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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Malabar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 South Malabar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Malabar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Ancient era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Early Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Kozhikode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Kozhikode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Rise of Kozhikode </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Kozhikode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Malabar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Malabar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 North Malabar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Malabar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_era_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_era_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Ancient era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_era_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Early Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Late Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Portuguese influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Mysore_Sultans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Mysore_Sultans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Under Mysore Sultans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Mysore_Sultans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Colonial period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chirakkal_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chirakkal_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Chirakkal Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chirakkal_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kolathunadu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolathunadu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.1 Kolathunadu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolathunadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Randathara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Randathara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.2 Randathara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Randathara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kottayam_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kottayam_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Kottayam Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kottayam_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_English_Settlement_at_Tellicherry_and_Dharmapattanam_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_English_Settlement_at_Tellicherry_and_Dharmapattanam_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.1 The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_English_Settlement_at_Tellicherry_and_Dharmapattanam_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iruvazhinadu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iruvazhinadu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.2 Iruvazhinadu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iruvazhinadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurangott_Nayar_Nadu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurangott_Nayar_Nadu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.3 Kurangott Nayar Nadu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurangott_Nayar_Nadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kottayam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kottayam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2.4 Kottayam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kottayam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wynad_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wynad_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Wynad Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wynad_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Wynad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Wynad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3.1 North Wynad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Wynad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Wynad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Wynad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3.2 South Wynad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Wynad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Wynad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Wynad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3.3 Southeast Wynad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Wynad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurumbranad_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurumbranad_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 Kurumbranad Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurumbranad_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kadathanad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kadathanad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4.1 Kadathanad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kadathanad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payyormala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payyormala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4.2 Payyormala </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payyormala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Payanadu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Payanadu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4.3 Payanadu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Payanadu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurumbranad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurumbranad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4.4 Kurumbranad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurumbranad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thamarassery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thamarassery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4.5 Thamarassery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thamarassery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Kozhikode Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Polanad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polanad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5.1 Polanad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polanad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beypore_(Northern_Parappanad)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beypore_(Northern_Parappanad)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5.2 Beypore (Northern Parappanad) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beypore_(Northern_Parappanad)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puzhavayi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puzhavayi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5.3 Puzhavayi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puzhavayi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ernad_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ernad_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6 Ernad Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ernad_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parappur_(Southern_Parappanad)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parappur_(Southern_Parappanad)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6.1 Parappur (Southern Parappanad) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parappur_(Southern_Parappanad)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramanad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramanad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6.2 Ramanad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramanad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheranad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheranad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6.3 Cheranad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheranad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eranad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eranad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.6.4 Eranad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eranad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walluvanad_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walluvanad_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7 Walluvanad Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walluvanad_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vellatiri_(Walluvanad_Proper)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vellatiri_(Walluvanad_Proper)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7.1 Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vellatiri_(Walluvanad_Proper)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Walluvanad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walluvanad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7.2 Walluvanad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walluvanad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nedunganad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nedunganad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7.3 Nedunganad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nedunganad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kavalappara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kavalappara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.7.4 Kavalappara </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kavalappara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ponnani_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ponnani_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8 Ponnani Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ponnani_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vettathunad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vettathunad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8.1 Vettathunad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vettathunad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koottanad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koottanad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8.2 Koottanad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koottanad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chavakkad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chavakkad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8.3 Chavakkad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chavakkad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Island_of_Chetvai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Island_of_Chetvai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.8.4 The Island of Chetvai </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Island_of_Chetvai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palghat_Taluk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palghat_Taluk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.9 Palghat Taluk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palghat_Taluk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Palghat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palghat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.9.1 Palghat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palghat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temmalapuram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temmalapuram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.9.2 Temmalapuram </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Temmalapuram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naduvattam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naduvattam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.9.3 Naduvattam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naduvattam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exceptional_Nadus_(1887)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exceptional_Nadus_(1887)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.10 Exceptional Nadus (1887) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exceptional_Nadus_(1887)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cannanore_and_Laccadive_Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannanore_and_Laccadive_Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.10.1 Cannanore and Laccadive Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannanore_and_Laccadive_Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_settlements_at_Cochin_(Fort_Cochin_Taluk)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_settlements_at_Cochin_(Fort_Cochin_Taluk)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.10.2 Dutch settlements at Cochin (Fort Cochin Taluk) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_settlements_at_Cochin_(Fort_Cochin_Taluk)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Dutch_settlement_at_Thangacherry_and_the_English_Settlement_at_Anjengo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dutch_settlement_at_Thangacherry_and_the_English_Settlement_at_Anjengo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.10.3 The Dutch settlement at Thangacherry and the English Settlement at Anjengo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dutch_settlement_at_Thangacherry_and_the_English_Settlement_at_Anjengo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.11 Political and social movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Post-Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Administrative divisions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thalassery_Revenue_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thalassery_Revenue_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Thalassery Revenue Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thalassery_Revenue_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taluks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taluks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Taluks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taluks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kozhikode_Revenue_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kozhikode_Revenue_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Kozhikode Revenue Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kozhikode_Revenue_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taluks_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taluks_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Taluks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taluks_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malappuram_Revenue_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malappuram_Revenue_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Malappuram Revenue Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malappuram_Revenue_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taluks_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taluks_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Taluks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taluks_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palakkad_Revenue_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palakkad_Revenue_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Palakkad Revenue Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palakkad_Revenue_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Taluks_4" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taluks_4"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Taluks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taluks_4-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_Cochin_Revenue_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Cochin_Revenue_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Fort Cochin Revenue Division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Cochin_Revenue_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Towns_and_Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns_and_Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Towns and Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns_and_Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Abbreviations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1951_Census_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951_Census_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 1951 Census of India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951_Census_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Local bodies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Representatives_from_Malabar_to_Madras_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representatives_from_Malabar_to_Madras_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Representatives from Malabar to Madras State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representatives_from_Malabar_to_Madras_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1951–52_Indian_general_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1951–52_Indian_general_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 1951–52 Indian general election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1951–52_Indian_general_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952_Madras_Legislative_Assembly_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952_Madras_Legislative_Assembly_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952_Madras_Legislative_Assembly_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malabar_Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malabar_Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Malabar Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malabar_Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_from_Malabar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_from_Malabar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable people from Malabar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_from_Malabar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_day_taluks_and_islands_in_erstwhile_Malabar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_day_taluks_and_islands_in_erstwhile_Malabar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Modern day taluks and islands in erstwhile Malabar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_day_taluks_and_islands_in_erstwhile_Malabar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historical maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a 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data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_(Distrikt)" title="Malabar (Distrikt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Malabar (Distrikt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_de_Malabar" title="District de Malabar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="District de Malabar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2" title="മലബാർ ജില്ല – Malayalam" lang="ml" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Malabar_District&params=12.010650_N_75.270390_E_source:mlwiki_region:IN-KL_type:landmark">12°00′38″N 75°16′13″E / 12.010650°N 75.270390°E / 12.010650; 75.270390</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Administrative district of Bombay and later Madras from 1792 to 1956</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the administrative district of colonial British India. For similarly named places, see <a href="/wiki/Malabar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Malabar (disambiguation)">Malabar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow 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.ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Malabar District</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/District_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="District (India)">District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1792–1956</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_District_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Malabar_District_Map.jpg/220px-Malabar_District_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Malabar_District_Map.jpg/330px-Malabar_District_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Malabar_District_Map.jpg/440px-Malabar_District_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3402" data-file-height="5444" /></a> Malabar District with revenue divisions and taluks</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-former-subdiv-fake-li">• 1951</div></th><td class="infobox-data">15,027<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> km2 (5,802 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,758,842<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">District collector</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Territories ceded by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> attached to <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1792</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Divided into <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1793</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Attached to <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1800</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reorganisation of <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1860</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Transferred <a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandalur" title="Pandalur">Pandalur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1877</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Became part of <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1950</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> was added and became part of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1956</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Divided into the five districts of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1956</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Arakkal_flag_1.png/20px-Arakkal_flag_1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Arakkal_flag_1.png/30px-Arakkal_flag_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Arakkal_flag_1.png/40px-Arakkal_flag_1.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="195" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Nilagiri_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Nilagiri district">Nilagiri district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam district</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/20px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/40px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> Malabar District, also known as British Malabar or simply Malabar<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> was an administrative district on the southwestern <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> (1792–1800),<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> (1800–1950) and finally, <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a> (1950–1956) in India. It was the most populous and the third-largest district in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Madras_State" title="Madras State">Madras State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The historic town of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> was the administrative headquarters of this district.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> The district included the present-day districts of <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (excluding <a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur taluk</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chavakad" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavakad">Chavakad Taluk</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur Taluk</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a> (former part of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani Taluk">Ponnani Taluk</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam district</a> in the northern and central parts of present <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> state, the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep Islands</a>, and a major portion of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. The detached settlements of <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a>, which were British colonies within the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> in southern Kerala, also formed part of Malabar District until 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar_and_Anjengo-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> was the administrative as well as the most spoken <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Malabar district. <a href="/wiki/Jeseri" title="Jeseri">Jeseri</a>, a distinct dialect of Malayalam, was spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a>. Malabar District merged with the erstwhile state of <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a> (1950–1956) to form <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kerala-6">[6]</a> On the same day, the present <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod district</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> District was also attached to Malabar, and the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a> Islands of Malabar were reorganised to form a new Union Territory.<a href="#cite_note-Kerala-6">[6]</a> Malabar was trifurcated to form the districts of <a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> on 1 January 1957. The city of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> was the capital of Malabar. Malabar was divided into <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> in 1793 for administrative convenience, with their regional headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a> (Later changed to <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a>) respectively. During the <a href="/wiki/British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule">British rule</a>, Malabar's chief importance lay in its production of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_pepper" title="Malabar pepper">Malabar pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiles">tiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In the old administrative records of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, it is recorded that the most remarkable plantation owned by Government in the erstwhile Madras Presidency was the Teak plantation at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> planted in 1844.<a href="#cite_note-Mbsp-11">[11]</a> The District of Malabar and the ports at <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> had some sort of importance in the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> as it was one of the two districts of the Presidency that lies on the Western <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, thus accessing the marine route through <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. The first railway line of Kerala from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> in 1861 was laid for it. The work <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Manual" title="Malabar Manual">Malabar Manual</a> (1887) authored by <a href="/wiki/William_Logan_(author)" title="William Logan (author)">William Logan</a> in two volumes explains the characteristics of Malabar. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg/220px-1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg/330px-1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg/440px-1652_Sanson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-sanson-1652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1966" /></a><figcaption>A 1652 Map of India (Malabar is highlighted separately on the right side)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen,_1744.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/220px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/330px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/440px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A 1744 map of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></figcaption></figure> The district lay between the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> on the west, <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara District</a> on the north, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> (the princely states of <a href="/wiki/Coorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Coorg">Coorg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> districts) to the east, and the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> to the south. The district covered an area of 15,027 square kilometres (5,802 sq mi), and extended 233 km (145 mi) along the coast and 40–120 kilometers (25–75 miles) inland. The name Mala-bar means the "hillside slopes".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] All the major pre-independence political parties of Kerala such as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> started their functioning in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> at Malabar District as a part of the freedom struggle. <a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">KPCC</a> was formed in 1921 at <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a>, on the bank of river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> In July 1937, a clandestine meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_Socialist_Party" title="Congress Socialist Party">CSP</a>, which was the political party formed by socialists of Congress, was held at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The CPI in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> was formed on 31 December 1939 with the <a href="/wiki/Pinarayi" title="Pinarayi">Pinarayi</a> Conference, held near <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> It was the erstwhile leaders of Congress Socialist Party, such as <a href="/wiki/P._Krishna_Pillai" title="P. Krishna Pillai">P. Krishna Pillai</a>, <a href="/wiki/K._Damodaran" title="K. Damodaran">K. Damodaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a>, who formed the CPI branch in Kerala. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">Indian Union Muslim League</a> was also formed in the 1930s, on a meeting held at <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Until the arrival of British, the term Malabar was used in foreign trade circles as a general name for <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Etymology_of_Malabar-15">[15]</a> Earlier, the term Malabar had also been used to denote <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari_district" title="Kanyakumari district">Kanyakumari</a> which lie contiguous to Kerala in the southwestern coast of India, in addition to the modern state of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The people of Malabar were known as <a href="/wiki/Malabars" title="Malabars">Malabars</a>. Still the term <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> is often used to denote the entire southwestern coast of India. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> (6th century CE) itself, the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> sailors used to call Kerala as Male. The first element of the name, however, is attested already in the Topography written by <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a>. This mentions a pepper emporium called Male, which clearly gave its name to Malabar ('the country of Male'). The name Male is thought to come from the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> word Mala ('hill').<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> (AD 973 – 1048) must have been the first writer to call this state Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-Etymology_of_Malabar-15">[15]</a> Authors such as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> mention Malabar ports in their works.<a href="#cite_note-KMMohammad-20">[20]</a> The Arab writers had called this place Malibar, Manibar, Mulibar, and Munibar. Malabar is reminiscent of the word Malanad which means the land of hills. According to <a href="/wiki/William_Logan_(author)" title="William Logan (author)">William Logan</a>, the word Malabar comes from a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a> word Mala (hill) and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Language">Persian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word Barr (country/continent).<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_district.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Malabar_district.jpg/220px-Malabar_district.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Malabar_district.jpg/330px-Malabar_district.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Malabar_district.jpg/440px-Malabar_district.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Important towns in the erstwhile Malabar District</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malabar_1854.jpg/220px-Malabar_1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malabar_1854.jpg/330px-Malabar_1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Malabar_1854.jpg/440px-Malabar_1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5259" data-file-height="6171" /></a><figcaption>An old map of Malabar District (1854). Note that the taluks <a href="/wiki/Pandalur_taluk" title="Pandalur taluk">Pandalur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudalur_taluk" title="Gudalur taluk">Gudalur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kundah_taluk" title="Kundah taluk">Kundah</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> were parts of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> Taluk in 1854. The <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a> of Malabar were rearranged in 1860 and 1877.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Malabar">South Malabar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: South Malabar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavalappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalappara">Kavalappara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/220px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/330px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png/440px-Map_of_Kampili_kingdom.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><figcaption>India in early 1320 CE. Note that most of the parts of present-day state of Kerala was under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Kozhikode.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/220px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/330px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png/440px-Caminho_maritimo_para_a_India.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>The path <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> took to reach <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (black line) in 1498, which was also the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">discovery of a sea route</a> from Europe to India, and eventually paved way for the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">European colonisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Kozhikode</a> was residing at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/220px-Uru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/330px-Uru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Uru.jpg/440px-Uru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a>, a type of ship built at <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_era">Ancient era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient era">edit</a>]</div> The ancient maritime port of <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>, which was then a centre of trade with <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, is roughly identified with <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Kadalundi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a>. Tyndis was a major center of trade, next only to Muziris, between the Cheras and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The River <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> (River Ponnani) had importance since <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (1st–4th century CE), due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> which connected the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a> with <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Coromandel coast">Coromandel coast</a> through inland.<a href="#cite_note-Trade-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> (1st century CE) states that the port of <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos (<a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>).<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> region, which lies north of the port at <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>, was ruled by the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-odra-26">[26]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a>, a region known as <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a> began at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Naura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a>. However the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> mentions only <a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a>'s starting point. The region probably ended at <a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a>; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Sesterces" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesterces">sesterces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> mentioned that <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a> was prone by pirates.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_Indicopleustes" title="Cosmas Indicopleustes">Cosmas Indicopleustes</a> mentioned that the <a href="/wiki/Limyrike" title="Limyrike">Limyrike</a> was a source of peppers.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Three inscriptions those date back to 932 CE, those were found from <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, mention the name of <a href="/wiki/Goda_Ravi" title="Goda Ravi">Goda Ravi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Narayanan-31">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a> inscription states about the agreement of <a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Narayanan-31">[31]</a> Several inscriptions written in <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a> those date back to the 10th century CE, have found from <a href="/wiki/Sukapuram" title="Sukapuram">Sukapuram</a> near <a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a>, which was one of the 64 old <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> villages of Kerala. Descriptions about the rulers of <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a> regions can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_copper_plates_of_Cochin" title="Jewish copper plates of Cochin">Jewish copper plates</a> of Bhaskara Ravi Varman (around 1000 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Viraraghava_copper_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraraghava copper plates">Viraraghava copper plates</a> of Veera Raghava Chakravarthy (around 1225 CE).<a href="#cite_note-mh-32">[32]</a> Eranad was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Samanthan_Nair" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanthan Nair">Samanthan Nair</a> clan known as <a href="/wiki/Eradi" title="Eradi">Eradis</a>, similar to the <a href="/wiki/M._K._Vellodi" title="M. K. Vellodi">Vellodis</a> of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Nedunganad</a>. The rulers of Valluvanad were known by the title Eralppad/Eradi. It was the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> who later became the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> by annexing the port town of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> from Polanad, which was vassal to <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>. The ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> also traces back to <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>. South Malabar was also the seat of the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>. Parappanad royal family is a cousin dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Travancore_royal_family" title="Travancore royal family">Travancore royal family</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvanchery Thamprakkal</a> were the feudal lords of <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Mamankam_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamankam festival">Mamankam festival</a>, lies on the bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_Kozhikode">Rise of Kozhikode</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rise of Kozhikode">edit</a>]</div> In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> region from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a>, which were under the control of the king of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Perumbadappu Swaroopam</a> (Cochin). The ruler of <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Perumpadappu</a> was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from <a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>. In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> During the 15th century <a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a> was important in the history of Malabar, where some warriors lived, most notably puthooram veettil <a href="/wiki/Aromal_Chekavar" title="Aromal Chekavar">Aromal Chekavar</a> and his sister <a href="/wiki/Unniyarcha" title="Unniyarcha">Unniyarcha</a>, chieftains of martial arts.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-unni2nn-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> was the largest city in the Indian state of Kerala under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, an independent kingdom based at Kozhikode. It remained so until the 18th century CE. The port at Kozhikode was the gateway to <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South Indian</a> coast for the <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch</a>, and finally the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Clt-36">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar" title="Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkars</a>, who were the naval chief of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.<a href="#cite_note-AsianAge-Navy-37">[37]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, Kozhikode became the headquarters of Malabar District, one of the two districts in the western coast of erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>. The port at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-38">[38]</a> The Portuguese arrived at <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> in 1498 during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to South Asia.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kallingal_Madathil_Rarichan_Moopan" title="Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan">Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan</a> and Pullambil Moopan and Vamala Moopan families were very prominent among those who said that two centuries ago, some <a href="/wiki/Jenmi" title="Jenmi">Jenmis</a> in Kozhikode were engaged in sea trade and shipping.<a href="#cite_note-12n-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> At the peak of their reign, the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorins of Kozhikode</a> ruled over a region from Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>) in the south to Panthalayini Kollam (<a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a>) in the north.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-43">[43]</a> They were the most powerful rulers on <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> was the largest city of Kerala until the Portuguese era. The <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, who was originally the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a>, developed the port at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and changed his headquarters to there for maritime trade. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> (1342–1347), who visited the city of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city. He describes Kozhikode as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found". The king of this place, he says, "shaves his chin just as the Haidari Fakeers of Rome do... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit-out others like them".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> (1403 AD), the Chinese sailor part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho (<a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a>)<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> states the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. He makes note of the 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes (followed to this day), and the matrilineal system of succession. <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Razzaq_(traveller)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdur Razzaq (traveller)">Abdur Razzak</a> (1442–43), <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_de%27_Conti" title="Niccolò de' Conti">Niccolò de' Conti</a> (1445), <a href="/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin" title="Afanasy Nikitin">Afanasy Nikitin</a> (1468–74), <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_di_Varthema" title="Ludovico di Varthema">Ludovico di Varthema</a> (1503–1508), and <a href="/wiki/Duarte_Barbosa" title="Duarte Barbosa">Duarte Barbosa</a> witnessed the city as one of the major trading centres in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> where traders from different parts of the world could be seen.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> used to adopt members from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> in the medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> Being home to the prominent figures like <a href="/wiki/Thunchaththu_Ezhuthachan" title="Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan">Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poonthanam_Nambudiri" title="Poonthanam Nambudiri">Poonthanam Nambudiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunchan_Nambiar" title="Kunchan Nambiar">Kunchan Nambiar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a>, South Malabar was the cultural capital of medieval Kerala. The <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries. In attempting to solve astronomical problems, the Kerala school independently created a number of important mathematics concepts, including <a href="/wiki/Series_expansion" title="Series expansion">series expansion</a> for trigonometric functions.<a href="#cite_note-roy-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Kerala School of Astronomy and Mathematics was based at <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Vettathunadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur region</a>) of South Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-roy-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> were the three major port cities in South Malabar region, while the minor trading ports included <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaliyam" title="Chaliyam">Chaliyam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-43">[43]</a> The coastal <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a> in inland, and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> in the hilly region formed other major kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> region in the medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marthanda_Varma" title="Marthanda Varma">Marthanda Varma</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, belongs to <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> royal family. In 1664, the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a>, making it the first municipality in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-d_1664-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Malabar">North Malabar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: North Malabar">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kingdom of Kottayam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadathanadu" title="Kadathanadu">Kadathanadu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Angelo_Fort,_Kannur.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/St._Angelo_Fort%2C_Kannur.JPG/220px-St._Angelo_Fort%2C_Kannur.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/St._Angelo_Fort%2C_Kannur.JPG/330px-St._Angelo_Fort%2C_Kannur.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/St._Angelo_Fort%2C_Kannur.JPG/440px-St._Angelo_Fort%2C_Kannur.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappila_Bay_Fishing_Harbour3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mappila_Bay_Fishing_Harbour3.jpg/220px-Mappila_Bay_Fishing_Harbour3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mappila_Bay_Fishing_Harbour3.jpg/330px-Mappila_Bay_Fishing_Harbour3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mappila_Bay_Fishing_Harbour3.jpg/440px-Mappila_Bay_Fishing_Harbour3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mappila_Bay" title="Mappila Bay">Mappila Bay</a> harbour at <a href="/wiki/Ayikkara" title="Ayikkara">Ayikkara</a>. On one side, there is <a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a> (built in 1505) and on the other side is <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal palace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Cannanore,_1572.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/City_of_Cannanore%2C_1572.jpg/220px-City_of_Cannanore%2C_1572.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/City_of_Cannanore%2C_1572.jpg/330px-City_of_Cannanore%2C_1572.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/City_of_Cannanore%2C_1572.jpg/440px-City_of_Cannanore%2C_1572.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="1527" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of Kannur drawn in 1572, from <a href="/wiki/Georg_Braun" title="Georg Braun">Georg Braun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frans_Hogenberg" title="Frans Hogenberg">Frans Hogenberg</a>'s atlas Civitates orbis terrarum, Volume I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cannonore_fort_%26_Bay%27;_a_watercolor_by_John_Johnston,_c.1795-1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cannonore_fort_%26_Bay%27%3B_a_watercolor_by_John_Johnston%2C_c.1795-1801.jpg/220px-Cannonore_fort_%26_Bay%27%3B_a_watercolor_by_John_Johnston%2C_c.1795-1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cannonore_fort_%26_Bay%27%3B_a_watercolor_by_John_Johnston%2C_c.1795-1801.jpg/330px-Cannonore_fort_%26_Bay%27%3B_a_watercolor_by_John_Johnston%2C_c.1795-1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cannonore_fort_%26_Bay%27%3B_a_watercolor_by_John_Johnston%2C_c.1795-1801.jpg/440px-Cannonore_fort_%26_Bay%27%3B_a_watercolor_by_John_Johnston%2C_c.1795-1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Kannur fort and Bay; a watercolor by John Johnston (1795–1801)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_era_2">Ancient era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient era">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> was the seat of powerful kingdom based at <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangam period">Sangam period</a> (1st–5th century CE). The ancient port of Naura, which is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a> as a port somewhere north of <a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a> is identified with <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ente_Kannur-51">[51]</a> The kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> had jurisdiction over two Nadus - The coastal Poozhinadu and the hilly eastern Karkanadu. According to the works of <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a>, Poozhinadu consisted much of the coastal belt between <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Census_Handbook-52">[52]</a> Karkanadu consisted of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur</a> hilly region with parts of <a href="/wiki/Kodagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu">Kodagu</a> (Coorg).<a href="#cite_note-wnd-53">[53]</a> It is said that Nannan, the most renowned ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> dynasty, took refuge at <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> hills in the 5th century CE when he was lost to <a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Cheras</a>, just before his execution in a battle, according to the <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam works</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wnd-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Middle_Ages_2">Early Middle Ages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Ezhimala kingdom was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Mushika_dynasty" title="Mushika dynasty">Mushika dynasty</a> in the early medieval period, most possibly due to the migration of <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Brahmin" title="Tuluva Brahmin">Tuluva Brahmins</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>. The Indian anthropologist <a href="/wiki/A._Aiyappan" title="A. Aiyappan">Ayinapalli Aiyappan</a> states that a powerful and warlike clan of the <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunt community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> was called Kola Bari and the Kolathiri Raja of Kolathunadu was a descendant of this clan.<a href="#cite_note-Aiyappan-54">[54]</a> The Kolathunadu (<a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>) Kingdom at the peak of its power, reportedly extended from <a href="/wiki/Netravati_River" title="Netravati River">Netravati River</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>) in the north to <a href="/wiki/Korapuzha" title="Korapuzha">Korapuzha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>) in the south with <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> on the west and <a href="/wiki/Kodagu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodagu">Kodagu</a> hills on the eastern boundary, also including the isolated islands of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kola_Swaroopam-55">[55]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Old_Malayalam" title="Old Malayalam">Old Malayalam</a> inscription (<a href="/wiki/Ramanthali_inscriptions" title="Ramanthali inscriptions">Ramanthali inscriptions</a>), dated to 1075 CE, mentioning king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Alupa_dynasty" title="Alupa dynasty">Alupa dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>, can be found at <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezhimala">Ezhimala</a> (the former headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Mushika_dynasty" title="Mushika dynasty">Mushika dynasty</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> inscription on a copper slab within the <a href="/wiki/Madayi_Palli" class="mw-redirect" title="Madayi Palli">Madayi Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> records its foundation year as 1124 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Madayi-57">[57]</a> In his book on travels (<a href="/wiki/Il_Milione" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Milione">Il Milione</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> recounts his visit to the area in the mid 1290s. Other visitors included <a href="/wiki/Faxian" title="Faxian">Faxian</a>, the Buddhist pilgrim and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Batuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Batuta">Ibn Batuta</a>, writer and historian of <a href="/wiki/Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangiers">Tangiers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington,_soldier_and_statesman,_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_(1904)_(14593177119).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/220px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/330px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/440px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>An old map of India in 1804. Note that only <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, are marked as cities within the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></figcaption></figure> Until the 16th century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Kasargod" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasargod">Kasargod</a> town was known by the name Kanhirakode (may be by the meaning, 'The land of Kanhira Trees') in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kanhirakode-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a> dynasty, who swayed over the land of southern <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> wedged between <a href="/wiki/Payaswini" class="mw-redirect" title="Payaswini">Chandragiri River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netravati_River" title="Netravati River">Netravati River</a> (including present-day Taluks of <a href="/wiki/Manjeshwar" title="Manjeshwar">Manjeshwar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a>) from Maipady Palace at <a href="/wiki/Kumbla" title="Kumbla">Kumbla</a>, had also been vassals to the <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Carnatic</a> conquests of <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The Kumbla dynasty had a mixed lineage of <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Brahmin" title="Tuluva Brahmin">Tuluva Brahmins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> They also claimed their origin from <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Cheraman Perumals</a> of Kerala.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan-Hamilton</a> states that the customs of Kumbla dynasty were similar to those of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> kings, though Kumbla was considered as the southernmost region of <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> Just like other contemporary kings of Kerala in the medieval period, The powerful Kolathu Raja also came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> later. The <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> in the late medieval period emerged into independent 10 principalities i.e., <a href="/wiki/Kadathanadu" title="Kadathanadu">Kadathanadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vadakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakara">Vadakara</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Randathara</a> or Poyanad (<a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kottayam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a>, Iruvazhinadu (<a href="/wiki/Panoor_(Municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoor (Municipality)">Panoor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a> etc., under separate royal chieftains due to the outcome of internal dissensions.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nileshwaram" title="Nileshwaram">Nileshwaram</a> dynasty on the northernmost part of <a href="/wiki/Kolathiri" title="Kolathiri">Kolathiri</a> dominion, were relatives to both Kolathunadu as well as the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a>, in the early medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-Neeleswaram_fete-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> was an important trading centre in the 12th century, with active business connections with <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>. It served as the <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British</a> military headquarters on India's west coast until 1887. <a href="/wiki/Kannur_Cantonment" title="Kannur Cantonment">Kannur Cantonment</a> is the only cantonment board in Kerala. Kannur was the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>, one of the four powerful kingdoms who ruled <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Kerala</a> during the medieval period. <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakkal Kingdom">Arakkal Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chirakkal_Raja" title="Chirakkal Raja">Chirakkal kingdom</a> were two vassal kingdoms based in the city of Kannur. The port at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> held the superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather.<a href="#cite_note-Malekandathil-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a> was built in 1505 by Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a>, the first Portuguese Viceroy of India. The Dutch captured the fort from the Portuguese in 1663. They modernized the fort and built the bastions Hollandia, Zeelandia, and Frieslandia that are the major features of the present structure. The original Portuguese fort was pulled down later. A painting of this fort and the fishing ferry behind it can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_Amsterdam" class="mw-redirect" title="Rijksmuseum Amsterdam">Rijksmuseum Amsterdam</a>. The Dutch sold the fort to the king <a href="/wiki/Ali_Raja" title="Ali Raja">Ali Raja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arakkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakkal">Arakkal</a> in 1772. The British <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Cannanore" title="Capture of Cannanore">conquered it</a> in 1790 and used it as one of their major military stations on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>. During the 17th century, Kannur was the capital city of the only <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Sultanate in the Malabar region – <a href="/wiki/Arakkal" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakkal">Arakkal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anathapuri-61">[61]</a> The Ali Rajas of <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, who were the vassals of the <a href="/wiki/Kolathiri" title="Kolathiri">Kolathiri</a>, ruled over the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-MorseStephens1897-62">[62]</a> In 1761, the British captured <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a>, and the settlement was handed over to the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kadathanadu" title="Kadathanadu">Kadathanadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-63">[63]</a> The British restored <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> to the French as a part of the 1763 Treaty of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-63">[63]</a> In 1779, the Anglo-French war broke out, resulting in the French loss of <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-63">[63]</a> In 1783, the British agreed to restore to the French their settlements in India, and <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> was handed over to the French in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-Mahé-63">[63]</a> In conjunction with her sister city, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, it was the third-largest city on the western coast of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> in the 18th century after <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a> were two major coastal towns in North Malabar region besides Kannur and Thalassery.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_influences">Portuguese influences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portuguese influences">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minister_Kuruppu%27s_Arabic_letter_to_da_Gama_(1524).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Minister_Kuruppu%27s_Arabic_letter_to_da_Gama_%281524%29.jpg/200px-Minister_Kuruppu%27s_Arabic_letter_to_da_Gama_%281524%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Minister_Kuruppu%27s_Arabic_letter_to_da_Gama_%281524%29.jpg/300px-Minister_Kuruppu%27s_Arabic_letter_to_da_Gama_%281524%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Minister_Kuruppu%27s_Arabic_letter_to_da_Gama_%281524%29.jpg/400px-Minister_Kuruppu%27s_Arabic_letter_to_da_Gama_%281524%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4767" data-file-height="5605" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kolathiri" title="Kolathiri">Kolattiri Raja</a>'s minister Kuruppu's <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> letter to <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> (1524)</figcaption></figure> The maritime <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> monopoly in the Indian Ocean stayed with the Arabs during the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High</a> and <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. However, the dominance of Middle East traders was challenged in the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Vasco_Da_Gama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasco Da Gama">Vasco Da Gama</a>'s arrival in <a href="/wiki/Kappad" title="Kappad">Kappad</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> in 1498, the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese</a> began to dominate eastern shipping, and the spice-trade in particular.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curtin1984-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of Kozhikode permitted the new visitors to trade with his subjects such that Portuguese trade in Kozhikode prospered with the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> and a fort. However, Portuguese attacks on Arab properties in his jurisdiction provoked the Zamorin and led to conflicts between them. The ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>, who was a vassal to the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Vettathunadu</a>) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> also sided with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th members were selected from <a href="/wiki/Vettom_Grama_Panchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom Grama Panchayath">Vettom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cochin_(1504)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cochin (1504)">Battle of Cochin (1504)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> However, the allegiance of the <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a> merchants in <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> region still stayed under the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kanhirakode-58">[58]</a> The Portuguese took advantage of the rivalry between the Zamorin and the King of Kochi allied with Kochi. When <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> was appointed as Viceroy of Portuguese India in 1505, his headquarters was established at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Emmanuel" title="Fort Emmanuel">Fort Emmanuel</a>) rather than in Kozhikode. During his reign, the Portuguese managed to dominate relations with Kochi and established a few fortresses on the Malabar Coast.<a href="#cite_note-Mehta2005-67">[67]</a> Fort St Angelo or <a href="/wiki/St._Angelo_Fort" title="St. Angelo Fort">St. Angelo Fort</a> was built at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> in 1505 and <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_Fort" title="St Thomas Fort">Fort St Thomas</a> was built at <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>(Quilon) in 1518 by the Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> However, the Portuguese suffered setbacks from attacks by Zamorin forces in Malabar region; especially from naval attacks under the leadership of Kozhikode admirals known as <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar" title="Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkars</a>, which compelled them to seek a treaty. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.<a href="#cite_note-AsianAge-Navy-37">[37]</a> An insurrection at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Quilon">Port of Quilon</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_people" title="Portuguese people">Portuguese</a> led to the end of the Portuguese era in <a href="/wiki/Quilon" class="mw-redirect" title="Quilon">Quilon</a>. In 1571, the Portuguese were defeated by the Zamorin forces in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur#Battles_at_Chaliyam_Fort" title="Kingdom of Tanur">battle at Chaliyam Fort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The Portuguese were ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, who during the conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/Saamoothiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Saamoothiri">Kozhikode</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kochi</a>, gained control of the trade.<a href="#cite_note-South_Asia_2006-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Mysore_Sultans">Under Mysore Sultans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Under Mysore Sultans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palakkad_Fort_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Palakkad_Fort_5.jpg/220px-Palakkad_Fort_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Palakkad_Fort_5.jpg/330px-Palakkad_Fort_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Palakkad_Fort_5.jpg/440px-Palakkad_Fort_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Fort" title="Palakkad Fort">Palakkad Fort</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_OldMysore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikipedia_OldMysore.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_OldMysore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikipedia_OldMysore.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_OldMysore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Wikipedia_OldMysore.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_OldMysore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Malabar as a part of the erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></figcaption></figure> In 1757, to check the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> Raja sought the help of Hyder Ali of Mysore. In 1766, <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Haider Ali</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a> defeated the Samoothiri of Kozhikode – an <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> ally at the time – and absorbed Kozhikode to his state.<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mysore_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Mysore War">Third Mysore War</a> (1790–1792), Malabar was placed under the control of the company. Eventually, the status of the Samoothiri was reduced to that of a pensioner of the company (1806).<a href="#cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-VVHaridas-72">[72]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> was under <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>'s rule, the ghat road from <a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a> was constructed.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Then the British rulers developed this route to Carter road.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> His son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_invasion_of_Kerala#Invasions_by_Tipu_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysorean invasion of Kerala">launched campaigns</a> against the expanding <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>, resulting in two of the four <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MuseumDallapiccola2010-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThorpeEdgar-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colonial period">edit</a>]</div> Tipu ultimately ceded the Malabar district and <a href="/wiki/South_Kanara" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kanara">South Kanara</a> to the company in the 1790s; both were initially annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> of <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kumar1965-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ittaman2003-79">[79]</a> After the Anglo-Mysore wars, the parts of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>, those became British colonies, were organized into a district of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. Later the region was transferred into the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> in 1800.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> The administrative headquarters were at Calicut (<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>). Local affairs were managed by the District Board at Calicut along with Taluk Boards located at <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Initially the British had to suffer local resistance against their rule under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja" title="Pazhassi Raja">Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja</a>, who had popular support in <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> During the 19th century, British established their army stations at <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a>. Malappuram which was one of the European military stations in Madras presidency since 1852, also became the special police force headquarters of Malabar District, with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Special_Police" title="Malabar Special Police">Malabar Special Police</a> in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar_and_Anjengo-5">[5]</a> British in Malabar also converted <a href="/wiki/Thiyyar_Regiment" title="Thiyyar Regiment">Thiyyar army</a>, called as Thiyya pattalam into a special regiment centered at Thalassery called as The <a href="/wiki/Thiyyar_Regiment" title="Thiyyar Regiment">Thiyyar Regiment</a> in 1904.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-qq-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The oldest railway lines of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> lie in Malabar District which was laid in the late 19th century for the transportation of good and services; the line laid from <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> in 1861 being the first among them. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchanan_Journey_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Buchanan_Journey_map.jpg/220px-Buchanan_Journey_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Buchanan_Journey_map.jpg/330px-Buchanan_Journey_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Buchanan_Journey_map.jpg/440px-Buchanan_Journey_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5928" data-file-height="4880" /></a><figcaption>A map of Malabar District (Malayalam district) drawn by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Buchanan-Hamilton" title="Francis Buchanan-Hamilton">Francis Buchanan-Hamilton</a> in 1807. <a href="/wiki/Kasaragod" title="Kasaragod">Kasaragod</a> region of <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> was also included in Malayalam region (just above the blue shaded region)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/220px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/330px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg/440px-Madras_Prov_South_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1246" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> in 1909</figcaption></figure> According to <a href="/wiki/William_Logan_(author)" title="William Logan (author)">William Logan</a>, the Taluks of Malabar could be subdivided on the basis of the feudal lords who ruled them before as given below: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chirakkal_Taluk">Chirakkal Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chirakkal Taluk">edit</a>]</div> The Amsoms included in Chirakkal Taluk was classified into two divisions of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> and Randathara (also called Poyanadu). There were 44 Amsoms in the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kolathunadu">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> was the land where Kolattiri Rajas (Chirakkal family) were historically considered as the main authority. It was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolattiri Raja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannanar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannanar">Mannanars</a>,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakkal Kingdom">Arakkal Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a> in various periods.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 36 Amsoms: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Payyannur" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyannur">Payyannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellur" title="Vellur">Vellur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karivellur" title="Karivellur">Karivellur</a></li> <li>Korom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramam" title="Eramam">Eramam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttur_(Payyanur)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuttur (Payyanur)">Kuttur (Payyanur)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiyeri" title="Kuttiyeri">Kuttiyeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuzhali" title="Chuzhali">Chuzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanhileri" title="Kanhileri">Kanhileri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliad" title="Kalliad">Kalliad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malapattam" title="Malapattam">Malapattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyyam" title="Koyyam">Koyyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimbam,_Taliparamba" title="Karimbam, Taliparamba">Kurumathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattuvam" title="Pattuvam">Pattuvam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezhome" title="Ezhome">Ezhome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruthazham" title="Cheruthazham">Cheruthazham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunhimangalam" title="Kunhimangalam">Kunhimangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madayi" title="Madayi">Madayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matool" title="Matool">Matool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannapuram" title="Kannapuram">Kannapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irinave" title="Irinave">Irinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morazha" title="Morazha">Morazha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayaralam" title="Kayaralam">Kayaralam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayyil" title="Mayyil">Kuttiattoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniyoor" title="Maniyoor">Maniyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_East" title="Kannur East">Munderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheleri" title="Cheleri">Cheleri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannadiparamba" title="Kannadiparamba">Kannadiparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirakkal,_Kannur" title="Chirakkal, Kannur">Chirakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Puzhathi">Puzhathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_East" title="Kannur East">Elayavoor</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Randathara">Randathara</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Randathara">edit</a>]</div> Randathara was also called Poyanadu due to the belief that it was the place from where the <a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Cheraman_Perumals" class="mw-redirect" title="Legend of Cheraman Perumals">Cheraman Perumal</a> took his final departure on the journey to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>. It was originally a part of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>, but was treated as a different Nadu.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edakkad" title="Edakkad">Edakkad</a></li> <li>Chembilode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iriveri" title="Iriveri">Iriveri</a></li> <li>Makreri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavilayi" title="Mavilayi">Mavilayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kottayam_Taluk">Kottayam Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kottayam Taluk">edit</a>]</div> The Amsoms included in Kottayam Taluk was classified into four divisions- The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands, Iruvazhinadu, Kurangott Nayar Nadu, and Kottayam. There were 28 Amsoms in the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_English_Settlement_at_Tellicherry_and_Dharmapattanam_Islands">The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The English Settlement at Tellicherry and Dharmapattanam Islands">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thalassery_Falooda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thalassery_Falooda.jpg/220px-Thalassery_Falooda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thalassery_Falooda.jpg/330px-Thalassery_Falooda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Thalassery_Falooda.jpg/440px-Thalassery_Falooda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1540" /></a><figcaption>Thalassery is also notable for <a href="/wiki/Thalassery_cuisine" title="Thalassery cuisine">Thalassery cuisine</a></figcaption></figure> It was a part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>. Later it became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>. The island of Dharmapattanam was claimed by all of the Kolattu Rajas, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kottayam Rajas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom"> Arakkal Bibi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> The English had settled here and started a factory here. It consisted of the following 4 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadam" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmadam">Dharmadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li>Mailanjanmam</li> <li>Thiruvangad<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Iruvazhinadu">Iruvazhinadu</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Iruvazhinadu">edit</a>]</div> It was also under the <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> earlier. When the English factory was established at <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, Iruvazhinadu was held by six families of <a href="/wiki/Nambiar_(Nair_subcaste)" title="Nambiar (Nair subcaste)">Nambiars</a> – Kunnummal, Chandroth, Kizhakkedath, Kampurath, Narangozhi, and Kariyad Nambiars. Kurangott Nayar's possession also probably formed part of the original territory of Iruvazhinadu.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panoor_(Municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoor (Municipality)">Panoor</a></li> <li>Puthur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrippangottur" title="Thrippangottur">Thrippangottur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panniyannur" title="Panniyannur">Panniyannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peringalam" title="Peringalam">Peringalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariyad" title="Kariyad">Kariyad</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kurangott_Nayar_Nadu">Kurangott Nayar Nadu</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Kurangott Nayar Nadu">edit</a>]</div> It laid between the English settlement at <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> and the French settlement at <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following two Amsoms. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Olavilam</li> <li>Kallayi<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kottayam">Kottayam</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kottayam">edit</a>]</div> It was also earlier a part of <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kottayam Rajas</a> (also known as Puranattu Rajas in the meaning of foreign <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> caste) received their territory from the Kolattu Rajas. <a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja" title="Pazhassi Raja">Pazhassi Raja</a> was a Kottayam Raja.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 16 Amsoms. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koodali_and_Kanhirode" class="mw-redirect" title="Koodali and Kanhirode">Koodali</a></li> <li>Pattannur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavassery" title="Chavassery">Chavassery</a></li> <li>Veliyambra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhakkunnu" title="Muzhakkunnu">Muzhakkunnu</a></li> <li>Gannavam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manathana" title="Manathana">Manathana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannavam" title="Kannavam">Kannavam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivapuram,_Kerala" title="Sivapuram, Kerala">Sivapuram</a></li> <li>Pazhassi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandamkunnu" title="Kandamkunnu">Kandamkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paduvilayi" title="Paduvilayi">Paduvilayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinarayi" title="Pinarayi">Pinarayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettur" title="Nettur">Nettur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadirur" title="Kadirur">Kadirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottayam-Malabar" title="Kottayam-Malabar">Kottayam</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wynad_Taluk">Wynad Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Wynad Taluk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm2.jpg/220px-Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm2.jpg/330px-Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm2.jpg/440px-Sulthan_Bathery_Ricefarm2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3210" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>, a part of the greater <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>, is the only plateau region of Kerala</figcaption></figure> The Amsoms included in Wynad Taluk was classified into three divisions- North Wynad, South Wynad, and Southeast Wynad. There were 16 Amsoms in the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2-86">[86]</a> Wynad was a separate Revenue Division within Malabar District until 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Mbsp-11">[11]</a> Wynad was ruled by various kingdoms including Kutumbiyas,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_dynasty" title="Kadamba dynasty">Kadambas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">Hoysalas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagaras</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, in various periods. Wynad was home to many tribes. Wynad has relations with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kingdom of Kottayam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a>. Some parts were ruled by the Kottayam dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="North_Wynad">North Wynad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: North Wynad">edit</a>]</div> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periya,_Wayanad" title="Periya, Wayanad">Periya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edavaka,_Mananthavady" title="Edavaka, Mananthavady">Edavaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thondernad" title="Thondernad">Thondernad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porunnanore" title="Porunnanore">Porunnanore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalloornad" title="Nalloornad">Nalloornad</a></li> <li>Ellurnad</li> <li>Kuppathod<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2-86">[86]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="South_Wynad">South Wynad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: South Wynad">edit</a>]</div> It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poothadi" title="Poothadi">Poothadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumbalakotta" title="Kurumbalakotta">Kurumbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li>Edanatassakur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muppanad" title="Muppanad">Muppanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan_2-86">[86]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Southeast_Wynad">Southeast Wynad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Southeast Wynad">edit</a>]</div> It was the regions included in the <a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandalur" title="Pandalur">Pandalur</a> Taluks of present <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a>. Southeast Wynad was a part of Malabar District until 31 March 1877, when it was transferred to the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> due to the heavy population of Malabar and the small area of Nilgiris.<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2-86">[86]</a> It consisted of the following 3 Amsoms. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Munnanad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Nambalakode</a></li> <li>Cherankode<a href="#cite_note-Logan_2-86">[86]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kurumbranad_Taluk">Kurumbranad Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Kurumbranad Taluk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/220px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/330px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg/440px-View_point_of_Thamarassery_Churam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery_Churam" title="Thamarassery Churam">Thamarassery Churam</a> in southeastern Kurumbranad was laid in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Amsoms included in Kurumbranad Taluk was classified into five divisions- Kadathanad, Payyormala, Payanad, <a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a>, and Thamarassery (Some Amsoms of Kurumbranad and Thamarassery were included in the Kozhikode Taluk). There were 57 Amsoms in the Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kadathanad">Kadathanad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Kadathanad">edit</a>]</div> It was also part of the <a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a> earlier. It formed a major portion of the Thekkalankur (Southern Regent), or the second headquarters of the Kolattiri Rajas. When the English company settled at <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, Kadathanad was under the ancestors of the Kadathanad Rajas, who was then called Bavnores of Badagara.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 31 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azhiyur" title="Azhiyur">Azhiyur</a></li> <li>Muttungal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorode" title="Chorode">Chorode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramala" title="Eramala">Eramala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karthikappalli" title="Karthikappalli">Karthikappalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purameri" title="Purameri">Purameri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edacheri" title="Edacheri">Edacheri</a></li> <li>Iringannur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuneri" title="Thuneri">Thuneri</a></li> <li>Vellur</li> <li>Parakkadavu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chekkiad" title="Chekkiad">Chekkiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayam" title="Valayam">Valayam</a></li> <li>Velliyode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnummal" title="Kunnummal">Kunnummal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavilumpara" title="Kavilumpara">Kavilumpara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuttiadi">Kuttiadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velom" title="Velom">Velom</a></li> <li>Cherapuram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappally" title="Kottappally">Kottappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayancheri" title="Ayancheri">Ayancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katameri" title="Katameri">Katameri</a></li> <li>Kuttipuram</li> <li>Kummangod</li> <li>Ponmeri</li> <li>Arakkilad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memunda" title="Memunda">Memunda</a></li> <li>Palayad</li> <li>Puduppanam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniyur_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniyur (gram panchayat)">Maniyur</a></li> <li>Thiruvallur<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Payyormala">Payyormala</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Payyormala">edit</a>]</div> It was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a> of Payyormala (Paleri, Avinyat, and Kutali Nairs). They were independent chieftains with some theoretical dependence on both the <a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palery" title="Palery">Palery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvannur_Grama_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat">Cheruvannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppayur" title="Meppayur">Meppayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li>Karayad</li> <li>Iringath<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Payanadu">Payanadu</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Payanadu">edit</a>]</div> It was dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keezhariyur" title="Keezhariyur">Keezhariyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodadi" title="Moodadi">Moodadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallikkara,_Payyoli" title="Pallikkara, Payyoli">Pallikkara</a></li> <li>Meladi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viyyur_(Koyilandy_taluk)" title="Viyyur (Koyilandy taluk)">Viyyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikkulam" title="Arikkulam">Arikkulam</a></li> <li>Melur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemancheri" title="Chemancheri">Chemancheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvangoor" title="Thiruvangoor">Thiruvangoor</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Kurumbranad">edit</a>]</div> It was subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a> family, which was connected with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kingdom of Kottayam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kottur,_Kerala" title="Kottur, Kerala">Kottur</a></li> <li>Trikkuttisseri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naduvannur" title="Naduvannur">Naduvannur</a></li> <li>Kavumthara</li> <li>Iyyad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panangad,_Kozhikode" title="Panangad, Kozhikode">Panangad</a></li> <li>Nediyanad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizhakkoth" title="Kizhakkoth">Kizhakkoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madavoor,_Kozhikode" title="Madavoor, Kozhikode">Madavoor</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Thamarassery">edit</a>]</div> It was also subjected to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kottayam Rajas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulliyeri" title="Ulliyeri">Ulliyeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokkallur" title="Kokkallur">Kokkallur</a></li> <li>Edakkara</li> <li>Kunnathara</li> <li>Annassery</li> <li>Naduvallur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanmanda" title="Nanmanda">Nanmanda</a></li> <li>Nediyanad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koodathayi" title="Koodathayi">Koodathayi</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kozhikode_Taluk">Kozhikode Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Kozhikode Taluk">edit</a>]</div> The Amsoms included in Kozhikode Taluk was classified into three divisions- Polanad, Beypore (Northern Parappanad), and Puzhavayi. There were 41 Amsoms in the Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> (As stated earlier, a part of Kurumbranad and Thamarasseri historical divisions of Kurumbranad Taluk was also included in the Kozhikode Taluk.) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Polanad">Polanad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Polanad">edit</a>]</div> Polanad was ruled by the Porlathiri Rajas before the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>. After the conquest, the Zamorins shifted their headquarters from <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>. It became the capital of the Zamorins.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 22 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elathur,_Kozhikode" title="Elathur, Kozhikode">Elathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalakkulathur" title="Thalakkulathur">Thalakkulathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makkada" title="Makkada">Makkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chathamangalam" title="Chathamangalam">Chathamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parambil_Bazar" title="Parambil Bazar">Kuruvattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkodi" title="Kakkodi">Padinyattumuri</a></li> <li>Karannur</li> <li>Edakkad</li> <li>Kacheri</li> <li>Nagaram</li> <li>Kasaba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valayanad" title="Valayanad">Valayanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottooli_and_Pottammal" title="Kottooli and Pottammal">Kottooli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_East" title="Kozhikode East">Chevayur</a></li> <li>Mayanad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovoor_Town" title="Kovoor Town">Kovoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumanna,_Kozhikode" title="Perumanna, Kozhikode">Perumanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvayal" title="Peruvayal">Peruvayal</a></li> <li>Iringallur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Beypore_(Northern_Parappanad)">Beypore (Northern Parappanad)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Beypore (Northern Parappanad)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> kingdom was a dependent of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>. It was divided into Northern Parappanad and Southern Parappanad. Northern Parappanad was headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 3 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panniyankara" title="Panniyankara">Panniyankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheruvannur_Nallalam" title="Cheruvannur Nallalam">Cheruvannur</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Puzhavayi">Puzhavayi</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Puzhavayi">edit</a>]</div> It was ruled by its own <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a> who had a dependence on both of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 9 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kedavur" title="Kedavur">Kedavur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li>Puthur</li> <li>Neeleswaram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koduvally" title="Koduvally">Koduvally</a></li> <li>Kanniparamba</li> <li>Chuloor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manashery" title="Manashery">Manashery</a></li> <li>Pannikode<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ernad_Taluk">Ernad Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ernad Taluk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/220px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/330px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG/440px-Nilambur_teak_forest_3740.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Conolly's plot, the world's oldest teak plantation at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> in Eastern Eranad, was planted in the 1840s by the Collector H. V. Conolly.</figcaption></figure> The Amsoms included in Ernad Taluk was classified into four divisions- Parappur (Southern Parappanad), Ramanad, Cheranad, and Eranad. There were 52 Amsoms in the Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> (A part of Cheranad division was under Ponnani Taluk). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Parappur_(Southern_Parappanad)">Parappur (Southern Parappanad)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Parappur (Southern Parappanad)">edit</a>]</div> Southern <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> was a dependent of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a>, the headquarters of Parappanad royal family, was at Southern Parappanad.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Pazhanchannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi" title="Kadalundi">Mannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenhipalam" title="Tenhipalam">Tenhipalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neduva" title="Neduva">Neduva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikunnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallikunnu">Vallikunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannambra" title="Nannambra">Nannambra</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ramanad">Ramanad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ramanad">edit</a>]</div> Ramanad was directly ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Nallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhayur" title="Vazhayur">Azhinjilam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukavu" title="Cherukavu">Cherukavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vazhayur" title="Vazhayur">Karad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikunnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallikunnu">Karumarakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karippur" class="mw-redirect" title="Karippur">Karippur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelembra" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelembra">Chelembra</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cheranad">Cheranad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Cheranad">edit</a>]</div> Cheranad was also directly ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> Cheranad was scattered in Eranad and Ponnani Taluks. The headquarters of Cheranad was <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a>. It consisted of the following 17 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edayur" class="mw-redirect" title="Edayur">Vadakkumpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valiyakunnu" title="Valiyakunnu">Valiyakunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Kattipparuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummathoor" title="Ummathoor">Ummathoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irimbiliyam" title="Irimbiliyam">Irimbiliyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parudur" title="Parudur">Parudur</a></li> <li>Olakara</li> <li>Trikkulam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdu_Rahiman_Nagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdu Rahiman Nagar">Koduvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li>Kannamangalam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorakam" title="Oorakam">Oorakam-Melmuri</a></li> <li>Puthur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li>Indiannur</li> <li>Valakkulam<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Eranad">Eranad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Eranad">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> was the original headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>. It was later changed to <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> with the conquest of Polanad. It also was under the direct rule of the Zamorin.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 26 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Mappram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheekkode" title="Cheekkode">Cheekkode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urangattiri" title="Urangattiri">Urangattiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampad" title="Mampad">Mampad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porur,_Malappuram" title="Porur, Malappuram">Porur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvali" title="Thiruvali">Thiruvali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikkalangode" title="Trikkalangode">Trikkalangode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakunnu,_Nilambur" title="Karakunnu, Nilambur">Karakunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakamanna,_Areekode" title="Perakamanna, Areekode">Iruvetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavanoor" title="Kavanoor">Kavanoor</a></li> <li>Chengara</li> <li>Puliyakode</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhimanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzhimanna">Kuzhimanna</a></li> <li>Kolathur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a></li> <li>Keezhmuri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melmuri" title="Melmuri">Melmuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arimbra_Hills,_Malappuram" title="Arimbra Hills, Malappuram">Arimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvambram_Junction" title="Valluvambram Junction">Valluvambram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irumbuzhi" title="Irumbuzhi">Irumbuzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanad,_Manjeri" title="Payyanad, Manjeri">Payyanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elankur,_Manjeri" title="Elankur, Manjeri">Elankur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmala" title="Ponmala">Ponmala</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Walluvanad_Taluk">Walluvanad Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Walluvanad Taluk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malleswaran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Malleswaran.jpg/220px-Malleswaran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Malleswaran.jpg/330px-Malleswaran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Malleswaran.jpg/440px-Malleswaran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> valley in Walluvanad</figcaption></figure> The Amsoms included in Walluvanad Taluk was classified into four divisions- Vellatiri (Walluvanad proper), Walluvanad, Nedunganad, and Kavalappara. There were 64 Amsoms in the Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vellatiri_(Walluvanad_Proper)">Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper)">edit</a>]</div> Vellatiri (Walluvanad Proper) was the sole remaining territory of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Walluvanad Raja</a> (Valluvakonathiri), who had once ruled majority of the <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>. A major part of Ernad Taluk was under Walluvanad before the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Ernad</a> in 13th–14th centuries. Some of the Amsoms in this division was part of the Ernad Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 26 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kodur,_Malappuram" title="Kodur, Malappuram">Kodur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruva,_Malappuram" title="Kuruva, Malappuram">Kuruva</a></li> <li>Mankada-Pallipuram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valambur" title="Valambur">Valambur</a></li> <li>Karyavattam</li> <li>Nenmini</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melattur,_Kerala" title="Melattur, Kerala">Melattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettattur" title="Vettattur">Vettattur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottoppadam,_Mannarkkad" title="Kottoppadam, Mannarkkad">Kottoppadam</a></li> <li>Arakurissi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachampara" title="Tachampara">Tachampara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkuparamba" title="Arakkuparamba">Arakkuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chethallur" title="Chethallur">Chethallur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puzhakkattiri" title="Puzhakkattiri">Puzhakkattiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pang,_Malappuram" title="Pang, Malappuram">Pang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolattur,_Kerala" title="Kolattur, Kerala">Kolathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruvambalam" title="Kuruvambalam">Kuruvambalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulamantol" title="Pulamantol">Pulamantol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamkulam,_Malappuram" title="Elamkulam, Malappuram">Elamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anamangad" title="Anamangad">Anamangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliparamba" title="Aliparamba">Paral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chembrassery" title="Chembrassery">Chembrassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandikkad" title="Pandikkad">Pandikkad</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Walluvanad">Walluvanad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Walluvanad">edit</a>]</div> The Amsoms in this division was comparatively later acquisition by the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin</a> in the territory of the Walluvanad Raja.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuvvur" title="Tuvvur">Tuvvur</a></li> <li>Thiruvizhamkunnu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenkara" title="Thenkara">Thenkara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaramputhur" title="Kumaramputhur">Kumaramputhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha,_Palakkad" title="Karimpuzha, Palakkad">Karimpuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karinkallathani" title="Karinkallathani">Thachchanattukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliparamba" title="Aliparamba">Aliparamba</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Nedunganad">Nedunganad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Nedunganad">edit</a>]</div> Nedunganad had been under the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin</a> for some time. After the disintegration of <a href="/wiki/Chera_Perumals_of_Makotai" title="Chera Perumals of Makotai">Perumals of Mahodayapuram</a>, Nedunganad became independent. It was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadis</a>. Later it came under the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin's kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 27 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karimpuzha,_Palakkad#Elambulassery" title="Karimpuzha, Palakkad">Elambulassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellinezhi" title="Vellinezhi">Vellinezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadampazhipuram" title="Kadampazhipuram">Kadampazhipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimba,_Palakkad" title="Karimba, Palakkad">Kalladikode</a></li> <li>Vadakkumpuram</li> <li>Moothedath Madamba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkadeeri-I" title="Thrikkadeeri-I">Thrikkadeeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalavara" title="Chalavara">Chalavara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karalmanna" title="Karalmanna">Naduvattam-Karalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulukkallur" title="Kulukkallur">Kulukkallur</a></li> <li>Chundambatta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayur" title="Vilayur">Vilayur</a></li> <li>Pulasseri</li> <li>Naduvattam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthuthala" title="Muthuthala">Muthuthala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumudiyoor" title="Perumudiyoor">Perumudiyoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Nethirimangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallippuram,_Palakkad" title="Pallippuram, Palakkad">Pallippuram</a></li> <li>Kalladipatta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallapuzha" title="Vallapuzha">Vallapuzha</a></li> <li>Kothakurssi</li> <li>Eledath Madamba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunangad" title="Chunangad">Chunangad</a></li> <li>Mulanjur</li> <li>Perur<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kavalappara">Kavalappara</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Kavalappara">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Kavalappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalappara">Kavalappara</a> had its own <a href="/wiki/Moopil_Nair" title="Moopil Nair">Nairs</a>, who owed a sort of nominal allegiance both to the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 6 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Mundakkottukurissi</li> <li>Panamanna</li> <li>Koonathara</li> <li>Karakkad</li> <li>Kuzhappalli</li> <li>Mundamuka<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ponnani_Taluk">Ponnani Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Ponnani Taluk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/220px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/330px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg/440px-Codacal_Tile_Factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>Kodakkal Tile Factory was run by the Commonwealth Trust at Kodakkal, <a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a>. The Tile Factory at Kodakkal, started in 1887, is the second tile manufacturing industry in India. First tile factory was at <a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a>, which was a part of <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad Taluk</a> then</figcaption></figure> The Amsoms included in Ponnani Taluk was classified into three divisions- Vettathunad, Koottanad, Chavakkad, and the Island of Chetvai . There were 73 Amsoms in the Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vettathunad">Vettathunad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Vettathunad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colored_vettattnad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Colored_vettattnad.jpg/220px-Colored_vettattnad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Colored_vettattnad.jpg/330px-Colored_vettattnad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Colored_vettattnad.jpg/440px-Colored_vettattnad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a> (Vettathunad)</figcaption></figure> Vettathunad, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a>, was a coastal city-state kingdom in the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a>. It was ruled by the Vettathu Raja, who was dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> family of the Vettathu Rajas became extinct with the death of the last Raja on 24 May 1793.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> Vettathunad consisted of the following 21 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pariyapuram" title="Pariyapuram">Pariyapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Rayirimangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozhur" title="Ozhur">Ozhur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponmundam" title="Ponmundam">Ponmundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanalur" title="Tanalur">Tanalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niramaruthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Niramaruthur">Niramaruthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Trikkandiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iringavoor" title="Iringavoor">Iringavoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumanna-Klari" title="Perumanna-Klari">Klari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a></li> <li>Melmuri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananthavoor" title="Ananthavoor">Ananthavoor</a></li> <li>Kanmanam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalakkad" title="Thalakkad">Thalakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vettom_Grama_Panchayath" class="mw-redirect" title="Vettom Grama Panchayath">Vettom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachattiri" title="Pachattiri">Pachattiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam,_Tirur" title="Mangalam, Tirur">Mangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam,_Tirur" title="Mangalam, Tirur">Chennara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triprangode" title="Triprangode">Triprangode</a></li> <li>Pallipuram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purathur" title="Purathur">Purathur</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Koottanad">Koottanad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Koottanad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_(1930-37).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/300px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/450px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg/600px-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%281930-37%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> harbour in the mid-1930s</figcaption></figure> The second home of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> was Thrikkavil Kovilakam at <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> in Koottanad. The Zamorin had control over the Koottanad.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 24 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalady,_Malappuram" title="Kalady, Malappuram">Kalady</a></li> <li>Kodanad</li> <li>Melattur</li> <li>Chekkod</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakkara_(Palakkad)" title="Anakkara (Palakkad)">Anakkara</a></li> <li>Keezhmuri</li> <li>Pothanur</li> <li>Eswaramangalam</li> <li>Pallaprom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li>Kanjiramukku</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattamkulam" title="Vattamkulam">Vattamkulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaranellur" title="Kumaranellur">Kumaranellur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothachira" title="Kothachira">Kothachira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagalassery" title="Nagalassery">Nagalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirumittacode_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirumittacode (gram panchayat)">Thirumittacode</a></li> <li>Othalur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappur_(Palakkad_district)" title="Kappur (Palakkad district)">Kappur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamkod,_Edappal" title="Alamkod, Edappal">Alamkod</a></li> <li>Pallikkara</li> <li>Eramangalam</li> <li>Vayilathur<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Chavakkad">edit</a>]</div> Chavakkad had been under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 14 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veliyankode" title="Veliyankode">Veliyankode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Ayiroor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadikkad" title="Kadikkad">Kadikkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punnayur" title="Punnayur">Punnayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edakkazhiyur" title="Edakkazhiyur">Edakkazhiyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palayoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Palayoor">Palayoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iringaprom" title="Iringaprom">Iringaprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annakara" title="Annakara">Annakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmakulam" title="Brahmakulam">Brahmakulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullassery" title="Mullassery">Mullassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkitangu" title="Venkitangu">Venkitangu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orumanayur" title="Orumanayur">Orumanayur</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Island_of_Chetvai">The Island of Chetvai</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: The Island of Chetvai">edit</a>]</div> The Island of Chetvai had been earlier under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin</a>, but it came under the possession of the Dutch in 1717.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 7 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vadanappally" title="Vadanappally">Vadanappally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nattika" title="Nattika">Nattika</a></li> <li>Pallipuram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edathiruthy" title="Edathiruthy">Edathiruthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaipamangalam" title="Kaipamangalam">Kaipamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinivattom" title="Pappinivattom">Pappinivattom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panangad,_Thrissur" title="Panangad, Thrissur">Panangad</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palghat_Taluk">Palghat Taluk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Palghat Taluk">edit</a>]</div> The Amsoms included in Palghat Taluk was classified into three divisions- Palghat, Temmalapuram, and Naduvattam. There were 56 Amsoms in the Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Palghat">Palghat</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Palghat">edit</a>]</div> Palghat was ruled by the Palghat Rajas. Sometime previously to 1757, the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> had tried to annex Palghat. Cochin had annexed <a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a> region. Walluvanad Raja had a nominal sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kongad_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongad (gram panchayat)">Kongad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edathara" title="Edathara">Edathara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mannur" title="Mannur">Mannur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> Palghat division consisted of the following 23 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Cheraya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongad_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongad (gram panchayat)">Kongad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundur,_Palakkad" title="Mundur, Palakkad">Mundur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavakkode" title="Olavakkode">Kavilpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akathethara" title="Akathethara">Akathethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudusseri_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudusseri (gram panchayat)">Puthussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elappully" title="Elappully">Elappully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polpully" title="Polpully">Polpully</a></li> <li>Pallatheri</li> <li>Puthur</li> <li>Koppam</li> <li>Yakkara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkanthara" title="Vadakkanthara">Vadakkanthara</a></li> <li>Kodunthirapalli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edathara" title="Edathara">Edathara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannur" title="Mannur">Kizhakkumpuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadukkassery" title="Thadukkassery">Thadukkassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathur_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathur (gram panchayat)">Mathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallanchathanur" title="Pallanchathanur">Pallanchathanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannadi" title="Kannadi">Kannadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinassery,_Palakkad" title="Kinassery, Palakkad">Kinassery</a></li> <li>Thiruvalathur</li> <li>Palathully<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Temmalapuram">Temmalapuram</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Temmalapuram">edit</a>]</div> Temmalapuram consisted of the following 10 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chulanur" title="Chulanur">Chulanur</a></li> <li>Vadakkethara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kattusseri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattusseri">Kattusseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavasseri" title="Kavasseri">Kavasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarur_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarur (gram panchayat)">Tarur</a></li> <li>Kannanurpattola</li> <li>Ayakkad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalam_Dam,_Palakkad" title="Mangalam Dam, Palakkad">Mangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittilamchery" title="Chittilamchery">Chittilamchery</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Naduvattam">Naduvattam</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Naduvattam">edit</a>]</div> Naduvattam was originally under the Palghat Raja. Later the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a> annexed Naduvattam into his kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> It consisted of the following 23 Amsoms: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kottayi_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottayi (gram panchayat)">Kottayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankara" title="Mankara">Mankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthannoor_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthannoor (gram panchayat)">Kuthanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzhalmannam_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuzhalmannam (gram panchayat)">Kuzhalmannam</a></li> <li>Vilayanchathanur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thenkurissi_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thenkurissi (gram panchayat)">Thenkurissi</a></li> <li>Thannissery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvemba" title="Peruvemba">Peruvemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koduvayur_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koduvayur (gram panchayat)">Koduvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakkayur" title="Kakkayur">Kakkayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayannur" title="Vilayannur">Vilayannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjalur" title="Manjalur">Manjalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erimayur" title="Erimayur">Erimayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunissery" title="Kunissery">Kunissery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallavur" title="Pallavur">Pallavur</a></li> <li>Kudallur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallassena" title="Pallassena">Pallassena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadavannur" title="Vadavannur">Vadavannur</a></li> <li>Kizhakkethara</li> <li>Padinjarethara</li> <li>Vattekkad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panangattiri" title="Panangattiri">Panangattiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthalamada,_Palakkad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muthalamada, Palakkad">Muthalamada</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exceptional_Nadus_(1887)">Exceptional Nadus (1887)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Exceptional Nadus (1887)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangaram_Island,_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg/220px-Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg/330px-Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg/440px-Bangaram_Island%2C_Lakshadweep_20160325-_DSC1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5456" data-file-height="3372" /></a><figcaption>The uninhabited island of <a href="/wiki/Bangaram_Atoll" title="Bangaram Atoll">Bangaram</a> in Lakshadweep</figcaption></figure> The Exceptional Nadus included the British colonies which were included in the Malabar District, those were detached from the mainland <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a> of Malabar District by land or sea.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cannanore_and_Laccadive_Islands">Cannanore and Laccadive Islands</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Cannanore and Laccadive Islands">edit</a>]</div> These islands were the territory of <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a> outside the town of <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> They remained in Malabar district until the formation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in 1956. It consisted of the following 5 inhabited islands of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>:<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agatti_Island" title="Agatti Island">Agatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrott" title="Andrott">Andrott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeni" title="Kalpeni">Kalpeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> The uninhabited island of <a href="/wiki/Bangaram_Atoll" title="Bangaram Atoll">Bangaram</a> was also a part. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Dutch_settlements_at_Cochin_(Fort_Cochin_Taluk)">Dutch settlements at Cochin (Fort Cochin Taluk)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Dutch settlements at Cochin (Fort Cochin Taluk)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marine_Drive_View.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marine_Drive_View.JPG/220px-Marine_Drive_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marine_Drive_View.JPG/330px-Marine_Drive_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Marine_Drive_View.JPG/440px-Marine_Drive_View.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="1817" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fishing_nets" title="Chinese fishing nets">Chinese fishing nets</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a></figcaption></figure> In 1814, the Dutch settlements at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> region of present <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a> city was ceded to <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> They were attached to the Malabar District.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> They remained in the district until the formation of the state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> in 1956. The settlement consisted of the town and fort of <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>. It was the erstwhile municipality of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>. In 1664, the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> was established by <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a>, making it the first municipality in <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which got dissolved when the Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-d_1664-50">[50]</a> It consisted of the following gardens or Pattams:<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li>Tumboli Pattam</li> <li>Kattoor Pattam</li> <li>Athazhakkad Pattam</li> <li>Manakodathu Pattam</li> <li>Antony Fernandez Pattam</li> <li>Thekkepurupunkara Pattam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundamveli" title="Mundamveli">Mundamveli</a> Pattam</li> <li>Domingo Fernandez Palakkal Pattam</li> <li>Santiago Pattam</li> <li>Thaiveppu Pattam</li> <li>Belicho Rodriguez Pattam</li> <li>Saint Louis Pattam</li> <li>Duart Lemos Pattam</li> <li>Hendrick Silva Pattam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanthuruth" title="Ramanthuruth">Ramanthuruth</a> Pattam</li> <li>Sondikalguvankure Pattam</li> <li>Palliport Hospital Parambu<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="The_Dutch_settlement_at_Thangacherry_and_the_English_Settlement_at_Anjengo">The Dutch settlement at Thangacherry and the English Settlement at Anjengo</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: The Dutch settlement at Thangacherry and the English Settlement at Anjengo">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anchutheng_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anchutheng_fort.jpg/220px-Anchutheng_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anchutheng_fort.jpg/330px-Anchutheng_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Anchutheng_fort.jpg/440px-Anchutheng_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2670" /></a><figcaption>A view of <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu_Fort" title="Anchuthengu Fort">Anchuthengu Fort</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> was the southernmost point of Malabar District on the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> while <a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a> was the southernmost island of Malabar District in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a><a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> Those were the British colonies surrounded by the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> to three sides and <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> to one side.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thangassery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangassery">Thangassery</a> is actually a part of the city of <a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> lies near <a href="/wiki/Attingal" title="Attingal">Attingal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Thangassery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangassery">Thangassery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a> were transferred from Malabar to <a href="/wiki/Tirunelveli_district" title="Tirunelveli district">Tirunelveli district</a> on 1 July 1927.<a href="#cite_note-Mbsp-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_and_social_movements">Political and social movements</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Political and social movements">edit</a>]</div> The district was the venue for many of the Mappila revolts (uprisings against the British East India Company in Kerala) between 1792 and 1921. It is estimated that there were about 830 riots, large and small, during this period. Muttichira revolt, Mannur revolt, Cherur revolt, Manjeri revolt, Wandoor revolt, Kolathur revolt, Ponnani revolt, and Thrikkalur revolt are some important revolts during this period. During 1841–1921 there were more than 86 revolutions against the British officials alone.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> East India Company made an arrangement to collect revenue through Zamorin. However, a revolt under the leadership of Manjeri Athan Gurukkal took place opposing it in 1849.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Malappuram-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Malabar_1921.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/South_Malabar_1921.png/220px-South_Malabar_1921.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/South_Malabar_1921.png/330px-South_Malabar_1921.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/South_Malabar_1921.png/440px-South_Malabar_1921.png 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> during <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar Rebellion">Malabar Rebellion</a></figcaption></figure> The Malabar district political conference of <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> on 28 April 1920 strengthened <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> and national movement in Malabar District.<a href="#cite_note-Manjericonference_1920-92">[92]</a> That conference declared that the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a> were not able to satisfy the needs of <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. It also argued for land reform to seek solutions for the problems caused by the tenancy that existed in Malabar. However, the decision widened the drift between <a href="/wiki/Surat_Split" title="Surat Split">extremists and moderates</a> within Congress. The conference resulted in the dissatisfaction of landlords with the Indian National Congress. It caused the leadership of the Malabar district Congress Committee to come under the control of the extremists who stood for labourers and the middle class.<a href="#cite_note-askh-3">[3]</a> Eranad, Valluvanad, and Ponnani Taluks had been part of <a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a> just after the Manjeri conference. The Khilafat <a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1909%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)">non-cooperation</a> demonstration conducted at <a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a> in Ponnani Taluk (now a part of Tirur Taluk) on 22 March 1921 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/K._P._Kesava_Menon" title="K. P. Kesava Menon">K. P. Kesava Menon</a> was attended by about 20,000 people. The first all Kerala provincial conference of Indian National Congress held at <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a> in April 1921 also influenced the rebellion. <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar Rebellion">Malabar Rebellion</a> of 1921 was the last and important among the Mappila rebellions. The cities/towns of <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a> were the main strongholds of the rebels. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pookkottur" title="Battle of Pookkottur">Battle of Pookkottur</a> occurred as a part of the rebellion. After the army, police, and British authorities fled, the declaration of independence took place in over 200 villages in <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> taluks.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The new country was given the name Malayala Rajyam (The land of Malayalam).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> On 25 August 1921, <a href="/wiki/Variyan_Kunnathu_Kunjahammed_Haji" class="mw-redirect" title="Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji">Variyan Kunnathu Kunjahammed Haji</a> inaugurated the Military Training Center at <a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a>, which was started by the revolutionary government. The feudal customs of Kumpil Kanji and Kanabhumi were abolished and the tenants were made landowners. A tax exemption was given for one year and a tax was imposed on the movement of goods from Wayanad to the Madras Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Similar to the British, the structure of administration was built upon <a href="/wiki/District_Collector" class="mw-redirect" title="District Collector">Collector</a>, Governor, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a>, and King.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The parallel government established courts, tax centers, food storage centers, the military, and the legal police. Passport system was introduced for those in the new country.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-CGN78-98">[98]</a> Although the nation's lifespan is considered to have been less than six months, some British officials have suggested that the region was ruled by a parallel government for more than a year.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagon_Tragedy_Memorial,_Tirur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wagon_Tragedy_Memorial%2C_Tirur.jpg/220px-Wagon_Tragedy_Memorial%2C_Tirur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wagon_Tragedy_Memorial%2C_Tirur.jpg/330px-Wagon_Tragedy_Memorial%2C_Tirur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Wagon_Tragedy_Memorial%2C_Tirur.jpg/440px-Wagon_Tragedy_Memorial%2C_Tirur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wagon_tragedy" title="Wagon tragedy">Wagon tragedy</a> memorial at <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></figcaption></figure> The rebels won to establish self-rule in the region for about six months. However, less than six months after the declaration of autonomy, the British managed to recapture it, and put it under the direct control of British Army Commander-in-Chief Chief Rawlson, General Barnett Stuart, Intelligence Chief Maurice Williams, and Police General Armitage. Many of the important British military regiments including Dorset, Karen, Yenier, Linston, Rajputana, Gorkha, Garwale, and Chin Kutchin reached Malabar for the reannexation of the <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wagon_tragedy" title="Wagon tragedy">Wagon tragedy</a> (1921) is still a saddening memory of the Malabar rebellion, where 64 prisoners died on 20 November 1921.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> The prisoners had been taken into custody following the Mappila Rebellion in various parts of the district. Their deaths through apparent negligence generated sympathy for <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Independence">Post-Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Post-Independence">edit</a>]</div> After the Indian independence, Madras Presidency was reorganized into Madras state, which was divided along linguistic lines on 1 November 1956, when Malabar District was merged with erstwhile <a href="/wiki/South_Kanara_District_(Madras_Presidency)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Kanara District (Madras Presidency)">Kasaragod Taluk</a> immediately to the north and the state of <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a> to the south to form the state of Kerala. Malabar District was divided into the three districts of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> on 1 January 1957. The <a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani Taluk">Ponnani Taluk</a> was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Malappuram District">Malappuram District</a> was created from parts of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> in 1969, and <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad District">Wayanad District</a> was created in 1980 from parts of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ezhimala_beach.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ezhimala_beach.JPG/220px-Ezhimala_beach.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ezhimala_beach.JPG/330px-Ezhimala_beach.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ezhimala_beach.JPG/440px-Ezhimala_beach.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The hilly beach of <a href="/wiki/Ezhimala_(hill,_Kannur)" title="Ezhimala (hill, Kannur)">Ezhimala</a> had once been the headquarters of what is now known as <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> in ancient period.<a href="#cite_note-Etymology_of_Malabar-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg/220px-Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg/330px-Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg/440px-Kottappuram-nileshwaram-house-boat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi Backwaters</a> separated the British district of Malabar from <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/220px-Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/330px-Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg/440px-Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3773" data-file-height="2627" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_Bird_Sanctuary" title="Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary">Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue,_Green_%26_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Blue%2C_Green_%26_White.jpg/220px-Blue%2C_Green_%26_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Blue%2C_Green_%26_White.jpg/330px-Blue%2C_Green_%26_White.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Blue%2C_Green_%26_White.jpg/440px-Blue%2C_Green_%26_White.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chembra_Peak" title="Chembra Peak">Chembra Peak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-View_from_Chamravattam_Bridge_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1496" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> River, the second longest river in Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg/220px-Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg/330px-Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg/440px-Chaliyar_River_at_Feroke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, the fourth longest river in Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/220px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/330px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg/440px-Kadalundi_Bridge_-_A_border_of_Malappuram_and_Kozhikode.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a>, the fifth-longest river in Kerala</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nemmara-paddy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/220px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/330px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nemmara-paddy.jpg/440px-Nemmara-paddy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>A typical Palakkadan paddy field (from <a href="/wiki/Nemmara" title="Nemmara">Nemmara</a>)</figcaption></figure> Malabar district, also known as the Malayalam district, bears its name from the hilly nature of many areas in the district.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> It was one of the two districts of Madras presidency, which lied in the western coast (<a href="/wiki/Malabar_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar coast">Malabar coast</a>) of India, the other being the <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a>. The mainland area of Malabar District (excluding <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> Islands and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> region), was surrounded by <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>) to north, the princely states of <a href="/wiki/Coorg_Province" title="Coorg Province">Coorg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Mysore</a> to northeast, the British districts of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Coimbatore" title="Coimbatore">Coimbatore</a> to southeast, and the princely state of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> to south.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> was divided by the river <a href="/wiki/Korapuzha" title="Korapuzha">Korapuzha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> Wayanad, Valluvanad, and Palakkad Taluks hadn't seacoast, whereas the remaining Taluks in the district had coastal areas.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> With an exception of the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> islands, the district was wedged between the <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakshadweep Sea">Lakshadweep Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a>, which forms a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Plateau">Mysore Plateau</a>, was the only <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">Plateau</a> in Malabar as well as Kerala. The district was widely scattered and consists of the following parts:- <ul><li>Malabar Proper extending north to south along the coast, a distance of around 240 kilometers, and lying between N. Lat 10° 15′ and 12° 18′ N and E.Long. 75° 14′ and 76° 56′.</li> <li>A group of nineteen isolated bits of territory lying scattered, fifteen of them in the native state of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Cochin</a> and the remaining four in those of <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>, but all of them near the coastline. These isolated bits of territory form the taluk of British Cochin.</li> <li>Two other detached bits of land, the <a href="/wiki/Tangasseri" title="Tangasseri">Tangasseri</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a>.</li> <li>Four inhabited and ten uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands">islands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a>. The four inhabited islands are: <a href="/wiki/Agatti" class="mw-redirect" title="Agatti">Agatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Androth_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Androth Island">Androth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalpeni" title="Kalpeni">Kalpeni</a>.</li> <li>The solitary island of <a href="/wiki/Minicoy_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Minicoy Island">Minicoy</a>.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> form a continuous mountain range on the eastern border of the district. Only break in the Ghats was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a>. The western part of the district was sandy coast. The Ghats in the district maintained an average elevation of 1500 m, which might occasionally go up to 2500 m.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> In Kozhikode Taluk, they turned sharply eastwards and after passing the <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> valley in Ernad Taluk, they continued further south along the eastern portions of Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks and the northern portion of Palghat Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_Gap" title="Palakkad Gap">Palakkad Gap</a> broke the Ghats in Palghat Taluk. The highest peaks in Malabar District was located in <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> region on the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Mountains" title="Nilgiri Mountains">Nilgiri Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> The 2,554 m high <a href="/wiki/Mukurthi" title="Mukurthi">Mukurthi</a> peak, which is situated in the border of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> Taluk and <a href="/wiki/Ooty" title="Ooty">Ooty</a> Taluk, and is also the fifth-highest peak in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> as well as the third-highest in Kerala after <a href="/wiki/Anamudi" title="Anamudi">Anamudi</a> (2,696 m) and <a href="/wiki/Meesapulimala" title="Meesapulimala">Meesapulimala</a> (2,651 m), was the highest point of elevation in Malabar district. It is also the highest peak in Kerala outside the <a href="/wiki/Idukki_district" title="Idukki district">Idukki district</a>. The 2,383 high <a href="/wiki/Anginda_peak" title="Anginda peak">Anginda peak</a>, which is located closer to Malappuram-<a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a>-<a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> district border is the second-highest peak.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vavul_Mala" title="Vavul Mala">Vavul Mala</a>, a 2,339 m high peak situated on the trijunction of Nilambur Taluk of Malappuram, <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a> Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a> districts, was the third-highest point of elevation in the district.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> Apart from the main continuous range of Western Ghats, there were many small undulating hills in the lowland of the district.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_forest" title="Evergreen forest">Tropical evergreen forests</a> were present in the mountain ranges in the district.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> The eastern regions in the modern-day districts of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> valley at <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Attappadi">Attappadi</a> Valley), which together form parts of the <a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve">Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve</a> and a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Mysore_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysore Plateau">Mysore Plateau</a>, are known for natural Gold fields, along with the adjoining districts of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The largest three rivers in Malabar District were, <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> (River <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>), <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundippuzha</a>, all of them flowing through <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Valapattanam_River" title="Valapattanam River">Valapattanam River</a> was the largest river in <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> region which empties into <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>. Two rivers flowed eastwards in the district – <a href="/wiki/Kabini_River" title="Kabini River">Kabini River</a> in Wynad Taluk and <a href="/wiki/Bhavani_River" title="Bhavani River">Bhavani River</a> in the high hills of the Walluvanad Taluk. Both of them were tributaries of the River <a href="/wiki/Kaveri" title="Kaveri">Kaveri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> Other rivers in the district were west-flowing which flows into the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>. Coastal backwaters like <a href="/wiki/Kavvayi_Backwaters" title="Kavvayi Backwaters">Kavvayi</a> and Biyyam were also there. The important west-flowing rivers included <a href="/wiki/Valapattanam_River" title="Valapattanam River">Valapattanam River</a> in Chirakkal Taluk, <a href="/wiki/Anjarakandi_River" title="Anjarakandi River">Anjarakandi River</a> in Kottayam Taluk, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9_River" title="Mahé River">Mahé River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuttiady#Kuttiady_River_(Kuttiady_Puzha)" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiadi River</a> in Kurumbranad Taluk, <a href="/wiki/Chaliyar" title="Chaliyar">Chaliyar</a> in Ernad Taluk, <a href="/wiki/Kadalundi_River" title="Kadalundi River">Kadalundi River</a> in Ernad and Walluvanad Taluks, and <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a> in Ponnani and Palghat Taluks.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> Other rivers were Kottoor, Irikkur, Vannathi, Pazhayangadi, Perumba, Kuppam, Kuttikol, and Kavvayi in Chirakkal Taluk, Bavali and Iritti in Kottayam Taluk (Bavali flows through Wynad too), Korapuzha in Kurumbranad and Kozhikode Taluks, Panamarampuzha and Manantoddy River in Wynad Taluk, Kallayi, Irittuzhi, Irungi, and Mukkam in Kozhikode Taluk, Thuthapuzha in Ponnani and Walluvanad Taluks, Olipuzha and Siruvani in Walluvanad Taluk, and Kalpathipuzha, Yakkarapuzha, and Gayathripuzha in Palghat Taluk.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_District_(1951_Census).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg/220px-Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg/330px-Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg/440px-Malabar_District_%281951_Census%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="1655" /></a><figcaption>Malabar District during <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census</a></figcaption></figure> Malabar district had 5 revenue divisions namely, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> (Tellicherry), <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> (Calicut), <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (Palghat), and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Cochin</a> and 10 Taluks within them.<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> The plateau of <a href="/wiki/Wayanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayanad">Wayanad</a> was a separate Revenue Division until 1924. Later it was merged with <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thalassery_Revenue_Division">Thalassery Revenue Division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Thalassery Revenue Division">edit</a>]</div> Headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taluks">Taluks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Taluks">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Chirakkal (Area:1,750 square kilometres (677 sq mi); HQ:Chirakkal), now <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li>Kottayam (Area:1,270 square kilometres (489 sq mi); HQ:Kottayam), now <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li>Wayanad (Area:2,130 square kilometres (821 sq mi); HQ:<a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kozhikode_Revenue_Division">Kozhikode Revenue Division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Kozhikode Revenue Division">edit</a>]</div> Headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taluks_2">Taluks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Taluks">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Kurumbranad (Area:1,310 square kilometres (505 sq mi); HQ: <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a>.</li> <li>Kozhikode & Laccadive Islands (Area:980 square kilometres (379 sq mi); HQ: <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malappuram_Revenue_Division">Malappuram Revenue Division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Malappuram Revenue Division">edit</a>]</div> HQ: <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taluks_3">Taluks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Taluks">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ernad (Area:2,540 square kilometres (979 sq mi); HQ:<a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>)</li> <li>Valluvanad (Area:2,280 square kilometres (882 sq mi); HQ:<a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palakkad_Revenue_Division">Palakkad Revenue Division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Palakkad Revenue Division">edit</a>]</div> Headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taluks_4">Taluks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: Taluks">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ponnani (Area:1,100 square kilometres (426 sq mi); HQ:<a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li>Palakkad (Area:1,670 square kilometres (643 sq mi); HQQ:<a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fort_Cochin_Revenue_Division">Fort Cochin Revenue Division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Fort Cochin Revenue Division">edit</a>]</div> Headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Cochin">Fort Cochin</a><a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>Cochin (Area:5.2 square kilometres (2 sq mi); HQ:Cochin)<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> Native castes in the erstwhile Malabar District include <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyya">Thiyya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a>, and Scheduled Castes and Tribes.<a href="#cite_note-Logan-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,261,250</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,365,035</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.45%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,652,565</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,800,555</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.54%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">3,015,119</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.74%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,098,871</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.27%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,533,944</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.32%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,929,425</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">4,758,842</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.93%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<a href="#cite_note-officialadministrationp327-104">[104]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 79577.429658068px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 481.35844459329px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:73.963109497861px 67.301251350977px 0 0; border-top-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Malabar District (1951)<a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (63.25%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (33.49%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Christianity (3.24%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.02%)</div> </div> </div></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2607.819721589px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1485.1876963688px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 435.7840255281px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Language in Malabar District (1951)<a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (96.41%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (2.52%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> (0.46%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Other</a> (0.61%)</div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"> <caption>Religious Demographics of Malabar District (1871&1951)<a href="#cite_note-census1871-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" bgcolor="Dodgerblue"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kerala" title="Religion in Kerala">Religion</a> </td> <td bgcolor="Orange"><a href="/wiki/1871" title="1871">1871</a><a href="#cite_note-census1871-106">[106]</a> </td> <td bgcolor="Green"><a href="/wiki/1951" title="1951">1951</a><a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td>Hinduism </td> <td>72.43%<a href="#cite_note-census1871-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>63.25%<a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td>Islam </td> <td>25.72%<a href="#cite_note-census1871-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>33.49%<a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td>Christianity </td> <td>1.43%<a href="#cite_note-census1871-106">[106]</a> </td> <td>3.24%<a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Among various Hindu castes, <a href="/wiki/Thiyyar_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiyyar history">Thiyyas</a> were the most populous in the erstwhile Malabar District according to 1881 Census of India.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Thiyyas formed nearly 35% of the total Hindus of Malabar in 1881 but were considered to be outside the caste system but yet they were considered shudra by some.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> They were present in large numbers in almost all Taluks of Malabar except Palghat, Cochin, and Laccadive Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Thiyyas were similar to <a href="/wiki/Billava" title="Billava">Billavas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Canara-108">[108]</a> In Palghat Taluk, there were <a href="/wiki/Ezhava" title="Ezhava">Ezhavas</a> instead of Thiyyas.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nair" title="Nair">Nairs</a> were the second-largest caste accounting for nearly 20% of the Hindu population in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Their presence was scattered all over Malabar except Laccadive and Minicoy Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> According to William Logan, the main subdivisions among the Nair of erstwhile Malabar District were <a href="/wiki/Menon_(subcaste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menon (subcaste)">Menon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nayanar_(Nair_subcaste)" title="Nayanar (Nair subcaste)">Nayanar</a> (in <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a>), <a href="/wiki/Menoky" title="Menoky">Menoky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moopil_Nair" title="Moopil Nair">Moopil Nair</a>, Pada Nair, Kuruppu, <a href="/wiki/Kaimal" title="Kaimal">Kaimal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panikkar" title="Panikkar">Panikkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiryathil_Nair" title="Kiryathil Nair">Kiryathil Nair</a>, Moothar, Oore, Kidavu, <a href="/wiki/Kartha" title="Kartha">Kartha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eradi" title="Eradi">Eradi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Vellodi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Valluvanad</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nedungadi" title="Nedungadi">Nedungadi</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Nedunganad</a>), Mannadiyar (in <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>), and Manavalan.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Nairs were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Bunt_(community)" title="Bunt (community)">Bunts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Canara-108">[108]</a> Malabar Manual states that the royal family of <a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a> belonged to <a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a> caste, from where members for <a href="/wiki/Travancore_royal_family" title="Travancore royal family">Travancore royal family</a> were usually selected.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> The rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kingdom of Kottayam</a> (Thalassery) also belonged to Kshatriyas.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ambalavasi" title="Ambalavasi">Ambalavasi</a> population was higher in <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>, compared to that in North Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>, who had the highest position in <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Kerala" title="Caste system in Kerala">caste system</a>, were mainly concentrated around the river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Taluks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Valluvanad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a>, in <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> According to 1881 Census, more than 50% of all <a href="/wiki/Nambudiri" title="Nambudiri">Nambudiris</a> in Malabar were settled in Valluvanad and Ponnani taluks.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Nearly 90% of the Nambudiris of Malabar were from <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>, while <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> contributed only around 10%.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a> came next to Valluvanad and Ponnani in Namboodiri population.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvanchery Thamprakkal</a>, who were the head of all Namboodiri of Kerala belong to <a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a> in erstwhile <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> There were some <a href="/wiki/Iyer" title="Iyer">Iyer</a> Brahmins in Palghat Taluk and <a href="/wiki/Tuluva_Brahmin" title="Tuluva Brahmin">Tuluva Brahmins</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulayar" title="Pulayar">Cherumar</a>/Cheramar population was comparatively higher in the erstwhile Taluk of <a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Cheranad</a> (merged with Eranad and Ponnani in the 1860s) and its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Nearly 70% of all Cherumars of Malabar District in 1857 census were from the Taluks of Eranad, Valluvanad, Ponnani, and Palakkad.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> William Logan notes in his Malabar Manual that a larger number of Cherumar caste converted into <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the Taluks of Eranad, Ponnani, and Valluvanad during 1871–1881, comparing the census reports of 1871 and 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Muslim population was higher in <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a> compared to its northern counterparts. Muslims formed nearly 100% of population in Laccadive Islands, and more than 50% in <a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad Taluk</a>, according to 1881 Census.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Muslim population was much higher than the district average in the Taluks of Valluvanad and Ponnani too in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> At the same time <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> Taluk had the least population of Muslims in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> Their population was higher in former territories of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a> Muslims of Malabar were similar to the <a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a> Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Canara-108">[108]</a> Fort Cochin Taluk had the highest Christian population in Malabar while Valluvanad Taluk and Laccadive Islands had the least.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Thomas Christian">Saint Thomas Christians</a> was significant only in the southern portions of <a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani taluk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a> region) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Caste_1881-107">[107]</a> The Talukwise area and population of Malabar district as of <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census of India</a> are given below: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Population and area of Malabar district (1951)<a href="#cite_note-Malabar-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Taluk </th> <th>Area (in sq.miles) </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="#E4CD05">Thalassery Division </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>Chirakkal (Kannur) </td> <td>688 </td> <td>534,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Kottayam (Thalassery) </td> <td>484 </td> <td>369,580 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Wayanad (Mananthavady) </td> <td>821 </td> <td>169,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="blue">Kozhikode Division </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Kurumbranad (Vatakara) </td> <td>506 </td> <td>554,091 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Kozhikode & Laccadive Islands </td> <td>380 </td> <td>530,364 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="red">Malappuram Division </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Eranad (Manjeri) </td> <td>978 </td> <td>614,283 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Valluvanad (Perinthalmanna) </td> <td>873 </td> <td>573,457 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="green">Palakkad Division </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Ponnani </td> <td>427 </td> <td>793,805 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Palakkad </td> <td>643 </td> <td>585,651 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center" bgcolor="black">Fort Cochin Division </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Fort Cochin </td> <td>2 </td> <td>32,941 </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th>5,802 </th> <th>4,758,842 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_and_Types">Towns and Types</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Towns and Types">edit</a>]</div> Although there were several settlements across Malabar district during the Madras Presidency or Pre-Independence era, only a handful were officially considered as 'Towns'. Those were <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Tellicherry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakara">Badagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Calicut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palghat" class="mw-redirect" title="Palghat">Palghat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google.co.in-109">[109]</a> The municipalities of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, were formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850)<a href="#cite_note-Ref1-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-McIver-Stokes-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.co.in-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India-112">[112]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British Indian Empire">British Indian Empire</a>, making all of them the first modern municipalities in <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Even the <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> municipality was formed in 1920 (54 years later). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: Abbreviations">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>M: Municipality: </td> <td>Towns with a local governing body constituted under Madras Town Improvement Act of 1865. </td></tr> <tr> <td>T: Non Municipal Town: </td> <td>Towns without a governing body, listed in Madras District Records. </td></tr> <tr> <td>C: <a href="/wiki/Cantonment" title="Cantonment">Cantonment</a> </td> <td>Towns with a Military base in Madras Presidency. </td></tr> <tr> <td>A.C: Administrative Center: </td> <td>Towns supporting administrative headquarters of higher order. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Cities/Towns of Malabar district during the late 1800s (1881), Early 1900s (1901), and Mid 1900s (1941)<a href="#cite_note-McIver-Stokes-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.co.in-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Imperial_Gazetteer_of_India-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-1961_kkd-113">[113]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>City/Town </th> <th>Year Declared </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Taluk </th> <th>Revenue Division </th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Pre-Independence / Late 1800s </th> <th>(1881) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> </td> <td>1866 </td> <td>M, C, AC </td> <td>Kozhikode </td> <td>Kozhikode </td> <td>57,085 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> </td> <td>1866 </td> <td>M, AC </td> <td>Palghat </td> <td>Palghat </td> <td>36,339 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> </td> <td>1866 </td> <td>M, AC </td> <td>Kottayam </td> <td>Tellicherry </td> <td>26,410 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> </td> <td>1866 </td> <td>M, C </td> <td>Chirakkal </td> <td>Tellicherry </td> <td>26,386 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> </td> <td>1866 </td> <td>M, AC </td> <td>Fort Cochin </td> <td>Fort Cochin </td> <td>15,698 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Early 1900s </th> <th>(1901) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Badagara</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>T </td> <td>Kurumbranad </td> <td>Kozhikode </td> <td>11,319 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>T </td> <td>Ponnani </td> <td>Palghat </td> <td>10,562 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> </td> <td>1904 </td> <td>T, C, AC </td> <td>Ernad </td> <td>Malappuram </td> <td>9,216 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>T </td> <td>Ponnani </td> <td>Palghat </td> <td>8,409 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Mid 1900s </th> <th>(1941) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Pandalayini (Koyilandy)</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>T </td> <td>Kurumbranad </td> <td>Kozhikode </td> <td>12,713 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>T </td> <td>Ernad </td> <td>Malappuram </td> <td>6,249 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>T </td> <td>Ernad </td> <td>Malappuram </td> <td>5,547 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Trikkandiyur (Tirur)</a> </td> <td>1941 </td> <td>T </td> <td>Ponnani </td> <td>Palghat </td> <td>9,489 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1951_Census_of_India">1951 Census of India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=75" title="Edit section: 1951 Census of India">edit</a>]</div> The settlements with a population of more than 50,000 were considered as cities and those had between 10,000 and 50,000 were considered as towns.<a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> The following table gives the cities and towns of Malabar district classified by their population as of the <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census</a>: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Cities and towns of Malabar district (1951)<a href="#cite_note-census1951-105">[105]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>City/Town </th> <th>Taluk </th> <th>Population (1951) </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">Cities </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> </td> <td>Kozhikode </td> <td>158,724 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> </td> <td>Palghat </td> <td>69,504 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">Towns </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a> </td> <td>Chirakkal </td> <td>42,431 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> </td> <td>Kottayam </td> <td>40,040 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> </td> <td>Fort Cochin </td> <td>29,881 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Panthalayini (Koyilandy)</a> </td> <td>Kurumbranad </td> <td>29,001 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> </td> <td>Ponnani </td> <td>23,606 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a> </td> <td>Walluvanad </td> <td>22,695 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Badagara</a> </td> <td>Kurumbranad </td> <td>20,964 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a> </td> <td>Ernad </td> <td>19,463 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> </td> <td>Ponnani </td> <td>17,888 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Trikkandiyur (Tirur)</a> </td> <td>Ponnani </td> <td>11,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a> </td> <td>Walluvanad </td> <td>11,596 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> </td> <td>Ernad </td> <td>10,357 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Total </th> <th>507,975 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_bodies">Local bodies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Local bodies">edit</a>]</div> At the time of <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census of India</a>, Malabar District was divided into 5 Municipalities and 100 Panchayat Boards.<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> Among them 2 municipalities (<a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>) were treated as cities.<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> The municipalities were <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Cochin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> The other towns mentioned above, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Trikkandiyur (Tirur)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Pandalayini (Quilandy)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Badagara</a>, were treated as Panchayat towns.<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> The Taluk-wise details of 5 Municipalities and 100 Panchayat Boards under Malabar District Board at that time are given below:<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Abbreviations </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">T: TOWN </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">It maybe either a Municipal Town or a Non-Municipal Town. The settlements exceeding a population of 10,000 and had some sort of economic importance were considered as towns according to <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" align="center">C: CITY </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">The Municipalities exceeding a population of 50,000 and had larger economic importance were treated as cities according to <a href="/wiki/1951_Census_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="1951 Census of India">1951 Census of India</a><a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">TELLICHERRY DIVISION </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Chirakkal Taluk (10)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Cannanore Municipality (T) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a> </td> <td>2. <a href="/wiki/Karivellur" title="Karivellur">Karivellur</a>-Peralam </td> <td>3. <a href="/wiki/Ramanthali" title="Ramanthali">Ramanthali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. <a href="/wiki/Cheruthazham" title="Cheruthazham">Cheruthazham</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kunhimangalam" title="Kunhimangalam">Kunhimangalam</a> </td> <td>5. <a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a> </td> <td>6. <a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7. <a href="/wiki/Kankole" title="Kankole">Kankole</a> </td> <td>8. <a href="/wiki/Valapattanam" title="Valapattanam">Baliapatam</a> </td> <td>9. <a href="/wiki/Chirakkal,_Kannur" title="Chirakkal, Kannur">Chirakkal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10. <a href="/wiki/Kannur_North" title="Kannur North">Puzhathi</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Kottayam Taluk (15)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Tellicherry Municipality (T) </td></tr> <tr> <td>11. <a href="/wiki/Panoor_(Municipality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoor (Municipality)">Panoor</a> </td> <td>12. <a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a> </td> <td>13. <a href="/wiki/Kadirur" title="Kadirur">Kadirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14. <a href="/wiki/Kariyad" title="Kariyad">Kariyad</a> </td> <td>15. <a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a> </td> <td>16. <a href="/wiki/Kottayam-Malabar" title="Kottayam-Malabar">Kottayam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17. <a href="/wiki/Eranholi" title="Eranholi">Eranholi</a> </td> <td>18. <a href="/wiki/Eruvatty" title="Eruvatty">Eruvatty</a> </td> <td>19. <a href="/wiki/Peringalam" title="Peringalam">Peringalam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20. <a href="/wiki/Pinarayi" title="Pinarayi">Pinarayi</a> </td> <td>21. <a href="/wiki/Pathiriyad" title="Pathiriyad">Pathiriyad</a> </td> <td>22. Olavilam </td></tr> <tr> <td>23. Vadakkumpad </td> <td>24. Menapram </td> <td>25. Kodiyeri </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Wynad Taluk (8)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>26. <a href="/wiki/Thalappuzha,_Wayanad" title="Thalappuzha, Wayanad">Thavinhal</a> </td> <td>27. <a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Manantoddy</a> </td> <td>28. <a href="/wiki/Thirunelly" title="Thirunelly">Thirunelly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29. <a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a> </td> <td>30. <a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a> </td> <td>31. <a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32. <a href="/wiki/Kidanganad" title="Kidanganad">Kidanganad</a> </td> <td>33. <a href="/wiki/Vellamunda_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vellamunda (gram panchayat)">Vellamunda</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">KOZHIKODE DIVISION </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Kurumbranad Taluk (14)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>34. <a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Badagara</a> (T) </td> <td>35. <a href="/wiki/Cheruvannur_Grama_Panchayat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheruvannur Grama Panchayat">Cheruvannur</a> </td> <td>36. <a href="/wiki/Unnikulam" title="Unnikulam">Unnikulam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37. <a href="/wiki/Eramala" title="Eramala">Eramala</a> </td> <td>38. <a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a> </td> <td>39. <a href="/wiki/Edacheri" title="Edacheri">Edacheri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40. Kunnummakkara </td> <td>41. <a href="/wiki/Meppayur" title="Meppayur">Meppayur</a> </td> <td>42. <a href="/wiki/Villiappally" title="Villiappally">Villiappally</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43. <a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a> </td> <td>44. <a href="/wiki/Chorode" title="Chorode">Chorode</a> </td> <td>45. <a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Panthalayani (Koyilandy)</a> (T) </td></tr> <tr> <td>46. Veloor </td> <td>47. <a href="/wiki/Karthikappalli" title="Karthikappalli">Karthikappalli</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Kozhikode Taluk (3)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Kozhikode Municipality (C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>48. <a href="/wiki/Beypore" title="Beypore">Beypore</a> </td> <td>49. <a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a> </td> <td>50. <a href="/wiki/Koduvally" title="Koduvally">Koduvally</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">MALAPPURAM DIVISION </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Ernad Taluk (5)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>51. <a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td> <td>52. <a href="/wiki/Nediyiruppu" title="Nediyiruppu">Nediyiruppu</a> </td> <td>53. <a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a> (T) </td></tr> <tr> <td>54. <a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a> </td> <td>55. <a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Walluvanad Taluk (10)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>56. <a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a> (T) </td> <td>57. <a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a> (T) </td> <td>58. <a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>59. <a href="/wiki/Thiruvegappura" title="Thiruvegappura">Thiruvegappura</a> </td> <td>60. <a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a> </td> <td>61. <a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>62. <a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Perur</a> </td> <td>63. <a href="/wiki/Kuruvattoor" title="Kuruvattoor">Kuruvattoor</a> </td> <td>64. <a href="/wiki/Vaniyamkulam" title="Vaniyamkulam">Vaniyamkulam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>65. <a href="/wiki/Ongallur-II" title="Ongallur-II">Karakkad</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">PALGHAT DIVISION </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Ponnani Taluk (21)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>66. <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> (T) </td> <td>67. <a href="/wiki/Kalpakanchery" title="Kalpakanchery">Kalpakanchery</a> </td> <td>68. <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Trikkandiyur (Tirur)</a> (T) </td></tr> <tr> <td>69. <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> Nagaram </td> <td>70. <a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a> (T) </td> <td>71. <a href="/wiki/Ozhur" title="Ozhur">Ozhur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>72. <a href="/wiki/Punnayurkulam" title="Punnayurkulam">Andathode</a> </td> <td>73. <a href="/wiki/Vadakkekad" title="Vadakkekad">Vadakkekad</a> </td> <td>74. <a href="/wiki/Punnayurkulam" title="Punnayurkulam">Attupuram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>75. <a href="/wiki/Vylathur" title="Vylathur">Vylathur</a> </td> <td>76. <a href="/wiki/Veliyankode" title="Veliyankode">Veliyankode</a> </td> <td>77. <a href="/wiki/Perumpadappu,_Malappuram" title="Perumpadappu, Malappuram">Ayiroor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>78. <a href="/wiki/Maranchery" title="Maranchery">Maranchery</a> </td> <td>79. <a href="/wiki/Kottapadi" title="Kottapadi">Kottapadi</a> </td> <td>80. <a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>81. <a href="/wiki/Chittaattukara" title="Chittaattukara">Chittaattukara</a> </td> <td>82. <a href="/wiki/Elavally" title="Elavally">Elavally</a> </td> <td>83. <a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>84. <a href="/wiki/Kundazhiyur" title="Kundazhiyur">Kundazhiyur</a> </td> <td>85. <a href="/wiki/Venkitangu" title="Venkitangu">Venkitangu</a> </td> <td>86. <a href="/wiki/Engandiyur" title="Engandiyur">Engandiyur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Palghat Taluk (14)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Palghat Municipality (C) </td></tr> <tr> <td>87. <a href="/wiki/Peringottukurissi_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peringottukurissi (gram panchayat)">Peringottukurissi</a> </td> <td>88. <a href="/wiki/Kottayi-I" title="Kottayi-I">Kottayi</a> </td> <td>89. Tholanur </td></tr> <tr> <td>90. <a href="/wiki/Vadakkencherry" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakkencherry">Vadakkencherry</a> </td> <td>91. <a href="/wiki/Kizhakkancherry" title="Kizhakkancherry">Kizhakkancherry</a> </td> <td>92. <a href="/wiki/Kollengode,_Palakkad" title="Kollengode, Palakkad">Kollengode</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>93. <a href="/wiki/Vadavannur" title="Vadavannur">Vadavannur</a> </td> <td>94. <a href="/wiki/Pallassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallassana">Pallassana</a> </td> <td>95. <a href="/wiki/Koduvayur_(gram_panchayat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koduvayur (gram panchayat)">Koduvayur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>96. Thenur </td> <td>97. <a href="/wiki/Elappully" title="Elappully">Elappully</a> </td> <td>98. <a href="/wiki/Kattusseri" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattusseri">Kattusseri</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>99. Paruthipully </td> <td>100. <a href="/wiki/Mankara" title="Mankara">Mankara</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">FORT COCHIN DIVISION </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Fort Cochin Taluk (0)<a href="#cite_note-lb-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" align="center">Fort Cochin Municipality (T) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representatives_from_Malabar_to_Madras_State">Representatives from Malabar to Madras State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=78" title="Edit section: Representatives from Malabar to Madras State">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In C. Rajagopalachari Ministry: 1) Kongattil Raman Menon (1937–39), 2) <a href="/wiki/C._J._Varkey,_Chunkath" class="mw-redirect" title="C. J. Varkey, Chunkath">C. J. Varkey, Chunkath</a> (1939)</li> <li>In Prakasam Ministry: 1) R. Raghavamenon (1946–47)</li> <li>In Ramaswami Reddyar Ministry: 1) Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon (1947–49)</li> <li>In P. S. Kumaraswami Ministry: 1) Kozhippurathu Madhavamenon (1949–52)</li> <li>In C. Rajagopalachari Ministry: 1) K. P. Kuttikrishnan Nair (1952–54) Kalladi Unnikammu Sahib</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1951–52_Indian_general_election"><a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Indian_general_election" title="1951–52 Indian general election">1951–52 Indian general election</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=79" title="Edit section: 1951–52 Indian general election">edit</a>]</div> In the first election to the Lok Sabha conducted under the provisions of the Indian Constitution after Independence, Malabar district had five constituencies, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Constituency </th> <th style="text-align:center;">Winner </th> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Party </th> <th>Runner-up </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1 </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kannur_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)">Kannur</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/A._K._Gopalan" title="A. K. Gopalan">A. K. Gopalan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>C.K.K Govindan Nayar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>K.S.Subramania Iyer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thalassery_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassery (Lok Sabha constituency)">Thalassery</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nettur_P._Damodaran" title="Nettur P. Damodaran">Nettur P. Damodaran</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>P. Kunhiraman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>P.M.V Kunhiraman Nambiar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">SP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #33CC00"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3 </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)">Kozhikode</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Achuthan Damodaran Menon </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>Ummar Koya Parappil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramakrislina Naick,R.N. Ruhur </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">4 </th> <th rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)">Malappuram</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/B._Pocker" title="B. Pocker">B. Pocker Sahib Bahadur</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: #006600"> </td> <td>T.V. Chathukutty Nair </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kumhali Karikedan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">5 </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)">Ponnani</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/K._Kelappan" title="K. Kelappan">K. Kelappan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>Karunakara Menon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vella Eacharan Iyyani </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td> <td>Massan Gani </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952_Madras_Legislative_Assembly_election">1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=80" title="Edit section: 1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election">edit</a>]</div> 25 State Legislative Assembly constituencies were allotted from the Malabar District to the <a href="/wiki/First_Assembly_of_Madras_State" class="mw-redirect" title="First Assembly of Madras State">First Assembly of Madras State</a>. 4 of them were dual-member constituencies. The total number of seats in the district was 29 (including dual member constituencies). <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Constituency </th> <th>Winner </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th> <th>Runner-up </th> <th colspan="2">Party </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nattika_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nattika (State Assembly constituency)">Nattika</a> </th> <td>Gopalakrishnan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>Raman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2 </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponnani (State Assembly constituency)">Ponnani</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/N._Gopala_Menon" title="N. Gopala Menon">N. Gopala Menon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td> <td>K. C. Sankarann </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>E. T. Kunhan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>A. C. Raman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tirur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirur (State Assembly constituency)">Tirur</a> </th> <td>K. Uppi Saheb </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #006600"> </td> <td>K. Ahmad Kutty </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thrithala_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrithala (State Assembly constituency)">Thrithala</a> </th> <td>K. B. Menon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">SP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #33CC00"> </td> <td>P. K. Moideen Kutty </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perinthalmanna (State Assembly constituency)">Perinthalmanna</a> </th> <td>Kunhimahamad Shafee Kallingal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #006600"> </td> <td>P. Ahmad Kutty Sadhu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannarkkad (State Assembly constituency)">Mannarkkad</a> </th> <td>K. C. Gopalanunni </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td> <td>Kurikal Ahmed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pattambi_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pattambi (State Assembly constituency)">Pattambi</a> </th> <td>V. Sankara Narayana Menon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>A. Ramachandra Nedungadi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottapalam (State Assembly constituency)">Ottapalam</a> </th> <td>M. Narayana Kurup </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>C. P. Madhavan Nair </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palakkad (State Assembly constituency)">Palakkad</a> </th> <td>K. Ramakrishnan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td> <td>P. Vasu Menon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">10 </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alathur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alathur (State Assembly constituency)">Alathur</a> </th> <td>K. Krishnan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>Y. R. Ramanatha Iyer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O. Koran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>E. Eacharan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">11 </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)">Malappuram</a> </th> <td>Miniyadam Chadayan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #006600"> </td> <td>Karupadata Ibrahim </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mohammad Haje Seethi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #006600"> </td> <td>Kallayan Kunhambu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottakkal (State Assembly constituency)">Kottakkal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chakkeeri_Ahmad_Kutty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakkeeri Ahmad Kutty">Chakkeeri Ahmad Kutty</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Union_Muslim_League" title="Indian Union Muslim League">IUML</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #006600"> </td> <td>Kunjunni Nedumgadi, Ezhuthassan Kalathil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <th>Kozhikode </th> <td>K. P. Kutty Krishnan Nair </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/E._M._S._Namboodiripad" title="E. M. S. Namboodiripad">E. M. S. Namboodiripad</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <th>Chevayur </th> <td>A. Appu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td> <td>Ayyadhan Balagopalan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">15 </th> <th rowspan="2">Wayanad </th> <td>Manyangode Padmanabha Gounder </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">SP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #33CC00"> </td> <td>Kozhipurath Madhava Menon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chomadi Velukkan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">SP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #33CC00"> </td> <td>Veliyan Nocharamooyal </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koyilandy (State Assembly constituency)">Koyilandy</a> </th> <td>Chemmaratha Kunhriramakurup </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>Anantapuram Patinhare Madam Vasudevan Nair </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Perambra_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perambra (State Assembly constituency)">Perambra</a> </th> <td>Kunhiram Kidavu Polloyil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>Kalandankutty, Puthiyottil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vadakara_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)">Vadakara</a> </th> <td>Moidu Keloth </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">SP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #33CC00"> </td> <td>Ayatathil Chathu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadapuram (State Assembly constituency)">Nadapuram</a> </th> <td>E. K. Sankara Varma Raja </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td> <td>K. Thacharakandy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Thalassery_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassery (State Assembly constituency)">Thalassery</a> </th> <td>C. H. M. Kanaran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>K. P. M. Raghavan Nair </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthuparamba (State Assembly constituency)">Kuthuparamba</a> </th> <td>Krishna Iyer </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Independent_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent (politician)">IND</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #DCDCDC"> </td> <td>Harindranabham, Kalliyat Thazhathuveethil </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(India)" title="Socialist Party (India)">SP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #33CC00"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mattanur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mattanur (State Assembly constituency)">Mattanur</a> </th> <td>Madhavan Nambiar, Kallorath </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>Subbarao </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kannur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannur (State Assembly constituency)">Kannur</a> </th> <td>Kariath Sreedharan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kisan_Mazdoor_Praja_Party" title="Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party">KMPP</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: orange"> </td> <td>Pamban Madhavan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taliparamba (State Assembly constituency)">Taliparamba</a> </th> <td>T. C. Narayanan Nambiar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>V. V. Damodaran Nayanar </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_(State_Assembly_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyanur (State Assembly constituency)">Payyanur</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/K._P._R._Gopalan" title="K. P. R. Gopalan">K. P. Gopalan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India" title="Communist Party of India">CPI</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #f50222"> </td> <td>Vivekananda Devappa Sernoy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">INC</a> </td> <td width="4px" style="background-color: #00BFFF"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Malabar_Cuisine">Malabar Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=81" title="Edit section: Malabar Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Thalassery_cuisine" title="Thalassery cuisine">Thalassery cuisine</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:616px;max-width:616px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pathiri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/150px-Pathiri.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/225px-Pathiri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Pathiri.jpg/300px-Pathiri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1081" data-file-height="735" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a>, a pancake made of <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a>, is one of the common breakfast dishes in Kannur</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg/150px-KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg/225px-KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg/300px-KallummakkayaNirachath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5202" data-file-height="3465" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kallummakkaya nirachathu or arikkadukka (mussels stuffed with rice)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_Biriyani_with_Raita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chicken_Biriyani_with_Raita.jpg/150px-Chicken_Biriyani_with_Raita.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chicken_Biriyani_with_Raita.jpg/225px-Chicken_Biriyani_with_Raita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chicken_Biriyani_with_Raita.jpg/300px-Chicken_Biriyani_with_Raita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thalassery biryani with <a href="/wiki/Raita" title="Raita">raita</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Calicut_Halwa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Calicut_Halwa.jpg/150px-Calicut_Halwa.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Calicut_Halwa.jpg/225px-Calicut_Halwa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Calicut_Halwa.jpg/300px-Calicut_Halwa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2222" data-file-height="1481" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Halwas are popular in towns like <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Malabar cuisine depicts it culture and heritage. It is famous for <a href="/wiki/Malabar_biriyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar biriyani">Malabar biriyani</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> is also famous for <a href="/wiki/Halva#India" title="Halva">Haluva</a> called as Sweet Meat by Europeans due to the texture of the sweet. Kozhikode has a main road in the town named Mittai Theruvu (Sweet Meat Street, or S.M. Street for short). It derived this name from the numerous Halwa stores which used to dot the street. Another speciality is <a href="/wiki/Banana_chip#India" title="Banana chip">banana chips</a>, which are made crisp and wafer-thin. Other popular dishes include seafood preparations (prawns, mussels, mackerel) . Vegetarian fare includes the <a href="/wiki/Sadya" title="Sadya">sadya</a>. Malabar cuisine is a blend of traditional <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Iran">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemenese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> food culture.<a href="#cite_note-MC-116">[116]</a> This confluence of culinary cultures is best seen in the preparation of most dishes.<a href="#cite_note-MC-116">[116]</a> Kallummakkaya (<a href="/wiki/Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a>) <a href="/wiki/Curry" title="Curry">curry</a>, irachi puttu (irachi meaning meat), parottas (soft flatbread),<a href="#cite_note-MC-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pathiri" title="Pathiri">Pathiri</a> (a type of rice pancake)<a href="#cite_note-MC-116">[116]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghee" title="Ghee">ghee</a> rice are some of the other specialties. The characteristic use of spices is the hallmark of Malabar cuisine—<a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a> are used profusely. The Malabar version of <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">biryani</a>, popularly known as kuzhi mandi in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> is another popular item, which has an influence from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. Various varieties of biriyanis like <a href="/wiki/Thalassery_biriyani" class="mw-redirect" title="Thalassery biriyani">Thalassery biriyani</a>, Kannur biriyani,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Calicut biriyani<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> and Ponnani biriyani<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> are prepared in Malabar.<a href="#cite_note-MC-116">[116]</a> The snacks include <a href="/wiki/Unnakai" title="Unnakai">unnakkaya</a> (deep-fried, boiled ripe banana paste covering a mixture of cashew, <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a> and sugar),<a href="#cite_note-MC_2-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pazham_pori" class="mw-redirect" title="Pazham pori">pazham nirachathu</a> (ripe banana filled with <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> grating, <a href="/wiki/Molasses" title="Molasses">molasses</a> or sugar),<a href="#cite_note-MC_2-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fios_de_ovos" title="Fios de ovos">muttamala</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Egg_as_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg as food">eggs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MC-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chatti_pathiri" title="Chatti pathiri">chatti pathiri</a>, a dessert made of flour, like a baked, layered chapati with rich filling, arikkadukka,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and more.<a href="#cite_note-MC-116">[116]</a> However, the newer generation is more inclined towards to Chinese and American food. Chinese food is very popular among the locals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_from_Malabar">Notable people from Malabar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=82" title="Edit section: Notable people from Malabar">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_North_Malabar" title="List of people from North Malabar">List of people from North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar#Notable_people" title="South Malabar">List of people from South Malabar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_day_taluks_and_islands_in_erstwhile_Malabar">Modern day taluks and islands in erstwhile Malabar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=83" title="Edit section: Modern day taluks and islands in erstwhile Malabar">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>Taluk/Island </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_taluk" title="Kasaragod taluk">Kasaragod</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manjeshwaram_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjeshwaram Taluk">Manjeshwaram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hosdurg_taluk" title="Hosdurg taluk">Hosdurg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vellarikundu" title="Vellarikundu">Vellarikundu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba_taluk" title="Taliparamba taluk">Taliparamba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kannur_taluk" title="Kannur taluk">Kannur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Payyanur_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Payyanur Taluk">Payyanur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iritty_taluk" title="Iritty taluk">Iritty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulthan_Bathery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulthan Bathery">Sulthan Bathery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vythiri_taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vythiri taluk">Vythiri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gudalur_taluk" title="Gudalur taluk">Gudalur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pandalur_taluk" title="Pandalur taluk">Pandalur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eranad_taluk" title="Eranad taluk">Eranad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ottappalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottappalam">Ottappalam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> (parts) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam district</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Agatti_Island" title="Agatti Island">Agatti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrott" title="Andrott">Andrott</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangaram_Atoll" title="Bangaram Atoll">Bangaram</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalpeni" title="Kalpeni">Kalpeni</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_maps">Historical maps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=84" title="Edit section: Historical maps">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malabar Coast around AD 1st century CE"><img alt="Malabar Coast around AD 1st century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/120px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/180px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg/240px-TabulaPeutingerianaMuziris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="373" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> around AD 1st century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1658_Jansson_Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_(Erythrean_Sea)_in_Antiquity_-_Geographicus_-_ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Major ports in 1st century CE according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea"><img alt="Major ports in 1st century CE according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1658_Jansson_Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_%28Erythrean_Sea%29_in_Antiquity_-_Geographicus_-_ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg/120px-1658_Jansson_Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_%28Erythrean_Sea%29_in_Antiquity_-_Geographicus_-_ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1658_Jansson_Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_%28Erythrean_Sea%29_in_Antiquity_-_Geographicus_-_ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg/180px-1658_Jansson_Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_%28Erythrean_Sea%29_in_Antiquity_-_Geographicus_-_ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/1658_Jansson_Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_%28Erythrean_Sea%29_in_Antiquity_-_Geographicus_-_ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg/240px-1658_Jansson_Map_of_the_Indian_Ocean_%28Erythrean_Sea%29_in_Antiquity_-_Geographicus_-_ErythraeanSea-jansson-1658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="4194" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Major ports in 1st century CE according to the <a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peutinger_India.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Malabar Coast around AD 300 (4th century CE)"><img alt="Malabar Coast around AD 300 (4th century CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peutinger_India.png/120px-Peutinger_India.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peutinger_India.png/180px-Peutinger_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peutinger_India.png/240px-Peutinger_India.png 2x" data-file-width="463" data-file-height="247" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> around AD 300 (4th century CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zamorin of Calicut's empire in 1498"><img alt="Zamorin of Calicut's empire in 1498" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/96px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/144px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg/192px-Map_of_Samoothiris_kingdom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a>'s empire in 1498</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EstadoInd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malabar Coast in Portuguese India (16th century CE)"><img alt="Malabar Coast in Portuguese India (16th century CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/EstadoInd.jpg/68px-EstadoInd.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/EstadoInd.jpg/103px-EstadoInd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/EstadoInd.jpg/137px-EstadoInd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="575" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> (16th century CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Another_Bertius_version_of_A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature_c.1600-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malabar Coast in the early 17th century (1600–1618)"><img alt="Malabar Coast in the early 17th century (1600–1618)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Another_Bertius_version_of_A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature_c.1600-18.jpg/120px-Another_Bertius_version_of_A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature_c.1600-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Another_Bertius_version_of_A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature_c.1600-18.jpg/180px-Another_Bertius_version_of_A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature_c.1600-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Another_Bertius_version_of_A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature_c.1600-18.jpg/240px-Another_Bertius_version_of_A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature_c.1600-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="788" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in the early 17th century (1600–1618)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature,_a_reprint_by_Petrus_Bertius,_1630.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature map by Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, c.1580, from the Epitome Theatri Orteliani; *a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630*; and *another Bertius version*, Amsterdam, c.1600-18"><img alt="A horizontal Malabar Coast miniature map by Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, c.1580, from the Epitome Theatri Orteliani; *a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630*; and *another Bertius version*, Amsterdam, c.1600-18" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature%2C_a_reprint_by_Petrus_Bertius%2C_1630.jpg/120px-A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature%2C_a_reprint_by_Petrus_Bertius%2C_1630.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature%2C_a_reprint_by_Petrus_Bertius%2C_1630.jpg/180px-A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature%2C_a_reprint_by_Petrus_Bertius%2C_1630.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature%2C_a_reprint_by_Petrus_Bertius%2C_1630.jpg/240px-A_horizontal_Malabar_Coast_miniature%2C_a_reprint_by_Petrus_Bertius%2C_1630.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="449" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A horizontal <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> miniature map by Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, c.1580, from the Epitome Theatri Orteliani; *a reprint by Petrus Bertius, 1630*; and *another Bertius version*, Amsterdam, c.1600-18</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_Map_1652.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malabar in 1652 (Malabar Coast is highlighted separately on the right side)"><img alt="Malabar in 1652 (Malabar Coast is highlighted separately on the right side)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/South_India_Map_1652.jpg/120px-South_India_Map_1652.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/South_India_Map_1652.jpg/180px-South_India_Map_1652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/South_India_Map_1652.jpg/240px-South_India_Map_1652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1540" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Malabar in 1652 (<a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> is highlighted separately on the right side)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlante_Veneto_Volume_2_108.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South India in 1691-92 (Calicut is marked in large letters)."><img alt="South India in 1691-92 (Calicut is marked in large letters)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atlante_Veneto_Volume_2_108.jpg/120px-Atlante_Veneto_Volume_2_108.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atlante_Veneto_Volume_2_108.jpg/180px-Atlante_Veneto_Volume_2_108.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Atlante_Veneto_Volume_2_108.jpg/240px-Atlante_Veneto_Volume_2_108.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10575" data-file-height="7116" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1691-92 (<a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> is marked in large letters).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart_van_de_kust_van_Malabar_en_Cormandel_(India)_-_AM_-_71694.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map in which the entire western coast of India is termed as Malabar Coast (drawn in the mid-18th century CE)"><img alt="A map in which the entire western coast of India is termed as Malabar Coast (drawn in the mid-18th century CE)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kaart_van_de_kust_van_Malabar_en_Cormandel_%28India%29_-_AM_-_71694.jpg/120px-Kaart_van_de_kust_van_Malabar_en_Cormandel_%28India%29_-_AM_-_71694.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kaart_van_de_kust_van_Malabar_en_Cormandel_%28India%29_-_AM_-_71694.jpg/180px-Kaart_van_de_kust_van_Malabar_en_Cormandel_%28India%29_-_AM_-_71694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Kaart_van_de_kust_van_Malabar_en_Cormandel_%28India%29_-_AM_-_71694.jpg/240px-Kaart_van_de_kust_van_Malabar_en_Cormandel_%28India%29_-_AM_-_71694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="841" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A map in which the entire western coast of India is termed as <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> (drawn in the mid-18th century CE)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart_van_Zuid-India_Nova_tabula_terrarum_Cucan,_Canara,_Malabaria,_Madura,_%26_Coromandella,_cum_parte_septentrionali_insulae_Ceylon,_in_mari_Indico_Orientali_edente_Hadriano_Relando_(titel_op_object),_NG-501-71.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaart van Zuid-India Nova tabula terrarum Cucan, Canara, Malabaria, Madura, & Coromandella, cum parte septentrionali insulae Ceylon, in mari Indico Orientali edente Hadriano Relando (titel op object)"><img alt="Kaart van Zuid-India Nova tabula terrarum Cucan, Canara, Malabaria, Madura, & Coromandella, cum parte septentrionali insulae Ceylon, in mari Indico Orientali edente Hadriano Relando (titel op object)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kaart_van_Zuid-India_Nova_tabula_terrarum_Cucan%2C_Canara%2C_Malabaria%2C_Madura%2C_%26_Coromandella%2C_cum_parte_septentrionali_insulae_Ceylon%2C_in_mari_Indico_Orientali_edente_Hadriano_Relando_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-501-71.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kaart_van_Zuid-India_Nova_tabula_terrarum_Cucan%2C_Canara%2C_Malabaria%2C_Madura%2C_%26_Coromandella%2C_cum_parte_septentrionali_insulae_Ceylon%2C_in_mari_Indico_Orientali_edente_Hadriano_Relando_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-501-71.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Kaart_van_Zuid-India_Nova_tabula_terrarum_Cucan%2C_Canara%2C_Malabaria%2C_Madura%2C_%26_Coromandella%2C_cum_parte_septentrionali_insulae_Ceylon%2C_in_mari_Indico_Orientali_edente_Hadriano_Relando_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_NG-501-71.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5802" data-file-height="5060" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kaart van Zuid-India Nova tabula terrarum Cucan, Canara, Malabaria, Madura, & Coromandella, cum parte septentrionali insulae Ceylon, in mari Indico Orientali edente Hadriano Relando (titel op object)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rare map of India and Ceylon issued in 1733 by the Homann Heirs."><img alt="A rare map of India and Ceylon issued in 1733 by the Homann Heirs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/106px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/159px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg/212px-1733_Homann_Heirs_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-homannheirs-1733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="4527" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A rare map of India and Ceylon issued in 1733 by the Homann Heirs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen,_1744.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map of South India drawn by Emanuel Bowen (1744)"><img alt="A map of South India drawn by Emanuel Bowen (1744)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/120px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/180px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg/240px-From_a_map_by_Emanuel_Bowen%2C_1744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A map of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> drawn by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Bowen" title="Emanuel Bowen">Emanuel Bowen</a> (1744)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India1760_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian Subcontinent in 1760"><img alt="Indian Subcontinent in 1760" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/93px-India1760_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/140px-India1760_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/India1760_1905.jpg/186px-India1760_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1485" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a> in 1760</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1770_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India,_Sri_Lanka_(Ceylon),_the_Maldives,_and_the_Indian_Ocean_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rigobert Bonne's 1770 decorative map of southern India."><img alt="Rigobert Bonne's 1770 decorative map of southern India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1770_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Sri_Lanka_%28Ceylon%29%2C_the_Maldives%2C_and_the_Indian_Ocean_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1770.jpg/120px-1770_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Sri_Lanka_%28Ceylon%29%2C_the_Maldives%2C_and_the_Indian_Ocean_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1770_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Sri_Lanka_%28Ceylon%29%2C_the_Maldives%2C_and_the_Indian_Ocean_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1770.jpg/180px-1770_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Sri_Lanka_%28Ceylon%29%2C_the_Maldives%2C_and_the_Indian_Ocean_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/1770_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Sri_Lanka_%28Ceylon%29%2C_the_Maldives%2C_and_the_Indian_Ocean_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1770.jpg/240px-1770_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Sri_Lanka_%28Ceylon%29%2C_the_Maldives%2C_and_the_Indian_Ocean_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1770.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2891" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rigobert Bonne's 1770 decorative map of southern India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1775_Mannevillette_Map_of_Southern_India_and_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_-_Geographicus_-_CeylonIndia-mannevillette-1775.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1775 maritime map or nautical chart of southern India and Ceylon by Jean-Baptiste d'Après de Mannevillette."><img alt="1775 maritime map or nautical chart of southern India and Ceylon by Jean-Baptiste d'Après de Mannevillette." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1775_Mannevillette_Map_of_Southern_India_and_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_-_Geographicus_-_CeylonIndia-mannevillette-1775.jpg/120px-1775_Mannevillette_Map_of_Southern_India_and_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_-_Geographicus_-_CeylonIndia-mannevillette-1775.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1775_Mannevillette_Map_of_Southern_India_and_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_-_Geographicus_-_CeylonIndia-mannevillette-1775.jpg/180px-1775_Mannevillette_Map_of_Southern_India_and_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_-_Geographicus_-_CeylonIndia-mannevillette-1775.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1775_Mannevillette_Map_of_Southern_India_and_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_-_Geographicus_-_CeylonIndia-mannevillette-1775.jpg/240px-1775_Mannevillette_Map_of_Southern_India_and_Ceylon_or_Sri_Lanka_-_Geographicus_-_CeylonIndia-mannevillette-1775.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3649" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1775 maritime map or nautical chart of southern India and Ceylon by Jean-Baptiste d'Après de Mannevillette.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rigobert-Bonne-Atlas-de-toutes-les-parties-connues-du-globe-terrestre_MG_9993.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Historical map of South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, the Malabar Coast, the Coromandel Coast, the Andaman Islands (1780)"><img alt="Historical map of South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, the Malabar Coast, the Coromandel Coast, the Andaman Islands (1780)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rigobert-Bonne-Atlas-de-toutes-les-parties-connues-du-globe-terrestre_MG_9993.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Rigobert-Bonne-Atlas-de-toutes-les-parties-connues-du-globe-terrestre_MG_9993.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rigobert-Bonne-Atlas-de-toutes-les-parties-connues-du-globe-terrestre_MG_9993.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Rigobert-Bonne-Atlas-de-toutes-les-parties-connues-du-globe-terrestre_MG_9993.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rigobert-Bonne-Atlas-de-toutes-les-parties-connues-du-globe-terrestre_MG_9993.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Rigobert-Bonne-Atlas-de-toutes-les-parties-connues-du-globe-terrestre_MG_9993.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5232" data-file-height="3534" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Historical map of South India, Sri Lanka, the Maldives, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, the Malabar Coast, the Coromandel Coast, the Andaman Islands (1780)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1780_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India,_Ceylon,_and_the_Maldives_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1780 map of southern India by the French cartographer Rigobert Bonne."><img alt="1780 map of southern India by the French cartographer Rigobert Bonne." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1780_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Ceylon%2C_and_the_Maldives_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1780.jpg/120px-1780_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Ceylon%2C_and_the_Maldives_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1780_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Ceylon%2C_and_the_Maldives_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1780.jpg/180px-1780_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Ceylon%2C_and_the_Maldives_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1780_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Ceylon%2C_and_the_Maldives_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1780.jpg/240px-1780_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India%2C_Ceylon%2C_and_the_Maldives_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-bonne-1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1780 map of southern India by the French cartographer Rigobert Bonne.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India_-_Geographicus_-_Indes-bonne-1780.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rigobert Bonne and G. Raynal's 1780 map of Southern India."><img alt="Rigobert Bonne and G. Raynal's 1780 map of Southern India." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India_-_Geographicus_-_Indes-bonne-1780.jpg/120px-1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India_-_Geographicus_-_Indes-bonne-1780.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India_-_Geographicus_-_Indes-bonne-1780.jpg/180px-1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India_-_Geographicus_-_Indes-bonne-1780.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India_-_Geographicus_-_Indes-bonne-1780.jpg/240px-1780_Raynal_and_Bonne_Map_of_Southern_India_-_Geographicus_-_Indes-bonne-1780.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1739" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rigobert Bonne and G. Raynal's 1780 map of Southern India.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_map_1782.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South India in 1782"><img alt="South India in 1782" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/South_India_map_1782.jpg/94px-South_India_map_1782.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/South_India_map_1782.jpg/142px-South_India_map_1782.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/South_India_map_1782.jpg/189px-South_India_map_1782.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1656" data-file-height="2104" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1782</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_Map_1794.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Political state of South India just after Third Anglo-Mysore War which ended in 1792."><img alt="Political state of South India just after Third Anglo-Mysore War which ended in 1792." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/South_India_Map_1794.jpg/88px-South_India_Map_1794.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/South_India_Map_1794.jpg/133px-South_India_Map_1794.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/South_India_Map_1794.jpg/177px-South_India_Map_1794.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="4608" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Political state of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> just after <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> which ended in 1792.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthIndia1794.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="South India in 1794"><img alt="South India in 1794" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SouthIndia1794.jpeg/120px-SouthIndia1794.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SouthIndia1794.jpeg/180px-SouthIndia1794.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/SouthIndia1794.jpeg/240px-SouthIndia1794.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="416" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1794</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Map of the Peninsula of India from the 19th Degree North Latitude to Cape Comorin, just after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War which ended in 1799"><img alt="A Map of the Peninsula of India from the 19th Degree North Latitude to Cape Comorin, just after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War which ended in 1799" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg/100px-1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg/150px-1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg/200px-1800_Map_of_Peninsular_India-1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5936" data-file-height="7137" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Map of the Peninsula of India from the 19th Degree North Latitude to Cape Comorin, just after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth Anglo-Mysore War</a> which ended in 1799</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1800 Faden Rennell Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India"><img alt="1800 Faden Rennell Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg/98px-1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg/147px-1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg/196px-1800_Faden_Rennell_Wall_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-faden-1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="7353" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1800 Faden Rennell Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wellington,_soldier_and_statesman,_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_(1904)_(14593177119).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="India in 1804"><img alt="India in 1804" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/92px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/138px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg/184px-Wellington%2C_soldier_and_statesman%2C_and_the_revival_of_the_military_power_of_England_%281904%29_%2814593177119%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2320" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">India in 1804</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1804_German_Edition_of_the_Rennel_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaGerman-rennell-1804.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1804 German Edition of the Rennel Map of India - Geographicus"><img alt="1804 German Edition of the Rennel Map of India - Geographicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1804_German_Edition_of_the_Rennel_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaGerman-rennell-1804.jpg/98px-1804_German_Edition_of_the_Rennel_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaGerman-rennell-1804.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1804_German_Edition_of_the_Rennel_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaGerman-rennell-1804.jpg/147px-1804_German_Edition_of_the_Rennel_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaGerman-rennell-1804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1804_German_Edition_of_the_Rennel_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaGerman-rennell-1804.jpg/196px-1804_German_Edition_of_the_Rennel_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaGerman-rennell-1804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="4275" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1804 German Edition of the Rennel Map of India - Geographicus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_India_1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South India in 1808"><img alt="South India in 1808" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Southern_India_1808.jpg/120px-Southern_India_1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Southern_India_1808.jpg/180px-Southern_India_1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Southern_India_1808.jpg/240px-Southern_India_1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="2749" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1808</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1808_Smith_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-smith-1808.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1808 Smith Map of India - Geographicus - India"><img alt="1808 Smith Map of India - Geographicus - India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1808_Smith_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-smith-1808.jpg/92px-1808_Smith_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-smith-1808.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1808_Smith_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-smith-1808.jpg/138px-1808_Smith_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-smith-1808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/1808_Smith_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-smith-1808.jpg/184px-1808_Smith_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_India-smith-1808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="3500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1808 Smith Map of India - Geographicus - India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1814_Thomson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-t-1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1814 Thomson Map of India - Geographicus - India"><img alt="1814 Thomson Map of India - Geographicus - India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1814_Thomson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-t-1814.jpg/120px-1814_Thomson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-t-1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1814_Thomson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-t-1814.jpg/180px-1814_Thomson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-t-1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/1814_Thomson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-t-1814.jpg/240px-1814_Thomson_Map_of_India_-_Geographicus_-_IndiaSouth-t-1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2799" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1814 Thomson Map of India - Geographicus - India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Karte_von_Vorderindien_zur_%C3%9Cbersicht_der_Hauptverh%C3%A4ltnisse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="India in General Karte von Vorderindien zur Übersicht der Hauptverhältnisse (1836)"><img alt="India in General Karte von Vorderindien zur Übersicht der Hauptverhältnisse (1836)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/General_Karte_von_Vorderindien_zur_%C3%9Cbersicht_der_Hauptverh%C3%A4ltnisse.jpg/85px-General_Karte_von_Vorderindien_zur_%C3%9Cbersicht_der_Hauptverh%C3%A4ltnisse.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/General_Karte_von_Vorderindien_zur_%C3%9Cbersicht_der_Hauptverh%C3%A4ltnisse.jpg/127px-General_Karte_von_Vorderindien_zur_%C3%9Cbersicht_der_Hauptverh%C3%A4ltnisse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/General_Karte_von_Vorderindien_zur_%C3%9Cbersicht_der_Hauptverh%C3%A4ltnisse.jpg/170px-General_Karte_von_Vorderindien_zur_%C3%9Cbersicht_der_Hauptverh%C3%A4ltnisse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8329" data-file-height="11746" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">India in General Karte von Vorderindien zur Übersicht der Hauptverhältnisse (1836)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:1838_Wyld_Wall_Map_of_India_(Hindostan_or_British_India)_-_Geographicus_-_India-wyld-1838.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1838 Wyld Wall Map of India (Hindostan or British India) - Geographicus - India"><img alt="1838 Wyld Wall Map of India (Hindostan or British India) - Geographicus - India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1838_Wyld_Wall_Map_of_India_%28Hindostan_or_British_India%29_-_Geographicus_-_India-wyld-1838.jpg/98px-1838_Wyld_Wall_Map_of_India_%28Hindostan_or_British_India%29_-_Geographicus_-_India-wyld-1838.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1838_Wyld_Wall_Map_of_India_%28Hindostan_or_British_India%29_-_Geographicus_-_India-wyld-1838.jpg/147px-1838_Wyld_Wall_Map_of_India_%28Hindostan_or_British_India%29_-_Geographicus_-_India-wyld-1838.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1838_Wyld_Wall_Map_of_India_%28Hindostan_or_British_India%29_-_Geographicus_-_India-wyld-1838.jpg/196px-1838_Wyld_Wall_Map_of_India_%28Hindostan_or_British_India%29_-_Geographicus_-_India-wyld-1838.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="6111" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1838 Wyld Wall Map of India (Hindostan or British India) - Geographicus - India</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_India_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South India in 1843"><img alt="South India in 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/South_India_map.jpg/100px-South_India_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/South_India_map.jpg/149px-South_India_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/South_India_map.jpg/199px-South_India_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2954" data-file-height="3557" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Division_Map_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern division of South India in 1843"><img alt="Southern division of South India in 1843" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Southern_Division_Map_1843.jpg/120px-Southern_Division_Map_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Southern_Division_Map_1843.jpg/180px-Southern_Division_Map_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Southern_Division_Map_1843.jpg/240px-Southern_Division_Map_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2883" data-file-height="2640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern division of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a> in 1843</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_-_Stieler%27s_Hand-Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asia in 1840 - 1860 (Calicut is marked)"><img alt="Asia in 1840 - 1860 (Calicut is marked)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Asia_-_Stieler%27s_Hand-Atlas.jpg/120px-Asia_-_Stieler%27s_Hand-Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Asia_-_Stieler%27s_Hand-Atlas.jpg/180px-Asia_-_Stieler%27s_Hand-Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Asia_-_Stieler%27s_Hand-Atlas.jpg/240px-Asia_-_Stieler%27s_Hand-Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5591" data-file-height="4604" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Asia in 1840 - 1860 (<a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> is marked)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Madras Presidency in taken from Text-book of Indian History: Geographical Notes, Genealogical Tables, Examination Questions (1880)"><img alt="Map of Madras Presidency in taken from Text-book of Indian History: Geographical Notes, Genealogical Tables, Examination Questions (1880)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg/91px-Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg/136px-Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg/182px-Pope1880MadrasPres2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> in taken from Text-book of Indian History: Geographical Notes, Genealogical Tables, Examination Questions (1880)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Robert_Wallace_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="India in 1887 with cattle breeds based on the travels of Robert Wallace."><img alt="India in 1887 with cattle breeds based on the travels of Robert Wallace." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/India_Robert_Wallace_1887.jpg/104px-India_Robert_Wallace_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/India_Robert_Wallace_1887.jpg/156px-India_Robert_Wallace_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/India_Robert_Wallace_1887.jpg/208px-India_Robert_Wallace_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2596" data-file-height="3001" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">India in 1887 with cattle breeds based on the travels of Robert Wallace.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:157_of_%27Les_Grands_voyageurs_de_notre_si%C3%A8cle._Ouvrage_contenant_..._dessins_..._et_..._cartes,_etc%27_(11199622474).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1889 map of India (Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala)."><img alt="1889 map of India (Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/157_of_%27Les_Grands_voyageurs_de_notre_si%C3%A8cle._Ouvrage_contenant_..._dessins_..._et_..._cartes%2C_etc%27_%2811199622474%29.jpg/79px-157_of_%27Les_Grands_voyageurs_de_notre_si%C3%A8cle._Ouvrage_contenant_..._dessins_..._et_..._cartes%2C_etc%27_%2811199622474%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/157_of_%27Les_Grands_voyageurs_de_notre_si%C3%A8cle._Ouvrage_contenant_..._dessins_..._et_..._cartes%2C_etc%27_%2811199622474%29.jpg/119px-157_of_%27Les_Grands_voyageurs_de_notre_si%C3%A8cle._Ouvrage_contenant_..._dessins_..._et_..._cartes%2C_etc%27_%2811199622474%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/157_of_%27Les_Grands_voyageurs_de_notre_si%C3%A8cle._Ouvrage_contenant_..._dessins_..._et_..._cartes%2C_etc%27_%2811199622474%29.jpg/159px-157_of_%27Les_Grands_voyageurs_de_notre_si%C3%A8cle._Ouvrage_contenant_..._dessins_..._et_..._cartes%2C_etc%27_%2811199622474%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2078" data-file-height="3132" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1889 map of India (Only <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a> are highlighted from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:77_of_%27Outlines_of_Geography_for_the_use_of_lower_and_middle_forms_of_schools_and_of_candidates_for_the_Army_Preliminary_Examinations_..._With_numerous_maps%27_(11211853303).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1891 Map of India (Outlines of Geography for the use of lower and middle forms of schools and of candidates for the Army Preliminary Examinations)"><img alt="1891 Map of India (Outlines of Geography for the use of lower and middle forms of schools and of candidates for the Army Preliminary Examinations)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/77_of_%27Outlines_of_Geography_for_the_use_of_lower_and_middle_forms_of_schools_and_of_candidates_for_the_Army_Preliminary_Examinations_..._With_numerous_maps%27_%2811211853303%29.jpg/92px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/77_of_%27Outlines_of_Geography_for_the_use_of_lower_and_middle_forms_of_schools_and_of_candidates_for_the_Army_Preliminary_Examinations_..._With_numerous_maps%27_%2811211853303%29.jpg/138px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/77_of_%27Outlines_of_Geography_for_the_use_of_lower_and_middle_forms_of_schools_and_of_candidates_for_the_Army_Preliminary_Examinations_..._With_numerous_maps%27_%2811211853303%29.jpg/184px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="2290" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1891 Map of India (Outlines of Geography for the use of lower and middle forms of schools and of candidates for the Army Preliminary Examinations)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_35._Sect._XIV-_Travancore,_Trichinopoli_and_Ceylon_from_maps_of_constabled_1893_hand_atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malabar Coast in 1893"><img alt="Malabar Coast in 1893" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plate_35._Sect._XIV-_Travancore%2C_Trichinopoli_and_Ceylon_from_maps_of_constabled_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/120px-Plate_35._Sect._XIV-_Travancore%2C_Trichinopoli_and_Ceylon_from_maps_of_constabled_1893_hand_atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plate_35._Sect._XIV-_Travancore%2C_Trichinopoli_and_Ceylon_from_maps_of_constabled_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/180px-Plate_35._Sect._XIV-_Travancore%2C_Trichinopoli_and_Ceylon_from_maps_of_constabled_1893_hand_atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Plate_35._Sect._XIV-_Travancore%2C_Trichinopoli_and_Ceylon_from_maps_of_constabled_1893_hand_atlas.jpg/240px-Plate_35._Sect._XIV-_Travancore%2C_Trichinopoli_and_Ceylon_from_maps_of_constabled_1893_hand_atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1027" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in 1893</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Plate_34._Sect._XIII-_Madras,_Mysore_and_Goa_maps_from_Constable_1893_Hand_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Malabar in 1893 (On the southwestern end of the map)"><img alt="North Malabar in 1893 (On the southwestern end of the map)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Plate_34._Sect._XIII-_Madras%2C_Mysore_and_Goa_maps_from_Constable_1893_Hand_Atlas.jpg/120px-Plate_34._Sect._XIII-_Madras%2C_Mysore_and_Goa_maps_from_Constable_1893_Hand_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Plate_34._Sect._XIII-_Madras%2C_Mysore_and_Goa_maps_from_Constable_1893_Hand_Atlas.jpg/180px-Plate_34._Sect._XIII-_Madras%2C_Mysore_and_Goa_maps_from_Constable_1893_Hand_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Plate_34._Sect._XIII-_Madras%2C_Mysore_and_Goa_maps_from_Constable_1893_Hand_Atlas.jpg/240px-Plate_34._Sect._XIII-_Madras%2C_Mysore_and_Goa_maps_from_Constable_1893_Hand_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> in 1893 (On the southwestern end of the map)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Geology_Gazetteer_map_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Geology Gazetter map of Malabar in 1897"><img alt="Geology Gazetter map of Malabar in 1897" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Geology_Gazetteer_map_1897.jpg/111px-Geology_Gazetteer_map_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Geology_Gazetteer_map_1897.jpg/166px-Geology_Gazetteer_map_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Geology_Gazetteer_map_1897.jpg/221px-Geology_Gazetteer_map_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="2145" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Geology Gazetter map of Malabar in 1897</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:17_of_%27Arnold%27s_Geographical_Handbooks%27_(11250473804).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1899 Map of India (Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala)."><img alt="1899 Map of India (Only Calicut and Cochin are highlighted from Kerala)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/17_of_%27Arnold%27s_Geographical_Handbooks%27_%2811250473804%29.jpg/95px-17_of_%27Arnold%27s_Geographical_Handbooks%27_%2811250473804%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/17_of_%27Arnold%27s_Geographical_Handbooks%27_%2811250473804%29.jpg/142px-17_of_%27Arnold%27s_Geographical_Handbooks%27_%2811250473804%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/17_of_%27Arnold%27s_Geographical_Handbooks%27_%2811250473804%29.jpg/189px-17_of_%27Arnold%27s_Geographical_Handbooks%27_%2811250473804%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1439" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1899 Map of India (Only <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Cochin</a> are highlighted from <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_taken_from_page_1381_of_%27La_Terra,_trattato_popolare_di_geografia_universale_per_G._Marinelli_ed_altri_scienziati_italiani,_etc._(With_illustrations_and_maps.)%27_(11245509775).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Image taken from page 1381 of La Terra, trattato popolare di geografia universale"><img alt="Image taken from page 1381 of La Terra, trattato popolare di geografia universale" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Image_taken_from_page_1381_of_%27La_Terra%2C_trattato_popolare_di_geografia_universale_per_G._Marinelli_ed_altri_scienziati_italiani%2C_etc._%28With_illustrations_and_maps.%29%27_%2811245509775%29.jpg/120px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Image_taken_from_page_1381_of_%27La_Terra%2C_trattato_popolare_di_geografia_universale_per_G._Marinelli_ed_altri_scienziati_italiani%2C_etc._%28With_illustrations_and_maps.%29%27_%2811245509775%29.jpg/180px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Image_taken_from_page_1381_of_%27La_Terra%2C_trattato_popolare_di_geografia_universale_per_G._Marinelli_ed_altri_scienziati_italiani%2C_etc._%28With_illustrations_and_maps.%29%27_%2811245509775%29.jpg/240px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1967" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Image taken from page 1381 of La Terra, trattato popolare di geografia universale</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_Prov_South_1909_Mysore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North Malabar in 1909 (On the southwestern end of the map)"><img alt="North Malabar in 1909 (On the southwestern end of the map)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Madras_Prov_South_1909_Mysore.jpg/120px-Madras_Prov_South_1909_Mysore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Madras_Prov_South_1909_Mysore.jpg/180px-Madras_Prov_South_1909_Mysore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Madras_Prov_South_1909_Mysore.jpg/240px-Madras_Prov_South_1909_Mysore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="580" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a> in 1909 (On the southwestern end of the map)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1911India_-_map_(southern_part).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malabar Coast in 1911 (On the southwestern region of the map)"><img alt="Malabar Coast in 1911 (On the southwestern region of the map)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EB1911India_-_map_%28southern_part%29.jpg/120px-EB1911India_-_map_%28southern_part%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EB1911India_-_map_%28southern_part%29.jpg/180px-EB1911India_-_map_%28southern_part%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/EB1911India_-_map_%28southern_part%29.jpg/240px-EB1911India_-_map_%28southern_part%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3725" data-file-height="2634" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> in 1911 (On the southwestern region of the map)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:60The_South_Indian_Railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Malabar Railway taken from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway, printed by Hoe and Coat the 'Premier Press', Madras, 1913"><img alt="Map of Malabar Railway taken from Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway, printed by Hoe and Coat the 'Premier Press', Madras, 1913" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/60The_South_Indian_Railway.jpg/107px-60The_South_Indian_Railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/60The_South_Indian_Railway.jpg/160px-60The_South_Indian_Railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/60The_South_Indian_Railway.jpg/214px-60The_South_Indian_Railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1689" data-file-height="1897" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar</a> Railway taken from Illustrated Guide to the <a href="/wiki/South_Indian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="South Indian Railway">South Indian Railway</a>, printed by Hoe and Coat the 'Premier Press', Madras, 1913</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernay_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1932 map of Malabar Coast"><img alt="1932 map of Malabar Coast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vernay_Map.jpg/91px-Vernay_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vernay_Map.jpg/137px-Vernay_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Vernay_Map.jpg/182px-Vernay_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="2340" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1932 map of <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=85" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Malabar" title="Dutch Malabar">Dutch Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Seringapatam" title="Treaty of Seringapatam">Treaty of Seringapatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazhassi_Raja" title="Pazhassi Raja">Pazhassi Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Logan_(author)" title="William Logan (author)">William Logan (author)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_pepper" title="Malabar pepper">Malabar pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaragod_district" title="Kasaragod district">Kasaragod district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act, 1956</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=86" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Malabar-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_1-30">ae</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf">1951 census handbook – Malabar district</a> (PDF). Chennai: Government of Madras. 1953. pp. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210626115516/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 June 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1951+census+handbook+%E2%80%93+Malabar+district&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Government+of+Madras&rft.date=1953&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6425%2F1%2F20493_1951_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logan-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logan_2-79">cb</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan2010" class="citation book cs1">Logan, William (2010). Malabar Manual (Volume-I). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. pp. 631–666. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120604476" title="Special:BookSources/9788120604476"><bdi>9788120604476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-I%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E631-%3C%2Fspan%3E666&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9788120604476&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-askh-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-askh_3-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history">A Survey of Kerala History</a> (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415786" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415786"><bdi>9788126415786</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220419034831/https://dcbookstore.com/books/a-survey-of-kerala-history">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2022. 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Madras: Government of Madras. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003022542/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6451/1/42078_1951_CEN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abstract+of+1951+Census+Tables+for+Madras+State&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Government+of+Madras&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Superintendent+of+Census+Operations%2C+Madras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6451%2F1%2F42078_1951_CEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Malabar_and_Anjengo-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_and_Anjengo_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malabar_and_Anjengo_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.A.1908" class="citation book cs1">C.A., Innes (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w806vgAACAAJ">Madras District Gazetteers: Malabar and Anjengo</a>. Government Press, Madras. p. 416. Retrieved 11 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers%3A+Malabar+and+Anjengo&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Government+Press%2C+Madras&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=C.A.&rft.aufirst=Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw806vgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kerala-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kerala_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kerala_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf">"The States Reorganisation Act, 1956"</a> (PDF). legislative.gov.in. Government of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831123943/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1956-37.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=legislative.gov.in&rft.atitle=The+States+Reorganisation+Act%2C+1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislative.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FA1956-37.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._K._Devassy1965" class="citation book cs1">M. K. Devassy (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf">1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District</a> (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509164458/http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 May 2022. 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Kottayam: DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415885" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415885"><bdi>9788126415885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141403/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. 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S (28 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007/01/28/&prd=th">"Roman connection in Tamil Nadu"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130919235748/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007012800201800.htm&date=2007%2F01%2F28%2F&prd=th">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Roman+connection+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=2007-01-28&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.aufirst=T.+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindu.com%2Fthehindu%2Fthscrip%2Fprint.pl%3Ffile%3D2007012800201800.htm%26date%3D2007%2F01%2F28%2F%26prd%3Dth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 14, 334–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-odra-26"><a href="#cite_ref-odra_26-0">^</a> A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. 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APH. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176481700" title="Special:BookSources/9788176481700"><bdi>9788176481700</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Social+History+of+India&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=APH&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788176481700&rft.au=S.N.Sadasivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBe3PCvzf-BYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFകോളേജ്" class="citation web cs1">കോളേജ്, എം സി വസിഷ്ഠ് അസോസിയേറ്റ് പ്രൊഫസർ ചരിത്രവിഭാഗം മലബാർ ക്രിസ്ത്യൻ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182315/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/nagaram/article-1.4442812">"കോഴിക്കോട്ടുകാർ മറന്നുപോയ രാരിച്ചൻ മൂപ്പൻ"</a>. Mathrubhumi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathrubhumi.com/kozhikode/nagaram/article-1.4442812">the original</a> on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mathrubhumi&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF+%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BB+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BB&rft.aulast=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D&rft.aufirst=%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF+%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A0%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D+%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82+%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC+%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathrubhumi.com%2Fkozhikode%2Fnagaram%2Farticle-1.4442812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Varier, M. R. Raghava. "Documents of Investiture Ceremonies" in K. K. N. Kurup, Edit., "India's Naval Traditions". Northern Book Centre, New Delhi, 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-KrishnaIyer2-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KrishnaIyer2_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KrishnaIyer2_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KrishnaIyer2_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KrishnaIyer2_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KrishnaIyer2_43-4">e</a> K. V. Krishna Iyer, Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806. Calicut: Norman Printing Bureau, 1938. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Battuta,_H._A._R._Gibb1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, H. A. R. Gibb (1994). The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325–1354. Vol. IV. London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battuta+A.D.+1325%E2%80%931354&rft.place=London&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Ibn+Battuta%2C+H.+A.+R.+Gibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a>: Ying Yai Sheng Lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores, translated by J.V.G. Mills, 1970 <a href="/wiki/Hakluyt_Society" title="Hakluyt Society">Hakluyt Society</a>, reprint 1997 White Lotus Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/974-8496-78-3" title="Special:BookSources/974-8496-78-3">974-8496-78-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Varthema, Ludovico di, The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema, A.D.1503–08, translated from the original 1510 Italian ed. by John Winter Jones, Hakluyt Society, London </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Gangadharan. M., The Land of Malabar: The Book of Barbosa (2000), Vol II, M.G. University, Kottayam. </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1990" class="citation journal cs1">Roy, Ranjan (1990). "Discovery of the Series Formula for π by Leibniz, Gregory, and Nilakantha". Mathematics Magazine. 63 (5): 291–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2690896">10.2307/2690896</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2690896">2690896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Discovery+of+the+Series+Formula+for+%CF%80+by+Leibniz%2C+Gregory%2C+and+Nilakantha&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2690896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2690896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Ranjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPingree1992" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">Pingree, David</a> (1992), "Hellenophilia versus the History of Science", Isis, 83 (4): 554–63, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Isis...83..554P">1992Isis...83..554P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F356288">10.1086/356288</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/234257">234257</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:68570164">68570164</a>, <q>One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava's demonstration, in about 1400 A.D., of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments. When this was first described in English by Charles Whish, in the 1830s, it was heralded as the Indians' discovery of the calculus. This claim and Mādhava's achievements were ignored by Western historians, presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus, but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society, in which Whish's article was published. The matter resurfaced in the 1950s, and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited, and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus, but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found. In this case, the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Hellenophilia+versus+the+History+of+Science&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E554-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F356288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A68570164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F234257%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992Isis...83..554P&rft.aulast=Pingree&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-d_1664-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-d_1664_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-d_1664_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM_K_Sunil_Kumar2017" class="citation news cs1">M K Sunil Kumar (26 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go/articleshow/60835311.cms">"50 years on, Kochi still has a long way to go"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602230954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go/articleshow/60835311.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=50+years+on%2C+Kochi+still+has+a+long+way+to+go&rft.date=2017-09-26&rft.au=M+K+Sunil+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fkochi%2F50-years-on-kochi-still-has-a-long-way-to-go%2Farticleshow%2F60835311.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ente_Kannur-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Ente_Kannur_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenon,_A._Sreedhara2007" class="citation book cs1">Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C">A Survey of Kerala History</a>. DC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126415786" title="Special:BookSources/9788126415786"><bdi>9788126415786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Kerala+History&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788126415786&rft.au=Menon%2C+A.+Sreedhara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFVsw35oEBv4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census_Handbook-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Census_Handbook_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf">District Census Handbook, Kasaragod (2011)</a> (PDF). Thiruvananthapuram: Directorate of Census Operation, Kerala. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220310030111/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Census+Handbook%2C+Kasaragod+%282011%29&rft.place=Thiruvananthapuram&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operation%2C+Kerala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3201_PART_B_KASARAGOD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wnd-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wnd_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wnd_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_India2014–2015" class="citation book cs1">Government of India (2014–2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3203_PART_B_WAYANAD.pdf">District Census Handbook – Wayanad (Part-B) 2011</a> (PDF). Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308151008/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3203_PART_B_WAYANAD.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Census+Handbook+%E2%80%93+Wayanad+%28Part-B%29+2011&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala&rft.date=2014%2F2015&rft.au=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcensusindia.gov.in%2F2011census%2Fdchb%2F3203_PART_B_WAYANAD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aiyappan-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Aiyappan_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyinapalli1982" class="citation book cs1">Ayinapalli, Aiyappan (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXFuAAAAMAAJ">The Personality of Kerala</a>. Department of Publications, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kerala" title="University of Kerala">University of Kerala</a>. p. 162. Retrieved 27 July 2018. <q>A very powerful and warlike section of the Bants of Tulunad was known as Kola bari. It is reasonable to suggest that the Kola dynasty was part of the Kola lineages of Tulunad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Personality+of+Kerala&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Department+of+Publications%2C+University+of+Kerala&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Ayinapalli&rft.aufirst=Aiyappan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXFuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kola_Swaroopam-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Kola_Swaroopam_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreedhara_Menon2007" class="citation book cs1">Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82">Kerala Charitram</a> (2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8126415885" title="Special:BookSources/978-8126415885"><bdi>978-8126415885</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211113141403/https://books.google.com/books?id=FAlXPgAACAAJ&q=%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B3+%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala+Charitram&rft.place=Kottayam&rft.pages=175&rft.edition=2007&rft.pub=DC+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-8126415885&rft.aulast=Sreedhara+Menon&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFAlXPgAACAAJ%26q%3D%25E0%25B4%2595%25E0%25B5%2587%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25B3%2B%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Narayanan, M. G. S. Perumāḷs of Kerala. 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Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1524-3"><bdi>978-81-206-1524-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190429122432/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/31226/31226-h/31226-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2019. 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Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Paintings%3A+A+Catalogue+of+the+British+Museum+Collection&rft.pages=12-&rft.pub=Mapin+Publishing+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-2424-7&rft.au=British+Museum&rft.au=Anna+Libera+Dallapiccola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIzWapiacQcC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThorpeEdgar-76"><a href="#cite_ref-ThorpeEdgar_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgar_Thorpe,_Showick_ThorpeThorpe_Edgar" class="citation book cs1">Edgar Thorpe, Showick Thorpe; Thorpe Edgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=RA1-PA99">The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011</a>. Pearson Education India. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-5830-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-5830-4"><bdi>978-81-317-5830-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+CSAT+Manual+2011&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.isbn=978-81-317-5830-4&rft.au=Edgar+Thorpe%2C+Showick+Thorpe&rft.au=Thorpe+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWuBFs6yFRwcC%26pg%3DRA1-PA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xRIyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA63">The Edinburgh Gazetteer</a>. Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. 1827. pp. 63–. 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Retrieved 18 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Caste+in+South+India%3A+Agricultural+Labor+in+the+Madras+Presidency+During+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=87-&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Dharma+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpsw5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ittaman2003-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Ittaman2003_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.P._Ittaman2003" class="citation book cs1">K.P. Ittaman (1 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQ5lFywZAqYC&pg=PA30">History of Mughal Architecture Volume Ii</a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-034-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-034-1"><bdi>978-81-7017-034-1</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 30 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers%3A+Malabar+and+Anjengo&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Government+Press%2C+Madras&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=C.A.&rft.aufirst=Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw806vgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> L.K.A.Iyer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC">The Mysore Tribes and caste</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411140045/https://books.google.com/books?id=XGSuAwWHa0kC">Archived</a> 11 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vol.III, A Mittal Publish. Page.279, Google Books </li> <li id="cite_note-qq-82"><a href="#cite_ref-qq_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagendra_k.r.singh2006" class="citation book cs1">Nagendra k.r.singh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcpa_T-7oVQC&dq=Tiyya+regiment&pg=PA230">Global Encyclopedia of the South India Dalit's Ethnography</a>. Global Vision Pub House. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788182201675" title="Special:BookSources/9788182201675"><bdi>9788182201675</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230411140147/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xcpa_T-7oVQC&dq=Tiyya+regiment&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Encyclopedia+of+the+South+India+Dalit%27s+Ethnography&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Global+Vision+Pub+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788182201675&rft.au=Nagendra+k.r.singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXcpa_T-7oVQC%26dq%3DTiyya%2Bregiment%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> L.Krishna Anandha Krishna Iyer(Divan Bahadur) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hOyqKkYi6McC">The Cochin Tribes and Caste</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407154252/https://books.google.com/books?id=hOyqKkYi6McC">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vol.1. Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1962. Page. 278, Google Books </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer1909" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, L. K. Anantha Krishna (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7757">The Cochin tribes and castes vol.I</a>. Higginbotham, Madras.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cochin+tribes+and+castes+vol.I&rft.pub=Higginbotham%2C+Madras&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=L.+K.+Anantha+Krishna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.csl.7757&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSreenivasa_Murthy1990" class="citation book cs1">Sreenivasa Murthy, H. V. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC&q=Mannanar&pg=PA61">Essays on Indian History and Culture: Felicitation Volume in Honour of Professor B. Sheik Ali</a>. Mittal Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170992110" title="Special:BookSources/9788170992110"><bdi>9788170992110</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002172119/https://books.google.com/books?id=2jMg8K5dPZUC&q=Mannanar&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2021. 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Madras: PRINTED BY R. HILL, AT THE GOVERNMENT PRESS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-2%29&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=PRINTED+BY+R.+HILL%2C+AT+THE+GOVERNMENT+PRESS.&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalabar_manual_volume2%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyyappan1992" class="citation book cs1">Ayyappan, A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAhuAAAAMAAJ&q=kudumbiya">The Paniyas: An Ex-slave Tribe of South India</a>. 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Jain society of Wayanad, Sri Ananthanatha Swami Kshetram, Kalpetta, Platinum Jubilee souvenir. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jain+society+of+Wayanad%2C+Sri+Ananthanatha+Swami+Kshetram%2C+Kalpetta%2C+Platinum+Jubilee+souvenir&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Kurup&rft.aufirst=Dr.+K+K+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice1902" class="citation book cs1">Rice, B. Lewis (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/5/22/epigraphiacarnat05mysouoft/epigraphiacarnat05mysouoft_bw.pdf">Epigraphica Carnatica</a> (PDF). Mangalore: Government of India. pp. 24, 28, 32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420150339/http://scans.library.utoronto.ca/pdf/5/22/epigraphiacarnat05mysouoft/epigraphiacarnat05mysouoft_bw.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epigraphica+Carnatica&rft.place=Mangalore&rft.pages=24%2C+28%2C+32&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=B.+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscans.library.utoronto.ca%2Fpdf%2F5%2F22%2Fepigraphiacarnat05mysouoft%2Fepigraphiacarnat05mysouoft_bw.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> K. Madhavan Nair, 'Malayalathile Mappila Lahala,' Mathrubhumi, 24 March 1923. </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Malappuram-91"><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Malappuram_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf">"History of Malappuram"</a> (PDF). censusindia.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127005243/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_A_MALAPPURAM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 November 2019. 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Deccan Chronicle. 29 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200718131229/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/290616/rare-letters-on-historic-meet-found-in-malappuram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+1920+political+conference+at+Manjeri&rft.date=2016-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanchronicle.com%2Fnation%2Fin-other-news%2F290616%2Frare-letters-on-historic-meet-found-in-malappuram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Malabar Desiyathayude Idapedalukal. Dr. M. T. Ansari. DC Books </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> R. H. Hitch cock, 1983 Peasant revolt in Malabar, History of Malabar Rebellion 1921. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Madras Mail 17 September 1921, p 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> ‘particularly strong evidence of the molding influence of British power structures lies in the rebels constant use of British titles to authority such as Assistant Inspector, Collector, Governor, Viceroy and (less conclusively) King’ The Moplah Rebellion and Its Genesis 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> ‘The rebel kists’, martial law, tolls, passports and, perhaps, the concept of a Pax Mappila, are to all appearances traceable to the British empire in India as a prototype’ The Moplah Rebellion and Its Genesis, Peoples Publishing House, 1987, 183 </li> <li id="cite_note-CGN78-98"><a href="#cite_ref-CGN78_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Gopalan_Nair" class="citation book cs1">C. 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Retrieved 18 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+First+General+Elections+in+India%2C+1951%E2%80%931952&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.edition=Vol.II&rft.pub=Election+Commission&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsglAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MC_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_116-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_116-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_116-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_116-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_116-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_116-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabhnani2019" class="citation news cs1">Sabhnani, Dhara Vora (14 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece">"Straight from the Malabar Coast"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120164620/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/straight-from-the-malabar-coast/article27942808.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Straight+from+the+Malabar+Coast&rft.date=2019-06-14&rft.aulast=Sabhnani&rft.aufirst=Dhara+Vora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Flife-and-style%2Ffood%2Fstraight-from-the-malabar-coast%2Farticle27942808.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/thalassery-chicken-biriyani-recipe">"Thalassery Chicken Biriyani"</a>. The Take It Easy Chef. 23 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120163319/https://www.thetakeiteasychef.com/thalassery-chicken-biriyani-recipe">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Take+It+Easy+Chef&rft.atitle=Thalassery+Chicken+Biriyani&rft.date=2017-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetakeiteasychef.com%2Fthalassery-chicken-biriyani-recipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-calicut-chicken-biryani-106766">"Calicut Chicken Biryani Recipe | Kerala Style Chicken Biryani Recipe | South Indian Chicken Biryani"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calicut+Chicken+Biryani+Recipe+%26%23124%3B+Kerala+Style+Chicken+Biryani+Recipe+%26%23124%3B+South+Indian+Chicken+Biryani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffood.ndtv.com%2Frecipe-calicut-chicken-biryani-106766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chicken_and_rosewater_70042">"Chicken and rosewater biryani recipe"</a>. BBC Food. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126110050/https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/recipes/chicken_and_rosewater_70042">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Food&rft.atitle=Chicken+and+rosewater+biryani+recipe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2Frecipes%2Fchicken_and_rosewater_70042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC_2-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MC_2_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_2_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurian2014" class="citation news cs1">Kurian, Shijo (2 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece">"Flavours unlimited from the Malabar coast"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120164617/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/flavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast/article6170291.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021. Retrieved 26 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Flavours+unlimited+from+the+Malabar+coast&rft.date=2014-07-02&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=Shijo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2FFood%2Fflavours-unlimited-from-the-malabar-coast%2Farticle6170291.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels/">"Arikkadukka – Spicy Stuffed Mussels"</a>. Faces Places and Plates. 30 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220404174604/https://www.facesplacesandplates.com/arikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faces+Places+and+Plates&rft.atitle=Arikkadukka+%E2%80%93+Spicy+Stuffed+Mussels&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facesplacesandplates.com%2Farikkadukka-spicy-stuffed-mussels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Malabar_District&action=edit&section=87" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942" class="citation cs2">S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage">Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language</a>, University of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin%3A+An+Historical+Work+in+The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1942&rft.au=S.+Muhammad+Hussain+Nainar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"> (The English translation of <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._V._Krishna_Iyer1938" class="citation cs2">K. V. Krishna Iyer (1938), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.3379">Zamorins of Calicut: From the earliest times to AD 1806</a>, Norman Printing Bureau, Kozhikode</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zamorins+of+Calicut%3A+From+the+earliest+times+to+AD+1806&rft.pub=Norman+Printing+Bureau%2C+Kozhikode&rft.date=1938&rft.au=K.+V.+Krishna+Iyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.3379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Logan1887" class="citation cs2">William Logan (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malabarmanual0000loga/mode/2up">Malabar Manual (Volume-I)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-I%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1887&rft.au=William+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalabarmanual0000loga%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Logan1887" class="citation cs2">William Logan (1887), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malabar_manual_volume2/mode/2up">Malabar Manual (Volume-II)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malabar+Manual+%28Volume-II%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1887&rft.au=William+Logan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalabar_manual_volume2%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Alexander_Innes1908" class="citation cs2">Charles Alexander Innes (1908), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.358941/mode/2up">Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-I)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers+Malabar+%28Volume-I%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Charles+Alexander+Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.358941%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Alexander_Innes1915" class="citation cs2">Charles Alexander Innes (1915), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.30521">Madras District Gazetteers Malabar (Volume-II)</a>, Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madras+District+Gazetteers+Malabar+%28Volume-II%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Charles+Alexander+Innes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.gov.ignca.30521&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Madras1953" class="citation cs2">Government of Madras (1953), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf">1951 Census Handbook- Malabar District</a> (PDF), Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1951+Census+Handbook-+Malabar+District&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Government+of+Madras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6425%2F1%2F20493_1951_MAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._I._Arputhanathan1955" class="citation cs2">J. I. Arputhanathan (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf">South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks)</a> (PDF), Madras Government Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Kanara%2C+The+Nilgiris%2C+Malabar+and+Coimbatore+Districts+%28Village-wise+Mother-tongue+Data+for+Bilingual+or+Multilingual+Taluks%29&rft.pub=Madras+Government+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.au=J.+I.+Arputhanathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6447%2F1%2F50056_1951_SOU.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajabhushanam1963" class="citation cs2">Rajabhushanam, D. S. (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf">Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)</a> (PDF), Madras (Chennai): Director of Statistics, Government of Madras</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistical+Atlas+of+the+Madras+State+%281951%29&rft.place=Madras+%28Chennai%29&rft.pub=Director+of+Statistics%2C+Government+of+Madras&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Rajabhushanam&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F6454%2F1%2F9111_1951_STA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._K._Devassy1965" class="citation cs2">M. K. Devassy (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5668/1/22055_1961_CAN.pdf">1961 Census Handbook- Cannanore District</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1961+Census+Handbook-+Cannanore+District&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala+and+The+Union+Territory+of+Laccadive%2C+Minicoy%2C+and+Amindivi+Islands&rft.date=1965&rft.au=M.+K.+Devassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5668%2F1%2F22055_1961_CAN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._K._Devassy1965" class="citation cs2">M. K. Devassy (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5665/1/22059_1961_KOZ.pdf">1961 Census Handbook- Kozhikode District</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1961+Census+Handbook-+Kozhikode+District&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala+and+The+Union+Territory+of+Laccadive%2C+Minicoy%2C+and+Amindivi+Islands&rft.date=1965&rft.au=M.+K.+Devassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5665%2F1%2F22059_1961_KOZ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._K._Devassy1965" class="citation cs2">M. K. Devassy (1965), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5667/1/51592_1961_PAL.pdf">1961 Census Handbook- Palghat District</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1961+Census+Handbook-+Palghat+District&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala+and+The+Union+Territory+of+Laccadive%2C+Minicoy%2C+and+Amindivi+Islands&rft.date=1965&rft.au=M.+K.+Devassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5667%2F1%2F51592_1961_PAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._K._Devassy1967" class="citation cs2">M. K. Devassy (1967), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5639/1/23950_1961_CEN.pdf">Census of India – 1961 (Kerala)</a> (PDF), Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and The Union Territory of Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India+%E2%80%93+1961+%28Kerala%29&rft.pub=Directorate+of+Census+Operations%2C+Kerala+and+The+Union+Territory+of+Laccadive%2C+Minicoy%2C+and+Amindivi+Islands&rft.date=1967&rft.au=M.+K.+Devassy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsi.gov.in%3A8081%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F5639%2F1%2F23950_1961_CEN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMalabar+District" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malabar_region585" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Malabar" title="Template:Malabar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Malabar" title="Template talk:Malabar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Malabar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Malabar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malabar_region585" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malabar region</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metropolitan cities</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_metropolitan_area" title="Kozhikode metropolitan area">Kozhikode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malappuram_metropolitan_area" title="Malappuram metropolitan area">Malappuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">States/UTs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_(union_territory)" title="Puducherry (union territory)">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_India" title="List of districts in India">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_district" title="Kannur district">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_district" title="Kozhikode district">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahé district">Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram_district" title="Malappuram district">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiris_district" title="Nilgiris district">Nilgiris</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad_district" title="Palakkad district">Palakkad</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur_district" title="Thrissur district">Thrissur</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernakulam_district" title="Ernakulam district">Ernakulam</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_district" title="Kollam district">Kollam</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram_district" title="Thiruvananthapuram district">Thiruvananthapuram</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayanad_district" title="Wayanad district">Wayanad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tehsils_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tehsils in India">Taluks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirayinkeezhu" title="Chirayinkeezhu">Chirayinkeezhu</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittur-Thathamangalam" title="Chittur-Thathamangalam">Chittur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eranad Taluk">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur_taluk" title="Gudalur taluk">Gudalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Kodungallur</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Kollam</a> (part)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty_Taluk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kondotty Taluk">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mananthavady" title="Mananthavady">Mananthavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandalur_taluk" title="Pandalur taluk">Pandalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna_taluk" title="Perinthalmanna taluk">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani_taluk" title="Ponnani taluk">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Bathery" title="Sultan Bathery">Sultan Bathery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur_Taluk" title="Tirur Taluk">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_in_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal Corporations in Kerala">Municipal Corporations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kozhikode_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kozhikode Municipal Corporation">Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannur_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kannur Municipal Corporation">Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochi_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kochi Municipal Corporation">Kochi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Kochi" title="Fort Kochi">Fort Kochi</a> area only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam_Municipal_Corporation" title="Kollam Municipal Corporation">Kollam Municipal Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thangassery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangassery">Thangassery</a> area only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kerala" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Kerala">Municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthoor" title="Anthoor">Anthoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavakkad" title="Chavakkad">Chavakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherpulassery" title="Cherpulassery">Cherpulassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feroke" title="Feroke">Feroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudalur,_Nilgiris" title="Gudalur, Nilgiris">Gudalur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayur" title="Guruvayur">Guruvayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iritty" title="Iritty">Iritty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpetta" title="Kalpetta">Kalpetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koduvally" title="Koduvally">Koduvally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondotty" title="Kondotty">Kondotty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuthuparamba" title="Kuthuparamba">Kuthuparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottakkal" title="Kottakkal">Kottakkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koyilandy" title="Koyilandy">Koyilandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malappuram" title="Malappuram">Malappuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjeri" title="Manjeri">Manjeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarkkad" title="Mannarkkad">Mannarkkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattanur" title="Mattanur">Mattanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkam" title="Mukkam">Mukkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur" title="Nilambur">Nilambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottapalam" title="Ottapalam">Ottapalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palakkad" title="Palakkad">Palakkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panoor" title="Panoor">Panoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanangadi" title="Parappanangadi">Parappanangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattambi" title="Pattambi">Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payyanur" title="Payyanur">Payyanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perinthalmanna" title="Perinthalmanna">Perinthalmanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponnani" title="Ponnani">Ponnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanattukara" title="Ramanattukara">Ramanattukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoranur" title="Shoranur">Shoranur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekandapuram" title="Sreekandapuram">Sreekandapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanur,_Malappuram" title="Tanur, Malappuram">Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassery" title="Thalassery">Thalassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliparamba" title="Taliparamba">Taliparamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirurangadi" title="Tirurangadi">Tirurangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valanchery" title="Valanchery">Valanchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatakara" title="Vatakara">Vatakara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alakode,_Kannur_district" title="Alakode, Kannur district">Alakode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alathur" title="Alathur">Alathur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amini,_India" title="Amini, India">Amini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchuthengu" title="Anchuthengu">Anchuthengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrott" title="Andrott">Andrott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angadipuram" title="Angadipuram">Angadipuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjarakkandy" title="Anjarakkandy">Anjarakkandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areekode" title="Areekode">Areekode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhikode_and_Azhikkal" title="Azhikode and Azhikkal">Azhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balussery" title="Balussery">Balussery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemmad" title="Chemmad">Chemmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherukunnu" title="Cherukunnu">Cherukunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundale" title="Chundale">Chundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devarshola" title="Devarshola">Devarshola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmadom" title="Dharmadom">Dharmadom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edappal" title="Edappal">Edappal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irikkur" title="Irikkur">Irikkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadmat_Island" title="Kadmat Island">Kadmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalliasseri" title="Kalliasseri">Kalliasseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpeni" title="Kalpeni">Kalpeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karipur" title="Karipur">Karipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavaratti" title="Kavaratti">Kavaratti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodencheri" title="Kodencheri">Kodencheri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kottappadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kottappadi">Kottappadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunnamangalam" title="Kunnamangalam">Kunnamangalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttiady" title="Kuttiady">Kuttiady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttippuram" title="Kuttippuram">Kuttippuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Wayanad" title="Lakkidi, Wayanad">Lakkidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakkidi,_Palakkad" title="Lakkidi, Palakkad">Lakkidi-Perur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malampuzha" title="Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankada" title="Mankada">Mankada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenangadi" title="Meenangadi">Meenangadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meppadi" title="Meppadi">Meppadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicoy" title="Minicoy">Minicoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttil,_Kalpetta" title="Muttil, Kalpetta">Muttil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzhappilangad" title="Muzhappilangad">Muzhappilangad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadapuram" title="Nadapuram">Nadapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelliyalam" title="Nelliyalam">Nelliyalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27_Valley" title="O' Valley">O' Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olavanna" title="Olavanna">Olavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padinharethara" title="Padinharethara">Padinharethara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamaram" title="Panamaram">Panamaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pappinisseri" title="Pappinisseri">Pappinisseri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavaratty" title="Pavaratty">Pavaratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perambra" title="Perambra">Perambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpally" title="Pulpally">Pulpally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthanathani" title="Puthanathani">Puthanathani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sreekrishnapuram,_Palakkad" title="Sreekrishnapuram, Palakkad">Sreekrishnapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thamarassery" title="Thamarassery">Thamarassery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thavanur" title="Thavanur">Thavanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvambady" title="Thiruvambady">Thiruvambady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrithala" title="Thrithala">Thrithala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallikkunnu" title="Vallikkunnu">Vallikkunnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vengara,_Malappuram_district" title="Vengara, Malappuram district">Vengara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vythiri" title="Vythiri">Vythiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandoor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandoor">Wandoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakkal_kingdom" title="Arakkal kingdom">Arakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirakkal_Raja" title="Chirakkal Raja">Chirakkal kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eranad" title="Eranad">Eranad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadathanad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadathanad">Kingdom of Kadathanadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalappara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalappara">Kavalappara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kottayam" title="Kingdom of Kottayam">Kingdom of Kottayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tanur" title="Kingdom of Tanur">Kingdom of Tanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valluvanad" title="Kingdom of Valluvanad">Kingdom of Valluvanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolathunadu" title="Kolathunadu">Kolathunadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurumbranad" title="Kurumbranad">Kurumbranad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malabar District</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Malabar" title="North Malabar">North Malabar</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Malabar" title="South Malabar">South Malabar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannarghat_Nair" title="Mannarghat Nair">Mannarghat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilambur_Kingdom" title="Nilambur Kingdom">Nilambur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parappanad" title="Parappanad">Parappanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamorin_of_Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamorin of Calicut">Zamorin of Calicut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Proposed_states_and_union_territories_of_India" title="Proposed states and union territories of India">Proposed states and union territories of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_India" title="Central India">Central India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghelkhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghelkhand">Baghelkhand</a> (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundelkhand" title="Bundelkhand">Bundelkhand</a> (Madhya Pradesh/Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana_(India)" title="Gondwana (India)">Gondwana</a> (Chhattisgarh/Madhya Pradesh/Odisha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakoshal" title="Mahakoshal">Mahakoshal</a> (Madhya Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa" title="Malwa">Malwa</a> (Madhya Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Pradesh" title="Vindhya Pradesh">Vindhya Pradesh</a> (Madhya Pradesh)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/200px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/300px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png/400px-Proposed_states_and_territories_of_India.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="1535" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_India" title="East India">East India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_region" title="Bhojpuri region">Bhojpur</a> (Bihar/Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorkhaland" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkhaland">Gorkhaland</a> (West Bengal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamtapur" title="Kamtapur">Kamtapur</a> (West Bengal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Odisha" title="Western Odisha">Kosal</a> (Odisha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithila_(proposed_Indian_state)" title="Mithila (proposed Indian state)">Mithila</a> (Bihar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rarh_region" title="Rarh region">Rarhbhumi</a> (Odisha)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh Pradesh</a> (Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braj" title="Braj">Braj Pradesh</a> (Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harit_Pradesh" title="Harit Pradesh">Harit Pradesh</a> (Uttar Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammu Division">Jammu</a> (Jammu and Kashmir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Valley" title="Kashmir Valley">Kashmir</a> (Jammu and Kashmir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a> (Jammu and Kashmir)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purvanchal" title="Purvanchal">Purvanchal</a> (Uttar Pradesh)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Region" title="Bodoland Territorial Region">Bodoland</a> (Assam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimaraji" title="Dimaraji">Dimaraji</a> (Assam/Nagaland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_Hills" title="Garo Hills">Garoland</a> (Meghalaya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_Anglong" class="mw-redirect" title="Karbi Anglong">Karbi Anglong</a> (Assam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipraland" title="Tipraland">Tipraland</a> (Tripura)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Karnataka" title="North Karnataka">Karu Nadu</a> (Karnataka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalyana-Karnataka" title="Kalyana-Karnataka">Kalyana-Karnataka</a> (Karnataka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodagu_district" title="Kodagu district">Kodagu</a> (Karnataka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongu_Nadu" title="Kongu Nadu">Kongu Nadu</a> (Tamil Nadu)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal_district" title="Karaikal district">Karaikal</a> (Puducherry)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malabar</a> (Kerala)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayalaseema" title="Rayalaseema">Rayalaseema</a> (Andhra Pradesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_Nadu" title="Tulu Nadu">Tulu Nadu</a> (Karnataka/Kerala)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_India" class="mw-redirect" title="West India">West India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh" title="Khandesh">Khandesh</a> (Maharashtra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkan" title="Konkan">Konkan</a> (Goa/Karnataka/Maharashtra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a> (Gujarat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathwada" title="Marathwada">Marathwada</a> (Maharashtra)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maru_Pradesh" title="Maru Pradesh">Maru Pradesh</a> (Rajasthan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a> (Gujarat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidarbha" title="Vidarbha">Vidarbha</a> (Maharashtra)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">Current states and union territories of India</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_British_India369" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_districts_of_India" title="Template:Historical districts of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_districts_of_India" title="Template talk:Historical districts of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_districts_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical districts of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_British_India369" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_British_India" title="Districts of British India">Districts of British India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts in the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceded_Districts" title="Ceded Districts">Ceded Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chingleput_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)">Chingleput District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coimbatore_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)">Coimbatore District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavari_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Godavari District">Godavari District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madura_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Madura District (Madras Presidency)">Madura District</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Malabar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Arcot" title="North Arcot">North Arcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Arcot_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="South Arcot District (Madras Presidency)">South Arcot District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjore_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Tanjore District (Madras Presidency)">Tanjore District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinnevely_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Tinnevely District (Madras Presidency)">Tinnevely District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichinopoly_District" title="Trichinopoly District">Trichinopoly District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizagapatam_District_(Madras_Presidency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizagapatam District (Madras Presidency)">Vizagapatam District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24_Parganas" title="24 Parganas">24 Parganas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardhaman_district" title="Bardhaman district">Bardhaman district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backergunge_District" title="Backergunge District">Backergunge District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassein_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassein District (page does not exist)">Bassein District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_District" title="Champaran District">Champaran District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garo_Hills_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garo Hills district (page does not exist)">Garo Hills district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Mahals" title="Jungle Mahals">Jungle Mahals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Terry" title="Jungle Terry">Jungle Terry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_and_Jaintia_Hills" title="Khasi and Jaintia Hills">Khasi and Jaintia Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_the_Lushai_Hills" title="British rule in the Lushai Hills">Lushai Hills District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbhum_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Manbhum District">Manbhum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnapore_district" title="Midnapore district">Midnapore district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_Hills_District,_British_India" title="Naga Hills District, British India">Naga Hills District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santal_Parganas_district" title="Santal Parganas district">Santal Parganas district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahabad_district" title="Shahabad district">Shahabad district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singhbhum_district" title="Singhbhum district">Singhbhum District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipperah_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipperah District">Tipperah District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts in the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Khandesh" class="mw-redirect" title="East Khandesh">East Khandesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaladgi_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaladgi District (page does not exist)">Kaladgi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandesh_district" title="Khandesh district">Khandesh District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Sind_Frontier_District" title="Upper Sind Frontier District">Upper Sind Frontier District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Khandesh" class="mw-redirect" title="West Khandesh">West Khandesh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhilsa_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhilsa District (page does not exist)">Bhilsa District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanderi_District" title="Chanderi District">Chanderi District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delhi District (page does not exist)">Delhi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellichpur_District" title="Ellichpur District">Ellichpur District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwal_District" title="Garhwal District">Garhwal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_District" title="Hazara District">Hazara District</a> (NW Frontier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isagarh_District" title="Isagarh District">Isagarh District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon District">Kumaon District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyallpur_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyallpur District">Lyallpur District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merwara_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merwara District (page does not exist)">Merwara District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_District" title="Montgomery District">Montgomery District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhamdi_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhamdi District (page does not exist)">Muhamdi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimar_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimar District">Nimar District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Bareilly_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Bareilly District (page does not exist)">North Bareilly District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quetta-Pishin_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quetta-Pishin District (page does not exist)">Quetta-Pishin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahpur_District" title="Shahpur District">Shahpur District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sironj_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sironj District (page does not exist)">Sironj District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thal-Chotiali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thal-Chotiali (page does not exist)">Thal-Chotiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wun_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wun District">Wun District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar District</a> (NW Frontier)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post independence historical districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore_district" title="Bangalore district">Bangalore District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imphal_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Imphal District">Imphal District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Dinajpur_district" title="West Dinajpur district">West Dinajpur district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_British_India" title="Subdivisions of British India">Subdivisions of British India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_British_India" title="Divisions of British India">Divisions of British 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