the gun and arrested one on 3 August, and not all of the 22 were in custody by the time that McKenna made his speech, but the official history regards the incident as a devastating blow to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a>, which deprived them of their entire spy ring, and specifically upset the Kaiser.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In 2006, his article 'Entering the Lists' was published in the journal Intelligence and National Security, outlining the products of his research into recently opened files.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Hiley was sent an advance copy of the official history, and objected to the retelling of the story. He later wrote another article, 'Re-entering the Lists', which asserted that the list of those arrested published in the official history<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> was concocted from later case histories.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-war_period">Inter-war period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inter-war period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> MI5 proved consistently successful throughout the rest of the 1910s and 1920s in its core counter-espionage role. Throughout the First World War, Germany continually attempted to infiltrate Britain, but MI5 was able to identify most, if not all, of the agents dispatched. MI5 used a method that depended on strict control of entry and exit to the country and, crucially, large-scale inspection of mail. In post-war years, attention turned to attempts by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> to surreptitiously support revolutionary activities within Britain. MI5's expertise, combined with the early incompetence of the Soviets, meant the bureau was successful in correctly identifying and closely monitoring these activities.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the meantime, MI5's role had grown substantially. Due to the spy hysteria, MI5 had formed with far more resources than it actually needed to track down German spies. As is common within governmental bureaucracies, this caused the service to expand its role to use its spare resources. MI5 acquired many additional responsibilities during the war. Most significantly, its strict counter-espionage role blurred considerably. It acquired a much more political role, involving the surveillance not merely of foreign agents, but also of <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifist</a> and anti-<a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> organisations, and of <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionism">organised labour</a>. This was justified by citing the common belief that foreign influence was at the root of these organisations. Thus, by the end of the First World War, MI5 was a fully-fledged investigating force (although it never had powers of arrest), in addition to being a counter-espionage agency. The expansion of this role continued after a brief post-war power struggle with the head of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch" title="Special Branch">Special Branch</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Basil_Thomson" title="Basil Thomson">Basil Thomson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> After the First World War, budget-conscious politicians regarded Kell's department as unnecessary. In 1919, MI5's budget was slashed from £100,000 to just £35,000, and its establishment from over 800 officers to a mere 12. At the same time, Sir <a href="/wiki/Basil_Thomson" title="Basil Thomson">Basil Thomson</a> of Special Branch was appointed Director of Home Intelligence, in supreme command of all domestic counter-insurgency and counter-intelligence investigations. Consequently, as official MI5 historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> has noted in his official history Defence of the Realm (2010), MI5 had no clearly defined role in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish War">Anglo-Irish War</a> of 1919–1921. To further worsen the situation, several of Kell's officers defected to Thomson's new agency, the Home Intelligence Directorate. MI5 therefore undertook no tangible intelligence operations of consequence during the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>. MI5 did undertake the training of <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> case-officers from the Department of Military Intelligence (DMI), for the Army's so-called "Silent Section", otherwise known as M04(x). Quickly trained by MI5 veterans at <a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Barracks,_Hounslow" title="Cavalry Barracks, Hounslow">Hounslow Barracks</a>, outside London, these freshly-minted M04(x) Army case-officers were deployed to <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> beginning in the spring of 1919. Over time, 175 officers were trained and dispatched to Ireland. In Ireland, they came under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Romer" title="Cecil Romer">Cecil Romer</a> and his Deputy, Lieutenant Colonel Stephen Searle Hill-Dillon.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In April 1919, Colonel Walter Wilson of the Department of Military Intelligence arrived in Dublin to take over the day-to-day management of these 175 Army intelligence-officers, and the unit was designated as the "Dublin District Special Branch" (DMI/MO4(x)/DDSB), because it operated exclusively within the confines of the Army's Dublin Military District. Royal Marine Colonel <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Montgomery_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="Hugh Montgomery (Royal Marines officer)">Hugh Montgomery</a> of the Department of Naval Intelligence, was also seconded to Romer's intelligence staff at this time.<a href="#cite_note-Hittle-32">[32]</a> British Army after-action reports and contemporary accounts indicate that M04(x)/DDSB was considered by some a highly amateurish outfit. Serious cover constraints, coupled with alcohol abuse and social fraternisation with local prostitutes would prove the downfall of several of these amateur sleuths.<a href="#cite_note-Hittle-32">[32]</a> Despite these failings, it was not MI5, but one of Basil Thomson's agents, John Charles Byrnes, a <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agent</a> within the IRA, who identified <a href="/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)" title="Michael Collins (Irish leader)">Michael Collins</a>, and came close to arranging his capture. The IRA identified Byrnes as a British spy and murdered him in March 1920.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The intelligence staff of Michael Collins <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> penetrated the unit.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Using DMP detectives <a href="/wiki/Ned_Broy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ned Broy">Ned Broy</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Nelligan" class="mw-redirect" title="David Nelligan">David Nelligan</a>, Michael Collins was able to learn the names and lodgings of the M04(x) agents, referred to by IRA operatives as "The Cairo Gang". On "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1920)" title="Bloody Sunday (1920)">Bloody Sunday</a>", 21 November 1920, Collins ordered his counter-intelligence unit, <a href="/wiki/The_Squad_(IRA_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Squad (IRA unit)">The Squad</a>, to assassinate 25 M04(x) agents, several British courts-martial officers, at least one agent reporting to Basil Thomson, and several intelligence officers attached to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Irish_Constabulary_Auxiliary_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Irish Constabulary Auxiliary Division (page does not exist)">Royal Irish Constabulary Auxiliary Division</a>, at their lodgings throughout Dublin.<a href="#cite_note-Hittle-32">[32]</a> That afternoon, a mixed force of the British Army, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Black_and_Tans" title="Black and Tans">Black and Tans</a> retaliated by indiscriminately shooting dead 14 civilians at a <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic Football">Gaelic Football</a> match at <a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The net impact of Collins's strike of Bloody Sunday, 21 November 1920, was relatively negligible, even though the IRA had not gone up against MI5 professionals, but instead only against a quickly trained outfit of amateur army "D-Listers".<a href="#cite_note-Hittle-32">[32]</a> Although the shooting of 14 British officers had the desired effect on British morale, other aspects were botched by the IRA. Three of Collins's men were apprehended after engaging in a shoot-out on the street, and at least two of the wounded British officers had no connection whatsoever to British intelligence. Moreover, with MO4(x) having fielded a total of 175 agents of the DDSB, Collins's operation only temporarily slowed British momentum. Within days, the remaining 160-odd M04(x) agents were re-established in secure quarters inside solidly loyalist hotels in Dublin, from where they continued to pursue Collins and the IRA relentlessly right up until the truce of July 1921.<a href="#cite_note-Hittle-32">[32]</a> In December 1920, the entire DDSB was transferred from <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> command to civil command under Deputy Police Commissioner General Ormonde Winter, and thereafter was known as "D Branch" within Dublin Castle. By January 1921, the highly experienced <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> operative David Boyle arrived at Dublin Castle to take over the day-to-day management of D Branch. The unit's former commander, Colonel Wilson, resigned in protest against having had his command taken from him. D Branch thrived under Boyle's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Hittle-32">[32]</a> In 1921, Sir <a href="/wiki/Warren_Fisher_(civil_servant)" title="Warren Fisher (civil servant)">Warren Fisher</a>, the government inspector-general for civil-service affairs, conducted a thorough review of the operations and expenditures of Basil Thomson's Home Intelligence Directorate. He issued a scathing report, accusing Thomson of wasting both money and resources, and conducting redundant as well as ineffectual operations. Shortly thereafter, in a private meeting with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, Sir Basil Thomson was sacked, and the Home Intelligence Directorate was formally abolished. With Thomson out of the way, <a href="/wiki/Special_Branch" title="Special Branch">Special Branch</a> was returned to the command of the Commissioner of The Criminal Investigation Division at <a href="/wiki/Scotland_Yard" title="Scotland Yard">Scotland Yard</a>. Only then was Vernon Kell able once again to rebuild MI5 and re-establish it in its former place as Britain's chief domestic spy agency.<a href="#cite_note-Hittle-32">[32]</a> MI5 operated in Italy during inter-war period, and helped <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> get his start in politics with a £100 weekly wage.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2009-10-13-36">[36]</a> MI5's efficiency in counter-espionage declined from the 1930s. It was to some extent a victim of its own success as it was unable to break the ways of thinking it had evolved in the 1910s and 1920s. In particular, it was unable to adjust to the new methods of the Soviet intelligence services, the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs</a> (NKVD) and <a href="/wiki/GRU_(G.U.)" class="mw-redirect" title="GRU (G.U.)">Main Intelligence Directorate</a> (GRU). It continued to think in terms of agents who would attempt to gather information simply through observation or bribery, or to agitate within labour organisations and the armed services, while posing as ordinary citizens. The NKVD, meanwhile, had evolved more sophisticated methods; it began to recruit agents from within the <a href="/wiki/Upper_classes" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper classes">upper classes</a> (most notably from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a>), whom it regarded as a long-term investment. Such NKVD agents succeeded in gaining positions within the government, and, in <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Kim Philby's</a> case, within British intelligence itself, from where they were able to provide the NKVD with sensitive information. The most successful of these agents; <a href="/wiki/Kim_Philby" title="Kim Philby">Harold 'Kim' Philby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duart_Maclean" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Duart Maclean">Donald Maclean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Blunt" title="Anthony Blunt">Anthony Blunt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Cairncross" title="John Cairncross">John Cairncross</a>; went undetected until after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeBBC-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One of the earliest actions of <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> on coming to power in early 1940 was to sack the agency's long-term head, <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Vernon Kell</a>. He was replaced initially by the ineffective <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Allen_Harker" title="Oswald Allen Harker">Oswald Allen Harker</a>, as Acting Director General. Harker in turn was quickly replaced by <a href="/wiki/David_Petrie" title="David Petrie">David Petrie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (SIS) man, with Harker remaining as his deputy. With the ending of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>, and the abandonment of invasion plans (correctly reported by both SIS and the <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> project), the spy scare eased, and the internment policy was gradually reversed. This eased pressure on MI5, and allowed it to concentrate on its major wartime success, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Double_Cross_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Cross System">'double-cross' system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Masterman-38">[38]</a> This was a system based on an internal memo drafted by an MI5 officer in 1936, which criticised the long-standing policy of arresting and sending to trial all enemy agents discovered by MI5. Several had offered to defect to Britain when captured; before 1939, such requests were invariably turned down. The memo advocated attempting to 'turn' captured agents wherever possible, and use them to mislead enemy intelligence agencies. This suggestion was turned into a massive and well-tuned system of deception during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-Masterman-38">[38]</a> Beginning with the capture of an agent named <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Owens" title="Arthur Owens">Arthur Owens</a>, codenamed 'Snow', MI5 began to offer enemy agents the chance to avoid prosecution (and thus the possibility of the death penalty) if they would work as British <a href="/wiki/Double-agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-agent">double-agents</a>. Agents who agreed to this were supervised by MI5 in transmitting bogus 'intelligence' back to the German secret service, the <a href="/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr">Abwehr</a>. This necessitated a large-scale organisational effort, since the information had to appear valuable but actually be misleading. A high-level committee, the Wireless Board, was formed to provide this information. The day-to-day operation was delegated to a sub-committee, the Twenty Committee (so called because the Roman numerals for twenty, XX, form a double cross).<a href="#cite_note-Masterman-38">[38]</a> The system was extraordinarily successful. A post-war analysis of German intelligence records found that of the 115 or so agents targeted against Britain during the war, all but one (who committed suicide) had been successfully identified and caught, with several 'turned' to become double agents. The system played a major part in the massive campaign of deception which preceded the <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> landings, designed to give the Germans a false impression of the location and timings of the landings (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fortitude" title="Operation Fortitude">Operation Fortitude</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Masterman-38">[38]</a> While the double-cross work dealt with enemy agents sent into Britain, a smaller-scale operation run by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild">Victor Rothschild</a> targeted British citizens who wanted to help Germany. The '<a href="/wiki/Fifth_Column_(intelligence_operation)" title="Fifth Column (intelligence operation)">Fifth Column</a>' operation saw an MI5 officer, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Roberts_(spy)" title="Eric Roberts (spy)">Eric Roberts</a>, masquerade as the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo's</a> man in London, encouraging Nazi sympathisers to pass him information about people who would be willing to help Germany in the event of invasion. When his recruits began bringing in intelligence, he promised to pass that on to Berlin. The operation was deeply controversial within MI5, with opponents arguing that it amounted to entrapment. By the end of the war, Roberts had identified around 500 people. But MI5 decided not to prosecute, and instead covered the work up, even giving some of Roberts' recruits Nazi medals. They were never told the truth.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> All foreigners entering the country were processed at the <a href="/wiki/London_Reception_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="London Reception Centre">London Reception Centre</a> (LRC) at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Patriotic_Building" title="Royal Victoria Patriotic Building">Royal Victoria Patriotic Building</a>, which was operated by MI5 subsection B1D; 30,000 were inspected at LRC. Captured enemy agents were taken to <a href="/wiki/Camp_020" title="Camp 020">Camp 020</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latchmere_House" title="Latchmere House">Latchmere House</a>, for interrogation. This was commanded by Colonel Robin Stephens. There was a reserve camp, Camp 020R, at <a href="/wiki/Huntercombe_(HM_Prison)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntercombe (HM Prison)">Huntercombe</a>, which was used mainly for long term detention of prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> It is believed that two MI5 officers participated in "a gentle interrogation" given to the senior Nazi <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> after his arrest at a military checkpoint in the northern German village of Bremervörde in May 1945. Himmler subsequently killed himself during a medical examination by a British officer by means of a cyanide capsule that he had concealed in his mouth. One of the MI5 officers, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Henry_Noakes" title="Sidney Henry Noakes">Sidney Henry Noakes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Intelligence Corps</a>, was subsequently given permission to keep Himmler's <a href="/wiki/Suspenders" title="Suspenders">braces</a> and the forged identity document that had led to his arrest.<a href="#cite_note-BBCNoakes-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mil-Intel-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Second_World_War">Post-Second World War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Second World War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Prime Minister's personal responsibility for the service was delegated to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for the Home Department">Home Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Maxwell_Fyfe,_1st_Earl_of_Kilmuir" title="David Maxwell Fyfe, 1st Earl of Kilmuir">David Maxwell-Fyfe</a> in 1952, with a directive issued by the Home Secretary setting out the role and objectives of the Director General. The service was subsequently placed on a statutory basis in 1989 with the introduction of the Security Service Act. This was the first government acknowledgement of the existence of the service.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The post-war period was a difficult time for the service, with a significant change in the threat as the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> began, being challenged by an extremely active <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>, and increasing incidence of the Northern Ireland conflict, and international <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>. Whilst little has yet been released regarding the successes of the service, there have been a number of intelligence failures which have created embarrassment for both the service and the government. For instance, in 1983, one of its officers, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bettaney" title="Michael Bettaney">Michael Bettaney</a>, was caught trying to sell information to the KGB. He was subsequently convicted of espionage.<a href="#cite_note-SpyTelegraph-44">[44]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bettaney" title="Michael Bettaney">Michael Bettaney</a> case, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Woodfield" title="Philip Woodfield">Philip Woodfield</a> was appointed as a staff counsellor for the security and intelligence services. His role was to be available to be consulted by any member or former member of the security and intelligence services who had "anxieties relating to the work of his or her service"<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> that it had not been possible to allay through the ordinary processes of management-staff relations, including proposals for publications.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The service was instrumental in breaking up a large <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spy ring at the start of the 1970s, with 105 Soviet embassy staff known or suspected to be involved in intelligence activities being expelled from the country in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-SpyTelegraph-44">[44]</a> One episode involving MI5 and the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> came to light in the mid-1980s. MI5 officer <a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Stonham" title="Ronnie Stonham">Ronnie Stonham</a> had an office in the BBC, and took part in vetting procedures.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Controversy arose when it was alleged that the service was monitoring <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a> and left-wing politicians. A file was kept on Labour Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a> from 1945, when he became a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP), although the agency's official historian, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Christopher Andrew</a> maintains that his fears of MI5 conspiracies and bugging were unfounded.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> As Home Secretary, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> MP <a href="/wiki/Jack_Straw" title="Jack Straw">Jack Straw</a> discovered the existence of his own file dating from his days as a <a href="/wiki/Student_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Student radical">student radical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> One of the most significant and far-reaching failures was an inability to conclusively detect and apprehend the '<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a>' spy ring, which had formed in the inter-war years, and achieved great success in penetrating the government, and the intelligence agencies themselves.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeBBC-37">[37]</a> Related to this failure were suggestions of a high-level penetration within the service, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Wright_(MI5_officer)" title="Peter Wright (MI5 officer)">Peter Wright</a> (especially in his controversial book <a href="/wiki/Spycatcher" title="Spycatcher">Spycatcher</a>) and others believing that evidence implicated the former Director General, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hollis" title="Roger Hollis">Roger Hollis</a>, or his deputy <a href="/wiki/Graham_Russell_Mitchell" title="Graham Russell Mitchell">Graham Mitchell</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Burke_Trend,_Baron_Trend" class="mw-redirect" title="Burke Trend, Baron Trend">Trend</a> inquiry of 1974 found the case unproven of that accusation, and that view was later supported by the former KGB officer <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky" title="Oleg Gordievsky">Oleg Gordievsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Another spy ring, the <a href="/wiki/Portland_spy_ring" title="Portland spy ring">Portland spy ring</a>, exposed after a tip-off by Soviet defector <a href="/wiki/Michael_Goleniewski" title="Michael Goleniewski">Michael Goleniewski</a>, led to an extensive MI5 surveillance operation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1991, MI5 revealed its head publicly for the first time and declassified some information, "such as the number of its employees and its organizational structure."<a href="#cite_note-:0-17">[17]</a> There have been strong accusations levelled against MI5 for having failed in its obligation to provide care for former police agents who had infiltrated the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a> during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. The two most notable of the agents, <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGartland" title="Martin McGartland">Martin McGartland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour" title="Raymond Gilmour">Raymond Gilmour</a>, went on to reside in England using false identities, and in 2012, launched test cases against the agency. Both men claimed to journalist Liam Clarke in the Belfast Telegraph that they were abandoned by MI5 and were "left high and dry despite severe health problems as a result of their work and lavish promises of life-time care from their former Intelligence bosses". Both men suffer from <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD).<a href="#cite_note-BelfastTelegraph-52">[52]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_invasion_of_Afghanistan" title="United States invasion of Afghanistan">United States invasion of Afghanistan</a>, on 9 January 2002, the first MI5 staff arrived at <a href="/wiki/Bagram_Airfield" title="Bagram Airfield">Bagram</a>. On 12 January 2002, following a report by an <a href="/wiki/MI6" title="MI6">MI6</a> officer that a detainee appeared to have been mistreated before, an MI6 officer was sent instructions that were copied to all MI5 and MI6 staff in Afghanistan about how to deal with concerns over mistreatment, referring to signs of abuse: 'Given that they are not within our custody or control, the law does not require you to intervene to protect this'. It went on to say that the Americans had to understand that the UK did not condone such mistreatment, and that a complaint should be made to a senior US official if there was any coercion by the US in conjunction with an MI6 interview.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Security_Service's_role_in_counter-terrorism">The Security Service's role in counter-terrorism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Security Service's role in counter-terrorism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thames_house_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thames_house_exterior.jpg/250px-Thames_house_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thames_house_exterior.jpg/250px-Thames_house_exterior.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thames_house_exterior.jpg/330px-Thames_house_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Thames_house_exterior.jpg/500px-Thames_house_exterior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Part of <a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a></figcaption></figure> The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> resulted in a change in emphasis for the operations of the service, assuming responsibility for the investigation of all <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican</a> activity within Britain,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and increasing the effort countering other forms of terrorism, particularly in more recent years the more widespread threat of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Whilst the British security forces in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> have provided support in the countering of both <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups since the early 1970s, republican sources have often accused these forces of <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> with loyalists. In 2006, an Irish government committee inquiry found that there was widespread collusion between British security forces and loyalist terrorists in the 1970s, which resulted in eighteen deaths.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> In 2012, a document based review by <a href="/wiki/Desmond_de_Silva_(barrister)" title="Desmond de Silva (barrister)">Sir Desmond de Silva</a> <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a> into the 1989 murder of Belfast solicitor <a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane_(solicitor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pat Finucane (solicitor)">Patrick Finucane</a> found that MI5 had colluded with the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA).<a href="#cite_note-PatFinucaneReview-58">[58]</a> The review disclosed that MI5 assessments of UDA intelligence consistently noted that the majority came from MI5 sources, with an assessment in 1985 finding 85% came from MI5.<a href="#cite_note-PatFinucaneReview-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> accepted the findings, and apologised on behalf of the British government, and acknowledged significant levels of collusion with Loyalists in its state agencies.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> On 10 October 2007, the lead responsibility for national security intelligence in Northern Ireland returned to the Security Service from the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a> (PSNI), that had been devolved in 1976 to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC) during <a href="/wiki/Ulsterisation" title="Ulsterisation">Ulsterisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> During April 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Real_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Real IRA">Real IRA</a> detonated a 120 lb <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> outside Palace Barracks in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, which is the headquarters of MI5 in Northern Ireland and also home to the 2nd Battalion <a href="/wiki/The_Mercian_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mercian Regiment">The Mercian Regiment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> MI5 is understood to have a close working relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Special_Detective_Unit" title="Special Detective Unit">Special Detective Unit</a> (SDU), the counter-terrorism and counter-intelligence section of the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (national police), particularly with regards to threats from <a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">dissident republican</a> terrorism and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Memorial in the cloister of Westminster Abbey, London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg/220px-MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1597"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 261px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg/220px-MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg" data-alt="Memorial in the cloister of Westminster Abbey, London" data-width="220" data-height="261" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg/330px-MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg/440px-MI5-GCHQ_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Recognising service at home and abroad protecting the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> Executive liaison groups enable MI5 to safely share secret, sensitive, and often raw intelligence with the police, on which decisions can be made about how best to gather evidence and prosecute suspects in the courts. Each organisation works in partnership throughout the investigation, but MI5 retain the lead for collecting, assessing and exploiting intelligence. The police take lead responsibility for gathering evidence, obtaining arrests, and preventing risks to the public.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serious_crime">Serious crime</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Serious crime" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1996, legislation formalised the extension of the Security Service's statutory remit to include supporting the law enforcement agencies in their work against serious crime.<a href="#cite_note-febrefa-65">[65]</a> Tasking was reactive, acting at the request of law enforcement bodies such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Criminal_Intelligence_Service" title="National Criminal Intelligence Service">National Criminal Intelligence Service</a> (NCIS), for whom MI5 officers performed electronic surveillance and eavesdropping duties during <a href="/wiki/Clerkenwell_crime_syndicate" title="Clerkenwell crime syndicate">Operation Trinity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-febrefa-65">[65]</a> This role has subsequently been passed to the <a href="/wiki/Serious_Organised_Crime_Agency" title="Serious Organised Crime Agency">Serious Organised Crime Agency</a> (SOCA) and then the <a href="/wiki/National_Crime_Agency" title="National Crime Agency">National Crime Agency</a> (NCA).<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Surveillance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2001, after the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in the US, MI5 started collecting bulk telephone communications data under a little understood general power of the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_Act_1984" title="Telecommunications Act 1984">Telecommunications Act 1984</a> (instead of the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000" title="Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000">Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000</a> which would have brought independent oversight and regulation). This was kept secret until announced by the <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-20151105-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph-20151104-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> This power was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Act_2016" title="Investigatory Powers Act 2016">Investigatory Powers Act 2016</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> which introduced new surveillance powers overseen by the Investigatory Powers Commission (IPC) it introduces.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In July 2006, parliamentarian <a href="/wiki/Norman_Baker" title="Norman Baker">Norman Baker</a> accused the British Government of "hoarding information about people who pose no danger to this country", after it emerged that MI5 holds secret files on 272,000 individuals, equivalent to one in 160 adults. It had previously been revealed that a '<a href="/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic light</a>' system operates:<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <ul><li>Green: active; about 10% of files</li> <li>Amber: enquiries prohibited, further information may be added; about 46% of files</li> <li>Red: enquiries prohibited, substantial information may not be added; about 44% of files.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participation_of_MI5_officers_in_criminal_activity">Participation of MI5 officers in criminal activity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Participation of MI5 officers in criminal activity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In March 2018, the government acknowledged that MI5 officers are allowed to authorise agents to commit criminal activity in the UK. Maya Foa, the director of <a href="/wiki/Reprieve_(organisation)" title="Reprieve (organisation)">Reprieve</a>, said: "After a seven-month legal battle, the prime minister has finally been forced to publish her secret order, but we are a long way from having transparency. The public and parliament are still being denied the guidance that says when British spies can commit criminal offences, and how far they can go. Authorised criminality is the most intrusive power a state can wield. Theresa May must publish this guidance without delay".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-20180302-16">[16]</a> In November 2019, four <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights organisation">human rights organisations</a> claimed that the UK government has a policy dating from the 1990s to allow MI5 officers to authorise agents or informers to participate in crime, and to immunise them against prosecution for criminal actions. The organisations said the policy allowed MI5 officers to authorise agents and informers to participate in criminal activities that protected national security or the economic well-being of the UK. The organisations took the UK government to the <a href="/wiki/Investigatory_Powers_Tribunal" title="Investigatory Powers Tribunal">Investigatory Powers Tribunal</a>, seeking to have it declare the policy illegal, and to issue an injunction against further 'unlawful conduct'.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In December 2019, the tribunal dismissed the request of the human rights organisations in a 3-to-2 decision. The potential criminal activities include murder, kidnap, and torture, according to a <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_collusion_in_torture">Allegations of collusion in torture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Allegations of collusion in torture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In October 2020, <a href="/wiki/Rangzieb_Ahmed" title="Rangzieb Ahmed">Rangzieb Ahmed</a> brought a civil claim against MI5, alleging that Pakistan's <a href="/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence" title="Inter-Services Intelligence">Inter-Services Intelligence</a> agency had arrested him in 2006, and that MI5 had colluded in torture by submitting questions which were put to him under torture in Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> This claim was rejected by the High Court on 16 December 2020.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Buildings">Buildings</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> MI5 was based at Watergate House in the <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">Strand</a> from 1912 until 1916, when it moved to larger facilities at 16 <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_Street" title="Charles II Street">Charles Street</a> for the remaining years of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> After the First World War, it relocated to smaller premises at 73–75 <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Gate" title="Queen's Gate">Queen's Gate</a> in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> and then moved to 35 <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_Road" title="Cromwell Road">Cromwell Road</a> in 1929, before transferring to the top floor of the South Block of <a href="/wiki/Thames_House" title="Thames House">Thames House</a> on <a href="/wiki/Millbank" title="Millbank">Millbank</a> in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The Service spent the first year of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> at <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Wormwood_Scrubs" title="HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs">Wormwood Scrubs</a>, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a>, Oxfordshire, in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> After the Second World War, MI5 was based at <a href="/wiki/Leconfield_House" title="Leconfield House">Leconfield House</a> (1945–1976), and <a href="/wiki/140_Gower_Street" title="140 Gower Street">140 Gower Street</a> (1976–1994, since demolished),<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> before returning to Thames House in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The national headquarters at Thames House draws together personnel from a number of locations into a single HQ facility: Thames House also houses the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Analysis_Centre" title="Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre">Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre</a> (JTAC), a subordinate organisation to the Security Service; prior to March 2013, Thames House additionally housed the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a> (NIO). The service has offices across the United Kingdom, including a HQ in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Details of a northern operations centre in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> were revealed by the firm who built it.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Directors_General_of_the_Security_Service">Directors General of the Security Service</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Directors General of the Security Service" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stella_Rimington.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stella_Rimington.JPG/250px-Stella_Rimington.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="434" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="1576"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 434px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stella_Rimington.JPG/250px-Stella_Rimington.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="434" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stella_Rimington.JPG/330px-Stella_Rimington.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Stella_Rimington.JPG/500px-Stella_Rimington.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stella_Rimington" title="Stella Rimington">Dame Stella Rimington</a>, the first female <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_MI5" title="Director General of MI5">Director General of MI5</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Director_General_of_MI5" title="Director General of MI5">Director General of MI5</a></div> <ul><li>1909–1940: <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Kell" title="Vernon Kell">Sir Vernon Kell</a> (born 1873 – d. 1942)</li> <li>1940–1941: <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Allen_Harker" title="Oswald Allen Harker">Oswald Allen Harker</a> (born 1886 – d. 1968)</li> <li>1941–1946: <a href="/wiki/David_Petrie" title="David Petrie">Sir David Petrie</a> (born 1879 – d. 1961)</li> <li>1946–1953: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Sillitoe" title="Percy Sillitoe">Sir Percy Sillitoe</a> (born 1888 – d. 1962)</li> <li>1953–1956: <a href="/wiki/Dick_White" title="Dick White">Dick White</a> (born 1906 – d. 1993)</li> <li>1956–1965: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Hollis" title="Roger Hollis">Roger Hollis</a> (born 1905 – d. 1973)</li> <li>1965–1972: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Furnival_Jones" title="Martin Furnival Jones">Martin Furnival Jones</a> (born 1912 – d. 1997)</li> <li>1972–1979: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hanley" title="Michael Hanley">Michael Hanley</a> (born 1918 – d. 2001)</li> <li>1979–1981: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Smith_(diplomat)" title="Howard Smith (diplomat)">Howard Smith</a> (born 1919 – d. 1996)</li> <li>1981–1985: <a href="/wiki/John_Jones_(MI5_officer)" title="John Jones (MI5 officer)">John Jones</a> (born 1923 – d. 1998)</li> <li>1985–1988: <a href="/wiki/Antony_Duff" title="Antony Duff">Antony Duff</a> (born 1920 – d. 2000)</li> <li>1988–1992: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Walker_(MI5_officer)" title="Patrick Walker (MI5 officer)">Patrick Walker</a> (born 1932 - d. 2021)</li> <li>1992–1996: <a href="/wiki/Stella_Rimington" title="Stella Rimington">Stella Rimington</a> (born 1935)</li> <li>1996–2002: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lander" title="Stephen Lander">Stephen Lander</a> (born 1947)</li> <li>2002–2007: <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Manningham-Buller" title="Eliza Manningham-Buller">Eliza Manningham-Buller</a> (born 1948)</li> <li>2007–2013: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Evans,_Baron_Evans_of_Weardale" title="Jonathan Evans, Baron Evans of Weardale">Jonathan Evans</a> (born 1958)</li> <li>2013–2020: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Parker,_Baron_Parker_of_Minsmere" title="Andrew Parker, Baron Parker of Minsmere">Andrew Parker</a> (born 1962)</li> <li>2020–present: <a href="/wiki/Ken_McCallum" title="Ken McCallum">Ken McCallum</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Past_names_of_the_Security_Service">Past names of the Security Service</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Past names of the Security Service" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Although the Service is commonly referred to as 'MI5', this was its official name for only thirteen years (1916–1929). However, it is still used as a sub-title on the various pages of the official Security Service website, as well as in their web address (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.MI5.gov.uk">https://www.MI5.gov.uk</a>). <ul><li>October 1909: founded as the Home Section of the Secret Service Bureau;</li> <li>April 1914: became a sub-section of the War Office Directorate of Military Operations, section 5 (MO5) — MO5(g);</li> <li>September 1916: became Military Intelligence section 5 — MI5;</li> <li>1929: renamed the Defence Security Service;</li> <li>1931: renamed the Security Service.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cover_name">Cover name</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cover name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> MI5 has previously used Government Communications Planning Directorate (GCPD) as a cover name when sponsoring research related to drone usage in charging recording devices.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Coat of arms" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="max-width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">Coat of arms of MI5 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="min-width:175px;"> <dl><dt>Notes</dt> <dd><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></dd> <dt>Adopted</dt> <dd>1981</dd> <dt>Motto</dt> <dd>REGNUM DEFENDE</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Machon" title="Annie Machon">Annie Machon</a> – MI5 whistleblower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shayler" class="mw-redirect" title="David Shayler">David Shayler</a> – MI5 whistleblower</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Berne" title="Club de Berne">Club de Berne</a> – a European intelligence sharing forum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Policing" title="Counter Terrorism Policing">Counter Terrorism Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Terrorism_Command" title="Counter Terrorism Command">Counter Terrorism Command</a> – of London's Metropolitan Police Service</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Terrorism_Analysis_Centre" title="Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre">Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre</a> (JTAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protective_Security_Authority" title="National Protective Security Authority">National Protective Security Authority</a> – child agency of MI5 which provides security advice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane" title="Pat Finucane">Pat Finucane</a> – Irish lawyer murdered by Ulster Defence Association members with the collusion of the security service</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ISC_2021-2022-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISC_2021-2022_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isc.independent.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/ISC-Annual-Report-2021%E2%80%932022.pdf">Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament "Annual Report 2021–2022"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474605137" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474605137"><bdi>978-1474605137</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994362312">994362312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agent+Jack+%3A+the+true+story+of+MI5%27s+secret+Nazi+hunter&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994362312&rft.isbn=978-1474605137&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Oliver (2000). Camp 020: MI5 and the Nazi Spies — the official history of MI5's wartime interrogation centre. <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903365-08-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903365-08-3"><bdi>978-1-903365-08-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camp+020%3A+MI5+and+the+Nazi+Spies+%E2%80%94+the+official+history+of+MI5%27s+wartime+interrogation+centre&rft.pub=Public+Record+Office&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-903365-08-3&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCNoakes-41"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCNoakes_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.BBC.co.uk/news/uk-52755565">"Heinrich Himmler: how a fake stamp led to the Nazi SS leader's capture"</a>. www.BBC.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 23 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.BBC.co.uk&rft.atitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+how+a+fake+stamp+led+to+the+Nazi+SS+leader%27s+capture&rft.date=2020-05-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.BBC.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-52755565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mil-Intel-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Mil-Intel_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.MilitaryIntelligenceMuseum.org/sidney-noakes">"Sidney Noakes Intelligence Corps officer with MI5: Himmler's false identity document"</a>. www.MilitaryIntelligenceMuseum.org. Military Intelligence Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525084642/https://www.militaryintelligencemuseum.org/sidney-noakes">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.MilitaryIntelligenceMuseum.org&rft.atitle=Sidney+Noakes+Intelligence+Corps+officer+with+MI5%3A+Himmler%27s+false+identity+document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.MilitaryIntelligenceMuseum.org%2Fsidney-noakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Archive.Official-Documents.co.uk/document/cm47/4779/4779.htm">"Security Service Act 1989"</a>. www.Archive.Official-Documents.co.uk. 4 July 2000. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.Archive.Official-Documents.co.uk&rft.atitle=Security+Service+Act+1989&rft.date=2000-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Archive.Official-Documents.co.uk%2Fdocument%2Fcm47%2F4779%2F4779.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpyTelegraph-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SpyTelegraph_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SpyTelegraph_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2007" class="citation news cs1">Harrison, David (11 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.Telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1569004/Cold-War-rivals-play-at-spy-game.html">"Cold War rivals play at spy game"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.Telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1569004/Cold-War-rivals-play-at-spy-game.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cold+War+rivals+play+at+spy+game&rft.date=2007-11-11&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.Telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1569004%2FCold-War-rivals-play-at-spy-game.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Sinclair,_The_Earl_of_Caithness1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Sinclair,_20th_Earl_of_Caithness" title="Malcolm Sinclair, 20th Earl of Caithness">Malcolm Sinclair, The Earl of Caithness</a>, Minister of State, Home Office (30 November 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1987/nov/30/security-services-ombudsman-access">"Security Services Ombudsman: Access"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. col. 811.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Security+Services+Ombudsman%3A+Access&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-811&rft.pub=House+of+Lords&rft.date=1987-11-30&rft.au=Malcolm+Sinclair%2C+The+Earl+of+Caithness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Flords%2F1987%2Fnov%2F30%2Fsecurity-services-ombudsman-access&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Patten1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Patten,_Baron_Patten" title="John Patten, Baron Patten">John Patten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Under-Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department">Minister for Home Affairs</a> (21 December 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1988/dec/21/official-secrets-bill">"Official Secrets Bill"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a>. <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a>. col. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Official+Secrets+Bill&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.pages=col.-538&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft.date=1988-12-21&rft.au=John+Patten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.parliament.uk%2Fhistoric-hansard%2Fcommons%2F1988%2Fdec%2F21%2Fofficial-secrets-bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollingsworthNorton-Taylor1988" class="citation book cs1">Hollingsworth, Mark; Norton-Taylor, Richard (1988). Blacklist: The Inside Story of Political Vetting. London: <a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth Press</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-70120-811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-70120-811-0"><bdi>978-0-70120-811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blacklist%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+Political+Vetting&rft.place=London&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Hogarth+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-70120-811-0&rft.aulast=Hollingsworth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Norton-Taylor%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://News.BBC.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8288247.stm">"MI5 kept file on former PM Wilson"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=MI5+labelled+the+Archbishop+of+Canterbury+a+subversive+over+anti-Thatcher+campaigns&rft.date=2011-06-18&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Wynne-Jones%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.Telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F8584157%2FMI5-labelled-the-Archbishop-of-Canterbury-a-subversive-over-anti-Thatcher-campaigns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BelfastTelegraph-52"><a href="#cite_ref-BelfastTelegraph_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2012" class="citation news cs1">Clarke, Liam (14 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.BelfastTelegraph.co.uk/news/local-national/northern-ireland/two-exspies-target-mi5-in-landmark-legal-battle-over-payouts-16210559.html">"Two ex-spies target MI6 in landmark legal battle over payouts"</a>. www.BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a>. 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Bloomberg.com. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. 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High Court. 16 December 2020. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rangzieb+Ahmed+-v-+Director+General+of+Security+Service+and+others&rft.pub=High+Court&rft.date=2020-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.judiciary.uk%2Fjudgments%2Frangzieb-ahmed-v-director-general-of-security-service-and-others%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Archive.org/details/defenceofrealmau0000andr/page/85">The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a>. Allen Lane. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Archive.org/details/defenceofrealmau0000andr/page/85">85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99885-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99885-6"><bdi>978-0-713-99885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+the+Realm%3A+The+Authorized+History+of+MI5&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99885-6&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FArchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefenceofrealmau0000andr%2Fpage%2F85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Archive.org/details/defenceofrealmau0000andr/page/117">The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a>. Allen Lane. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Archive.org/details/defenceofrealmau0000andr/page/117">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99885-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-713-99885-6"><bdi>978-0-713-99885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+the+Realm%3A+The+Authorized+History+of+MI5&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-713-99885-6&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FArchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefenceofrealmau0000andr%2Fpage%2F117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew, Christopher (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Archive.org/details/defenceofrealmau0000andr/page/134">The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/National_Audit_Office_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Audit Office (United Kingdom)">National Audit Office</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10556-669-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10556-669-4"><bdi>978-0-10556-669-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222043827/http://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2000/02/9900236.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2014. 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Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.MI5.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Intelligence%2C+counter-terrorism%2C+and+trust&rft.date=2007-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.MI5.gov.uk%2Fhome%2Fabout-us%2Fwho-we-are%2Fstaff-and-management%2Fdirector-general%2Fspeeches-by-the-director-general%2Fintelligence-counter-terrorism-and-trust.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeppard2009" class="citation web cs1">Leppard, David (14 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615225627/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6493658.ece">"Oops! Building firm blurts out secrets of hush-hush MI5 HQ"</a>. www.TimesOnline.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TimesOnline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article6493658.ece">the original</a> on 15 June 2010. 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The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=MI5+involvement+in+drone+project+revealed+in+paperwork+slip-up&rft.date=2021-03-06&rft.aulast=Sabbagh&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fmar%2F06%2Fmi5-involvement-in-drone-project-revealed-in-paperwork-slip-up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mi5.gov.uk/faq">"'MI5 FAQ'"</a>. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27MI5+FAQ%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mi5.gov.uk%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldrichCormac2016" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, R. J.; Cormac, R. (2016). The Black Door: Spies, Secret Intelligence and British Prime Ministers. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-755544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-755544-4"><bdi>978-0-00-755544-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Door%3A+Spies%2C+Secret+Intelligence+and+British+Prime+Ministers&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-00-755544-4&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft.au=Cormac%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Defence_of_the_Realm:_The_Authorized_History_of_MI5" class="mw-redirect" title="The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5">The Defence of the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a>. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-284-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-284-0"><bdi>978-1-84614-284-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+the+Realm%3A+The+Authorized+History+of+MI5&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-284-0&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"> Published as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://Archive.org/details/defendrealmautho00andr">Defend the Realm: The Authorized History of MI5</a>. USA: Knopf. November 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26363-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-26363-6"><bdi>978-0-307-26363-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defend+the+Realm%3A+The+Authorized+History+of+MI5&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=2009-11&rft.isbn=978-0-307-26363-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FArchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdefendrealmautho00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurry1999" class="citation book cs1">Curry, John (1999). The Security Service, 1908–1945. <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office" title="Public Record Office">Public Record Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873162-79-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-873162-79-8"><bdi>978-1-873162-79-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Security+Service%2C+1908%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Public+Record+Office&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-873162-79-8&rft.aulast=Curry&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennesseyThomas2009" class="citation book cs1">Hennessey, Thomas; Thomas, Claire (2009). Spooks: The Unofficial History of MI5 from the First Atom Spy to 7/7, 1945–2009. Amberley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-079-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-079-1"><bdi>978-1-84868-079-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spooks%3A+The+Unofficial+History+of+MI5+from+the+First+Atom+Spy+to+7%2F7%2C+1945%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84868-079-1&rft.aulast=Hennessey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennesseyThomas2010" class="citation book cs1">Hennessey, Thomas; Thomas, Claire (2010). Spooks: The Unofficial History of MI5 from Agent ZIGZAG to the D-Day Deception, 1939–45. Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0184-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-0184-7"><bdi>978-1-4456-0184-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spooks%3A+The+Unofficial+History+of+MI5+from+Agent+ZIGZAG+to+the+D-Day+Deception%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-0184-7&rft.aulast=Hennessey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMachon2005" class="citation book cs1">Machon, A. (2005). Spies, Lies and Whistleblowers: MI5, MI6 and the Shayler Affair. The Book Guild. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85776-952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85776-952-4"><bdi>978-1-85776-952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spies%2C+Lies+and+Whistleblowers%3A+MI5%2C+MI6+and+the+Shayler+Affair&rft.pub=The+Book+Guild&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85776-952-4&rft.aulast=Machon&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Milne, Seumas</a> (2014). <a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within:_The_Secret_War_Against_the_Miners" class="mw-redirect" title="The Enemy Within: The Secret War Against the Miners">The Enemy Within: The Secret War Against the Miners</a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-342-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-342-2"><bdi>978-1-78168-342-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+Within%3A+The+Secret+War+Against+the+Miners&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-342-2&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2006" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Christopher J. (2006). Security and Special Operations: SOE and MI5 During the Second World War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00241-8"><bdi>978-0-230-00241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+and+Special+Operations%3A+SOE+and+MI5+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-230-00241-8&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincher2011" class="citation book cs1">Pincher, Chapman (2011). Treachery Betrayals, Blunders and Cover Ups: Six Decades of Espionage. Mainstream Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78057-540-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78057-540-7"><bdi>978-1-78057-540-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treachery+Betrayals%2C+Blunders+and+Cover+Ups%3A+Six+Decades+of+Espionage&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-78057-540-7&rft.aulast=Pincher&rft.aufirst=Chapman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinlan2014" class="citation book cs1">Quinlan, Kevin (2014). The Secret War Between the Wars: MI5 in the 1920s and the 1930s. Bowyer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-938-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-938-5"><bdi>978-1-84383-938-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+War+Between+the+Wars%3A+MI5+in+the+1920s+and+the+1930s&rft.pub=Bowyer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-938-5&rft.aulast=Quinlan&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRimington2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stella_Rimington" title="Stella Rimington">Rimington, Stella</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abebooks.com/servlet/BookDetailsPL?bi=2226267574&searchurl=kn%3Drimington%2520memoirs%26sts%3Dt">Open Secret: The Autobiography of the Former Director-General of MI5</a>. Hutchinson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09943-672-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09943-672-0"><bdi>978-0-09943-672-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Secret%3A+The+Autobiography+of+the+Former+Director-General+of+MI5&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-09943-672-0&rft.aulast=Rimington&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Fservlet%2FBookDetailsPL%3Fbi%3D2226267574%26searchurl%3Dkn%253Drimington%252520memoirs%2526sts%253Dt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Martin (2008). Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder after 1914. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52025-117-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52025-117-5"><bdi>978-0-52025-117-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+Intelligence%3A+Security+Services+and+Colonial+Disorder+after+1914&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-52025-117-5&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurlow1994" class="citation book cs1">Thurlow, R. (1994). The Secret State: British Internal Security in the Twentieth Century. Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16066-3"><bdi>978-0-631-16066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+State%3A+British+Internal+Security+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-631-16066-3&rft.aulast=Thurlow&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_West" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigel West">West, Nigel</a> (1981). A British Security Service Operations, 1939–1945. Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30324-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-370-30324-6"><bdi>978-0-370-30324-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+British+Security+Service+Operations%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-370-30324-6&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1982" class="citation book cs1">West, Nigel (1982). A Matter of Trust: MI5, 1945–72. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-33781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-33781-3"><bdi>978-0-340-33781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Matter+of+Trust%3A+MI5%2C+1945%E2%80%9372&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-340-33781-3&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2012" class="citation book cs1">West, Nigel (2012). Mask: MI5's Penetration of the Communist Party of Great Britain. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35145-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35145-4"><bdi>978-0-415-35145-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mask%3A+MI5%27s+Penetration+of+the+Communist+Party+of+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35145-4&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMI5" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Security_Service_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Security Service of the United Kingdom">Security Service of the United Kingdom</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mi5.gov.uk">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210175#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MI5&oldid=1279451383">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MI5&oldid=1279451383</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=MI5&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 March 2025, at 17:26 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3" title="المكتب الخامس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المكتب الخامس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%DB%8C%DB%B5" title="ام‌آی۵ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ام‌آی۵" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%985" title="МИ5 – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="МИ5" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%89%E5%B1%80_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9)" title="保安局 (イギリス) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="保安局 (イギリス)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Service" title="Security Service – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Security Service" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87" title="หน่วยความมั่นคง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยความมั่นคง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5" title="MI5 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MI5" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E5%B1%80" title="英國安全局 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="英國安全局" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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