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Galpin was a trailblazer of <a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural sociology</a>, known for advancing research in analysis of rural populations, rural standards of living, rural social organization, and social structures.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin was a rural sociologist, professor, author, pastor, and advocate for rural populations. He published 112 works in 245 publications in one language and 2,667 library holdings<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <i>The Social Anatomy of an Agricultural Community</i> (1915); <i>Rural Life</i> (1918); <i>My Drift into Rural Sociology</i> (1938); and <i>Rural Social Problems</i> (1924). His early career set the stage for his influential contribution as the Head of the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life, <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Agricultural_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Agricultural Economics">Bureau of Agricultural Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>. The reach of his contributions extend beyond rural sociology to include contributions in ecology and public health. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_York" title="Hamilton, New York">Hamilton, New York</a>, the descendant of a line of farmers, and the son of a country minister,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his roots in rural America began in the 16th century as the Galpin family immigrated from <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to the farm valley of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin's native rural milieu and religious upbringing were integral to his future professional trajectory. He received a scholarship from the <a href="/wiki/Colgate_University" title="Colgate University">Colgate University</a> class of 1862 (his father's college class) which allowed him to attend Colgate Academy and Colgate University. Determined to be a good steward of this scholarship, he graduated as valedictorian with special honors in the classics and mathematics from Colgate Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin, a life-long learner, continued to pursue knowledge from many disciplines. Galpin furthered his education at Harvard in the Department of Philosophy. His thesis was a critical analysis of <a href="/wiki/Haeckel" class="mw-redirect" title="Haeckel">Haeckel</a>'s <i>Creation</i>. Galpin was greatly influenced through his professors at Harvard as they sharpened his perspective from an ethical, sociological, and scientific lens.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the pursuit of bolstering his knowledge of children and human development, Galpin completed courses through <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a> in psychology and anthropology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Headmaster of Union Academy, Galpin immersed himself in the <a href="/wiki/Belleville,_New_York" title="Belleville, New York">Belleville, New York</a> farm community and recognized his influence on community policy as the "school I administered was the real nerve center of the farm community".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His spirit of inquiry and reflective nature propelled him to learn about the scientific character of agriculture and the importance of viewing farmers and farming from a scientific lens.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, in 1901 Galpin was compelled to establish the first department of agriculture in a United States high school at Union Academy.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He recognized the scientific underpinnings of agriculture that were essential to current students and future generations in this farm community.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He spent a period of time away from academics and immersed himself in rural life, farming with primitive tools, supervising a milk plant, and engaging with rural farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galpin, through his brother's connections, in 1905, transitioned into a role as a university pastor for students of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>. During this time Galpin met Dr. H.C. Taylor, agricultural economist for the University of Wisconsin. The exchange of thoughts and ideas about rural life between Galpin and Taylor became a turning point in Galpin's career.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galpin without formal training in sociology was hired as a member of faculty in the Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin in 1911. Dr. Taylor noted that Galpin was chosen because he had shown a spark of originality, manifested the power to think, see relations of things, and the significance of the commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through his teaching, research, and service during his eight years at the University of Wisconsin Galpin became admired as a pioneer in his field.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to writing bulletins, circulars, presentations for the Country Life Conferences, and authoring <i>The Social Anatomy of an Agricultural Community</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural Life.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin's passion to improve country life extended beyond the walls of academia. He was compelled to action and used his influence to inspire country people to organize and study how to improve community agencies which determine the quality of country life.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Galpin's colleague of 14 years, H.C. Taylor, accepted the appointment of Chief of the Office of Farm Management United States Department of Agriculture in Washington D.C. In May 1919, Galpin was invited to head the division of research, Office of Farm Management,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would later be called the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contributions">Contributions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contributions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rural_Sociology">Rural Sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rural Sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galpin, as the Head of the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life, led efforts to build a knowledge base about rural life in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin advanced three areas of research: farm population, rural organization, and farm family standards of living.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Farm Population</b></i> </p><p>Galpin leveraged his influence to convince the Bureau of the Census to demonstrate the value of farm population data at the county level.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin ranked establishing farm population statistics as one of the Division's major accomplishments<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural migration studies during Galpin's leadership in the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life provided deeper understanding of the complexity of the relationships between rural migration and socioeconomic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the factors analyzed in these studies included: rural fertility ratios, quality of land, educational facilities, rural living index, and distance to cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b>Rural Social Organization</b></i> </p><p>Porter and Howell (2004) suggest that the origins of community research in rural sociology can be traced to Galpin's<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thorough analysis of the agricultural community in <a href="/wiki/Walworth_County,_WI" class="mw-redirect" title="Walworth County, WI">Walworth County, WI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his analysis, Galpin identified an organized space where a pattern of interactions were created, maintained, and standardized.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin's original maps remain relevant today as the same community indicators are still being conceptualized.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galpin's early work continues to be useful in geo-social research.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular the Point-and-Grid map Galpin used to analyze school zones identifying a "convex hull" around the furthest students' home location. The "convex hull" technique is used in geographic information science studies of behavioral phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Farm Family Standards of Living</b> </p><p>Galpin prioritized farm family living research as one of the main research areas for the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his leadership, Galpin placed E.L. Kirkpatrick to the Division of Farm Population and Rural Life staff to lead research on the living conditions of farm families. The drivers for this research focus stemmed from the collapse of agricultural prices in 1920 and the interest in the relationship between farm living conditions and farm to city migration.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_Ecology">Human Ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galpin's contribution to early human ecology in the United States is not as well known.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Mowrer (1938) describes Galpin's contribution to ecology<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in defining the boundary differentiation from one rural community to another.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, Department of Sociology, influenced by Galpin's work, discovered 75 different areas within the designated political boundaries in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this identification of parks, waterways, industrial property, vacant property changes in community elements were noted.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health">Public health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Galpin was an advocate and crusader<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for the rural American population. His early work in Walworth County and later works, <i>Rural Life</i> and <i>Rural Social Problems</i>, address social determinants of health (SDOH) which are defined as the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, and age that affect a wide range of health and quality of life outcomes and risks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He discusses the five domains of SDOH including economic stability, education access and quality, health care access, neighborhood and social community in the context of rurality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_legacy">Honors and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Honors and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout his professional life, Galpin served his community, country and internationally with notable appointments. He served as honorary president of the "American Country Life Association"<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, Galpin served as vice-president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Sociological_Association" title="American Sociological Association">American Sociological Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was appointed as a United States delegate to the "General Assembly of the International Institute of Agriculture" (Rome & Brussels).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the age of 23 Galpin married Miss Zoe Wickwire from <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_New_York" title="Hamilton, New York">Hamilton, New York</a>. In his work <i>My Drift into Rural Sociology</i> (1938), he commented on his wife "who has made our home and cheered me up and on for 50 years now".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galpin was respected by his colleagues. Henry C. Taylor, an agricultural economist pioneer, noted, "Due to your influence more than that of any other man in America, agricultural economics has ceased to be simply a farm economics....and has found its center of interest in the standards of living, in the quality of the life and the cultural developments of the minds and the hearts of farm people in harmony with the purposes of the great personality that pervades the universe."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"The Social Anatomy of an Agricultural Community"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1915)<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is Galpin's classic and most notable work. His analysis, techniques, and perspectives to study Walworth County, Wisconsin continue to influence sociology scholars. </p><p>Galpin's first book, "Rural Life" (1918)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides analysis of farm communities and the discovery of a repeating socioeconomic unit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme of "Rural Social Problems" (1924)<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the human element surrounding the issues of agriculture and country life. The definition, measures of farmers' standard of living, and addressing gaps is considered through a multidisciplinary approach. In addition, Galpin's book contributes to knowledge of rural conditions and methods of study.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Galpin's memoir, "My Drift into Rural Sociology" (1938),<sup id="cite_ref-:9_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reflects on his professional trajectory and rural sociology research. </p><p>"The Development of the Science and Philosophy of American Rural Society" (1938),<sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides an opportunity for Galpin to cast a vision for future scholarly endeavors in rural sociology. Rural society with varying social and economic interrelations are a function of psychosocial constructs within human nature. Rural society can not be viewed purely philosophically; Galpin suggests that rural culture needs to be further investigated through an anthropological approach.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quotes">Quotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Quotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Hope is 'Vitamine No. 1' in service. Without hope in the heart of the man or woman who serves, ministration mysteriously fails to minister"<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Josiah_Galpin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLarson,_O.F._&_Zimmerman,_J.N.2003" class="citation book cs1">Larson, O.F. & Zimmerman, J.N. (2003). <i>Sociology in Government: The Galpin-Taylor Years in the U.S. Department of Agriculture 1919–1953</i>. University Park, Pennsylvania.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Government%3A+The+Galpin-Taylor+Years+in+the+U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture+1919%E2%80%931953&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Larson%2C+O.F.+%26+Zimmerman%2C+J.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalpin2021" class="citation web cs1">Galpin, Charles (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no92009697/">"Charles Josiah Galpin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160927072146/http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no92009697/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Josiah+Galpin&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Galpin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-no92009697%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no92009697/">http://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no92009697/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Charles Josiah Galpin". <i>The News and Observer Raleigh, North Carolina</i>. July 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+and+Observer+Raleigh%2C+North+Carolina&rft.atitle=Charles+Josiah+Galpin&rft.date=1924-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalpin1938" class="citation book cs1">Galpin, Charles (1938). <i>My Drift into Rural Sociology</i>. Binghamton, New York: Louisiana State University Press. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Drift+into+Rural+Sociology&rft.place=Binghamton%2C+New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Galpin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1948" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, H.T. (1948). "Galpin Undertakes the Study of Rural Life". <i>Rural Sociology</i>. <b>13</b>: 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rural+Sociology&rft.atitle=Galpin+Undertakes+the+Study+of+Rural+Life&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=129&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=H.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalpin1915" class="citation journal cs1">Galpin, Charles (1915). "The social anatomy of an agricultural community".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+social+anatomy+of+an+agricultural+community&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Galpin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter,_J.R._&_Howell,_F._M.2012" class="citation book cs1">Porter, J.R. & Howell, F. M. (2012). <i>Geographical Sociology: Theoretical Foundations and Methodological Applications in the Sociology of Location</i>. New York: Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographical+Sociology%3A+Theoretical+Foundations+and+Methodological+Applications+in+the+Sociology+of+Location&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Porter%2C+J.R.+%26+Howell%2C+F.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoss2007" class="citation journal cs1">Voss, Paul (2007). 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"The isometric map as a technique of social research". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>44</b>: 86–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F217918">10.1086/217918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144651326">144651326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+isometric+map+as+a+technique+of+social+research&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=86-96&rft.date=1938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F217918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144651326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mowrer&rft.aufirst=E.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health">"Social Determinants of Health – Healthy People 2030 | health.gov"</a>. <i>health.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archives.colgate.edu&rft.atitle=Collection%3A+Charles+Josiah+Galpin+papers%2C+A1071+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchives.colgate.edu%2Frepositories%2F2%2Fresources%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/social-anatomy-of-an-agricultural-community/oclc/4482482">https://www.worldcat.org/title/social-anatomy-of-an-agricultural-community/oclc/4482482</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (September 2022)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalpin1930" class="citation journal cs1">Galpin, Charles (1930). "Rural Life". <i>American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>35</b> (6): 1010–1016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F215258">10.1086/215258</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222441215">222441215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Rural+Life&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1010-1016&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F215258&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222441215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Galpin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalpin1924" class="citation book cs1">Galpin, Charles (1924). <i>Rural Social Problems</i>. The Century Co. p. 230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Social+Problems&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=The+Century+Co.&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Galpin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanderson1924" class="citation journal cs1">Sanderson, Dwight (1924). "Rural Social Problems: Book Review". <i>The Economy of Human Energy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economy+of+Human+Energy&rft.atitle=Rural+Social+Problems%3A+Book+Review&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalpin1938" class="citation journal cs1">Galpin, Charles (1938). "The Development of the Science and Philosophy of American Rural Society". <i>Agricultural History</i>. <b>12</b>: 195–208.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+the+Science+and+Philosophy+of+American+Rural+Society&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=195-208&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Galpin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Josiah+Galpin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output 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