CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="af" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Koper - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )afwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januarie","Februarie","Maart","April","Mei","Junie","Julie","Augustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"318d3cf1-5a20-4fcb-8774-8020e307f96a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Koper","wgTitle":"Koper","wgCurRevisionId":2729493,"wgRevisionId":2729493,"wgArticleId":10264,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Bladsye met verwysingfoute","AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter","AS1-foute: onbekende parameter","AS1: long volume value","Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders","Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders","Artikels met GND-identifiseerders","Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders","Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders","Artikels met NDL-identifiseerders","Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders","Normdata met 7 elemente","Kristalstruktuur met ruimtegroep 225","A1-strukture","Koper"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"af","wgPageContentLanguage":"af","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Koper","wgRelevantArticleId":10264,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"af","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"af"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q753","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=af&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Cu%2C29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="596"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Cu%2C29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="397"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="318"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Koper - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Wysig" href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (af)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//af.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.af"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atoomvoer" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Koper rootpage-Koper skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Gaan na inhoud</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Hoofkieslys" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Hoofkieslys" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Hoofkieslys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Hoofkieslys</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" title="Gaan na die tuisblad [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Tuisblad</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Geselshoekie" title="Agtergrondinligting oor aktuele sake"><span>Geselshoekie</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Onlangse_wysigings" title="'n Lys van onlangse wysigings [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Onlangse wysigings</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>Inligting oor Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>Kontakblad</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-SEARCH_" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-SEARCH_--_doen_dit_iets_-- emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> SEARCH  </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Interaksie" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Interaksie" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Interaksie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Hulp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hulp"><span>Hulp</span></a></li><li id="n-Leer-hoe-om-te-wysig" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Welkom_nuwelinge"><span>Leer hoe om te wysig</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gebruikersportaal" title="Meer oor die projek, wat jy kan doen, nuttige skakels"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard"><span>Laai lêer</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Lukraak" title="Laai 'n lukrake bladsye [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Lukrake bladsy</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-TOOLBOX_" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-TOOLBOX_--_doen_dit_iets_-- emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> TOOLBOX  </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Tuisblad" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-af.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Soek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia" aria-label="Deursoek Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Deursoek Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Koper" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Koper" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Koper" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Koper" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mesopotamië" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamië"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Mesopotamië</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamië-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egipte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egipte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Egipte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egipte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Europa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_Bronstydperk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_Bronstydperk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Die Bronstydperk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_Bronstydperk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biologiese_rol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biologiese_rol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biologiese rol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biologiese_rol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Biologiese rol subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biologiese_rol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Toksisiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toksisiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Toksisiteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toksisiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algemene_gevare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algemene_gevare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Algemene gevare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algemene_gevare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fisiese_eienskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fisiese_eienskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fisiese eienskappe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fisiese_eienskappe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Fisiese eienskappe subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fisiese_eienskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Struktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Struktuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotope" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotope"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Isotope</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotope-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemiese_eienskappe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemiese_eienskappe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chemiese eienskappe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemiese_eienskappe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Chemiese eienskappe subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemiese_eienskappe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Legerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbindings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbindings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Verbindings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbindings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verspreiding_en_mynbou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verspreiding_en_mynbou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Verspreiding en mynbou</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verspreiding_en_mynbou-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Verspreiding en mynbou subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verspreiding_en_mynbou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hidrometallurgie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrometallurgie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hidrometallurgie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrometallurgie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pirometallurgie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pirometallurgie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pirometallurgie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pirometallurgie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herwinning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herwinning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Herwinning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herwinning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toepassings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toepassings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Toepassings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toepassings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Toepassings subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toepassings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metaal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metaal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Metaal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metaal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Gas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legerings_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legerings_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Legerings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legerings_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbindings_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbindings_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Verbindings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbindings_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Koper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 204 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-204" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">204 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%98%E1%8B%B3%E1%89%A5" title="መዳብ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="መዳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arambre" title="Arambre – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Arambre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coper" title="Coper – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Coper" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE" title="तांबा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तांबा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="نحاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نحاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="তাম – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti" title="Anti – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Anti" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="پاخیر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاخیر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Баҡыр – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Баҡыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temaga" title="Temaga – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Temaga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis" title="Varis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Varis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso" title="Tanso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tanso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Медзь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Медзь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Мед – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мед" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="ताँमा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ताँमा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တောင်ꩻတနျာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="তামা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="ཟངས། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཟངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouevr" title="Kouevr – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kouevr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B4" title="Зэд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зэд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coure" title="Coure – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Coure" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A8%CC%A4ng" title="Dè̤ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dè̤ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tumbaga" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎥᏣᏱ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏣᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9B%C4%8F" title="Měď – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měď" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2per" title="Kòper – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòper" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D1%85%C4%83%D1%80" title="Пăхăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăхăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copr" title="Copr – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Copr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupfer" title="Kupfer – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kupfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax%C4%B1r" title="Paxır – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Paxır" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%8D%DE%AF" title="ރަތުލޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރަތުލޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χαλκός – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαλκός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobri" title="Cobri – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cobri" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3" title="مس – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupari" title="Kupari – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kupari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vask" title="Vask – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vask" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopa" title="Kopa – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kopa" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuivre" title="Cuivre – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuivre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6ber" title="Kööber – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööber" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copar" title="Copar – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Copar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarepoti_pyt%C3%A3" title="Kuarepoti pytã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarepoti pytã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%82" title="તાંબું – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાંબું" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobbyr" title="Cobbyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cobbyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B9ng" title="Thùng – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thùng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="נחושת – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נחושת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ताम्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताम्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamba" title="Tamba – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamba" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopor" title="Kopor – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kopor" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwiv" title="Kwiv – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwiv" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9z" title="Réz – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Réz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Պղինձ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պղինձ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupro" title="Cupro – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cupro" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambang" title="Gambang – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gambang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="ЦӀаста – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀаста" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupro" title="Kupro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kupro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame" title="Rame – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rame" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kapa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tunka" title="tunka – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tunka" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98" title="სპილენძი – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპილენძი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C9%A3ir" title="Iɣir – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iɣir" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwivri" title="Kwivri – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kwivri" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutako" title="Mutako – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mutako" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Мыс – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ತಾಮ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="구리 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ترٛام – Kasjmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ترٛام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer_(Metall)" title="Koffer (Metall) – Keuls" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Koffer (Metall)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Keuls" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A7%D0%BD" title="Ыргӧн – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Ыргӧн" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Жез – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жез" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuprum" title="Cuprum – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cuprum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koffer" title="Koffer – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Koffer" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Дувсси – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Дувсси" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%83%D1%80" title="Цур – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Цур" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupre" title="Cupre – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cupre" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kkopa_(Copper)" title="Kkopa (Copper) – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kkopa (Copper)" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammo_(elemento)" title="Rammo (elemento) – Liguries" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Rammo (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram" title="Ram – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ram" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_(element_chimich)" title="Ram (element chimich) – Lombardies" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ram (element chimich)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%87" title="ທອງແດງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທອງແດງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varis" title="Varis – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C5%A1" title="Varš – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Varš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Сере – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Сере" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varahina" title="Varahina – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Varahina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konukura" title="Konukura – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konukura" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ചെമ്പ് – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചെമ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Зэс – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зэс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯔꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87" title="तांबे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तांबे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D3%B9%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D3%B9" title="Вӹргеньӹ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вӹргеньӹ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tembaga" title="Tembaga – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tembaga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE" title="ကြေးနီ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးနီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5_(%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB)" title="Пиже (металл) – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиже (металл)" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichiltic_tepoztli" title="Chichiltic tepoztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chichiltic tepoztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramma" title="Ramma – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ramma" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopper" title="Kopper – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kopper" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuper" title="Keuper – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keuper" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE" title="तामा – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तामा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="सीजः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सीजः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambag%C3%B6" title="Tambagö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tambagö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper_(element)" title="Koper (element) – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koper (element)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kopar" title="Kopar – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kopar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kupre" title="Kupre – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kupre" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C5%82ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii" title="Béésh łichíiʼii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh łichíiʼii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coire" title="Coire – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Coire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaski" title="Vaski – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Vaski" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiila_diimaa" title="Sibiila diimaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sibiila diimaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BE" title="ତମ୍ବା – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତମ୍ବା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%80%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Æрхуы – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æрхуы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਾਂਬਾ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਂਬਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koper" title="Koper – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Koper" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mied%C5%BA" title="Miedź – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miedź" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aram" title="Aram – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Aram" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobre" title="Cobre – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cobre" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anta" title="Anta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Anta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupru" title="Cupru – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cupru" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2c%C3%A2ri" title="Bâcâri – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Bâcâri" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Медь – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Медь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ताम्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ताम्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D)" title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ) – Jakoeties" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алтан (химия элэмиэнэ)" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoeties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0mine" title="Ràmine – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ràmine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramu" title="Ramu – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ramu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capper" title="Capper – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Capper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88" title="ٽامو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽامو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakar" title="Bakar – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper" title="Copper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Copper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me%C4%8F" title="Meď – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Meď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baker" title="Baker – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Baker" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhangura" title="Mhangura – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mhangura" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kober" title="Kober – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kober" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakri" title="Bakri – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бакар – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бакар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooper" title="Kooper – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kooper" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambaga" title="Tambaga – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tambaga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppar" title="Koppar – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koppar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaba" title="Shaba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shaba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="செப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="செப்பு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಾಮ್ರದ ಅದುರು" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BF" title="రాగి – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాగి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Мис – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87" title="ทองแดง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทองแดง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanso_(elemento)" title="Tanso (elemento) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tanso (elemento)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bak%C4%B1r" title="Bakır – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakır" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Бакыр – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бакыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Чес – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Чес" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D8%B3" title="مىس – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Мідь – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мідь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="تانبا – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تانبا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mis" title="Mis – Oesbekies" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oesbekies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramo" title="Ramo – Venesiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ramo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas%27k" title="Vas'k – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vas'k" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Đồng – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuprin" title="Kuprin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kuprin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keuve" title="Keuve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Keuve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tumbaga" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="铜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Зес – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Зес" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ლინჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლინჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="קופער – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קופער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0b%C3%A0" title="Bàbà – Joroeba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bàbà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Joroeba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doengz" title="Doengz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doengz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99" title="ⴰⵏⴰⵙ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⴰⵙ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="铜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2ng" title="Tâng – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8A%85" title="銅 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="銅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usoklele" title="Usoklele – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Usoklele" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Koper" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Koper" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Koper"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Koper"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Koper" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Koper" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&oldid=2729493" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Koper&id=2729493&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKoper"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKoper"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Koper"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Koper&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Copper" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable" align="right" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 0.5em"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold">29</span> </td> <td align="center" style="padding-left:2em"><span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkel</a></span> ← <span style="font-size:120%">koper</span> → <span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span style="font-size:95%">-</span><br />↑<br /><span style="font-size:120%; font-weight:bold">Cu</span><br />↓<br /><span style="font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">Ag</a></span> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cu-TableImage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cu-TableImage.svg/300px-Cu-TableImage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cu-TableImage.svg/450px-Cu-TableImage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Cu-TableImage.svg/600px-Cu-TableImage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><div align="right"><a href="/wiki/Periodieke_tabel" title="Periodieke tabel">Periodieke tabel</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black;text-align: center">Algemeen </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_elemente_volgens_naam" title="Lys van elemente volgens naam">Naam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_elemente_volgens_simbool" title="Lys van elemente volgens simbool">simbool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_elemente_volgens_getal" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van elemente volgens getal">getal</a> </td> <td>koper, Cu, 29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chemiese_reeks" title="Chemiese reeks">Chemiese reeks</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oorgangsmetale" class="mw-redirect" title="Oorgangsmetale">oorgangsmetale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Periodieke_tabel_groep" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodieke tabel groep">Groep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodieke_tabel_periode" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodieke tabel periode">periode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodieke_tabel_blok" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodieke tabel blok">blok</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Groep_11_element&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groep 11 element (bladsy bestaan nie)">11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periode_4_element" title="Periode 4 element">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/D-blok" class="mw-redirect" title="D-blok">d</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kleur" title="Kleur">Voorkoms</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cu,29.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="koper, metaalglans"><img alt="koper, metaalglans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cu%2C29.jpg/125px-Cu%2C29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cu%2C29.jpg/188px-Cu%2C29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cu%2C29.jpg/250px-Cu%2C29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="298" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atoommassa" title="Atoommassa">Atoommassa</a></td> <td>63.546(3) g/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasie" title="Elektronkonfigurasie">Elektronkonfigurasie</a></td> <td>[<a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a>] 3d<sup>10</sup> 4s<sup>1</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektrone</a> per <a href="/wiki/Elektronskil" title="Elektronskil">skil</a></td> <td>2, 8, 18, 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black; text-align:center">Fisiese eienskappe </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Toestand_van_materie" title="Toestand van materie">Toestand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vastestof" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastestof">vastestof</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digtheid" title="Digtheid">Digtheid</a> (naby <a href="/wiki/Kamertemperatuur" title="Kamertemperatuur">k.t.</a>)</td> <td>8,96 g/cm³ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vloeistof <a href="/wiki/Digtheid" title="Digtheid">digtheid</a> teen <a href="/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt">s.p.</a></td> <td>8,02 g/cm³ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smeltpunt" title="Smeltpunt">Smeltpunt</a></td> <td>1357,77 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(1084,62 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kookpunt" title="Kookpunt">Kookpunt</a></td> <td>2835 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a><br />(2562 °<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Smeltingswarmte" title="Smeltingswarmte">Smeltingswarmte</a></td> <td>13,26 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mol" title="Kilojoule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Verdampingswarmte" title="Verdampingswarmte">Verdampingswarmte</a></td> <td>340<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mol" title="Kilojoule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Warmtekapasiteit" title="Warmtekapasiteit">Warmtekapasiteit</a></td> <td>(25 °C) 24,440 J/(mol·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Dampdruk" title="Dampdruk">Dampdruk</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><i>P</i>/Pa</td> <td>1</td> <td>10</td> <td>100</td> <td>1 k</td> <td>10 k</td> <td>100 k </td></tr> <tr> <td>teen <i>T</i>/K</td> <td>1509</td> <td>1661</td> <td>1850</td> <td>2089</td> <td>2404</td> <td>2836 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black; text-align:center">Atoomeienskappe </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kristalstruktuur" title="Kristalstruktuur">Kristalstruktuur</a></td> <td>kubies vlakgesentreerd </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruimtegroep" title="Ruimtegroep">Ruimtegroep</a></td> <td>Fm<span style="text-decoration:overline;">3</span>m  nommer: 225 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strukturbericht-klassifikasie" title="Strukturbericht-klassifikasie">Strukturbericht-kode</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kubiese_digpakking" title="Kubiese digpakking">A1</a><small></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oksidasietoestand" title="Oksidasietoestand">Oksidasietoestande</a></td> <td><b>2</b>, 1<br />(swak <a href="/wiki/Basis_(chemie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Basis (chemie)">basiese</a> oksied) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektronegatiwiteit" title="Elektronegatiwiteit">Elektronegatiwiteit</a></td> <td>1,90 (<a href="/wiki/Skaal_van_Pauling" title="Skaal van Pauling">Skaal van Pauling</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Ionisasie-energie" title="Ionisasie-energie">Ionisasie-energieë</a> </td> <td>1ste: 745,5 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mol" title="Kilojoule per mol">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2de: 1957,9 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td>3de: 3555 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atoomradius" title="Atoomradius">Atoomradius</a></td> <td>135 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Atoomradius" title="Atoomradius">Atoomradius</a> (ber.)</td> <td>145 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kovalente_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovalente radius">Kovalente radius</a></td> <td>138 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals-radius" title="Van der Waals-radius">Van der Waals-radius</a></td> <td>140 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Picometer">pm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black;text-align:center">Diverse </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">Magnetiese rangskikking</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diamagnetisme" title="Diamagnetisme">diamagneties</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elektriese_resistiwiteit" title="Elektriese resistiwiteit">Elektriese resistiwiteit</a></td> <td>(20 °C) 16,78 nΩ·m </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Termiese_geleidingsvermo%C3%AB" title="Termiese geleidingsvermoë">Termiese geleidingsvermoë</a></td> <td>(300 K) 401 <a href="/wiki/Watt_per_meter-kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt per meter-kelvin">W/(m·K)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Termiese_uitsettingsko%C3%ABffisi%C3%ABnt" title="Termiese uitsettingskoëffisiënt">Termiese uitsetting</a></td> <td>(25 °C) 16,5 µm/(m·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spoed_van_klank" title="Spoed van klank">Spoed van klank</a> (dun staaf)</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Kamertemperatuur" title="Kamertemperatuur">k.t.</a>) (annealed)<br />3810 <a href="/wiki/Meter_per_sekonde" title="Meter per sekonde">m/s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Young_se_modulus" title="Young se modulus">Young se modulus</a></td> <td>130 GPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skuifmodulus" title="Skuifmodulus">Skuifmodulus</a></td> <td>48 GPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Massamodulus" title="Massamodulus">Massamodulus</a></td> <td>140 GPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poisson_se_verhouding" title="Poisson se verhouding">Poissonverhouding</a></td> <td>0,34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mohs_se_hardheidskaal" title="Mohs se hardheidskaal">Mohs se hardheid</a></td> <td>3,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vickers_hardheidstoets" title="Vickers hardheidstoets">Vickers hardheid</a></td> <td>369 MPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardheidstoets" class="mw-redirect" title="Brinell hardheidstoets">Brinell hardheid</a></td> <td>874 MPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CAS-registernommer" title="CAS-registernommer">CAS-registernommer</a></td> <td>7440-50-8 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black;text-align:center">Vernaamste isotope </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Isotope van koper </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop">iso</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Natuurlike_verspreiding" class="mw-redirect" title="Natuurlike verspreiding">NV</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Halfleeftyd" title="Halfleeftyd">halfleeftyd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vervalmodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vervalmodus">VM</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vervalenergie" title="Vervalenergie">VE</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Elektronvolt" title="Elektronvolt">MeV</a>)</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vervalproduk" title="Vervalproduk">VP</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koper-63" title="Koper-63"><sup>63</sup>Cu</a> </td> <td>69.17% </td> <td colspan="4">Cu is <a href="/wiki/Stabiele_isotoop" title="Stabiele isotoop">stabiel</a> met 34 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Koper-65" title="Koper-65"><sup>65</sup>Cu</a> </td> <td>30.83% </td> <td colspan="4">Cu is <a href="/wiki/Stabiele_isotoop" title="Stabiele isotoop">stabiel</a> met 36 <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrone</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background:#ffc0c0; color:black;text-align:center">Portaal <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/20px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/30px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/40px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portaal:Chemie" title="Portaal:Chemie">Chemie</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Koper</b> is 'n <a href="/wiki/Chemiese_element" title="Chemiese element">chemiese element</a> in die <a href="/wiki/Periodieke_tabel" title="Periodieke tabel">periodieke tabel</a> met die simbool <b>Cu</b> en <a href="/wiki/Atoomgetal" title="Atoomgetal">atoomgetal</a> van 29. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Geskiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Geskiedenis"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland">antieke Griekeland</a> het die metaal bekend gestaan as <i>chalkos</i> (χαλκός). In die Romeinse tydperk het dit bekend gestaan as <i>aes Cyprium</i> (<i>aes</i> was die generies Latynse term vir koperlegerings soos <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a> en ander metale en omdat so baie daarvan in <a href="/wiki/Ciprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciprus">Ciprus</a> ontgin is). Hierdie term is vereenvoudig tot <i>cuprum</i> wat dan die oorsprong is van die woord <i>koper</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamië"><span id="Mesopotami.C3.AB"></span>Mesopotamië</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Mesopotamië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Mesopotamië"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koper was bekend aan van die oudste beskawings en het 'n geskiedenis wat ten minste 10 000 jaar oud is. 'n Koperhangertjie is in noordelike <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> gevind wat terugdateer uit 8700 v.C. Teen 5000 v.C. was daar baie tekens van koper<a href="/wiki/Metaalnywerheid" title="Metaalnywerheid">smelterye</a>, waar koper geraffineer is vanuit basiese koperkarbonate soos <a href="/wiki/Malagiet" title="Malagiet">malagiet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asuriet" title="Asuriet">asuriet</a>. </p><p>Koper is 'n taamlik sagte metaal, maar kan deur legering met ander elemente bruikbaarder gemaak word. Legerings met tot 3,4% <a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkel</a> word reeds rondom 3500 v.C. in Sumerië aangetref.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daar is koper en <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a> artikels uit ou <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumeriese</a> stede gevind wat terugdateer tot 3000 v.C. en <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egiptiese</a> artikels vervaardig uit koper en koper-tinlegerings wat bykans net so oud was. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros,_Crete.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/250px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/330px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg/500px-Minoan_copper_ingot_from_Zakros%2C_Crete.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1264" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Antieke koperstaaf komende van Zakros, Kreta. Die ingot is in die vorm van 'n diervel, tipies van die ingots uit die tydperk.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egipte">Egipte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Egipte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Egipte"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die Egiptiese woord vir koper was waarskynlik <i>bjꜣ</i>, wat die Egiptoloë as 'bia' uitspreek. In die Oostelike Woestyn is reeds in die <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte#Predinastiese_Tydperk" title="Antieke Egipte">IIIB-fase van die Naqada-kultuur</a> koper gemyn. Daar is aanwysings dat ook <a href="/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen">arseen</a> uit hierdie streek verkry is.<sup id="cite_ref-Odler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die tempel van <a href="/wiki/Sahoere" title="Sahoere">Sahoere</a> het reeds in die 25ste eeu v.C. 'n stelsel van 300 m pype van koper om die afval af te voer.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongelukkig het Egiptoloë lank die verskille tussen legerings met arseen en dié met tin nie herken nie, maar daar is nou navorsing om hulle vondste beter te ontleed.<sup id="cite_ref-Odler_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Egiptenare het vroeg bevind dat die byvoeging van 'n klein hoeveelheid tin dit makliker gemaak het om die metaal te giet, dus is bronslegering artikels uit Egipte bykans net so oud soos die koperartikels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: China"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die gebruik van koper in antieke <a href="/wiki/China" class="mw-disambig" title="China">China</a> dateer terug tot ten minste 2000 v.C. Teen 1200 v.C. is brons artikels van uitstekende gehalte reeds vervaardig. Die vroegste voorwerpe van <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a> wat in China gevind is, kom van die Yangshao-kultuur in die <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>-provinsie van ong. 4000 v.C. In die 3de millennium v.C. word voorwerpe in verskeie streke aangetref en die Xia-dinastie (21ste tot 16de eeu v.C.) is duidelik 'n ryk van die Bronstyd wat geduur het tot die Oostelike Zhou (771-221 v.C.) Meteorietyster was sedert lank bekend maar yster begin dalk eers laat in die Westelike Zhou (voor 771) vervaardig te word en ru-yster word eers 200 jaar later algemeen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europa">Europa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Europa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Europa"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>, die Ysman, 'n goed gepreserveerde lyk van 'n man wat 3200 v.C. geleef het, het 'n koperbyl by hom gehad waarvan die metaal 99.7% suiwer was. Hoë vlakke <a href="/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen">arseen</a> wat in sy hare gevind is, dui op die moontlikheid dat hy betrokke was by die smelt van koper.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Bronstydperk">Die Bronstydperk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Die Bronstydperk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Die Bronstydperk"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die gebruik van <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a> was so algemeen tydens 'n sekere tydperk van die menslike beskawing dat dit die <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</a> gedoop is. Die oorgangstydperk in sekere gebiede tussen die <a href="/wiki/Neolitikum" title="Neolitikum">Laat steentydperk</a> en die Bronstydperk word die <a href="/wiki/Kopertydperk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kopertydperk">Kopertydperk</a> genoem toe hoë suiwerheid kopergereedskap begin verskyn het maar nog saam met steengereedskap in gebruik was. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/75px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/113px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/150px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>Alchemie simbool vir koper</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Geelkoper" title="Geelkoper">Geelkoper</a>, 'n <a href="/wiki/Legering" title="Legering">legering</a> van <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a> en koper was aan die antieke Grieke bekend maar is eers deur die <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Rome" title="Antieke Rome">Romeine</a> op groot skaal gebruik. Die Romeine het dit <i>aurichalcum</i> genoem en gebruik vir die sestersie, een van hulle munte. Dit is ook vir dekoratiewe doeleindes gebruik soos vir goudkleurige helms. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koper is met die godin <a href="/wiki/Afrodite" title="Afrodite">Afrodite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologie)" title="Venus (mitologie)">Venus</a> in mitologie en <a href="/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie">alchemie</a> verbind, vanweë sy pragtige glans, die antieke gebruik daarvan in <a href="/wiki/Spie%C3%ABl" title="Spieël">spieëls</a> en die verbintenis daarvan met <a href="/wiki/Ciprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciprus">Ciprus</a>, wat 'n heiligdom was van die godin. In <a href="/wiki/Alchemie" title="Alchemie">alchemie</a> was die simbool van koper dan ook die simbool vir die planeet <a href="/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (planeet)">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biologiese_rol">Biologiese rol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Biologiese rol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Biologiese rol"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koper is noodsaaklik in alle gevorderde plant- en dierlewe. Koper word hoofsaaklik in die bloedstroom op 'n <a href="/wiki/Plasmaprote%C3%AFen" title="Plasmaproteïen">plasmaproteïen</a> genaamd ceruloplasmin vervoer. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wanneer koper in die ingewande geabsorbeer word, word dit aan albumien verbind en na die lewer vervoer. Koper word in 'n verskeidenheid <a href="/wiki/Ensiem" title="Ensiem">ensieme</a> gevind, insluitend die koperkerne van sitochroomoksidase<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, die Cu-Zn bevattende ensiem superoksieddismutase<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dit vorm ook die hoofmetaal in die <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstofdraende</a> pigment hemosianien<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, bekend uit die blou bloed van die <a href="/wiki/Atlantiese_hoefysterkrap" title="Atlantiese hoefysterkrap">Atlantiese hoefysterkrap</a> <i>Limulus polyphemus</i> wat koper in plaas van <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">yster</a> vir die vervoer van suurstof gebruik. </p><p>Daar word geglo dat <a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a> en koper meeding vir absorpsie in die spysverteringskanaal, wat sou meebring dat 'n dieet wat oormatige hoeveelhede van een van hierdie twee minerale sou bevat 'n tekort in die ander kan veroorsaak. Die Aanbevole Dieetkundige Toelaag (RDA) vir koper in normale gesonde volwassenes is 0,9 <a href="/wiki/Milligram" title="Milligram">mg</a>/dag.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die siekte <a href="/wiki/Lamkruis" title="Lamkruis">lamkruis</a> hang saam met 'n kopertekort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toksisiteit">Toksisiteit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Toksisiteit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Toksisiteit"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alle koperverbindings, behalwe waar dit andersins bekend is, moet hanteer word as sou dit <a href="/wiki/Toksies" class="mw-redirect" title="Toksies">toksies</a> wees. 30 g Kopersulfaat kan potensieel noodlottig wees in mense. Die aanbevole veilige vlakke van koper in <a href="/wiki/Drinkwater" title="Drinkwater">drinkwater</a> vir mense wissel afhangende van die bron daarvan, maar is gewoonlik tussen 1.5 tot 2 mg/l. Die Dieetkundige verwysingsinname (DRI), die toelaatbare vlak van inname vir volwassenes van dieetkundige koper vanuit enige bron, is 10 mg/dag.<sup id="cite_ref-NCBI_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCBI-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>'n Oorerflike siektetoestand wat <a href="/wiki/Wilson_se_siekte" title="Wilson se siekte">Wilson se siekte</a> genoem word veroorsaak dat koper in die liggaam ophoop<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> omdat dit nie deur die <a href="/wiki/Lewer" title="Lewer">lewer</a> na die <a href="/wiki/Gal" title="Gal">gal</a> uitgeskei word nie. Hierdie siektetoestand kan, indien dit onbehandeld gelaat word, lei tot <a href="/wiki/Brein" title="Brein">brein</a>- en <a href="/wiki/Lewer" title="Lewer">lewerskade</a>. Studies het verder ook getoon dat mense wat aan geestesafwykings soos <a href="/wiki/Skisofrenie" title="Skisofrenie">skisofrenie</a> lei, geneig is om hoër kopervlakke in hulle liggame te hê, maar dit kort in die brein.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algemene_gevare">Algemene gevare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Algemene gevare" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Algemene gevare"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die metaal in poeiervorm is 'n <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brandgevaar</a>. Klere wat in water met koperkonsentrasies hoër as 1mg/L gewas word, kan klere bruin vlek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fisiese_eienskappe">Fisiese eienskappe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Fisiese eienskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Fisiese eienskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cu-Scheibe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/220px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/330px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Cu-Scheibe.JPG/440px-Cu-Scheibe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>Koper</figcaption></figure> <p>Koper is 'n rooierige <a href="/wiki/Metaal" title="Metaal">metaal</a> met 'n hoë <a href="/wiki/Elektriese_geleidingsvermo%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektriese geleidingsvermoë">elektriese-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Termiese_geleidingsvermo%C3%AB" title="Termiese geleidingsvermoë">termiese geleidingsvermoë</a> (onder die suiwer metale teen kamertemperatuur het slegs <a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">silwer</a> 'n hoër elektriese geleidingsvermoë). Metale reflekteer fotone met lae frekwensies en absorbeer frekwensies hoër as die metaal se plasmaresonansie. Koper is rooi omdat sy plasmaresonansie naby 2.0 eV lê (net bokant die rooi kleur, 620 nm). Geelkoper en goud is geel omdat hulle 'n plasmaresonansie by hoër energieë/frekwensies het. Laastens reflekteer silwer oor die hele sigbare gebied omdat sy plasmafrekwensie in die nabye UV (4.0 eV) geleë is. Dit maak dit 'n wit metaal. <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktuur">Struktuur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Struktuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Struktuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koper is kristallyn en het 'n struktuur met <a href="/wiki/Kubiese_digpakking" title="Kubiese digpakking">kubiese digpakking</a>. Dit is die argetipe van die A1-struktuur in die <a href="/wiki/Strukturbericht-klassifikasie" title="Strukturbericht-klassifikasie">strukturbericht-klassifikasie</a> van kristalstrukture wat ook by talle ander metale aangetref word. </p> <dl><dd>Sien ook <a href="/wiki/Kategorie:A1-strukture" title="Kategorie:A1-strukture">Kategorie:A1-strukture</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotope">Isotope</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Isotope" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Isotope"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar bestaan twee stabiele isotope van koper, <a href="/wiki/Koper-63" title="Koper-63"><sup>63</sup>Cu</a> en <a href="/wiki/Koper-65" title="Koper-65"><sup>65</sup>Cu</a> asook 'n aantal radio-isotope. Die meerderheid van die radio-isotope het halfleeftye van etlike minute of minder. Die isotoop met die langste leeftyd het 'n halfleeftyd van 12.7 ure, met twee vervalmodusse, wat tot twee verskillende produkte lei. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemiese_eienskappe">Chemiese eienskappe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Chemiese eienskappe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Chemiese eienskappe"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koper word nie deur sure aangetas nie behalwe as hierdie sure ook oksideermiddels is.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dit los in salpetersuur op omdat die nitraatioon, wat N(5+) bevat koper kan oksideer en self in N(2+) oorgaan<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3Cu+8HNO_{3}\rightarrow 3Cu(NO_{3})_{2}+4H_{2}O+2NO\uparrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>3</mn> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>8</mn> <mi>H</mi> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>N</mi> <msub> <mi>O</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mi>O</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>N</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mo stretchy="false">↑</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3Cu+8HNO_{3}\rightarrow 3Cu(NO_{3})_{2}+4H_{2}O+2NO\uparrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3ae94cda4253486962b815039cd0d059fa2fd136" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:49.252ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3Cu+8HNO_{3}\rightarrow 3Cu(NO_{3})_{2}+4H_{2}O+2NO\uparrow }" /></span></dd></dl> <p>Koper kan ook met <a href="/wiki/Yster(III)chloried" title="Yster(III)chloried">yster(III)chloried</a> opgelos word. Dit kan gebruik word om die metaal te <a href="/wiki/Etswerk" title="Etswerk">ets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Cu+2Fe^{3+}(aq.)\rightarrow Cu^{2+}(aq)+2Fe^{2+}(aq)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>C</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>F</mi> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mi>C</mi> <msup> <mi>u</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>F</mi> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Cu+2Fe^{3+}(aq.)\rightarrow Cu^{2+}(aq)+2Fe^{2+}(aq)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/988b627bb542882f8da679b2dff3b248f74fb51d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:43.819ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Cu+2Fe^{3+}(aq.)\rightarrow Cu^{2+}(aq)+2Fe^{2+}(aq)}" /></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legerings">Legerings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Legerings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Legerings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daar bestaan baie <a href="/wiki/Legering" title="Legering">legerings</a> van koper. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">Brons</a> is 'n koper/<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> legering. Dit het 'n groot rol in die geskiedenis gespeel. Sien: <a href="/wiki/Bronstydperk" title="Bronstydperk">Bronstydperk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geelkoper" title="Geelkoper">Geelkoper</a> is 'n koper/<a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">sink</a> legering.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monel" title="Monel">Monel</a> is 'n koper/<a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkel</a> legering.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koper en nikkel vorm 'n volledige reeks <a href="/wiki/Mengkristal" title="Mengkristal">mengkristalle</a> <sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Noord-Amerika word 'n nommerstelsel bygehou vir al die legerings en hulle spesieke eienskappe. Dit word die UNS (Unified Numbering System) genoem. In hulle benamingstelsel dui getalle van C10000 tot C79999 smeedlegerings aan. Gegote legerings is genommer van C80000 tot C99999.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbindings">Verbindings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Verbindings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Verbindings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cuivre_Michigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cuivre_Michigan.jpg/250px-Cuivre_Michigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cuivre_Michigan.jpg/330px-Cuivre_Michigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Cuivre_Michigan.jpg/500px-Cuivre_Michigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>Koper in <a href="/wiki/Gede%C3%AB" title="Gedeë">gedeë</a> vorm uit die natuur</figcaption></figure> <p>Algemene oksidasietoestande van koper sluit die koper(I) toestand in, Cu<sup>1+</sup>; en die koper(II) toestand, Cu<sup>2+</sup> in, wat mooi blou- of blougroensoute vorm. Onder ongewone toestande kan die +3 toestand ook verkry word. Met sterker oksidasiemiddels soos <a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">suurstof</a> is die 2+ die meer stabiele ene, maar met swakkeres soos in die geval van <a href="/wiki/Swael" title="Swael">swael</a> kom net die 1+ toestand voor. </p><p>In vaste verbindinge van Cu<sup>1+</sup> kan die ioon 'n groter mobiliteit verkry. Dit kan tot sogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Superioniese_geleiding" title="Superioniese geleiding">superioniese geleiding</a> lei.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die groen kleur van <a href="/wiki/Koper(II)karbonaat" title="Koper(II)karbonaat">basiese koperkarbonaat</a> is meestal die oorsaak van die voorkoms van die koperbedekte dakke of -koepels van sommige geboue, maar daar kan ook chloriede gevorm word.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Koper(II)sulfaat" title="Koper(II)sulfaat">Koper(II)sulfaat</a> (Blou vitrioel) vorm 'n blou kristallyne <a href="/wiki/Hidraat" title="Hidraat">pentahidraat</a> en is waarskynlik die bekendste koperverbinding in laboratoriums. Dit word as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Swamweerder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swamweerder (bladsy bestaan nie)">swamweerder</a> gebruik. </p><p>Daar bestaan twee stabiele oksiede van koper, <a href="/wiki/Koper(II)oksied" title="Koper(II)oksied">Koper(II)oksied</a> (CuO) en <a href="/wiki/Koper(I)oksied" title="Koper(I)oksied">Koper(I)oksied</a> (Cu<sub>2</sub>O). Koperoksiede word gebruik <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">bariumkoperoksied</a> (YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub>) oftewel <a href="/wiki/YBKO" class="mw-redirect" title="YBKO">YBKO</a> wat die basis vorm van baie onkonvensionele <a href="/w/index.php?title=Supergeleiding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Supergeleiding (bladsy bestaan nie)">supergeleiers</a>. </p><p>Ander verbindings sluit in: <a href="/wiki/Koper(I)chloried" title="Koper(I)chloried">Koper(I)chloried</a> en <a href="/wiki/Koper(II)chloried" title="Koper(II)chloried">koper(II)chloried</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Verbindings_van_koper" title="Kategorie:Verbindings van koper">Verbindings van koper</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verspreiding_en_mynbou">Verspreiding en mynbou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Verspreiding en mynbou" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Verspreiding en mynbou"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Chino_copper_mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chino_copper_mine.jpg/250px-Chino_copper_mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chino_copper_mine.jpg/330px-Chino_copper_mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chino_copper_mine.jpg/500px-Chino_copper_mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Die El Chino oopgroef kopermyn in <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Meksiko" title="Nieu-Meksiko">Nieu-Meksiko</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Koper word in die suiwer vorm asook in <a href="/wiki/Mineraal" title="Mineraal">minerale</a> vorm in die natuur aangetref. Minerale soos die <a href="/wiki/Karbonaat" title="Karbonaat">karbonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Asuriet" title="Asuriet">asuriet</a> (Cu<sub>3</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>) en <a href="/wiki/Malagiet" title="Malagiet">malagiet</a> (Cu<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>) is bronne van koper asook die <a href="/wiki/Sulfied" title="Sulfied">sulfiede</a> soos <a href="/wiki/Chalkopiriet" title="Chalkopiriet">chalkopiriet</a> (CuFeS<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Borniet" title="Borniet">borniet</a> (Cu<sub>5</sub>FeS<sub>4</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Kovelliet" title="Kovelliet">kovelliet</a> (CuS) en oksiede soos <a href="/wiki/Kupriet" title="Kupriet">kupriet</a> (Cu<sub>2</sub>O). </p><p>Daar is verskeie kopermyne in Suid-Afrika. Die Palabora-myn in <a href="/wiki/Limpopo" title="Limpopo">Limpopo</a> was die grootste koperproduserende myn in Suid-Afrika. Dit in 2021 ongeveer 21 997 ton koper uit 'n geraamde 8,6 miljoen metrieke ton erts per jaar geproduseer het. Hierdie myn is die eiendom van HBIS Group Co Ltd, en gaan nog tot 2039 bedryf word. Die tweede grootste koperproduserende myn met 'n geskatte koperproduksie van 11 601 ton en 'n geraamde 11,95 miljoen ton erts, was die Mogalakwena-myn wat ook in Limpopo geleë is. Die Mogalakwena-myn is die besit van Anglo American Plc en sal nog tot 2040 bedryf word.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die Internasionale Raad van Koperuitvoerende Lande (CIPEC) wat sedert 1992 ophou bestaan het, het eens probeer om 'n soortgelyke rol as wat <a href="/wiki/OPUL" title="OPUL">OPUL</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ru-olie" class="mw-redirect" title="Ru-olie">ru-olie</a> speel, te vervul<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maar kon egter nie dieselfde mate van invloed uitoefen nie, veral vanweë die feit dat die tweede grootste produsent, die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde State">Verenigde State</a>, nooit 'n lid was nie. Die organisasie is in 1967 gestig en die hooflede daarvan was <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AFre" title="Zaïre">Zaïre</a> en <a href="/wiki/Zambi%C3%AB" title="Zambië">Zambië</a>. </p><p>Die meeste <a href="/wiki/Delfstowwe" title="Delfstowwe">kopererts</a> word ontgin vanuit groot <a href="/wiki/Mynbou#Dagmynbou" title="Mynbou">oopgroefmyne</a>. Voorbeelde sluit in: <a href="/wiki/Chuquicamata" title="Chuquicamata">Chuquicamata</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chili" title="Chili">Chili</a> en die <a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Chinomyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Chinomyn (bladsy bestaan nie)">El Chinomyn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nieu-Meksiko" title="Nieu-Meksiko">Nieu-Meksiko</a>. Die ertse bevat soms minder as 1% koper en daar is twee tipes wat verskillende verwerking vereis:<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oksiede word met 'n hidrometallurgiese metode verwerk. Sulfiede met 'n pirometallurgiese metode </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hidrometallurgie">Hidrometallurgie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Hidrometallurgie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Hidrometallurgie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oksidiese ertse is gewoonlik armer aan koper, maar hulle verwerking vereis geen hoë temperature nie. Die erts word fyngemaak en blootgestel aan uitloging met verdunde <a href="/wiki/Swaelsuur" title="Swaelsuur">swaelsuur</a> wat die koper as <a href="/wiki/Koper(II)sulfaat" title="Koper(II)sulfaat">koper(II)sulfaat</a> in oplossing doen gaan. Die koper word met 'n ander oplosmiddel geëkstraheer, waarby onsuiwerhede in die water opgelos bly. Die koper word daarna aan <a href="/wiki/Elektrolise" title="Elektrolise">elektrolise</a> onderwerp en suiwer koper as koperkatodes verkry.<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pirometallurgie">Pirometallurgie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Pirometallurgie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Pirometallurgie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sulfidiese ertse word fyngemaak en met 'n oppervlakaktiewe middel behandel wat hom aan die kopersulfieddeeltjies heg. Dit laat hulle dryf op die skuim wat deur lug in te blaas veroorsaak word. Die skuim word afgeskei en behandel met 'n verdikkingsmiddel wat die koperhoudende materiaal doen neerslaan. Die produk bevat 30% koper saam met ander metaalverbindings. Dit word na 'n smelter gestuur en <i>verhit</i> tot 1260 C. Uit hierdie smelt slaan 'n slak neer wat veral yster en silikaat bevat. Die bo-laag, die <i>mat</i> word verhit met suurstof (uit die lug) dit verbrand die swael en die res van die yster. Die produk, die <i>blisterkoper</i> bevat 98% koper en word verder elektrolities verfyn. In die elektrolisestap ontstaan 'modder' as afvalmateriaal, wat nog waardevolle metale soos silwer of goud bevat.<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'n Ander byproduk is <a href="/wiki/Seleen" title="Seleen">seleen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herwinning">Herwinning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Herwinning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Herwinning"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Koper is 'n waardevolle stof. Die mynbou is duur, besoedel die omgewing en elektrolise kos baie energie. Daarom word vandag ~50% van die koperproduksie uit herwinning verkry.<sup id="cite_ref-AZ_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZ-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toepassings">Toepassings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Toepassings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Toepassings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die belangrikste toepassings van koper is elektriese draad (60%), dakbedekking en loodgieterswerk (20%), en industriële masjinerie (15%). Koper word meestal as 'n suiwer metaal gebruik, maar wanneer groter hardheid vereis word, word dit in legerings soos <a href="/wiki/Geelkoper" title="Geelkoper">geelkoper</a> en <a href="/wiki/Brons" title="Brons">brons</a> (5% van totale gebruik) gesit.<sup id="cite_ref-emsley_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emsley-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vir meer as twee eeue word koperverf op bootrompe gebruik om die groei van plante en skulpvisse te beheer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ’n Klein deel van die kopervoorraad word vir voedingsaanvullings en swamdoders in die landbou gebruik.<sup id="cite_ref-Boux_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boux-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Applications_for_Copper_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Applications_for_Copper-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masjinering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masjinering (bladsy bestaan nie)">Masjinering</a> van koper is moontlik, hoewel legerings verkies word vir goeie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bewerkbaarheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bewerkbaarheid (bladsy bestaan nie)">bewerkbaarheid</a> om ingewikkelde dele te skep. </p><p>Koper is 'n <a href="/wiki/Pletbaar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pletbaar">pletbare</a> en buigsame metaal en word algemeen gebruik in 'n verskeidenheid produkte soos: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metaal">Metaal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Metaal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Metaal"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koperdraad" title="Koperdraad">Koperdraad</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Koperpyp vir <a href="/wiki/Loodgieter" title="Loodgieter">Loodgieterwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deurknip" title="Deurknip">Deurknoppe</a> en ander huishoudelike toerusting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standbeeld" title="Standbeeld">Standbeelde</a>: Die <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> bevat byvoorbeeld 27,2 koper.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magneet#Elektromagnete" title="Magneet">Elektromagnete</a> <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektriese_motor" title="Elektriese motor">Elektriese motors</a>.</li> <li>Die koms van elektriese <a href="/wiki/Motorvoertuig" title="Motorvoertuig">motorvoertuie</a> en maatskappye soos <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> beteken 'n toename van die gebruik van koper.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Elektriese oordraers, -geleistange en <a href="/wiki/Skakelaar" title="Skakelaar">skakelaars</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakuumbuis" title="Vakuumbuis">Vakuumbuise</a>, katodestraalbuise en die magnetron in <a href="/wiki/Mikrogolfoond" title="Mikrogolfoond">mikrogolfoonde</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golfleier" title="Golfleier">Golfleiers</a> vir die beheer van mikrogolfstraling.</li> <li>Koper word ook toenemend in <a href="/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_stroombaan" title="Geïntegreerde stroombaan">geïntegreerde stroombane</a> gebruik waar dit as plaasvervanger vir aluminium ingespan word omdat die geleidingsvermoë daarvan hoër is.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In kookware soos <a href="/wiki/Braaipan" title="Braaipan">braaipanne</a> asook ander eetgery.</li> <li>Koper word gebruik as 'n <a href="/wiki/Biostaties" title="Biostaties">biostatiese</a> oppervlak in hospitale en om dele van skepe uit te voer om die <a href="/wiki/Skip" title="Skip">skip</a> teen <a href="/wiki/Seepokke" title="Seepokke">seepokke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossel" title="Mossel">mossels</a> en ander skulpdiere te beskerm. <a href="/wiki/Bakterie%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakterieë">Bakterieë</a> sal nie op 'n koperoppervlak groei nie omdat dit biostaties is.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas">Gas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Gas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Gas"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Die monatomiese gas word as 'n lasermedium gebruik. Dit produseer groen (510 nm) en geel (578 nm) laserlig. Daar is min lasers wat in hierdie gebied van die spektrum laserlig voortbring. Die nadeel is dat koper tot bo ~1400 C verhit moet word om die gas te vorm. Koperdamplasers word vir mikrobewerking gebruik en is hoogs akkuraat.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legerings_2">Legerings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Legerings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Legerings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Legerings van koper met <a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">nikkel</a>, bv. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kupronikkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kupronikkel (bladsy bestaan nie)">kupronikkel</a> en <a href="/wiki/Monel" title="Monel">Monel</a> word gebruik as korrosiebestande materiale in die <a href="/wiki/Skeepsbou" title="Skeepsbou">skeepsboubedryf</a>.</li> <li>As 'n komponent van <a href="/wiki/Geld#Munte" title="Geld">muntstukke</a>, dikwels 'n kupronikkel legering.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterlingsilwer" title="Sterlingsilwer">Sterlingsilwer</a> wat in eetgery gebruik word, bevat 'n paar persent koper.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musiekinstrument" title="Musiekinstrument">Musiekinstrumente</a>, veral <a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Koperblaasinstrumente" title="Kategorie:Koperblaasinstrumente">koperblaasinstrumente</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbindings_2">Verbindings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: Verbindings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Verbindings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Koperverbindings word gebruik as komponent in <a href="/wiki/Keramiek#Glasuur" title="Keramiek">glasuursel</a> en ook om <a href="/wiki/Glas" title="Glas">glas</a> te kleur.</li> <li>Baie koperverbindings soos <a href="/wiki/Fehling_se_oplossing" title="Fehling se oplossing">Fehling se oplossing</a> vind toepassings in chemie.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koper(II)sulfaat" title="Koper(II)sulfaat">Koper(II)sulfaat</a> word gebruik as 'n gif en watersuiweraar. Dit word ook in verskeie tuinboumiddels gebruik om <a href="/wiki/Skimmel" class="mw-redirect" title="Skimmel">skimmel</a> (witroes) te bestry.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfgeleier" title="Halfgeleier">Halfgeleiers</a> soos <a href="/wiki/Koperindiumselenied" title="Koperindiumselenied">koperindiumselenied</a> (CIS) en sy afgeleide vorms soos koperindiumgalliumselenied (CIGS) word as <a href="/wiki/Sonsel" title="Sonsel">sonselle</a> aangewend.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopersilisied" title="Kopersilisied">Kopersilisied</a> <span class="chemf" style="white-space:nowrap;">Cu<sub>3</sub>Si</span> word gebruik by die suiwering van <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> vir die <a href="/wiki/Halfgeleier" title="Halfgeleier">halfgeleierindustrie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Erzs_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erzs-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koper(II)asetaat" title="Koper(II)asetaat">Koper(II)asetaat</a> is as <i>verdigris</i> sedert eeue 'n belangrike kleurstof<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koperhidried" title="Koperhidried">Koperhidried</a> word gebruik as reagens vir hidrogenering van C-C en C-O-bindings.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronnelys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Bronnelys"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/29.html">Los Alamos National Laboratory – Artikel oor koper</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFMassaro,_Edward_J.2002" class="citation book cs1">Massaro, Edward J., red. (2002). <i>Handbook of Copper Pharmacology and Toxicology</i>. Humana Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-89603-943-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-89603-943-8"><bdi>978-0-89603-943-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Copper+Pharmacology+and+Toxicology&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-89603-943-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~ota/disk2/1988/8808/880808.PDF">"<i>Copper: Technology & Competitiveness (Summary)</i> Chapter 6: Copper Production Technology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Office of Technology Assessment. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper%3A+Technology+%26+Competitiveness+%28Summary%29+Chapter+6%3A+Copper+Production+Technology&rft.pub=Office+of+Technology+Assessment&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~ota%2Fdisk2%2F1988%2F8808%2F880808.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Current Medicinal Chemistry, Volume 12, Number 10, May 2005, pp. 1161–1208(48) Metals, Toxicity and Oxidative Stress</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_D._Callister2003" class="citation book cs1">William D. Callister (2003). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Gratis registrasie vereis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/materialsscience00call_0"><i>Materials Science and Engineering: an Introduction</i></a></span> (6th uitg.). Wiley, New York. Table 6.1, p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-471-73696-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-471-73696-7"><bdi>978-0-471-73696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materials+Science+and+Engineering%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pages=Table+6.1%2C+p.+137&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wiley%2C+New+York&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-471-73696-7&rft.au=William+D.+Callister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaterialsscience00call_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memsnet.org/material/coppercubulk/">Material: Copper (Cu), bulk</a>, MEMS and Nanotechnology Clearinghouse.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFKim_BENevitt_TThiele_DJ2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kim BE; Nevitt T; Thiele DJ (2008). "Mechanisms for copper acquisition, distribution and regulation". <i>Nat. Chem. Biol</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 176–85. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnchembio.72">10.1038/nchembio.72</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18277979">18277979</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nat.+Chem.+Biol.&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+for+copper+acquisition%2C+distribution+and+regulation&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=176-85&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnchembio.72&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18277979&rft.au=Kim+BE&rft.au=Nevitt+T&rft.au=Thiele+DJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Duan, Y.J. & Chen, Bo & Ma, Yingche & Gao, M. & Liu, Kui (2013). "Determination of Vapor Pressure of Liquid Copper by Carrier Gas Method". <i>Journal of Materials Science & Technology</i>. <b>29</b>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmst.2013.11.002">10.1016/j.jmst.2013.11.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Determination+of+Vapor+Pressure+of+Liquid+Copper+by+Carrier+Gas+Method&rft.volume=29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jmst.2013.11.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copper.org/education/c-facts/history/fact2.html">"fact 2 of 28"</a>. Copper.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=fact+2+of+28&rft.pub=Copper.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Feducation%2Fc-facts%2Fhistory%2Ffact2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, C. F., en C. M. Schwitter (1957). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Nickel in Ancient Bronzes."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 351–65. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F500603">10.2307/500603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CNickel+in+Ancient+Bronzes.%E2%80%9D&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=351-65&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F500603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odler-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odler_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Odler_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Odler, M. (2023). <i>Copper in Ancient Egypt</i>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004527690">10.1163/9789004527690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copper+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004527690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Inskeep, R. R. (1969). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Health Hazards and Healing in Antiquity."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The South African Archaeological Bulletin</i>. <b>24</b> (93): 21–29. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3888363">10.2307/3888363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+South+African+Archaeological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CHealth+Hazards+and+Healing+in+Antiquity.%E2%80%9D&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=93&rft.pages=21-29&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3888363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Jueming, H (2016). <i>Metallurgy in China. In: Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-7747-7_9164">10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metallurgy+in+China.+In%3A+Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-7747-7_9164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sbs.arizona.edu/news/studying-otzi-ice-man-leads-outstanding-research-award-adrianna-kennedy-21#:~:text=%E2%80%9CI%20proposed%20instead%20that%20some,of%20the%20copper%20smelting%20process.%E2%80%9D">"Studying "Otzi, the Ice Man" Leads to Outstanding Research Award: Adrianna Kennedy, '21"</a>. Sbs Arizona. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studying+%22Otzi%2C+the+Ice+Man%22+Leads+to+Outstanding+Research+Award%3A+Adrianna+Kennedy%2C+%2721&rft.pub=Sbs+Arizona&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsbs.arizona.edu%2Fnews%2Fstudying-otzi-ice-man-leads-outstanding-research-award-adrianna-kennedy-21%23%3A~%3Atext%3D%25E2%2580%259CI%2520proposed%2520instead%2520that%2520some%2Cof%2520the%2520copper%2520smelting%2520process.%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1">Vin Callcut (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.copper.org/publications/newsletters/innovations/2000/01/history_brass.html#:~:text=While%20tin%20was%20readily%20available,brass%2C%20calling%20it%20'Aurichalum.">"Brief early history of brass"</a>. Copper development association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brief+early+history+of+brass&rft.pub=Copper+development+association&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper.org%2Fpublications%2Fnewsletters%2Finnovations%2F2000%2F01%2Fhistory_brass.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWhile%2520tin%2520was%2520readily%2520available%2Cbrass%252C%2520calling%2520it%2520%27Aurichalum.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_web" title="Sjabloon:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/newton/reference/symbols.do">"The Chymistry of Isaac Newton"</a>. U. Indiana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Chymistry+of+Isaac+Newton&rft.pub=U.+Indiana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebapp1.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fnewton%2Freference%2Fsymbols.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=ceruloplasmin_blood#:~:text=Ceruloplasmin%20is%20a%20protein%20made,many%20processes%20in%20your%20body.">"Ceruloplamin (Blood)"</a>. URMC Rochester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ceruloplamin+%28Blood%29&rft.pub=URMC+Rochester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.urmc.rochester.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fcontent.aspx%3Fcontenttypeid%3D167%26contentid%3Dceruloplasmin_blood%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCeruloplasmin%2520is%2520a%2520protein%2520made%2Cmany%2520processes%2520in%2520your%2520body.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Saint_Marys_College_Notre_Dame_IN/CHEM_342%3A_Bio-inorganic_Chemistry/Readings/Metals_in_Biological_Systems_(Saint_Mary's_College)/Cytochrome_Oxidase">"Citechorme Oxidase"</a>. LibreText.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citechorme+Oxidase&rft.pub=LibreText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FSaint_Marys_College_Notre_Dame_IN%2FCHEM_342%253A_Bio-inorganic_Chemistry%2FReadings%2FMetals_in_Biological_Systems_%28Saint_Mary%27s_College%29%2FCytochrome_Oxidase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2020.00183/full">"Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase in Human Skin: Current Knowledge"</a>. Frontiers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper%2FZinc+Superoxide+Dismutase+in+Human+Skin%3A+Current+Knowledge&rft.pub=Frontiers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticles%2F10.3389%2Ffmed.2020.00183%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Cornelia Kaintz, Stephan Gerhard Mauracher, Annette Rompel (2014). <i>Chapter One - Type-3 Copper Proteins: Recent Advances on Polyphenol Oxidases. in: Advances in Protein Chemistry and Structural Biology</i>. Vol. 97. Academic Press. pp. 1–35. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.apcsb.2014.07.001">10.1016/bs.apcsb.2014.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780128000120" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780128000120"><bdi>9780128000120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+One+-+Type-3+Copper+Proteins%3A+Recent+Advances+on+Polyphenol+Oxidases.+in%3A+Advances+in+Protein+Chemistry+and+Structural+Biology&rft.pages=1-35&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fbs.apcsb.2014.07.001&rft.isbn=9780128000120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|editors=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCBI-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-NCBI_14-1">14,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK222312/#:~:text=The%20Recommended%20Dietary%20Allowance%20(RDA,for%20adult%20men%20and%20women.">"Copper"</a>. NCBI NIH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper&rft.pub=NCBI+NIH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK222312%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Recommended%2520Dietary%2520Allowance%2520%28RDA%2Cfor%2520adult%2520men%2520and%2520women.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gatewaytrialwilsondisease.com/?gclid=CjwKCAjw6eWnBhAKEiwADpnw9sktj1koRtJiYkZ9-QWI-1z3pdXz6QYVlXIQqwEiOiMmkpJqp0ghfhoC9BIQAvD_BwE">"Clinical trial"</a>. Gateway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clinical+trial&rft.pub=Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gatewaytrialwilsondisease.com%2F%3Fgclid%3DCjwKCAjw6eWnBhAKEiwADpnw9sktj1koRtJiYkZ9-QWI-1z3pdXz6QYVlXIQqwEiOiMmkpJqp0ghfhoC9BIQAvD_BwE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Schoonover KE, Queern SL, Lapi SE, Roberts RC (2020). "Impaired copper transport in schizophrenia results in a copper-deficient brain state: A new side to the dysbindin story". <i>World J Biol Psychiatry</i>. 21(1): 13–28. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15622975.2018.1523562">10.1080/15622975.2018.1523562</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+J+Biol+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Impaired+copper+transport+in+schizophrenia+results+in+a+copper-deficient+brain+state%3A+A+new+side+to+the+dysbindin+story.&rft.volume=21%281%29&rft.pages=13-28&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15622975.2018.1523562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kelly S. Potter, Joseph H. Simmons (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128186428000041"><i>Chapter 4 - Optical properties of insulators—materials, devices, and applications. In: Optical Materials (Second Edition)</i></a>. Elsevier. pp. 173–228. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-818642-8.00004-1">10.1016/B978-0-12-818642-8.00004-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780128186428" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780128186428"><bdi>9780128186428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+4+-+Optical+properties+of+insulators%E2%80%94materials%2C+devices%2C+and+applications.+In%3A+Optical+Materials+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.pages=173-228&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-818642-8.00004-1&rft.isbn=9780128186428&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128186428000041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|editors=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Kramers J. (S.J.) (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB31:033300000"><i>Leerboek der bijzondere scheikunde</i></a>. Malmberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leerboek+der+bijzondere+scheikunde&rft.pub=Malmberg&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB31%3A033300000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">H.J. an de Stadt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB21:043640000:00068"><i>Beknop leerboek der scheikunde</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beknop+leerboek+der+scheikunde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB21%3A043640000%3A00068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Bastiaan Baars (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB24:080430000"><i>Het etsen van koper door ijzerchloride</i></a>. Enschedé.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+etsen+van+koper+door+ijzerchloride&rft.pub=Ensched%C3%A9&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresolver.kb.nl%2Fresolve%3Furn%3DMMKB24%3A080430000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xometry.com/resources/materials/what-is-monel/">"All About Monel® Alloys: Definition, History, and Applications"</a>. Xometry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+About+Monel%C2%AE+Alloys%3A+Definition%2C+History%2C+and+Applications&rft.pub=Xometry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xometry.com%2Fresources%2Fmaterials%2Fwhat-is-monel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/~maelabs/mae324/glos324/phasediagram.htm">"Phase diagram"</a>. Princeton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phase+diagram&rft.pub=Princeton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2F~maelabs%2Fmae324%2Fglos324%2Fphasediagram.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copper.org/resources/standards/uns-standard-designations.php">"The Unified Numbering System"</a>. copper development association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Unified+Numbering+System&rft.pub=copper+development+association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopper.org%2Fresources%2Fstandards%2Funs-standard-designations.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Chandra, A. and Chandra, A (2014). <i>Superionic Solids in Energy Device Applications. In Advanced Energy Materials</i>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118904923.ch4">10.1002/9781118904923.ch4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superionic+Solids+in+Energy+Device+Applications.+In+Advanced+Energy+Materials&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118904923.ch4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|editors=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.simplecoat.com/blog/how-to-preserve-and-protect-patina-on-copper">"how to preserve and protect patina on copper"</a>. Sinplecoat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=how+to+preserve+and+protect+patina+on+copper&rft.pub=Sinplecoat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.simplecoat.com%2Fblog%2Fhow-to-preserve-and-protect-patina-on-copper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><sup><i>[dooie skakel]</i></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/mining/south-africa--five-largest-copper-mines-in-2090872/#:~:text=The%20five%20largest%20copper%20mines,mmtpa%20of%20ROM%20in%202021.">"South Africa: Five Largest Copper Mines in 2021"</a>. Global Data.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Five+Largest+Copper+Mines+in+2021&rft.pub=Global+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globaldata.com%2Fdata-insights%2Fmining%2Fsouth-africa--five-largest-copper-mines-in-2090872%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520five%2520largest%2520copper%2520mines%2Cmmtpa%2520of%2520ROM%2520in%25202021.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Mingst, Karen A. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2706259">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Cooperation or Illusion: An Examination of the Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>International Organization</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 263–87<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CCooperation+or+Illusion%3A+An+Examination+of+the+Intergovernmental+Council+of+Copper+Exporting+Countries.%E2%80%9D&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=263-87&rft.date=1976&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2706259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZ-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_28-0">28,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_28-1">28,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_28-2">28,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-AZ_28-3">28,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://superfund.arizona.edu/resources/learning-modules-english/copper-mining-and-processing/processing-copper-ores">"Copper Mining and Processing: Processing Copper Ores"</a>. Superfund Arizona.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+Mining+and+Processing%3A+Processing+Copper+Ores&rft.pub=Superfund+Arizona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuperfund.arizona.edu%2Fresources%2Flearning-modules-english%2Fcopper-mining-and-processing%2Fprocessing-copper-ores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emsley-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-emsley_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="af" dir="ltr">Verwysingfout: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>emsley</code></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite id="CITEREFRyck_Lydecker" class="citation web cs1">Ryck Lydecker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801090801/https://www.boatus.com/magazine/2012/february/copper.asp">"Is Copper Bottom Paint Sinking?"</a>. <i>BoatUS Magazine</i>. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boatus.com/magazine/2012/february/copper.asp">die oorspronklike</a> op 1 Augustus 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">3 Junie</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BoatUS+Magazine&rft.atitle=Is+Copper+Bottom+Paint+Sinking%3F&rft.au=Ryck+Lydecker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boatus.com%2Fmagazine%2F2012%2Ffebruary%2Fcopper.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boux-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Boux_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="af" dir="ltr">Verwysingfout: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>Boux</code></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Applications_for_Copper-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Applications_for_Copper_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080608225006/http://www.americanelements.com/cu.html">"Copper"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Elements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Elements (bladsy bestaan nie)">American Elements</a>. 2008. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanelements.com/cu.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 8 Junie 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">12 Julie</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper&rft.pub=American+Elements&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanelements.com%2Fcu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Myer Kutz (2002). <i>Handbook of Materials Selection</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780471359241" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/9780471359241"><bdi>9780471359241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Materials+Selection&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780471359241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copper.org/consumers/arts/2008/february/Statue_of_Liberty.php#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20National%20Parks,is%20coated%20with%20gold%20leaf.">"Copper in the Arts"</a>. Copper Development Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+in+the+Arts&rft.pub=Copper+Development+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopper.org%2Fconsumers%2Farts%2F2008%2Ffebruary%2FStatue_of_Liberty.php%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAccording%2520to%2520the%2520National%2520Parks%2Cis%2520coated%2520with%2520gold%2520leaf.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ece.northeastern.edu/fac-ece/nian/mom/electromagnets.html#:~:text=Electromagnets%20are%20a%20different%20from,coils%20behave%20like%20a%20magnet.">"Electromagnets"</a>. Northeastern University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electromagnets&rft.pub=Northeastern+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fece.northeastern.edu%2Ffac-ece%2Fnian%2Fmom%2Felectromagnets.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DElectromagnets%2520are%2520a%2520different%2520from%2Ccoils%2520behave%2520like%2520a%2520magnet.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copper.org/environment/sustainable-energy/electric-vehicles/">"Electric Vehicles"</a>. copper development association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electric+Vehicles&rft.pub=copper+development+association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcopper.org%2Fenvironment%2Fsustainable-energy%2Felectric-vehicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Yi-Lung Cheng, Chih-Yen Lee and Yao-Liang Huang (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/58180"><i>Copper Metal for Semiconductor Interconnects. In:Noble and Precious Metals - Properties, Nanoscale Effects and Applications</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5772%2Fintechopen.72396">10.5772/intechopen.72396</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-78923-293-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-78923-293-6"><bdi>978-1-78923-293-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copper+Metal+for+Semiconductor+Interconnects.+In%3ANoble+and+Precious+Metals+-+Properties%2C+Nanoscale+Effects+and+Applications&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5772%2Fintechopen.72396&rft.isbn=978-1-78923-293-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2Fchapters%2F58180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Jagadeshvaran, P. L., Parasuram, Sampath en Bose, Suryasarathi (2023). <i>"5 Polymer-based nanocomposites for smart and functional textiles". in: Smart and Functional Textiles</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 183–220. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110759747-005">10.1515/9783110759747-005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%225+Polymer-based+nanocomposites+for+smart+and+functional+textiles%22.+in%3A+Smart+and+Functional+Textiles&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pages=183-220&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110759747-005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_book" title="Sjabloon:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Onbekende parameter <code class="cs1-code">|editors=</code> geïgnoreer (<a href="/wiki/Hulp:AS1-foute#parameter_ignored" title="Hulp:AS1-foute">hulp</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.xometry.com/resources/sheet/copper-vapor-laser/">"Copper Vapor Laser: Definition, Importance, and How It Works"</a>. Xometry.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+Vapor+Laser%3A+Definition%2C+Importance%2C+and+How+It+Works&rft.pub=Xometry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.xometry.com%2Fresources%2Fsheet%2Fcopper-vapor-laser%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/solar/copper-indium-gallium-diselenide#:~:text=Although%20laboratory%2Dscale%20cell%20efficiencies,between%2012%25%20and%2014%25.">"Copper Indium Gallium Diselenide"</a>. DOE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Copper+Indium+Gallium+Diselenide&rft.pub=DOE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Feere%2Fsolar%2Fcopper-indium-gallium-diselenide%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAlthough%2520laboratory%252Dscale%2520cell%2520efficiencies%2Cbetween%252012%2525%2520and%252014%2525.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erzs-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Erzs_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Erzsébet Dodony, György Z. Radnóczi, István Dódony (2019). "Low temperature formation of copper rich silicides". <i>Intermetallics</i>. <b>107</b>: 108–115. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.intermet.2019.01.010">10.1016/j.intermet.2019.01.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intermetallics&rft.atitle=Low+temperature+formation+of+copper+rich+silicides&rft.volume=107&rft.pages=108-115&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.intermet.2019.01.010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bette, S., Costes, A., Kremer, R.K., Eggert, G., Tang, C.C. en Dinnebier, R.E. (2019). "On Verdigris, Part III: Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Spectral Properties of Anhydrous Copper(II) Acetate, a Paddle Wheel Chain". <i>Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem</i>. <b>645</b>: 988–997. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.201900125">10.1002/zaac.201900125</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Z.+Anorg.+Allg.+Chem.&rft.atitle=On+Verdigris%2C+Part+III%3A+Crystal+Structure%2C+Magnetic+and+Spectral+Properties+of+Anhydrous+Copper%28II%29+Acetate%2C+a+Paddle+Wheel+Chain.&rft.volume=645&rft.pages=988-997&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.201900125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">Huertos, M.A., Cano, I., Bandeira, N.A.G., Benet-Buchholz, J., Bo, C. en van Leeuwen, P.W.N.M. (2014). "Phosphinothiolates as Ligands for Polyhydrido Copper Nanoclusters". <i>Chem. Eur. J</i>. <b>20</b>: 16121–16127. <a href="/wiki/Digitale_objek-identifiseerder" title="Digitale objek-identifiseerder">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fchem.201404763">10.1002/chem.201404763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chem.+Eur.+J.&rft.atitle=Phosphinothiolates+as+Ligands+for+Polyhydrido+Copper+Nanoclusters.&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=16121-16127&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fchem.201404763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AKoper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Cite_journal" title="Sjabloon:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter (<a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Wysig afdeling: Eksterne skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koper&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne skakels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;Susterprojek/styl.css"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Copper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Copper">Copper</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cu/index.html">WebElements.com – Copper</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healingedge.net/briefs_copper_tox.html">Copper Toxicity Syndrome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050901030915/http://www.healingedge.net/briefs_copper_tox.html">Geargiveer</a> 1 September 2005 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.best-home-remedies.com/minerals/copper.htm">Copper- Benefits, Deficiency Symptoms And Food Sources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper.org/">The Copper Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://y2u.co.uk/&002_Images/Parys_Mountain_01.htm">Photos of the Parys Mountain Copper Mine near Amlwch, Anglesey, Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6JIM4foCZ?url=http://y2u.co.uk/">Geargiveer</a> 1 September 2013 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;Susterprojek/styl.css"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/koper" class="extiw" title="wikt:koper">koper</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table cellpadding="0" style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Waterstof" title="Waterstof">H</a> </td> <td style="width:93.75%" colspan="30"> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Berillium" title="Berillium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Boor_(element)" title="Boor (element)">B</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof">C</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Stikstof" title="Stikstof">N</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Suurstof" title="Suurstof">O</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Fluoor" title="Fluoor">F</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Swawel" title="Swawel">S</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Chloor" title="Chloor">Cl</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Skandium" title="Skandium">Sc</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Titaan_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titaan (element)">Ti</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Chroom" title="Chroom">Cr</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Mangaan" title="Mangaan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">Fe</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cu</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Zn</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Arseen" title="Arseen">As</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Seleen" title="Seleen">Se</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Br</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Kripton" title="Kripton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Stronsium" title="Stronsium">Sr</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Sirkonium" title="Sirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Molibdeen" title="Molibdeen">Mo</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tegnesium" title="Tegnesium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rutenium" title="Rutenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rodium" title="Rodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Silwer" title="Silwer">Ag</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Antimoon" title="Antimoon">Sb</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Telluur" title="Telluur">Te</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Jodium" title="Jodium">I</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Sesium" title="Sesium">Cs</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Lantaan" title="Lantaan">La</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Serium" title="Serium">Ce</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Praseodimium" title="Praseodimium">Pr</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Neodimium" title="Neodimium">Nd</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Prometium" title="Prometium">Pm</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Disprosium" title="Disprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Tulium" title="Tulium">Tm</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffbfff"><a href="/wiki/Lutesium" title="Lutesium">Lu</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tantaal" title="Tantaal">Ta</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Renium" title="Renium">Re</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Goud" title="Goud">Au</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kwik" title="Kwik">Hg</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Tallium" title="Tallium">Tl</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Lood" title="Lood">Pb</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Bismut" title="Bismut">Bi</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Astaat" title="Astaat">At</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff6666"><a href="/wiki/Frankium" title="Frankium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffdead"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Aktinium" title="Aktinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Torium" title="Torium">Th</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Protaktinium" title="Protaktinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Uraan" title="Uraan">U</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Amerikium" title="Amerikium">Am</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ff99cc"><a href="/wiki/Lawrensium" title="Lawrensium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgenium" title="Röntgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kopernikium" title="Kopernikium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/Moskovium_(element)" title="Moskovium (element)">Mc</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/Tennessien" title="Tennessien">Ts</a> </td> <td style="width:3.125%; border:1px solid #ddd; background:#eceaec"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" rules="all" style="border:1px solid #fff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; margin-top:2em; text-align:center; width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:#ff6666" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Alkalimetaal" title="Alkalimetaal">Alkalimetale</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffdead" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Aardalkalimetaal" title="Aardalkalimetaal">Aardalkalimetale</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffbfff" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Lantanied" title="Lantanied">Lantaniede</a> </td> <td style="background:#ff99cc" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Aktinied" title="Aktinied">Aktiniede</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffc0c0" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Oorgangsmetaal" title="Oorgangsmetaal">Oorgangsmetale</a> </td> <td style="background:#cccccc" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Hoofgroepmetaal" title="Hoofgroepmetaal">Hoofgroepmetale</a> </td> <td style="background:#cccc99" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Metallo%C3%AFed" title="Metalloïed">Metalloïde</a> </td> <td style="background:#a0ffa0" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Niemetaal" title="Niemetaal">Niemetale</a> </td> <td style="background:#ffff99" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Halogeen" title="Halogeen">Halogene</a> </td> <td style="background:#c0ffff" width="9%"><a href="/wiki/Edelgasse" title="Edelgasse">Edelgasse</a> </td> <td style="background:#eceaec" width="9%">Chemie onbekend </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX530125">XX530125</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119470591">cb119470591</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119470591">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4033734-0">4033734-0</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85032278">sh85032278</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638044">10638044</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561504">00561504</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123121&CON_LNG=ENG">ph123121</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ontsluit van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koper&oldid=2729493">https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koper&oldid=2729493</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Kategorie%C3%AB" title="Spesiaal:Kategorieë">Kategorieë</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Kristalstruktuur_met_ruimtegroep_225" title="Kategorie:Kristalstruktuur met ruimtegroep 225">Kristalstruktuur met ruimtegroep 225</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:A1-strukture" title="Kategorie:A1-strukture">A1-strukture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Koper" title="Kategorie:Koper">Koper</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Versteekte kategorieë: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Bladsye_met_verwysingfoute" title="Kategorie:Bladsye met verwysingfoute">Bladsye met verwysingfoute</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud:_gebruik_authors-parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter">AS1-onderhoud: gebruik authors-parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1-foute:_onbekende_parameter" title="Kategorie:AS1-foute: onbekende parameter">AS1-foute: onbekende parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:AS1:_long_volume_value" title="Kategorie:AS1: long volume value">AS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNE-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNE-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_BNF-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders">Artikels met BNF-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_GND-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met GND-identifiseerders">Artikels met GND-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_LCCN-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders">Artikels met LCCN-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NARA-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders">Artikels met NARA-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NDL-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NDL-identifiseerders">Artikels met NDL-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Artikels_met_NKC-identifiseerders" title="Kategorie:Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders">Artikels met NKC-identifiseerders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Normdata_met_7_elemente" title="Kategorie:Normdata met 7 elemente">Normdata met 7 elemente</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Die bladsy is laas op 14 Januarie 2025 om 13:18 bygewerk.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Die teks is beskikbaar onder die lisensie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Erkenning-Insgelyks Deel</a>. Aanvullende voorwaardes kan moontlik ook van toepassing wees. Sien die <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Algemene Voorwaardes</a> vir meer inligting.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privaatheidsbeleid</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oor">Inligting oor Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Voorwaardes">Vrywaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Gedragskode</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Ontwikkelaars</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/af.wikipedia.org">Statistieke</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Koekieverklaring</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//af.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Koper&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Selfoonweergawe</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Soek</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Deursoek Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Spesiaal:Soek"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Soek</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Koper</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>204 tale</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Nuwe onderwerp</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-bfdr8","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.419","walltime":"0.549","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3303,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":105732,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1666,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":175809,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 384.304 1 -total"," 36.31% 139.559 1 Sjabloon:Verwysings"," 26.31% 101.113 13 Sjabloon:Cite_book"," 15.08% 57.956 23 Sjabloon:Cite_web"," 11.17% 42.915 1 Sjabloon:Normdata"," 9.19% 35.327 1 Sjabloon:CommonsKategorie"," 7.72% 29.660 9 Sjabloon:Cite_journal"," 2.15% 8.268 2 Sjabloon:Susterprojek"," 2.13% 8.183 1 Sjabloon:Commons"," 1.95% 7.510 1 Sjabloon:Chem"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.185","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3940531,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-9rq49","timestamp":"20250328223430","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Koper","url":"https:\/\/af.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Koper","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q753","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q753","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-09-15T08:50:11Z","dateModified":"2025-01-14T13:18:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/98\/Cu%2C29.jpg","headline":"chemiese element met simbool Cu en atoomgetal 29"}</script> </body> </html>