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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classical and biblical studies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_and_biblical_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical and biblical studies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_and_biblical_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literary studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Testament_and_intertestamental_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Testament_and_intertestamental_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Old Testament and intertestamental studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Testament_and_intertestamental_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>New Testament studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Pauline epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Catholic epistles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pseudepigrapha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pseudepigrapha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Other pseudepigrapha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pseudepigrapha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authorship_and_pseudepigraphy:_levels_of_authenticity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authorship_and_pseudepigraphy:_levels_of_authenticity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Authorship and pseudepigraphy: levels of authenticity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authorship_and_pseudepigraphy:_levels_of_authenticity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Zohar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Zohar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Zohar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Zohar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ovid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ovid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ovid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ovid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_literary_device" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_literary_device"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As literary device</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_literary_device-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pseudepigrapha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigraaf" title="Pseudepigraaf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pseudepigraaf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84" title="كتاب منحول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب منحول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoep%C3%ADgraf" title="Pseudoepígraf – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pseudoepígraf" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigraf" title="Pseudepigraf – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pseudepigraf" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffugysgrifeniadau" title="Ffugysgrifeniadau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffugysgrifeniadau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigraphie" title="Pseudepigraphie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pseudepigraphie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudoepigraf%C3%ADa" title="Seudoepigrafía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Seudoepigrafía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pse%C5%ADdoepigrafio" title="Pseŭdoepigrafio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pseŭdoepigrafio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="دروغ‌نامیده‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دروغ‌نامیده‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseud%C3%A9pigraphe" title="Pseudépigraphe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pseudépigraphe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigraaf" title="Pseudepigraaf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pseudepigraaf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EA%B2%BD" title="위경 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위경" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudopigrafa" title="Pseudopigrafa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pseudopigrafa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigraphia" title="Pseudepigraphia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pseudepigraphia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoepigrafia" title="Pseudoepigrafia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pseudoepigrafia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="פסאודואפיגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסאודואפיגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseodepigrafa_(literatiora)" title="Pseodepigrafa (literatiora) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pseodepigrafa (literatiora)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigraaf" title="Pseudepigraaf – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pseudepigraaf" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E5%85%B8" title="偽典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="偽典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrafi" title="Pseudepigrafi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pseudepigrafi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoepigrafy" title="Pseudoepigrafy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pseudoepigrafy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrafia" title="Pseudepigrafia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pseudepigrafia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoepigrafie" title="Pseudoepigrafie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pseudoepigrafie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдоэпиграфика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдоэпиграфика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pseudepigrapha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoepigraf" title="Pseudoepigraf – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pseudoepigraf" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoepigraf" title="Pseudoepigraf – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pseudoepigraf" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrafit" title="Pseudepigrafit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pseudepigrafit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrafi" title="Pseudepigrafi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pseudepigrafi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81" title="جھوٹی تصنیف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جھوٹی تصنیف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E7%B6%93_(%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99)" title="偽經 (基督宗教) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="偽經 (基督宗教)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E5%85%B8" title="偽典 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="偽典" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q827597#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Falsely attributed works</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pseudepigrapha" title="Special:EditPage/Pseudepigrapha">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pseudepigrapha%22">"Pseudepigrapha"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pseudepigrapha%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pseudepigrapha%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pseudepigrapha%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pseudepigrapha%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pseudepigrapha%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denis_Areopagite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Denis_Areopagite.jpg/220px-Denis_Areopagite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Denis_Areopagite.jpg/330px-Denis_Areopagite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Denis_Areopagite.jpg/440px-Denis_Areopagite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pseudepigrapha</b> (also <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anglicized" class="extiw" title="wikt:anglicized">anglicized</a> as "pseudepigraph" or "pseudepigraphs") are <a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">falsely attributed</a> works, texts whose claimed <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a> is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past. The name of the author to whom the work is falsely attributed is often prefixed with the particle "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudo-" class="extiw" title="wikt:pseudo-">pseudo-</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_469-494_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham_469-494-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as for example "<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Aristotle" title="Pseudo-Aristotle">pseudo-Aristotle</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Dionysius">pseudo-Dionysius</a>": these terms refer to the anonymous authors of works falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius the Areopagite</a>, respectively. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical studies</a>, the term <i>pseudepigrapha</i> can refer to an assorted collection of Jewish religious works thought to be written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE to 300 CE. They are distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a> (Catholic and Orthodox) or <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> (Protestant), the books that appear in extant copies of the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> in the fourth century or later<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, but not in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Protestant Bibles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> distinguishes only between the deuterocanonical and all other books; the latter are called <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">biblical apocrypha</a>, which in Catholic usage includes the pseudepigrapha.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, two books considered canonical in the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Tewahedo" title="Orthodox Tewahedo">Orthodox Tewahedo</a> churches, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a>, are categorized as pseudepigrapha from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to the sets of generally agreed to be non-canonical works, scholars will also apply the term to canonical works who make a direct claim of authorship, yet this authorship is doubted. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> is considered by some to have been written in the 2nd century BCE, 400 years after the prophet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> lived, and thus the work is pseudepigraphic.<sup id="cite_ref-Freedman_1992_p._4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freedman_1992_p.-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A New Testament example might be the book of <a href="/wiki/2_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="2 Peter">2 Peter</a>, considered by some to be written approximately 80 years after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>'s death. Early Christians, such as <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, harbored doubts as to the authenticity of the book's authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-ehrman83_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehrman83-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term has also been used by some <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> to describe <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a>; who claim that most hadiths are fabrications<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> created in the 8th and 9th century CE, and falsely attributed to the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>pseudepigrapha</i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">ψευδής</span>, <i>pseudḗs</i>, "false" and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπιγραφή</span></span>, <i>epigraphḗ</i>, "name" or "inscription" or "ascription"; thus when taken together it means "false superscription or title";<sup id="cite_ref-LSJ_ψευδεπίγραφος_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSJ_ψευδεπίγραφος-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> see the related <i><a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a></i>) is the plural of "pseudepigraphon" (sometimes <a href="/wiki/Latinization_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinization (literature)">Latinized</a> as "pseudepigraphum"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_and_biblical_studies">Classical and biblical studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classical and biblical studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have probably been pseudepigrapha almost from <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">the invention of full writing</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> authors often refer to texts which claimed to be by <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> or his pupil <a href="/wiki/Musaeus_of_Athens" title="Musaeus of Athens">Musaeus of Athens</a> but which attributions were generally disregarded. Already in Antiquity the collection known as the "<a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymns" title="Homeric Hymns">Homeric Hymns</a>" was recognized as pseudepigraphical, that is, not actually written by Homer.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The only surviving Ancient Roman book on cooking is pseudepigraphically attributed to a famous gourmet, <a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a>, even though it is not clear who actually assembled the recipes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_studies">Literary studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In secular literary studies, when works of antiquity have been demonstrated not to have been written by the authors to whom they have traditionally been ascribed, some writers apply the prefix <i>pseudo-</i> to their names. Thus the encyclopedic compilation of Greek myth called the <i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)" title="Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)">Bibliotheca</a></i> is often now attributed, not to <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus of Athens</a>, but to "pseudo-Apollodorus" and the <i><a href="/wiki/Catasterismi" title="Catasterismi">Catasterismi</a></i>, recounting the translations of mythic figure into <i><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterisms</a></i> and constellations, not to the serious astronomer <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>, but to a "pseudo-Eratosthenes". The prefix may be abbreviated, as in "ps-Apollodorus" or "ps-Eratosthenes".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament_and_intertestamental_studies">Old Testament and intertestamental studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Old Testament and intertestamental studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Biblical apocrypha</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biblical_studies" title="Biblical studies">biblical studies</a>, <i>pseudepigrapha</i> refers particularly to works which purport to be written by noted authorities in either the Old and New Testaments or by persons involved in Jewish or Christian religious study or history. These works can also be written about biblical matters, often in such a way that they appear to be as authoritative as works which have been included in the many versions of the Judeo-Christian scriptures. <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> indicates this usage dates back at least to <a href="/wiki/Serapion_of_Antioch" title="Serapion of Antioch">Serapion of Antioch</a>, whom Eusebius records<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as having said: "But those writings which are falsely inscribed with their name (<i>ta pseudepigrapha</i>), we as experienced persons reject...." </p><p>Many such works were also referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a></i>, which originally connoted "private" or "non-public": those that were not endorsed for public reading in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. An example of a text that is both apocryphal and pseudepigraphical is the <i><a href="/wiki/Odes_of_Solomon" title="Odes of Solomon">Odes of Solomon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miseri1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miseri1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered pseudepigraphical because it was not actually written by Solomon but instead is a collection of early Christian (first to second century) hymns and poems, originally written not in Hebrew, and apocryphal because they were not accepted in either the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> or the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. </p><p>Protestants have also applied the word <i>Apocrypha</i> to texts found in Catholic and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Orthodox</a> scriptures which were found in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> but not found in the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_Text" title="Masoretic Text">Masoretic Text</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> manuscripts. Catholics call those "<a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">deuterocanonical books</a>". </p><p>Furthermore, there arose in some Protestant biblical scholarship an extended use of the term <i>pseudepigrapha</i> for works that appeared as though they ought to be part of the biblical canon, because of the authorship ascribed to them, but which stood outside both the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">biblical canons</a> recognized by Protestants and Catholics. These works were also outside the particular set of books that Roman Catholics called <i>deuterocanonical</i> and to which Protestants had generally applied the term Apocryphal. Accordingly, the term <i>pseudepigraphical</i>, as now used often among both Protestants and Roman Catholics (allegedly for the clarity it brings to the discussion), may make it difficult to discuss questions of pseudepigraphical authorship of canonical books dispassionately with a lay audience. To confuse the matter even more, Eastern Orthodox Christians accept books as canonical that Roman Catholics and most Protestant denominations consider pseudepigraphical or at best of much less authority. There exist also churches that reject some of the books that Roman Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestants accept. The same is true of some <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Jewish religious movements</a>. Many works that are "apocryphal" are otherwise considered genuine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is a tendency not to use the word <i>pseudepigrapha</i> when describing works later than about 300 CE when referring to biblical matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 222–28">: 222–28 </span></sup> But the late-appearing <i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Barnabas" title="Gospel of Barnabas">Gospel of Barnabas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_of_Pseudo-Methodius" title="Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius">Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Apuleius" title="Pseudo-Apuleius">Pseudo-Apuleius</a></i> (author of a fifth-century <a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">herbal</a> ascribed to Apuleius), and the author traditionally referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite</a>", are classic examples of pseudepigraphy. In the fifth century the moralist <a href="/wiki/Salvian" title="Salvian">Salvian</a> published <i>Contra avaritiam</i> ("Against avarice") under the name of Timothy; the letter in which he explained to his former pupil, Bishop Salonius, his motives for so doing survives.<sup id="cite_ref-Salvian_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salvian-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a category of <a href="/wiki/Modern_pseudepigrapha" title="Modern pseudepigrapha">modern pseudepigrapha</a>. </p><p>Examples of books labeled <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> pseudepigrapha from the Protestant point of view are the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> (both of which are canonical in Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity and the <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> branch of Judaism); the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></i> and "<a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Philo" title="Pseudo-Philo">Pseudo-Philo</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The term pseudepigrapha is also commonly used to describe numerous works of Jewish religious literature written from about 300 BCE to 300 CE. Not all of these works are actually pseudepigraphical. It also refers to books of the New Testament canon whose authorship is misrepresented. Such works include the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Maccabees" title="3 Maccabees">3 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Maccabees" title="4 Maccabees">4 Maccabees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Moses" title="Assumption of Moses">Assumption of Moses</a></li> <li>Ethiopic <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Enoch" title="Book of Enoch">Book of Enoch</a> (1 Enoch)</li> <li>Slavonic <a href="/wiki/Second_Book_of_Enoch" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Book of Enoch">Second Book of Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Baruch" title="3 Baruch">3 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_Aristeas" title="Letter of Aristeas">Letter of Aristeas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Adam_and_Eve" title="Life of Adam and Eve">Life of Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Isaiah" title="Ascension of Isaiah">Ascension of Isaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalms_of_Solomon" title="Psalms of Solomon">Psalms of Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibylline_Oracles" title="Sibylline Oracles">Sibylline Oracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Baruch" title="2 Baruch">2 Baruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testaments_of_the_Twelve_Patriarchs" title="Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs">Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Ezra" class="mw-redirect" title="4 Ezra">4 Ezra</a></li></ul> <p>Various canonical works accepted as scripture have since been reexamined and considered by modern scholars in the 19th century onward as likely cases of pseudepigraphica. The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Book of Daniel</a> directly claims to be written by the <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">prophet Daniel</a>, yet there are strong reasons to believe it was not written until centuries after Daniel's death, such as references to the book only appearing in the 2nd century BCE and onward. The book is an apocalypse wherein Daniel offers a series of predictions of the future, and is meant to reassure the Jews of the period that the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a> would soon be overthrown. By backdating the book to the 6th century BCE and providing a series of correct prophecies as to the history of the past 400 years, the authorship claim of Daniel would have strengthened a later author's predictions of the coming fall of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ehrman83_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehrman83-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament_studies">New Testament studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Testament studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian scholars traditionally maintain that nothing known to be pseudepigraphical was admitted to the New Testament canon. </p><p>The Catholic Encyclopedia notes, </p> <blockquote><p>The first four historical books of the New Testament are supplied with titles, which however ancient, do not go back to the respective authors of those sacred texts. <a href="/wiki/Ludovico_Antonio_Muratori" title="Ludovico Antonio Muratori">The Canon of Muratori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">St. Irenaeus</a> bear distinct witness to the existence of those headings in the latter part of the second century of our era. Indeed, the manner in which Clement (Strom. I, xxi), and St. Irenaeus (Adv. Haer. III, xi, 7) employ them implies that, at that early date, our present titles to the gospels had been in current use for some considerable time. Hence, it may be inferred that they were prefixed to the evangelical narratives as early as the first part of that same century. That however, they do not go back to the first century of the Christian era, or at least that they are not original, is a position generally held at the present day. It is felt that since they are similar for the four Gospels, although the same Gospels were composed at some interval from each other, those titles were not framed and consequently not prefixed to each individual narrative, before the collection of the four Gospels was actually made. Besides as well pointed out by Prof. Bacon, "the historical books of the New Testament differ from its apocalyptic and epistolary literature, as those of the Old Testament differ from its prophecy, in being invariably anonymous, and for the same reason. Prophecies, whether in the earlier or in the later sense, and letters, to have authority, must be referable to some individual; the greater his name, the better. But history was regarded as common possession. Its facts spoke for themselves. Only as the springs of common recollection began to dwindle, and marked differences to appear between the well-informed and accurate Gospels and the untrustworthy ... become worth while for the Christian teacher or apologist to specify whether the given representation of the current tradition was 'according to' this or that special compiler, and to state his qualifications". It thus appears that the present titles of the Gospels are not traceable to the Evangelists themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>However, agnostic biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Bart D. Ehrman</a> holds that only seven of Paul's epistles are convincingly genuine, and that all of the other 20 books in the New Testament appear to be written by unknown people who were not the well-known biblical figures to whom the early Christian leaders originally attributed authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest and best manuscripts of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John were all written anonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the books of Acts, Hebrews, 1 John, 2 John, and 3 John were also written anonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></div> <p>There are thirteen letters in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> which are attributed to Paul and are still considered by Christians to carry Paul's authority. These letters are part of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a> and are foundational for the Christian Church. Therefore, those letters which some think to be pseudepigraphic are not considered any less valuable to Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-Just_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Just-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these epistles are termed as "disputed" or "pseudepigraphical" letters because they do not appear to have been written by Paul. They instead appear to have come from followers writing in Paul's name, often using material from his surviving letters. Some choose to believe that these followers may have had access to letters written by Paul that no longer survive, although this theory still depends on someone other than Paul writing these books.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some theologians prefer to simply distinguish between "undisputed" and "disputed" letters, thus avoiding the term "pseudepigraphical".<sup id="cite_ref-Just_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Just-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authorship of 6 out of the 13 canonical epistles of Paul has been questioned by both Christian and non-Christian biblical scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Ephesians" title="Epistle to the Ephesians">Epistle to the Ephesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Colossians" title="Epistle to the Colossians">Epistle to the Colossians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_the_Thessalonians" title="Second Epistle to the Thessalonians">Second Epistle to the Thessalonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="First Epistle to Timothy">First Epistle to Timothy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy" title="Second Epistle to Timothy">Second Epistle to Timothy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_Titus" title="Epistle to Titus">Epistle to Titus</a>. These six books are referred to as "deutero-Pauline letters", meaning "secondary" standing in the corpus of Paul's writings. They internally claim to have been written by Paul, but some biblical scholars present strong evidence that they could not have been written by Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those known as the "Pastoral Epistles" (Timothy, 2 Timothy, and Titus) are all so similar that they are thought to be written by the same unknown author in Paul's name.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholic_epistles">Catholic epistles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Catholic epistles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_epistles" title="Catholic epistles">Catholic epistles</a></div> <p>There are seven letters in the New Testament which are attributed to several apostles, such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>, and Jesus's brothers <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a>. </p><p>Three of the seven letters are anonymous. These three have traditionally been attributed to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a>, the son of Zebedee and one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Consequently, these letters have been labelled the <a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Johannine epistles</a>, despite the fact that none of the epistles mentions any author. Most modern scholars believe the author is not John the Apostle, but there is no scholarly consensus for any particular historical figure. (see: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship of the Johannine works</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two of the letters claim to have been written or issued by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a>, one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Therefore, they have traditionally been called the <a href="/wiki/Petrine_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrine epistles">Petrine epistles</a>. However, most modern scholars agree the second epistle was probably not written by Peter, because it appears to have been written in the early 2nd century, long after Peter had died. Yet, opinions on the first epistle are more divided; many scholars do think this letter is authentic. (see: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Petrine_epistles" title="Authorship of the Petrine epistles">Authorship of the Petrine epistles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one epistle, the author only calls himself James (Ἰάκωβος <i>Iákobos</i>). It is not known which James this is supposed to be. There are several different traditional Christian interpretations of other New Testament texts which mention a <a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a>. However, most modern scholars tend to reject this line of reasoning, since the author himself does not indicate any <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">familial relationship with Jesus</a>. A similar problem presents itself with the Epistle of Jude (Ἰούδας <i>Ioudas</i>): the writer names himself a brother of James (ἀδελφὸς δὲ Ἰακώβου <i>adelphos de Iakóbou</i>), but it is not clear which James is meant. According to some Christian traditions, this is the same James as the author of the Epistle of James, who was allegedly a brother of Jesus; and so, this Jude should also be a brother of Jesus, despite the fact he does not indicate any such thing in his text.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_pseudepigrapha">Other pseudepigrapha</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other pseudepigrapha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Peter" title="Gospel of Peter">Gospel of Peter</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the attribution to Paul of the <i><a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Laodiceans" title="Epistle to the Laodiceans">Epistle to the Laodiceans</a></i> are both examples of pseudepigrapha that were not included in the New Testament canon.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_apocrypha" title="New Testament apocrypha">New Testament apocrypha</a>. Further examples of New Testament pseudepigrapha include the <i>Gospel of Barnabas</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Judas" title="Gospel of Judas">Gospel of Judas</a></i>, which begins by presenting itself as "the secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot".<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vision_of_Ezra" title="Vision of Ezra">Vision of Ezra</a> is an ancient <a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">apocryphal</a> text purportedly written by the biblical <a href="/wiki/Scribe#Judaism" title="Scribe">scribe</a> <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>. The earliest surviving manuscripts, composed in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, date to the 11th century CE, although textual peculiarities <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">strongly suggest</a> that the text was originally written in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>. Like the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Apocalypse_of_Ezra" title="Greek Apocalypse of Ezra">Greek Apocalypse of Ezra</a>, the work is clearly Christian, and features several apostles being seen in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>. However, the text is significantly shorter than the Apocalypse. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">western part</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>. Composed probably in the 8th century, it was used, especially in the 13th century, in support of <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">claims of political authority by the papacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EMA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Valla" title="Lorenzo Valla">Lorenzo Valla</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> priest and <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance humanist">Renaissance humanist</a>, is credited with first exposing the forgery with solid <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philological</a> arguments in 1439–1440,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the document's authenticity had been repeatedly contested since 1001.<sup id="cite_ref-EMA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Privilegium_maius" class="mw-redirect" title="Privilegium maius">Privilegium maius</a> ('greater privilege') was a document composed in 1358 or 1359 – but purporting to be much older. Its text elevated the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a>, thus greatly increasing the prestige of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_IV,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Rudolf IV, Duke of Austria">Rudolf IV of Austria</a> (1358–65) of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>. </p><p>In Russian history, in 1561 Muscovites supposedly received a letter from the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a> which asserted the right of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> to claim the title of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>. This, too, turned out to be false.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While earlier Russian Monarchs had on some occasions used the title "Tsar", Ivan the Terrible previously known as "Grand Prince of all the Russias" was the first to be formally crowned as Tsar of All Rus (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Царь Всея Руси</span>). This was related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "<a href="/wiki/Moscow,_third_Rome" title="Moscow, third Rome">Third Rome</a>", after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> – for which the supposed approval by the Patriarch added weight.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anaphora_(liturgy)" title="Anaphora (liturgy)">Anaphorae</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hallowing_of_Nestorius" title="Hallowing of Nestorius">Mar Nestorius</a>, employed in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Churches">Eastern Churches</a>, is attributed to <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a> but its earliest manuscripts are in Syriac which question its Greek-authorship.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authorship_and_pseudepigraphy:_levels_of_authenticity">Authorship and pseudepigraphy: levels of authenticity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Authorship and pseudepigraphy: levels of authenticity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have identified seven levels of authenticity which they have organized in a hierarchy ranging from literal authorship, meaning written in the author's own hand, to outright forgery: </p> <ol><li><b>Literal authorship.</b> A church leader writes a letter in his own hand.</li> <li><b>Dictation</b>. A church leader dictates a letter almost word for word to an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>.</li> <li><b> Delegated authorship.</b> A church leader describes the basic content of an intended letter to a disciple or to an amanuensis.</li> <li><b>Posthumous authorship.</b> A church leader dies, and his disciples finish a letter that he had intended to write, sending it posthumously in his name.</li> <li><b>Apprentice authorship.</b> A church leader dies, and disciples who had been authorized to speak for him while he was alive continue to do so by writing letters in his name years or decades after his death.</li> <li><b>Honorable pseudepigraphy</b>. A church leader dies, and admirers seek to honor him by writing letters in his name as a tribute to his influence and in a sincere belief that they are responsible bearers of his tradition.</li> <li><b>Forgery</b>. A church leader obtains sufficient prominence that, either before or after his death, people seek to exploit his legacy by forging letters in his name, presenting him as a supporter of their own ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-Powell_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Zohar">The Zohar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Zohar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">זֹהַר</span>, lit. Splendor or Radiance), foundational work in the literature of Jewish mystical thought known as <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the 13th century, and was published by a Jewish writer named <a href="/wiki/Moses_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Moses de León">Moses de León</a>. De León ascribed the work to <a href="/wiki/Shimon_bar_Yochai" title="Shimon bar Yochai">Shimon bar Yochai</a> ("Rashbi"), a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> of the 2nd century during the Roman persecution<sup id="cite_ref-jewcyclo_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewcyclo-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, according to Jewish legend,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hid in a cave for thirteen years studying the Torah and was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> to write the Zohar. This accords with the traditional claim by adherents that Kabbalah is the concealed part of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a>. Modern academic analysis of the Zohar, such as that by the 20th century religious historian <a href="/wiki/Gershom_Scholem" title="Gershom Scholem">Gershom Scholem</a>, has theorized that de León was the actual author, as textual analysis points to a Medieval Spanish Jewish writer rather than one living in Roman-ruled Palestine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ovid">Ovid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ovid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Celtes" title="Conrad Celtes">Conrad Celtes</a>, a noted <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> scholar and poet of the <a href="/wiki/German_Renaissance" title="German Renaissance">German Renaissance</a>, collected numerous Greek and Latin manuscripts in his function as librarian of the Imperial Library in Vienna. In a 1504 letter to the Venetian publisher <a href="/wiki/Aldus_Manutius" title="Aldus Manutius">Aldus Manutius</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celtes claimed to have discovered the missing books of <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fasti_(poem)" title="Fasti (poem)"><i>Fasti</i></a>. However, it turned out that the purported Ovid verses had actually been composed by an 11th-century monk and were known to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Nicaea" title="Empire of Nicaea">Empire of Nicaea</a> according to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>. Even so, many contemporary scholars believed Celtes and continued to write about the existence of the missing books until well into the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_literary_device">As literary device</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: As literary device"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pseudepigraphy has been employed as a <a href="/wiki/Metafiction" title="Metafiction">metafictional</a> technique. Authors who have made notable use of this device include <a href="/wiki/James_Hogg" title="James Hogg">James Hogg</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Private_Memoirs_and_Confessions_of_a_Justified_Sinner" title="The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner">The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Resartus" title="Sartor Resartus">Sartor Resartus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> ("<a href="/wiki/An_Examination_of_the_Work_of_Herbert_Quain" title="An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain">An Examination of the Works of Herbert Quain</a>"; "<a href="/wiki/Pierre_Menard,_Author_of_the_Quixote" title="Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote">Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Fire" title="Pale Fire">Pale Fire</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanislaw Lem</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Perfect_Vacuum" title="A Perfect Vacuum">A Perfect Vacuum</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem%27s_fictitious_criticism_of_nonexisting_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław Lem's fictitious criticism of nonexisting books"><i>Imaginary Magnitude</i></a>) <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Literature_in_the_Americas" title="Nazi Literature in the Americas">Nazi Literature in the Americas</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Heym" title="Stefan Heym">Stefan Heym</a> (<i>The Lenz Papers</i>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> also presented many of his works – including the most well-known, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tarzan" title="Tarzan">Tarzan</a></i> books – as pseudepigrapha, prefacing each book with a detailed introduction presenting the supposed actual author, with Burroughs himself pretending to be no more than the literary editor. <a href="/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="J.R.R. Tolkien">J.R.R. Tolkien</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> presents that story and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hobbit" title="The Hobbit">The Hobbit</a></i> as translated from the fictional <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Book_of_Westmarch" title="Red Book of Westmarch">Red Book of Westmarch</a></i> written by characters within the novels. The twelve books of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flashman_Papers" title="The Flashman Papers">The Flashman Papers</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald_Fraser" title="George MacDonald Fraser">George MacDonald Fraser</a> similarly pretend to be transcriptions of the papers left by an "illustrious <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> soldier", each volume prefaced by a long semi-scholarly Explanatory Note stating that "additional packets of Flashman's papers have been found and are here presented to the public". A similar device was used by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Fleming" title="Ian Fleming">Ian Fleming</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spy_Who_Loved_Me_(novel)" title="The Spy Who Loved Me (novel)">The Spy Who Loved Me</a></i> and by various other writers of popular fiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channeling_(New_Age)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channeling (New Age)">Channeling (New Age)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Criticism of Mormon sacred texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_document" title="False document">False document</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Study_of_the_Pseudepigrapha" title="Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha">Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy_of_the_Popes" title="Prophecy of the Popes">Prophecy of the Popes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bauckham_469-494-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_469-494_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1988" class="citation journal cs1">Bauckham, Richard (September 1988). "Pseudo-Apostolic Letters". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>107</b> (3): 469–494. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3267581">10.2307/3267581</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3267581">3267581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Pseudo-Apostolic+Letters&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469-494&rft.date=1988-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3267581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3267581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Beckwith, Roger T.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ejt/apocrypha_blocher.pdf"><i>The Canon of the Old Testament</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock. pp. 62, 382–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1606082492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1606082492"><bdi>978-1606082492</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canon+of+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pages=62%2C+382-83&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1606082492&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Roger+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fejt%2Fapocrypha_blocher.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harris_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Harris" title="Stephen L. Harris">Harris, Stephen L.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-yAQQAACAAJ"><i>Understanding The Bible</i></a>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-340744-9"><bdi>978-0-07-340744-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+The+Bible&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-07-340744-9&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Stephen+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-yAQQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freedman_1992_p.-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freedman_1992_p._4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1992" class="citation book cs1">Collins, John J. (1992). "Daniel, Book of". In Freedman, David Noel (ed.). <i>The Anchor Bible dictionary</i>. Vol. 2. New York London Toronto [etc.]: Doubleday. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19360-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19360-2"><bdi>0-385-19360-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Daniel%2C+Book+of&rft.btitle=The+Anchor+Bible+dictionary&rft.place=New+York+London+Toronto+%5Betc.%5D&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-385-19360-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRykenWilhoitLongman1998" class="citation book cs1">Ryken, Leland; Wilhoit, Jim; Longman, Tremper (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qjEYEjVVEosC&q=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery+Daniel+book+of"><i>Dictionary of Biblical Imagery</i></a>. InterVarsity Press. p. unpaginated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830867332" title="Special:BookSources/9780830867332"><bdi>9780830867332</bdi></a>. <q>The consensus of modern biblical scholarship is that the book was composed in the second century B.C., that it is a pseudonymous work, and that it is indeed an example of prophecy after the fact.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Biblical+Imagery&rft.pages=unpaginated&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780830867332&rft.aulast=Ryken&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft.au=Wilhoit%2C+Jim&rft.au=Longman%2C+Tremper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqjEYEjVVEosC%26q%3DDictionary%2Bof%2BBiblical%2BImagery%2BDaniel%2Bbook%2Bof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehrman83-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehrman83_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehrman83_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart D.</a> (2012). <i>Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199928033" title="Special:BookSources/9780199928033"><bdi>9780199928033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgery+and+Counterforgery%3A+The+Use+of+Literary+Deceit+in+Early+Christian+Polemics&rft.pages=83-88&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780199928033&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2011" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgedwritinginn00ehrm"><i>Forged : writing in the name of God : why the Bible's authors are not who we think they are</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780062012616" title="Special:BookSources/9780062012616"><bdi>9780062012616</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/639164332">639164332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forged+%3A+writing+in+the+name+of+God+%3A+why+the+Bible%27s+authors+are+not+who+we+think+they+are&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F639164332&rft.isbn=9780062012616&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgedwritinginn00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aisha_Y._Musa_2013_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusa2010" class="citation journal cs1">Musa, Aisha Y. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1035742">"The Qur'anists"</a>. <i>Religious Compass</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 12–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2009.00189.x">10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00189.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Qur%27anists&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-21&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-8171.2009.00189.x&rft.aulast=Musa&rft.aufirst=Aisha+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1035742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LSJ_ψευδεπίγραφος-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LSJ_ψευδεπίγραφος_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perseus.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.83:2:17.LSJ">"ψευδεπίγραφος"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Trustees of Tufts University, Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperseus.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.83%3A2%3A17.LSJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <i><a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiae</a></i> 6,12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miseri1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miseri1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040414143530/http://www.miseri.edu/users/davies/thomas/odes.htm">"Odes of Solomon"</a>. Translated by Charlesworth, James. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miseri.edu/users/davies/thomas/odes.htm">the original</a> on 14 April 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Odes+of+Solomon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miseri.edu%2Fusers%2Fdavies%2Fthomas%2Fodes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvian-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salvian_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Salvian, <i>Epistle</i>, ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John</a> (1999). "Pseudepigraphy and Group Formation in Second Temple Judaism". <i>Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls</i>. Brill. pp. 43–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004350328_005">10.1163/9789004350328_005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004111646" title="Special:BookSources/9789004111646"><bdi>9789004111646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pseudepigraphy+and+Group+Formation+in+Second+Temple+Judaism&rft.btitle=Pseudepigraphic+Perspectives%3A+The+Apocrypha+and+Pseudepigrapha+in+Light+of+the+Dead+Sea+Scrolls&rft.pages=43-58&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004350328_005&rft.isbn=9789004111646&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigot1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gigot" title="Francis Gigot">Gigot, Francis</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06655b.htm">"Gospel and Gospels"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gospel+and+Gospels&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Gigot&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F06655b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2005" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/misquotingjesuss00ehrm">"some-chapter"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Misquoting_Jesus" title="Misquoting Jesus">Misquoting Jesus: the story behind who changed the Bible and why</a></i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060738170" title="Special:BookSources/0060738170"><bdi>0060738170</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59011567">59011567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=some-chapter&rft.btitle=Misquoting+Jesus%3A+the+story+behind+who+changed+the+Bible+and+why&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59011567&rft.isbn=0060738170&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmisquotingjesuss00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Just-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Just_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Just_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJust2012" class="citation web cs1">Just, Felix (17 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Paul-Disputed.htm">"Deutero-Pauline Letters"</a>. <i>Catholic Resources</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Resources&rft.atitle=Deutero-Pauline+Letters&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft.aulast=Just&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholic-resources.org%2FBible%2FPaul-Disputed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sanders, E. P. "Saint Paul, the Apostle". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online Academic ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Paul%2C+the+Apostle&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online+Academic&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=E.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1988" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond Edward (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIM0Q0bjgYkC&pg=PA105"><i>The Gospel and Epistles of John: A Concise Commentary</i></a>. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-1283-5"><bdi>978-0-8146-1283-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+and+Epistles+of+John%3A+A+Concise+Commentary&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-1283-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIM0Q0bjgYkC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1978" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, I. Howard (14 July 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWJyCgAAQBAJ&q=john+epistles+most+scholars&pg=PT38"><i>The Epistles of John</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-2232-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-2232-1"><bdi>978-1-4674-2232-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epistles+of+John&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1978-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-2232-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=I.+Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWJyCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djohn%2Bepistles%2Bmost%2Bscholars%26pg%3DPT38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2003" class="citation book cs1">Ehrman, Bart D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostchristianiti00ehrm"><i>Lost Christianities: the battle for Scripture and the faiths we never knew</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514183-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514183-2"><bdi>978-0-19-514183-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Christianities%3A+the+battle+for+Scripture+and+the+faiths+we+never+knew&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514183-2&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostchristianiti00ehrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillittsBird" class="citation book cs1">Willitts, Joel; Bird, Michael F. <i>Paul and the Gospels: Christologies, Conflicts and Convergences</i>. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+and+the+Gospels%3A+Christologies%2C+Conflicts+and+Convergences&rft.pages=32&rft.aulast=Willitts&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=Bird%2C+Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonelson" class="citation book cs1">Donelson, Lewis R. <i>Pseudepigraphy and Ethical Argument in the Pastoral Epistles</i>. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudepigraphy+and+Ethical+Argument+in+the+Pastoral+Epistles&rft.pages=42&rft.aulast=Donelson&rft.aufirst=Lewis+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoosten2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Joosten_(biblical_scholar)" title="Jan Joosten (biblical scholar)">Joosten, Jan</a> (January 2002). "The Gospel of Barnabas and the Diatessaron". <i>Harvard Theological Review</i>. <b>95</b> (1): 73–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Gospel+of+Barnabas+and+the+Diatessaron&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-96&rft.date=2002-01&rft.aulast=Joosten&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKasser,_RodolpheMeyer,_Marvin_MeyerWurst,_Gregor2006" class="citation book cs1">Kasser, Rodolphe; Meyer, Marvin Meyer; Wurst, Gregor, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gospelofjudasfro00kass/page/1"><i>The Gospel of Judas</i></a>. Commentary by Bart D. Ehrman. Washington D.C.: National Geographic Society. pp. 1, 4–5, 7, 43]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426200427" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426200427"><bdi>978-1426200427</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+of+Judas&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=1%2C+4-5%2C+7%2C+43&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1426200427&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgospelofjudasfro00kass%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EMA_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EMA_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVauchez2001" class="citation book cs1">Vauchez, Andre, ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/detail/encyclopediaofmi0001unse_z7y7/page/444/mode/2up"><i>Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781579582821" title="Special:BookSources/9781579582821"><bdi>9781579582821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=445&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781579582821&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetail%2Fencyclopediaofmi0001unse_z7y7%2Fpage%2F444%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelton1998" class="citation book cs1">Whelton, M. (1998). <i>Two Paths: Papal Monarchy – Collegial Tradition</i>. Salisbury, MA: Regina Orthodox Press. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Paths%3A+Papal+Monarchy+%E2%80%93+Collegial+Tradition&rft.place=Salisbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Regina+Orthodox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Whelton&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>K. Valishevsky, "Ivan the Terrible" (К. Валишевский</i>. «Иван Грозный»), pages 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstrowski2002" class="citation book cs1">Ostrowski, D. (2002). <i>Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muscovy+and+the+Mongols%3A+Cross-Cultural+Influences+on+the+Steppe+Frontier%2C+1304%E2%80%931589&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ostrowski&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehtovirta2002" class="citation book cs1">Lehtovirta, J. (2002). "The Use of Titles in Herberstein's 'Commentarii'. Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor?". In Kӓmpfer, F.; Frӧtschner, R. (eds.). <i>450 Jahre Sigismund von Herbersteins Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1549–1999</i>. Harrassowitz. pp. 196–198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Use+of+Titles+in+Herberstein%27s+%27Commentarii%27.+Was+the+Muscovite+Tsar+a+King+or+an+Emperor%3F&rft.btitle=450+Jahre+Sigismund+von+Herbersteins+Rerum+Moscoviticarum+Commentarii+1549%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=196-198&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Lehtovirta&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelston1996" class="citation journal cs1">Gelston, A. (1 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:1m2399">"The origin of the anaphora of Nestorius: Greek or Syriac?"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the John Rylands Library</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 73–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.6">10.7227/BJRL.78.3.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+John+Rylands+Library&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+anaphora+of+Nestorius%3A+Greek+or+Syriac%3F&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=73-86&rft.date=1996-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7227%2FBJRL.78.3.6&rft.aulast=Gelston&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.escholar.manchester.ac.uk%2Fuk-ac-man-scw%3A1m2399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"3. The Anaphora Of Mar Nestorius". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463219710-003"><i>Mar Nestorius and Mar Theodore The Interpreter</i></a>. Translated by Spinks, Bryan. Gorgias Press. 17 January 2010. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463219710-003">10.31826/9781463219710-003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-1971-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4632-1971-0"><bdi>978-1-4632-1971-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.+The+Anaphora+Of+Mar+Nestorius&rft.btitle=Mar+Nestorius+and+Mar+Theodore+The+Interpreter&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2010-01-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463219710-003&rft.isbn=978-1-4632-1971-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.31826%2F9781463219710-003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2009" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark A. (2009). <i>Introducing the New Testament</i>. Baker Academic. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2868-7"><bdi>978-0-8010-2868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+the+New+Testament&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2868-7&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholemHellner-Eshed2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Scholem, Gershom; Hellner-Eshed, Melila (2007). "Zohar". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fred_Skolnik" title="Fred Skolnik">Skolnik, Fred</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i>. Vol. 21 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 647–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-866097-4"><bdi>978-0-02-866097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zohar&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=647-64&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-02-866097-4&rft.aulast=Scholem&rft.aufirst=Gershom&rft.au=Hellner-Eshed%2C+Melila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewcyclo-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewcyclo_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsBroydé1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Broydé, Isaac (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/15278-zohar#406">"Zohar"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al. (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zohar&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F15278-zohar%23406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Scharfstein, Sol (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uFuBCOzObf0C&pg=PA24"><i>Jewish History and You II</i></a>. Jersey City, NJ: KTAV Publishing House. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780881258066" title="Special:BookSources/9780881258066"><bdi>9780881258066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+History+and+You+II&rft.place=Jersey+City%2C+NJ&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780881258066&rft.aulast=Scharfstein&rft.aufirst=Sol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuFuBCOzObf0C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430045314/http://www.ou.org/chagim/lagbaomer/yochai.htm">"Rabbi Shimon Bar Yochai"</a>. Orthodox Union. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/chagim/lagbaomer/yochai.htm">the original</a> on 30 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rabbi+Shimon+Bar+Yochai&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fchagim%2Flagbaomer%2Fyochai.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2008" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Christopher S. (2008). <i>Forgery, Replica, Fiction: Temporalities of German Renaissance Art</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgery%2C+Replica%2C+Fiction%3A+Temporalities+of+German+Renaissance+Art&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Christopher+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritsen2015" class="citation book cs1">Fritsen, Angela (2015). <i>Antiquarian Voices: The Roman Academy and the Commentary Tradition on Ovid's Fasti (Text and Context)</i>. Ohio State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquarian+Voices%3A+The+Roman+Academy+and+the+Commentary+Tradition+on+Ovid%27s+Fasti+%28Text+and+Context%29&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fritsen&rft.aufirst=Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuevaMartínez2016" class="citation book cs1">Cueva, Edmund P.; Martínez, Javier, eds. (2016). <i>Splendide Mendax: Rethinking Fakes and Forgeries in Classical, Late Antique, and Early Christian Literature</i>. Groningen: Barkhuis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Splendide+Mendax%3A+Rethinking+Fakes+and+Forgeries+in+Classical%2C+Late+Antique%2C+and+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pub=Barkhuis&rft.date=2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiTommaso2001" class="citation book cs1">DiTommaso, Lorenzo (2001). <i>A Bibliography of Pseudepigrapha Research 1850–1999</i>. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bibliography+of+Pseudepigrapha+Research+1850%E2%80%931999&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=DiTommaso&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrman2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bart_D._Ehrman" title="Bart D. Ehrman">Ehrman, Bart</a> (2013). <i>Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forgery+and+Counterforgery%3A+The+Use+of+Literary+Deceit+in+Early+Christian+Polemics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ehrman&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiley1986" class="citation book cs1">Kiley, Mark (1986). <i>Colossians as Pseudepigraphy</i>. Bible Seminar. Vol. 4. Sheffield: JSOT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossians+as+Pseudepigraphy&rft.place=Sheffield&rft.series=Bible+Seminar&rft.pub=JSOT+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Kiley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span> — Colossians as a non-deceptive school product</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzger1972" class="citation journal cs1">Metzger, Bruce M. (1972). "Literary forgeries and canonical pseudepigrapha". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 3–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3262916">10.2307/3262916</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3262916">3262916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=Literary+forgeries+and+canonical+pseudepigrapha&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-24&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3262916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3262916%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Fritz1972" class="citation book cs1">von Fritz, Kurt, ed. (1972). <i>Pseudepigraphica 1</i>. Geneva: Foundation Hardt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudepigraphica+1&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Foundation+Hardt&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APseudepigrapha" class="Z3988"></span> — Contributions on pseudopythagorica (the literature ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>), the Platonic Epistles, Jewish-Hellenistic literature, and the characteristics particular to religious forgeries</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudepigrapha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pseudepigrapha" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pseudepigrapha">pseudepigrapha</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110191417/http://ocp.stfx.ca/">Online Critical Pseudepigrapha</a> Online texts of the Pseudepigrapha in their original or extant ancient languages</li> <li>Smith, Mahlon H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualreligion.net/iho/pseudepig.html">Pseudepigrapha</a> entry in <i>Into His Own: Perspective on the World of Jesus</i> online historical source book, at VirtualReligion.net</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/home/jsp"><i>Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha</i></a> official website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Methodology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayes%27_theorem" title="Bayes' theorem">Bayes' theorem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_criticism" title="Biblical criticism">Biblical criticism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">'<i>Ilm al-rijāl</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demythologization" title="Demythologization">Demythologization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_philology" title="Cognitive philology">Cognitive philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decipherment" 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href="/wiki/Lectio_difficilior_potior" title="Lectio difficilior potior">Lectio difficilior potior</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criterion_of_multiple_attestation" title="Criterion of multiple attestation">Multiple attestation</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Mutawatir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawatir">Mutawatir</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Gospels" title="Historical reliability of the Gospels">Gospels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther#Historicity" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua#Historicity" title="Book of Joshua">Book of Joshua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Historicity of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Iliad" title="Historicity of the Iliad">The <i>Iliad</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_reliability_of_the_Quran" title="Historical reliability of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham#Historicity_and_origins_of_the_narrative" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardiya" title="Bardiya">Bardiya / Smerdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha#Historical_person" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incitatus" title="Incitatus">Caligula's horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Question" title="Homeric Question">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Jesus" title="Historicity of Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_myth_theory" title="Christ myth theory">myth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quest_for_the_historical_Jesus" title="Quest for the historical Jesus">Quest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_for_the_historicity_of_Jesus" title="Sources for the historicity of Jesus">Sources</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David#Historicity" title="David">King David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_Feng" title="Lei Feng">Lei Feng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Historicity" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood#Historicity" title="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socratic_problem" title="Socratic problem">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu#Historicity" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tell#Historicity_debate" title="William Tell">William Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br />places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Exodus#Origins_and_historicity" title="The Exodus">The Exodus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sources_and_parallels_of_the_Exodus" title="Sources and parallels of the Exodus">Sources and parallels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">Founding of Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_Gardens_of_Babylon" title="Hanging Gardens of Babylon">Hanging Gardens of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_War" title="Kurukshetra War">Kurukshetra War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents#History_and_theology" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Odyssey" title="Geography of the Odyssey">Geography of the <i>Odyssey</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocrypha" title="Apocrypha">Apocrypha</a> 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