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<li id="toc-Subeshi_culture_(1100-100_BCE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subeshi_culture_(1100-100_BCE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Subeshi culture (1100-100 BCE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subeshi_culture_(1100-100_BCE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jushi_Kingdom_and_early_Han_Chinese_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jushi_Kingdom_and_early_Han_Chinese_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jushi_Kingdom_and_early_Han_Chinese_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaochang_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaochang_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Gaochang Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaochang_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tang_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tang_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Tang rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tang_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uyghur_Kingdom_of_Qocho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uyghur_Kingdom_of_Qocho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uyghur_Kingdom_of_Qocho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaochang_ruling_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaochang_ruling_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gaochang ruling families</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gaochang_ruling_families-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gaochang ruling families subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gaochang_ruling_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Kan_Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_the_Kan_Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rulers of the Kan Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Kan_Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Zhang_Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_the_Zhang_Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rulers of the Zhang Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Zhang_Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Ma_Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_the_Ma_Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rulers of the Ma Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Ma_Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Qu_Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers_of_the_Qu_Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Rulers of the Qu Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers_of_the_Qu_Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaochang</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-chhiong" title="Ko-chhiong – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-chhiong" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE" title="Кочо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кочо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocho_(Gaochang)" title="Kocho (Gaochang) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kocho (Gaochang)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruinas_de_Gaochang" title="Ruinas de Gaochang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruinas de Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%87" title="قره‌خواجه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قره‌خواجه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B0%BD%EA%B5%AD" title="고창국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고창국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаочан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гаочан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao%C4%8Dangas" title="Gaočangas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gaočangas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="جاوتشانج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاوتشانج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C" title="高昌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高昌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаочан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаочан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao%C4%8Dang" title="Gaočang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gaočang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaochang" title="Gaochang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gaochang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahoca" title="Karahoca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karahoca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Гаочан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаочан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%DA%86%DB%87" title="قوچۇ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قوچۇ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Cao Xương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cao Xương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C" title="高昌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="高昌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C" title="高昌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高昌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="高昌國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高昌國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gaochang&params=42_51_10_N_89_31_45_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°51′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">89°31′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.85278°N 89.52917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.85278; 89.52917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Site of historical ruins in Xinjiang</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historical kingdom. For the district in Turpan City, see <a href="/wiki/Gaochang,_Turpan" title="Gaochang, Turpan">Gaochang, Turpan</a>. For the Uyghur kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Gaochang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Gaochang (disambiguation)">Gaochang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Gaochang</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">高昌<br />قۇچۇ</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Turpan-gaochang-d10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Turpan-gaochang-d10.jpg/220px-Turpan-gaochang-d10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Turpan-gaochang-d10.jpg/330px-Turpan-gaochang-d10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Turpan-gaochang-d10.jpg/440px-Turpan-gaochang-d10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> of Gaochang ruins</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaochang is located in Xinjiang"><img alt="Gaochang is located in Xinjiang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/250px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/375px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg/500px-China_Xinjiang_rel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="1939" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.074%;left:69.486%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gaochang"><img alt="Gaochang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Xinjiang</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Xinjiang</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gaochang is located in China"><img alt="Gaochang is located in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-China_edcp_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="1567" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.31%;left:28.413%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Gaochang"><img alt="Gaochang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Gaochang (China)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of China</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sanbu_Township,_Xinjiang" title="Sanbu Township, Xinjiang">Sanbu Township</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gaochang&params=42_51_10_N_89_31_45_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">42°51′10″N</span> <span class="longitude">89°31′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">42.85278°N 89.52917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">42.85278; 89.52917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">In <a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">ruins</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gaochang</b><sup id="cite_ref-Eliot2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eliot2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:高">高</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:昌">昌</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Gāochāng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur" title="Old Uyghur">Old Uyghur</a>: <i>Qocho</i>), also called <b>Khocho</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Karakhoja</b>, <b>Qara-hoja</b>, <b>Kara-Khoja</b> or <b>Karahoja</b> (قاراغوجا in <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a>), was a ruined ancient <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> city on the northern rim of the inhospitable <a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Sanbu_Township,_Xinjiang" title="Sanbu Township, Xinjiang">Sanbu Township, Xinjiang</a>, China.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site is also known in published reports as <b>Chotscho</b>, <b>Khocho</b>, <b>Qocho</b> or <b>Qočo</b>. During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, Gaochang was referred to as "Halahezhuo" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%93%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:哈">哈</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:拉">拉</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%92%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:和">和</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%93" class="extiw" title="wikt:卓">卓</a>) (Qara-khoja) and Huozhou. Artistic depictions of the city have been published by <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Le_Coq" title="Albert von Le Coq">Albert von Le Coq</a>. Gaochang is considered in some sources to have been a "Chinese colony",<sup id="cite_ref-louis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jacques_Gernet_1996_253_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacques_Gernet_1996_253-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is, it was located in a region otherwise occupied at the time by <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">West Eurasian</a> peoples. </p><p>A busy trading center, it was a stopping point for merchant traders traveling on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. It was destroyed in wars during the 14th century and old palace ruins and inside and outside cities can still be seen today. Along with other sites along the historic <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>, Gaocheng was inscribed in 2014 on the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_List" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage List">World Heritage List</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Roads:_the_Routes_Network_of_Chang%27an-Tianshan_Corridor" title="Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor">Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor</a> World Heritage Site.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Near Gaochang is another major archeological site: the <a href="/wiki/Astana_Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Astana Graves">Astana tombs</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subeshi_culture_(1100-100_BCE)"><span id="Subeshi_culture_.281100-100_BCE.29"></span>Subeshi culture (1100-100 BCE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subeshi culture (1100-100 BCE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi culture</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg/260px-Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg/390px-Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg/520px-Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Gaochang's location (close to <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of the earliest cultures of the region was the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Subeshi_culture" title="Subeshi culture">Subeshi culture</a> (1100-100 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-ZK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subeshi culture contributes some of the later period <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim Mummies">Tarim Mummies</a>. The culture is probably associated with the Cheshi state (車師, Chü-shih, <a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a>) known from Chinese historical sources.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZK_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Subeshi culture is documented by three closely related cemeteries the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Subeshi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Subeshi">Subeshi cemetery</a>, the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shengjindian_cemetery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Shengjindian cemetery">Shengjindian cemetery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ZK_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yanghai_cemetery" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yanghai cemetery">Yanghai cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jushi_Kingdom_and_early_Han_Chinese_rule">Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jushi Kingdom and early Han Chinese rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a></div> <p>The region around <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a> was described during the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) as being occupied by the <i>Jūshī</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a>), while control over the region swayed between the Han Chinese and the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_warriors,_Yanghai_tomb,_Gaochang_Prefecture_period,_327-460_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Painted_warriors%2C_Yanghai_tomb%2C_Gaochang_Prefecture_period%2C_327-460_CE.jpg/220px-Painted_warriors%2C_Yanghai_tomb%2C_Gaochang_Prefecture_period%2C_327-460_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Painted_warriors%2C_Yanghai_tomb%2C_Gaochang_Prefecture_period%2C_327-460_CE.jpg/330px-Painted_warriors%2C_Yanghai_tomb%2C_Gaochang_Prefecture_period%2C_327-460_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Painted_warriors%2C_Yanghai_tomb%2C_Gaochang_Prefecture_period%2C_327-460_CE.jpg/440px-Painted_warriors%2C_Yanghai_tomb%2C_Gaochang_Prefecture_period%2C_327-460_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2549" data-file-height="2083" /></a><figcaption>Painted warriors, <a href="/wiki/Yanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Yanghai">Yanghai</a> tomb, Gaochang Prefecture period, 327-460 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>Gaochang was built in the 1st century BC, it was an important site along the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. It played a key role as a transportation hub in <a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western China</a>. The Jushi leaders later pledged their allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>. In 327, the Gaochang <a href="/wiki/Commandery_(China)" title="Commandery (China)">Commandery</a> (<i>jùn</i>) was created by the <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a> under the Han Chinese ruler <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jun_(prince)" title="Zhang Jun (prince)">Zhang Jun</a>. The Chinese set up a military colony/garrison and organized the land into multiple divisions. Han Chinese colonists from the Hexi region and the central plains also settled in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Western Jin dynasty</a>, Northern China split into multiple states, including the Central Asian oases.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaochang was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Former_Liang" title="Former Liang">Former Liang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a> as part of a commandery. In 383 the general Lu Guang of the <a href="/wiki/Former_Qin" title="Former Qin">Former Qin</a> seized control of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 439, remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Liang" title="Northern Liang">Northern Liang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-WhitfieldLibrary2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhitfieldLibrary2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by <a href="/wiki/Juqu_Wuhui" title="Juqu Wuhui">Juqu Wuhui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juqu_Anzhou" title="Juqu Anzhou">Juqu Anzhou</a>, fled to Gaochang where they would hold onto power until 460 when they were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate" title="Rouran Khaganate">Rouran Khaganate</a>. Another version of this story says that in 439 a man named Ashina led 500 families from Gansu to Gaochang. In 460, the Rouran forced them to move to the Altai. They became the <a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina</a> clan that formed the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk_Khaganate" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk Khaganate">Göktürk Khaganate</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Six_Dynasties" title="Six Dynasties">Six Dynasties</a> Turfan tombs contained <a href="/wiki/Jiaozi" title="Jiaozi">dumplings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaochang_Kingdom">Gaochang Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gaochang Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%A6%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%BC%A0%E9%9B%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%A6%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%BC%A0%E9%9B%84.jpg/220px-%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%A6%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%BC%A0%E9%9B%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%A6%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%BC%A0%E9%9B%84.jpg/330px-%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%A6%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%BC%A0%E9%9B%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%A6%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%BC%A0%E9%9B%84.jpg/440px-%E9%BA%B9%E6%B0%8F%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%A6%E5%8D%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B%E5%BC%A0%E9%9B%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Mummy of the Qushi Kingdom (麹氏王国) general Zhangxiong (583-633 CE, 左卫大将军张雄). Xinjiang Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manicheans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/220px-Manicheans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/330px-Manicheans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Manicheans.jpg/440px-Manicheans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>Manichaean priests, writing at their desks. Manuscript from Qocho. 8th/9th century</figcaption></figure> <p>From the mid-5th century until the mid-7th century, the Gaochang Kingdom was successively controlled by the Kan, Zhang, Ma and Qu clans. </p><p>At the time of its conquest by the Rouran Khaganate, there were more than ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> households in Gaochang.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rouran Khaganate, which was based in Mongolia, appointed a Han Chinese named Kan Bozhou to rule as King of Gaochang in 460, and it became a separate vassal kingdom of the Khaganate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kan was dependent on Rouran backing.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yicheng and Shougui were the last two kings of the Chinese Kan family to rule Gaochang. </p><p>At this time the <a href="/wiki/Gaoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaoche">Gaoche</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:高">高</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%BB%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:車">車</a>) was rising to challenge power of the Rouran in the <a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a>. The Gaoche king Afuzhiluo (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF" class="extiw" title="wikt:阿">阿</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:伏">伏</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:至">至</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:羅">羅</a>) killed King Kan Shougui, who was the nephew of Kan Bozhou.<sup id="cite_ref-louis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-louis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNIVERSITY_OF_CALIFORNIA_PRESS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNIVERSITY_OF_CALIFORNIA_PRESS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed a Han from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, named Zhang Mengming (張孟明), as his own vassal King of Gaochang.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaochang thus passed under Gaoche rule. </p><p>Later, Zhang Mengming was killed in an uprising by the people of Gaochang and replaced by Ma Ru (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC" class="extiw" title="wikt:馬">馬</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%84%92" class="extiw" title="wikt:儒">儒</a>). In 501, Ma Ru himself was overthrown and killed, and the people of Gaochang appointed Qu Jia (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%BA%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:麴">麴</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%98%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:嘉">嘉</a>) of Jincheng (in <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>) as their king, forming the Qushi Kingdom (麹氏王国, 501-640 CE). Qu Jia hailed from the Zhong district of Jincheng commandery (金城, roughly corresponding to modern day <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-UNIVERSITY_OF_CALIFORNIA_PRESS_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNIVERSITY_OF_CALIFORNIA_PRESS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qu Jia at first pledged allegiance to the Rouran, but the Rouran khaghan was soon killed by the Gaoche and he had to submit to Gaoche overlordship. During Qu rule, powerful families established marriage ties with each other and dominated the kingdom, they included the Zhang, Fan, Yin, Ma, Shi and Xin families. Later, when the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a> emerged as the supreme power in the region, the Qu dynasty of Gaochang became vassals of the Göktürks.<sup id="cite_ref-chang_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the material civilization of <a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> to its west in this period remained chiefly Indo-Iranian in character, in Gaochang it gradually merged into the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> aesthetics.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 607 the ruler of Gaochang Qu Boya paid tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>, but his attempt at sinicization provoked a coup which overthrew the Qu ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qu family was restored six years later and the successor Qu Wentai welcomed the Tang pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> with great enthusiasm in 629 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palm_Sunday_(probably),_Khocho,_Nestorian_Temple,_683-770_AD,_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01741.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palm_Sunday_%28probably%29%2C_Khocho%2C_Nestorian_Temple%2C_683-770_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01741.JPG/220px-Palm_Sunday_%28probably%29%2C_Khocho%2C_Nestorian_Temple%2C_683-770_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01741.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palm_Sunday_%28probably%29%2C_Khocho%2C_Nestorian_Temple%2C_683-770_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01741.JPG/330px-Palm_Sunday_%28probably%29%2C_Khocho%2C_Nestorian_Temple%2C_683-770_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01741.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Palm_Sunday_%28probably%29%2C_Khocho%2C_Nestorian_Temple%2C_683-770_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01741.JPG/440px-Palm_Sunday_%28probably%29%2C_Khocho%2C_Nestorian_Temple%2C_683-770_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01741.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3857" data-file-height="3276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Murals_from_the_Christian_temple_at_Qocho" title="Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho">Wall painting from a Christian church</a>, Qocho 683–770 CE</figcaption></figure> <p>The Kingdom of Gaochang was made out of Han Chinese migrants and ruled by the Han Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-Puri1987_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puri1987-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EliotEliot1998_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EliotEliot1998-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qu family which originated from Gansu.<sup id="cite_ref-Abramson2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abramson2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jincheng commandery 金城 (Lanzhou), district of Yuzhong 榆中 was the home of the Qu Jia.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller1959_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller1959-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qu family was linked by marriage alliances to the Turks,<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a Turk being the grandmother of King Qu Boya's.<sup id="cite_ref-Skaff1998_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skaff1998-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Gaochang's administration, language, city planning, and Confucian society was so heavily dominated by Chinese models that it was known in Sogdian as "Chinatown", a usage which continued as late as the tenth-century Persian geography <i>Ḥudūd al-‘Ālam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tang_rule">Tang rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tang rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">Tang campaign against Karakhoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaigns_against_the_Western_Turks" title="Tang campaigns against the Western Turks">the Western Turks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_oasis_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang campaign against the oasis states">the oasis states</a></div> <p>However, fearing Tang expansion, Qu Wentai later formed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western Turks</a> and rebelled against Tang <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong</a> sent an army led by General <a href="/wiki/Hou_Junji" title="Hou Junji">Hou Junji</a> against the kingdom in 640 and Qu Wentai apparently died of shock at news of the approaching army.<sup id="cite_ref-Rene_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaochang <a href="/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_Karakhoja" title="Tang campaign against Karakhoja">was annexed</a> by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> and turned into a sub-prefecture of Xizhou (西州)<sup id="cite_ref-Bretschneider1876_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bretschneider1876-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the seat of government of <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Anxi</a> (安西).<sup id="cite_ref-chang_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rene_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rene-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Chinese conquered Gaochang, it was an impediment to Chinese access to Tarim and Transoxiania.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaochang was populated by Han people and Shanxi (Hedong) was the original home of the royal family at the time of the Tang dynasty's annexation. The Tang dynasty accepted arguments at court who said that because Gaochang was Han populated that they needed to annex it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Tang rule, Gaochang was inhabited by Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>7th or 8th century old <a href="/wiki/Jiaozi" title="Jiaozi">dumplings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wonton" title="Wonton">wontons</a> were found in <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tang dynasty became greatly weakened due to the <a href="/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="An Lushan Rebellion">An Lushan Rebellion</a> and in 755, the Chinese were forced to pull back their soldiers from the region. The area was first taken by the Tibetans, then finally by the Uyghurs<sup id="cite_ref-KapsteinDotson2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KapsteinDotson2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SwartzCampany2013_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwartzCampany2013-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xiong2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiong2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 803, who called the area Kocho (Qocho). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uighur_princesses,_Bezeklik,_Cave_9,_c._8th-9th_century_AD,_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum,_Berlin_-_DSC01749.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uighur_princesses%2C_Bezeklik%2C_Cave_9%2C_c._8th-9th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01749.JPG/220px-Uighur_princesses%2C_Bezeklik%2C_Cave_9%2C_c._8th-9th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01749.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uighur_princesses%2C_Bezeklik%2C_Cave_9%2C_c._8th-9th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01749.JPG/330px-Uighur_princesses%2C_Bezeklik%2C_Cave_9%2C_c._8th-9th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01749.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uighur_princesses%2C_Bezeklik%2C_Cave_9%2C_c._8th-9th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01749.JPG/440px-Uighur_princesses%2C_Bezeklik%2C_Cave_9%2C_c._8th-9th_century_AD%2C_wall_painting_-_Ethnological_Museum%2C_Berlin_-_DSC01749.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3372" data-file-height="3426" /></a><figcaption>Uyghur princesses, cave 9, wall painting from Bezeklik caves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_of_Gaochang_(%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B,_Turfan)_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_(937-976_CE).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg/220px-Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="467" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg/330px-Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg/440px-Man_of_Gaochang_%28%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9C%8B%2C_Turfan%29_in_%E7%95%AA%E5%AE%A2%E5%85%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%96_%28937-976_CE%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="1257" /></a><figcaption>Man of Gaochang (高昌國, <a href="/wiki/Turfan" class="mw-redirect" title="Turfan">Turfan</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering">番客入朝圖</a> (937-976 CE)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uyghur_Kingdom_of_Qocho">Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uyghur Kingdom of Qocho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></div> <p>After 840 Gaochang became <a href="/wiki/Islamicisation_and_Turkicisation_of_Xinjiang#Uyghur_migration_into_the_Tarim_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang">occupied by remnants</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a> fleeing <a href="/wiki/Yenisei_Kirghiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yenisei Kirghiz">Yenisei Kirghiz</a> invasion of their land.<sup id="cite_ref-Susan_Whitfield,_British_Library_2004_309_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Susan_Whitfield,_British_Library_2004_309-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uyghurs established the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khoja_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khoja Kingdom">Kingdom of Qocho</a> (Kara-Khoja) in 850. The inhabitants of Qocho practiced <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">Christianity</a>. The Uyghurs converted to Buddhism and sponsored building of temple caves in the nearby <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik_Thousand_Buddha_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves">Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves</a> where depictions of Uyghur sponsors may be seen. The Buddhist Uyghur kings, who called themselves idiquts, retained their nomadic lifestyle, residing in Qocho during the winter, but moved to the cooler <a href="/wiki/Jimsar_County" title="Jimsar County">Bishbalik</a> near <a href="/wiki/Urumchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Urumchi">Urumchi</a> in the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-svat_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svat-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qocho later became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> state of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan">Kara-Khitans</a>. However, In 1209, the idiqut <a href="/wiki/Baurchuk_Art_Tekin" class="mw-redirect" title="Baurchuk Art Tekin">Barchuq</a> offered <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a> the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of his kingdom, and went personally to Genghis Khan with a sizeable tribute when demanded in 1211.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uyghurs thus went into the service of the Mongols,<sup id="cite_ref-svat_1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svat_1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who later formed the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in the territories of what is now China. The Uyghurs became bureaucrats (<i><a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">semu</a></i>) of the Mongol Empire and their <a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Uyghur script</a> was modified for Mongolian. As far south as <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, preponderance of Gaochang Uyghur in <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> inscriptions of the Yuan period attests to their importance in the Christian community there.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Gaochang area was <a href="/wiki/Islamicisation_and_Turkicisation_of_Xinjiang#Khizr_Khoja.27s_attack_on_Turfan_and_Qocho" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang">conquered by</a> the Mongols of the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (not part of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>) from 1275 to 1318 by as many as 120,000 troops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> spread to China from India along the northern branch of the Silk Road predominantly in the 4th and 5th centuries as the Liang rulers were Buddhists.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building of Buddhist grottos probably began during this period. There are clusters close to Gaochang, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Bezeklik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bezeklik">Bezeklik grottos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oliver_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oliver-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gaochang_ruling_families">Gaochang ruling families</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gaochang ruling families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o,_Turkish,_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst,_Berlin_(man_in_full_armour,_detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28man_in_full_armour%2C_detail%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28man_in_full_armour%2C_detail%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Painted_silk_fragment_from_a_Manichaean_Temple_near_Ko%C3%A7o%2C_Turkish%2C_Sinkiang_8th_century_or_9th_century._Museum_f%C3%BCr_Asiatische_Kunst%2C_Berlin_%28man_in_full_armour%2C_detail%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption>Armoured soldier from Gaochang, 8-9th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers_of_the_Kan_Family">Rulers of the Kan Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rulers of the Kan Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a></th> <th>Durations of reigns</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> and their according durations </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><i>Chinese convention: use family name and given name</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>闞伯周</td> <td><i>Kàn Bózhōu</i></td> <td>460–477</td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> <tr> <td>闞義成</td> <td><i>Kàn Yìchéng</i></td> <td>477–478</td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> <tr> <td>闞首歸</td> <td><i>Kàn Shǒugūi</i></td> <td>478–488?<br />or<br />478–491?</td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers_of_the_Zhang_Family">Rulers of the Zhang Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rulers of the Zhang Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Durations of reigns</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> and their according durations </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><i>Chinese convention: use family name and given name</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>張孟明</td> <td><i>Zhāng Mèngmíng</i></td> <td>488?–496<br />or<br />491?–496</td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers_of_the_Ma_Family">Rulers of the Ma Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rulers of the Ma Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Durations of reigns</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> and their according durations </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><i>Chinese convention: use family name and given name</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>馬儒</td> <td><i>Mǎ Rú</i></td> <td>496–501</td> <td>Did not exist </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rulers_of_the_Qu_Family">Rulers of the Qu Family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rulers of the Qu Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Pinyin</th> <th>Durations of reigns</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Era names</a> and their according durations </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><i>Chinese convention: use family name and given name</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴嘉</td> <td><i>Qú Jiā</i></td> <td>501–525</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴光</td> <td><i>Qú Guāng</i></td> <td>525–530</td> <td>Ganlu (甘露 Gānlù) 525–530 </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴堅</td> <td><i>Qú Jiān</i></td> <td>530–548</td> <td>Zhanghe (章和 Zhānghé) 531–548 </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴玄喜</td> <td><i>Qú Xuánxǐ</i></td> <td>549–550</td> <td>Yongping (永平 Yǒngpíng) 549–550 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Unnamed son of Qu Xuanxi</td> <td>551–554</td> <td>Heping (和平 Hépíng) 551–554 </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴寶茂</td> <td><i>Qú Bǎomào</i></td> <td>555–560</td> <td>Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 555–560 </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴乾固</td> <td><i>Qú Qiángù</i></td> <td>560–601</td> <td>Yanchang (延昌 Yánchāng) 561–601 </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴伯雅</td> <td><i>Qú Bóyǎ</i><sup id="cite_ref-Xiong2012_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiong2012-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>601–613<br />619–623</td> <td>Yanhe (延和 Yánhé) 602–613<br /><br />Zhongguang (重光 Zhòngguāng) 620–623 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Unnamed usurper</td> <td>613–619</td> <td>Yihe (Yìhé 義和) 614–619 </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴文泰</td> <td><i>Qú Wéntài</i></td> <td>623–640</td> <td>Yanshou (延壽 Yánshòu) 624–640 </td></tr> <tr> <td>麴智盛</td> <td><i>Qú Zhìshèng</i></td> <td>640</td> <td>did not exist </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turpan-gaochang-d03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The road leading in."><img alt="The road leading in." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turpan-gaochang-d03.jpg/120px-Turpan-gaochang-d03.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turpan-gaochang-d03.jpg/180px-Turpan-gaochang-d03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turpan-gaochang-d03.jpg/240px-Turpan-gaochang-d03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The road leading in.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turpan-gaochang-d05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins."><img alt="The ruins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turpan-gaochang-d05.jpg/120px-Turpan-gaochang-d05.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turpan-gaochang-d05.jpg/180px-Turpan-gaochang-d05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turpan-gaochang-d05.jpg/240px-Turpan-gaochang-d05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turpan-gaochang-d09.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Main prayer hall[51]"."><img alt=""Main prayer hall[51]"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Turpan-gaochang-d09.jpg/120px-Turpan-gaochang-d09.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Turpan-gaochang-d09.jpg/180px-Turpan-gaochang-d09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Turpan-gaochang-d09.jpg/240px-Turpan-gaochang-d09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Main prayer hall<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turpan-gaochang-d12.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Main storage building"."><img alt=""Main storage building"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turpan-gaochang-d12.jpg/120px-Turpan-gaochang-d12.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turpan-gaochang-d12.jpg/180px-Turpan-gaochang-d12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Turpan-gaochang-d12.jpg/240px-Turpan-gaochang-d12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Main storage building".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Manichaean wall painting."><img alt="Manichaean wall painting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg/120px-Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg/180px-Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg/240px-Manichaean_wall_painting_from_Chotcho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Manichaean wall painting.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_Ruins" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiaohe Ruins">Jiaohe Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">Trade route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eliot2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eliot2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Eliot2016" class="citation book cs1">Charles Eliot (January 4, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MM5QCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1075"><i>Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch</i></a>. Sai ePublications & Sai Shop. pp. 1075–. GGKEY:4TQAY7XLN48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Buddhism%3A+An+Historical+Sketch&rft.pages=1075-&rft.pub=Sai+ePublications+%26+Sai+Shop&rft.date=2016-01-04&rft.au=Charles+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMM5QCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/exhibit/uighurs/uighurs.html">"Virtual Art Exhibit - The Uighurs"</a>. <i>depts.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"高昌故城保护工程简述". <i>文博</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%96%87%E5%8D%9A&rft.atitle=%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E6%95%85%E5%9F%8E%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E7%AE%80%E8%BF%B0&rft.date=2006&rft.au=%E5%86%AF%E6%B6%9B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-louis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-louis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-louis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis-Frédéric1977" class="citation book cs1">Louis-Frédéric (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3kwOAQAAMAAJ&q=Zhang+Mengming+from+Dunhuang+on+the+throne+of+Gaochang"><i>Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations, Volume 3</i></a>. the University of Michigan: L. Frédéric. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-902228-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-902228-00-3"><bdi>978-2-902228-00-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-49781-7&rft.au=Jacques+Gernet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern_0%2Fpage%2F253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442/multiple=1&unique_number=1985">"Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Centre</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=Silk+Roads%3A+the+Routes+Network+of+Chang%27an-Tianshan+Corridor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1442%2Fmultiple%3D1%26unique_number%3D1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZK_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZK_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Kai (February 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">"The Spread and Integration of Painted pottery Art along the Silk Road"</a>. <i>Region - Educational Research and Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242">10.32629/RERR.V3I1.242</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234007445">234007445</a>. <q>In the late Neolithic period and the early Bronze age, pottery, ornamentation and bronze culture with the characteristics of West Asia and Central Asia were introduced into Xinjiang, including <a href="/wiki/Qijia_culture" title="Qijia culture">Qijia culture</a> (2500-1500 BC), <a href="/wiki/Siba_culture" title="Siba culture">Siba culture</a> (about 2000-1600 BC), Chawuhugoukou culture (around 800-100 BC), Turpan Subeixi culture (1100 bc-100 BC) and other cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Region+-+Educational+Research+and+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Spread+and+Integration+of+Painted+pottery+Art+along+the+Silk+Road&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2021-02-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32629%2FRERR.V3I1.242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234007445%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Kai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.32629%252FRERR.V3I1.242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckWagnerLiDurkin-Meisterernst2014" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Ulrike; Wagner, Mayke; Li, Xiao; Durkin-Meisterernst, Desmond; Tarasov, Pavel E. (October 20, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056">"The invention of trousers and its likely affiliation with horseback riding and mobility: A case study of late 2nd millennium BC finds from Turfan in eastern Central Asia"</a>. <i>Quaternary International</i>. <b>348</b>: 225–226. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014QuInt.348..224B">2014QuInt.348..224B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056">10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-6182">1040-6182</a>. <q>The Yanghai graveyard is assigned to the Subeixi (Subeshi) culture (e.g. Jiang et al., 2006, 2009), conventionally dated to the first millennium BC (Chen, 2002; Han, 2007; Xinjiang, 2011). The culture is associated with the Cheshi (Chü-shih) state known from Chinese historical sources (Sinor, 1990).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quaternary+International&rft.atitle=The+invention+of+trousers+and+its+likely+affiliation+with+horseback+riding+and+mobility%3A+A+case+study+of+late+2nd+millennium+BC+finds+from+Turfan+in+eastern+Central+Asia&rft.volume=348&rft.pages=225-226&rft.date=2014-10-20&rft.issn=1040-6182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014QuInt.348..224B&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mayke&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Durkin-Meisterernst%2C+Desmond&rft.au=Tarasov%2C+Pavel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.quaint.2014.04.056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangLiCaoShading2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Hongen; Li, Cheng-Sen; Cao, Hongyong; Shading, Palidanmu; Cheng, Ye-Ming (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211046950">"Wood Utilization During the Late Bronze to Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin of Xinjiang, China, With Special Emphasis on Betula (Betulaceae)"</a>. <i>SAGE Open</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 215824402110469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F21582440211046950">10.1177/21582440211046950</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-2440">2158-2440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SAGE+Open&rft.atitle=Wood+Utilization+During+the+Late+Bronze+to+Early+Iron+Age+in+the+Turpan+Basin+of+Xinjiang%2C+China%2C+With+Special+Emphasis+on+Betula+%28Betulaceae%29&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=215824402110469&rft.date=2021-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F21582440211046950&rft.issn=2158-2440&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Hongen&rft.au=Li%2C+Cheng-Sen&rft.au=Cao%2C+Hongyong&rft.au=Shading%2C+Palidanmu&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Ye-Ming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F21582440211046950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_Hasan_Dani1999" class="citation book cs1">Ahmad Hasan Dani, ed. 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February 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeologists+Discover+Ancient+Dumplings+in+China&rft.date=2016-02-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailymeal.com%2Farchaeologists-ancient-dumplings-xinjiang-china%2F21615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shanghaiist.com/2016/02/15/1700_year_old_dumplings_found_in_xinjiang.php">"YUM! Archaeologists discover that people in Xinjiang were snacking on dumplings 1,700 years ago"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+civilizations+of+Central+Asia%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-208-1540-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFcKtIPVQ6REC%26q%3DZhang%2BMengming%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTōyō_Bunko_(Japan)._Kenkyūbu1974" class="citation book cs1">Tōyō Bunko (Japan). Kenkyūbu (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uxUUAQAAMAAJ&q=two+Chinese+kings+named+Chang+Meng-ming+%3C%5E:SM+ancl+Ma+Hsu+,Hj%5E%7C+respectively+ruled+the+kingdom."><i>Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Volumes 32-34</i></a>. the University of Michigan: The Toyo Bunko. p. 107<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Boris Anatol'evich Litvinskiĭ; Zhang, Guang-da; R. Shabani Samghabadi (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=883OZBe2sMYC&pg=PA306"><i>The crossroads of civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750</i></a>. UNESCO. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/92-3-103211-9" title="Special:BookSources/92-3-103211-9"><bdi>92-3-103211-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+crossroads+of+civilizations%3A+A.D.+250+to+750&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=92-3-103211-9&rft.au=Chang+Kuan-ta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D883OZBe2sMYC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rene-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rene_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRene_Grousset1991" class="citation book cs1">Rene Grousset (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/98"><i>The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia</i></a>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppesh00prof/page/98">98–99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813513049" title="Special:BookSources/0813513049"><bdi>0813513049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3AA+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0813513049&rft.au=Rene+Grousset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppesh00prof%2Fpage%2F98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Gernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Gernet (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern"><i>A history of Chinese civilization</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/253">253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7"><bdi>0-521-49781-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-49781-7&rft.au=Jacques+Gernet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puri1987-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puri1987_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaij_Nath_Puri1987" class="citation book cs1">Baij Nath Puri (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sluKZfTrr3oC&pg=PA78"><i>Buddhism in Central Asia</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 78–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0372-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0372-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Central+Asia&rft.pages=78-&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0372-5&rft.au=Baij+Nath+Puri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsluKZfTrr3oC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EliotEliot1998-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EliotEliot1998_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_EliotSir_Charles_Eliot1998" class="citation book cs1">Charles Eliot; Sir Charles Eliot (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbPgG6ondlUC&pg=PA206"><i>Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch</i></a>. Psychology Press. pp. 206–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0679-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-0679-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-0679-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+Buddhism%3A+An+Historical+Sketch&rft.pages=206-&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-0679-2&rft.au=Charles+Eliot&rft.au=Sir+Charles+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbPgG6ondlUC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abramson2011-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abramson2011_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_S._Abramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Marc S. Abramson (December 31, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&q=gaochang&pg=PA119"><i>Ethnic Identity in Tang China</i></a>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 119–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0101-7"><bdi>978-0-8122-0101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.pages=119-&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011-12-31&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0101-7&rft.au=Marc+S.+Abramson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GLGnRspmcAC%26q%3Dgaochang%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1959-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1959_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy_Andrew_Miller1959" class="citation book cs1">Roy Andrew Miller (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G5z04Q046UgC&q=kao+ch%27ang&pg=PA5"><i>Accounts of Western Nations in the History of the Northern Chou Dynasty [Chou Shu 50. 10b-17b]: Translated and Annotated by Roy Andrew Miller</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 5–. GGKEY:SXHP29BAXQY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounts+of+Western+Nations+in+the+History+of+the+Northern+Chou+Dynasty+%26%2391%3BChou+Shu+50.+10b-17b%26%2393%3B%3A+Translated+and+Annotated+by+Roy+Andrew+Miller&rft.pages=5-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.au=Roy+Andrew+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG5z04Q046UgC%26q%3Dkao%2Bch%2527ang%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2012_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValerie_Hansen2012" class="citation book cs1">Valerie Hansen (October 11, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LYDf02jgdAC&q=gaochang&pg=PA262"><i>The Silk Road</i></a>. OUP USA. pp. 262–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515931-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515931-8"><bdi>978-0-19-515931-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.pages=262-&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515931-8&rft.au=Valerie+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LYDf02jgdAC%26q%3Dgaochang%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skaff1998-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skaff1998_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Karam_Skaff1998" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Karam Skaff (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDgfAQAAMAAJ&q=The+most+striking+example+of+this+phenomena+occurred+in+the+Kingdom+of+Gaochang+when+Qu+Boya+Hffi"><i>Straddling steppe and town: Tang China's relations with the nomads of inner Asia (640-756)</i></a>. University of Michigan. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780599084643" title="Special:BookSources/9780599084643"><bdi>9780599084643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straddling+steppe+and+town%3A+Tang+China%27s+relations+with+the+nomads+of+inner+Asia+%28640-756%29.&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780599084643&rft.au=Jonathan+Karam+Skaff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDgfAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bmost%2Bstriking%2Bexample%2Bof%2Bthis%2Bphenomena%2Boccurred%2Bin%2Bthe%2BKingdom%2Bof%2BGaochang%2Bwhen%2BQu%2BBoya%2BHffi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8O8VAQAAMAAJ&q=kao+ch%27ang+turkic"><i>Asia Major</i></a>. Institute of History and Philology of the Academia Sinica. 1998. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Major&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+and+Philology+of+the+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8O8VAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkao%2Bch%2527ang%2Bturkic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen,_Valerie2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hansen, Valerie (2005). "The Impact of the Silk Road trade on a local community: The Turfan Oasis, 500-800". <i>Les Sogdiens en Chine</i>. <b>17</b>: 283–310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+Sogdiens+en+Chine&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+Silk+Road+trade+on+a+local+community%3A+The+Turfan+Oasis%2C+500-800.&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=283-310&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Valerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bretschneider1876-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bretschneider1876_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Bretschneider1876" class="citation book cs1">E. Bretschneider (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R98-AAAAYAAJ&q=kao+ch%27ang&pg=PA122"><i>Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia</i></a>. Trübner & Company. pp. 122–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notices+of+the+Medi%C3%A6val+Geography+and+History+of+Central+and+Western+Asia&rft.pages=122-&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.au=E.+Bretschneider&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR98-AAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dkao%2Bch%2527ang%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcNFAQAAMAAJ&q=kao+ch%27ang&pg=PA196"><i>Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i></a>. The Branch. 1876. pp. 196–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+North-China+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.pages=196-&rft.pub=The+Branch&rft.date=1876&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcNFAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkao%2Bch%2527ang%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques_Gernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Jacques Gernet (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0/page/238"><i>A history of Chinese civilization</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern_0/page/238">238</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49781-7"><bdi>0-521-49781-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Chinese+civilization&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-49781-7&rft.au=Jacques+Gernet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern_0%2Fpage%2F238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramson2011" class="citation book cs1">Abramson, Marc S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GLGnRspmcAC&dq=%22Gaochang+ruling+house+itself+claimed+to+be+from+the+Hedong+region%22&pg=PA119"><i>Ethnic Identity in Tang China</i></a>. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812201017" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812201017"><bdi>978-0812201017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+in+Tang+China&rft.series=Encounters+with+Asia&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0812201017&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Marc+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GLGnRspmcAC%26dq%3D%2522Gaochang%2Bruling%2Bhouse%2Bitself%2Bclaimed%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2BHedong%2Bregion%2522%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LYDf02jgdAC&pg=PA11">Hansen 2012</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KapsteinDotson2007-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KapsteinDotson2007_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_KapsteinBrandon_Dotson2007" class="citation book cs1">Matthew Kapstein; Brandon Dotson (July 20, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=deyvCQAAQBAJ&q=gaochang&pg=PA91"><i>Contributions to the Cultural History of Early Tibet</i></a>. Brill. pp. 91–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2119-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-2119-1"><bdi>978-90-474-2119-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+to+the+Cultural+History+of+Early+Tibet&rft.pages=91-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007-07-20&rft.isbn=978-90-474-2119-1&rft.au=Matthew+Kapstein&rft.au=Brandon+Dotson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdeyvCQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgaochang%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SwartzCampany2013-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SwartzCampany2013_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChen2014">Chen (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvIa9sere_8C&q=gaochang&pg=PA201"><i>Eighteen Lectures on Dunhuang</i></a>. Brill. June 7, 2013. pp. 201–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25233-2"><bdi>978-90-04-25233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eighteen+Lectures+on+Dunhuang&rft.pages=201-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25233-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvIa9sere_8C%26q%3Dgaochang%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiong2008-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xiong2008_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Cunrui_Xiong2008" class="citation book cs1">Victor Cunrui Xiong (December 4, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vhMCwAAQBAJ&q=gaochang&pg=PA175"><i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. pp. 175–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6258-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6258-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-6258-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.pages=175-&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008-12-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6258-6&rft.au=Victor+Cunrui+Xiong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vhMCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgaochang%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Susan_Whitfield,_British_Library_2004_309-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Susan_Whitfield,_British_Library_2004_309_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_WhitfieldBritish_Library2004" class="citation book cs1">Susan Whitfield; British Library (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&q=gaochang+colony&pg=PA309"><i>The Silk Road: trade, travel, war and faith</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932476-13-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-932476-13-X"><bdi>1-932476-13-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+trade%2C+travel%2C+war+and+faith&rft.pages=309&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-932476-13-X&rft.au=Susan+Whitfield&rft.au=British+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26q%3Dgaochang%2Bcolony%26pg%3DPA309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svat-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-svat_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvatopluk_Soucek2000" class="citation book cs1">Svatopluk Soucek (2000). "Chapter 4 - The Uighur Kingdom of Qocho". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc"><i>A history of Inner Asia</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0"><bdi>0-521-65704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4+-+The+Uighur+Kingdom+of+Qocho&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-65704-0&rft.au=Svatopluk+Soucek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofinneras00souc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiran,_Michal.2005" class="citation book cs1">Biran, Michal. (2005). <i>The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84226-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84226-3"><bdi>0-521-84226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Qara+Khitai+in+Eurasian+History%3A+Between+China+and+the+Islamic+World&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-84226-3&rft.au=Biran%2C+Michal.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svat_1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-svat_1_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvatopluk_Soucek2000" class="citation book cs1">Svatopluk Soucek (2000). 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-65704-0"><bdi>0-521-65704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7+-+The+Conquering+Mongols&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-65704-0&rft.au=Svatopluk+Soucek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofinneras00souc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_zayton.inc&issue=005">The Stones of Zayton speak</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024092550/http://chinaheritagenewsletter.anu.edu.au/scholarship.php?searchterm=005_zayton.inc&issue=005">Archived</a> 2013-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>China Heritage Newsletter</i>, No. 5, March 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lszl.zjcnt.com/publish/content.php/130631">北凉且渠安周造寺碑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820081958/http://lszl.zjcnt.com/publish/content.php/130631">Archived</a> 2011-08-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oliver-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oliver_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160315145417/http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html">"The Silk Road"</a>. ess.uci.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html">the original</a> on March 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road&rft.pub=ess.uci.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ess.uci.edu%2F~oliver%2Fsilk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xiong2012-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xiong2012_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Cunrui_Xiong2012" class="citation book cs1">Victor Cunrui Xiong (February 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-1PSb8wp-woC&q=gaochang&pg=PA206"><i>Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty: His Life, Times, and Legacy</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 206–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8268-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-8268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+Yang+of+the+Sui+Dynasty%3A+His+Life%2C+Times%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pages=206-&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8268-1&rft.au=Victor+Cunrui+Xiong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-1PSb8wp-woC%26q%3Dgaochang%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=18,4145,0,0,1,0">"Buddhist Channel | Travel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Channel+%26%23124%3B+Travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistchannel.tv%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D18%2C4145%2C0%2C0%2C1%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-16/V-1/">Bericht über archäologische Arbeiten in Idikutschari und Umgebung im Winter 1902-1903 : vol.1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2014" class="citation cs2">Chen Huaiyu (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ffEYBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA176">"Religion and Society on the Silk Road: The Inscriptional Evidence from Turfan"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeiIl2y6vJQC"><i>Early Medieval China: A Sourcebook</i></a>, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 176–194, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-15987-6"><bdi>978-0-231-15987-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Society+on+the+Silk+Road%3A+The+Inscriptional+Evidence+from+Turfan&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+China%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=176-194&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-231-15987-6&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Huaiyu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DffEYBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaochang" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaochang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Gaochang_ruins" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Gaochang ruins">Gaochang ruins</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/33392/rec/2">Along the ancient silk routes: Central Asian art from the West Berlin State Museums</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material from Gaochang</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-6-A-16/">Online version of Albert Grünwedel's initial work in the area</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B4-a-7/">Online version of Grünwedel's further work in the area</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/LFc-42/index.html.en">Online version of Le Coq's work on monuments of Gaochang</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical polities in Xinjiang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_polities_in_Xinjiang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Historical polities in Xinjiang</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Pre-Mongol Empire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wusun" title="Wusun">Wusun</a> (5th century BC–5th century AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shule_Kingdom" title="Shule Kingdom">Shule Kingdom</a> (200 BC-709 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loulan_Kingdom" title="Loulan Kingdom">Loulan Kingdom</a> (?–77 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a> (60 BC–107)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jushi_Kingdom" title="Jushi Kingdom">Jushi Kingdom</a> (?-460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanshan" title="Shanshan">Shanshan</a> (77 BC–630)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaochang</a> (460-640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha" title="Kucha">Kucha</a> (?–789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasahr" title="Karasahr">Yanqi</a> (?–9th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a> (?–1006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> (640-790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> (840–1212)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a> (843–1209)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a> (1124–1218)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mongol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a> (1225–1370)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a> (1347–1680s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a> (1389–1513)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a> (1487-1660?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a> (1514–1705)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> (1634–1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a> (1696–1930)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang under Qing rule</a> (1757-1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Province,_Republic_of_China" title="Xinjiang Province, Republic of China">Xinjiang (ROC)</a> (1912-1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Uygur_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region">Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region</a> (1949-)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Xinjiang_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Xinjiang_topics" title="Template talk:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Xinjiang topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Xinjiang_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi" title="Ürümqi">Ürümqi</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang" title="History of Xinjiang">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tocharians" title="Tocharians">Tocharians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Xiongnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Protectorate of the Western Regions">Protectorate of the Western Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Official_of_the_Western_Regions" title="Chief Official of the Western Regions">Chief Official of the Western Regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Khotan" title="Kingdom of Khotan">Kingdom of Khotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a>: <a href="/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate" title="First Turkic Khaganate">First</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Western Turkic Khaganate">Western</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Eastern Turkic Khaganate">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate" title="Second Turkic Khaganate">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the West">Protectorate General to Pacify the West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Garrisons_of_Anxi" title="Four Garrisons of Anxi">Four Garrisons of Anxi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiting_Protectorate" title="Beiting Protectorate">Beiting Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate" title="Uyghur Khaganate">Uyghur Khaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qocho" title="Qocho">Qocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_settlement_of_the_Tarim_Basin" title="Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin">Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai">Qara Khitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghulistan" title="Moghulistan">Moghulistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Del" title="Kara Del">Kara Del</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Khanate" title="Turpan Khanate">Turpan Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate" title="Yarkent Khanate">Yarkent Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate" title="Dzungar Khanate">Dzungar Khanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_conquest_of_Altishahr" title="Dzungar conquest of Altishahr">Dzungar conquest of Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_War_of_the_Seven_Khojas" title="Holy War of the Seven Khojas">Holy War of the Seven Khojas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Xinjiang Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="First East Turkestan Republic">First East Turkestan Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">Second East Turkestan Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Xinjiang" title="Category:Geography of Xinjiang">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China#Xinjiang" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junggar_Basin" title="Junggar Basin">Junggar Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dzungaria" title="Dzungaria">Dzungaria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin" title="Tarim Basin">Tarim Basin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Xinjiang" title="Southern Xinjiang">Southern Xinjiang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbant%C3%BCngg%C3%BCt_Desert" title="Gurbantünggüt Desert">Gurbantünggüt Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumtag_Desert" title="Kumtag Desert">Kumtag Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_Desert" title="Taklamakan Desert">Taklamakan Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpan_Depression" title="Turpan Depression">Turpan Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou%E2%80%93Xinjiang_railway" title="Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway">Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Xinjiang" title="List of universities and colleges in Xinjiang">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_University" title="Xinjiang University">Xinjiang University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Agricultural_University" title="Xinjiang Agricultural University">Xinjiang Agricultural University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Medical_University" title="Xinjiang Medical University">Xinjiang Medical University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang#Culture" title="Xinjiang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Doppa_Cultural_Festival" title="Uyghur Doppa Cultural Festival">Doppa Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Xinjiang" title="Music of Xinjiang">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshrep" title="Meshrep">Meshrep gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqam" title="Muqam">Muqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_clothing" title="Tocharian clothing">Tocharian clothing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dapanji" title="Dapanji">Dapanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandyr_nan" title="Tandyr nan">Nan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangza" title="Sangza">Sangza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosa" title="Samosa">Samsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youtazi" title="Youtazi">Youtazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamirdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamirdin">Pamirdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorba" title="Chorba">Xurpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doner_kebab" title="Doner kebab">Tunurkawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese Islamic cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_cotton_industry" title="Xinjiang cotton industry">Cotton industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Production_and_Construction_Corps" title="Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps">Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja_Mausoleum" title="Afaq Khoja Mausoleum">Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaming_Mountains" title="Flaming Mountains">Flaming Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaohe_ruins" title="Jiaohe ruins">Jiaohe ruins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaochang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Bazaar_(%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi)" title="Grand Bazaar (Ürümqi)">Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Id_Kah_Mosque" title="Id Kah Mosque">Id Kah Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakul_(Xinjiang)" title="Karakul (Xinjiang)">Karakul Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kizil_Caves" title="Kizil Caves">Kizil Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niya_ruins" title="Niya ruins">Niya ruins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_unrest" title="1989 Ürümqi unrest">1989 Ürümqi unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barin_uprising" title="Barin uprising">Barin uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bombings" title="1992 Ürümqi bombings">1992 Ürümqi bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulja_incident" title="Ghulja incident">Ghulja incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_bus_bombings" title="1997 Ürümqi bus bombings">1997 Ürümqi bus bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Xinjiang_raid" title="2007 Xinjiang raid">2007 Xinjiang raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Uyghur_unrest" title="2008 Uyghur unrest">2008 Uyghur unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kashgar_attack" title="2008 Kashgar attack">2008 Kashgar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoguan_incident" title="Shaoguan incident">Shaoguan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots" title="July 2009 Ürümqi riots">July 2009 Ürümqi riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2009_Xinjiang_unrest" title="September 2009 Xinjiang unrest">September 2009 Xinjiang unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Aksu_bombing" title="2010 Aksu bombing">2010 Aksu bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Hotan_attack" title="2011 Hotan attack">2011 Hotan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Kashgar_attacks" title="2011 Kashgar attacks">2011 Kashgar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pishan_hostage_crisis" title="Pishan hostage crisis">Pishan hostage crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Yecheng_attack" title="2012 Yecheng attack">2012 Yecheng attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Airlines_Flight_7554" title="Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554">Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2013_Bachu_unrest" title="April 2013 Bachu unrest">April 2013 Bachu unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2013_Shanshan_riots" title="June 2013 Shanshan riots">June 2013 Shanshan riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Tiananmen_Square_attack" title="2013 Tiananmen Square attack">2013 Tiananmen Square attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Kunming_attack" title="2014 Kunming attack">2014 Kunming attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_China%E2%80%93Vietnam_border_shootout" title="2014 China–Vietnam border shootout">2014 China–Vietnam border shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="April 2014 Ürümqi attack">April 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_2014_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_attack" title="May 2014 Ürümqi attack">May 2014 Ürümqi attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juma_Tayir" title="Assassination of Juma Tayir">Assassination of Juma Tayir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_internment_camps" title="Xinjiang internment camps">Xinjiang internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amursana" title="Amursana">Amursana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrui" title="Mingrui">Mingrui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Khoja" title="Jahangir Khoja">Jahangir Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakub_Beg_of_Yettishar" title="Yakub Beg of Yettishar">Yaqub Beg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuo_Zongtang" title="Zuo Zongtang">Zuo Zongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Zengxin" title="Yang Zengxin">Yang Zengxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Shuren" title="Jin Shuren">Jin Shuren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabit_Damolla" title="Sabit Damolla">Sabit Damolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_Shicai" title="Sheng Shicai">Sheng Shicai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(general)" title="Wang Zhen (general)">Wang Zhen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saifuddin_Azizi" title="Saifuddin Azizi">Saifuddin Azizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebiya_Kadeer" title="Rebiya Kadeer">Rebiya Kadeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Bekri" title="Nur Bekri">Nur Bekri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhi_(politician)" title="Li Zhi (politician)">Li Zhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Lequan" title="Wang Lequan">Wang Lequan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunxian" title="Zhang Chunxian">Zhang Chunxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Tohti" title="Ilham Tohti">Ilham Tohti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Hudayar" title="Salih Hudayar">Salih Hudayar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Sawut" title="Sattar Sawut">Sattar Sawut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirzat_Bawudun" title="Shirzat Bawudun">Shirzat Bawudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Osman_Yaghma" title="Ghulam Osman Yaghma">Ghulam Osman Yaghma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahile_Dawut" title="Rahile Dawut">Rahile Dawut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghur people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_to_Xinjiang" title="Migration to Xinjiang">Migration to Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altishahr" title="Altishahr">Altishahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Turkestan" title="Chinese Turkestan">Chinese Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_Government_in_Exile" title="East Turkistan Government in Exile">East Turkistan Government in Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkistan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="East Turkistan National Awakening Movement">East Turkistan National Awakening Movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">Independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Uyghur_Congress" title="World Uyghur Congress">World Uyghur Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="China–Kazakhstan relations">China–Kazakhstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="China–Kyrgyzstan relations">China–Kyrgyzstan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="China–Pakistan relations">China–Pakistan relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="China–Turkey relations">China–Turkey relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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