CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML+RDFa 1.0//EN" "http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/DTD/xhtml-rdfa-1.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr" xmlns:fb="http://ogp.me/ns/fb#" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/" xmlns:og="http://ogp.me/ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:sioc="http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns#" xmlns:sioct="http://rdfs.org/sioc/types#" xmlns:skos="http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#" xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-fe3d812bd3551e468d3",applicationID:"540571234"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>g,gD:()=>h,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function g(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function h(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=g(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>d,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=h(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=m()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:v,listeners:h,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=m();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!m()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=h(e).concat(t)}function h(e){return n[e]||[]}function v(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function m(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(2614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),g=r(384),p=r(6344);const h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],v=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var m=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993);var w=r(2646),A=r(3434);function R(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();h.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function _(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const h={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var E="api-",_=E+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(E,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function T(){}h.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,m.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},h.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),R(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},v.forEach((e=>{h[e]=j(E,e,!0,"api")})),h.addPageAction=j(E,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),h.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(E,"setPageViewName",!0)()},h.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},h.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},h.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},h.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},h[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},h.interaction=function(e){return(new T).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const S=T.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(_+"tracer",[(0,m.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,m.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,m.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,m.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function k(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{S[e]=j(_,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),h.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(_,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(E,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),h.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,m.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>k()),!0):k(),h}var N=r(9417),T=r(8122);const S={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},j={};var k=r(5284);const I=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let O=!1;function P(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:l={},exposed:f=!0}=t;l.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,N.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,T.a)(t,S);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=j[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const h=(0,N.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),v=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];O||(h.proxy.assets&&(I(h.proxy.assets),v.push(h.proxy.assets)),h.proxy.beacon&&v.push(h.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",k.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===h.soft_navigations.enabled&&h.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),l.denyList=[...h.ajax.deny_list||[],...h.ajax.block_internal?v:[]],l.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,l),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=_(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),O=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.274.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-gkYkZDAwQ9PwaDXs2YM+rNIdRej1Ac1mupWobRJ8eahQcXz6/sunGZCKklrzi5kWxhOGRZr2tn0rEKuLTXzfAA=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={840:0,374:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(7603);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),g=i(5289),p=i(6154),h=i(384);const v=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function m(e){return!!(0,h.dV)().o.MO&&v(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(6389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(v(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,3861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return m(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(6630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(9908),E=i(2843),x=i(3878),_=i(782),N=i(1863);class T extends y{static featureName=_.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,_.T,t),p.RI&&((0,E.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,x.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,_.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var S=i(3969);class j extends y{static featureName=S.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,S.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,h.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,h.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,T,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 7 (http://drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="/node/3147" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/all/themes/utfl_subtheme_primary/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link href="/sites/all/themes/utfl/images/iphone-icon.png" rel="apple-touch-icon" /> <title>Frequently Asked Questions | University of Toronto Faculty of Law</title> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_xE-rWrJf-fncB6ztZfd2huxqgxu4WO-qwma6Xer30m4.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_lkvHUqwuaMnlSkPLjR6wgdcvM88sr5Mi-fDRQ-vdqKU.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_hMt3XEFtoul4uWR3AMEoZfktoYy49uDmlC6F515jLyE.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_4K_9pln0GjiI2Fz9--nGQCS-R1ozNbGqH7HmKG0zCHo.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Francois+One" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_zaOco2G8k_Y9ZPkHcPipwrYE0eu9i_I-umrYSytTB3U.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/css/css_n2ZAeZinAyNp4KaDpCqIMBTcgoOxlWKcWk8YJ3GC2WY.css" media="all" />    <style type="text/css" media="all"> <![CDATA[/*> </style> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_OxFfs447FMmNy6B_QJ6cWtx0i8uURHnKUha8mnLIrPY.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_s7yA-hwRxnKty__ED6DuqmTMKG39xvpRyrtyCrbWH4M.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_9UPRFM_M6CprXtgsLI9Nk_cPahVeu2BwTue9xmdsOUo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_RP975CbPvTi1WMS5mBqGDjg8kIQ9ZdOEY7SULoTHwFo.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_5IrqzGaT-GZ3-Z-L7bGgcttAy4AYZgdzgUJ-45ojFho.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/default/files/js/js_ngfzfepmkv0VDz3dJPtHQ_TuVEVvfuO1EfyeZebjj1k.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){ c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)}; t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i; y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y); })(window, document, "clarity", "script", "fjytbl5wya"); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-6NFR2T6V63"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-6NFR2T6V63'); </script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-first page-node page-node- page-node-3147 node-type-page theme-utfl_subtheme_primary site-www-law-utoronto-ca" > <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <div class="region region-page-top"> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KDL5CZV" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> </div> <div id="page-wrapper"><div id="page"> <div id="header-wrapper"> <div id="header-top"> <div class="container" role="navigation"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Secondary menu</h2><ul id="secondary-menu" class="links"><li class="menu-1302 first"><a href="http://www.utoronto.ca/" title="">U of T</a></li> <li class="menu-1303"><a href="http://library.law.utoronto.ca/" title="The Bora Laskin Law Library">Law Library</a></li> <li class="menu-2194"><a href="/login" title="">e.legal</a></li> <li class="menu-3722"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-1886 last"><a href="/site-map" title="">Site Map</a></li> </ul> <div class="region region-header-top"> <div id="block-user-login" class="block block-user"> <div class="content"> <form action="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions?destination=node/3147" method="post" id="user-login-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><h2>Login to e.legal</h2><strong>the Law School Community</strong><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-name"> <label for="edit-name">Username <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input type="text" id="edit-name" name="name" value="" size="15" maxlength="60" class="form-text required" /> </div> <div class="form-item form-type-password form-item-pass"> <label for="edit-pass">Password <span class="form-required" title="This field is required.">*</span></label> <input type="password" id="edit-pass" name="pass" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text required" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-N6RaYItrIfOf72vcPYYSll_90HSpIglWZBlVRssjEFc" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="user_login_block" /> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><a href="/user/password">Forgot your password?</a><input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Sign in" class="form-submit" /></div></div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="header" class="container"> <a href="/" title="University of Toronto Faculty of Law Home Page" rel="home" id="logo"> <img src="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/sites/all/themes/utfl_subtheme_primary/logo.png" alt="University of Toronto Faculty of Law" /> </a> <div id="header-right-wrapper"> <div class="region region-header"> <div id="block-search-form" class="block block-search"> <div class="content"> <form action="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions" method="post" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline"> <h2 class="element-invisible">Search form</h2> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-search-block-form"> <label class="element-invisible" for="edit-search-block-form--2">Search </label> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." type="text" id="edit-search-block-form--2" name="search_block_form" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" class="form-text" /> </div> <div class="form-actions form-wrapper" id="edit-actions--2"><input type="submit" id="edit-submit--2" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit" /></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-PzRZC9Isa6E4RTnc7FpvmK_kgheUcTl4OSXvGfGDeSY" /> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="search_block_form" /> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> <div id="block-menu-block-10" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-10 menu-name-menu-header-mini-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-5743"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/focus-areas" title="">Focus Areas</a></li> <li class="leaf has-children menu-mlid-6825"><a href="/alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li class="last leaf has-children menu-mlid-6420"><a href="/giving" title="Parent section of "giving"">Giving</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="main-menu-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div id="navigation" class="container"> <div class="region region-main-nav"> <div id="block-superfish-1" class="block block-superfish"> <h2>Main menu</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-1" class="menu sf-menu sf-main-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-8 sf-parent-items-8 sf-single-items-0"><li id="menu-1219-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/admissions" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Admissions</a><ul><li id="menu-1296-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/welcome-university-toronto-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Message from the Dean</a></li><li id="menu-1289-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Why U of T?</a><ul><li id="menu-4553-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/why-u-t" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Why U of T?</a></li><li id="menu-3031-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-university" title="A Great University" class="sf-depth-3">A Great University</a></li><li id="menu-3030-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-city" title="A Great City" class="sf-depth-3">A Great City</a></li><li id="menu-5476-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/inclusivity-and-diversity-faculty-law" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Inclusivity and Diversity at the Faculty of Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3012-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-16 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-13 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="JD Admissions" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Admissions</a><ul><li id="menu-4544-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/jd-admissions" title="" class="sf-depth-3">JD Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-3016-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-policies" title="Admissions Policies" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Policies</a></li><li id="menu-3018-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/jd-admissions-procedure" title="Application Procedure" class="sf-depth-3">Application Procedure</a></li><li id="menu-3017-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-timeline" title="Admissions Timeline" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Timeline</a></li><li id="menu-3019-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/half-time-program" title="Half-Time Program" class="sf-depth-3">Half-Time Program</a></li><li id="menu-4570-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/aboriginal-applicants" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-6386-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/blackfuturelawyers" class="sf-depth-3">Black Future Lawyers</a></li><li id="menu-3020-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/upper-year-applicants" title="Upper-Year Applicants" class="sf-depth-3">Upper-Year Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-3021-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions/national-committee-accreditation-applicants" title="National Committee on Accreditation Applicants" class="sf-depth-3">National Committee on Accreditation Applicants</a></li><li id="menu-3023-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/financialaid" title="Financial Aid and Fees" class="sf-depth-3">Financial Aid and Fees</a></li><li id="menu-4102-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-faq" title="Frequently Asked Questions regarding JD admissions" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-4361-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-help" title="JD Admissions Enquiries" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Enquiries</a></li><li id="menu-3013-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissionevents" title="Calendar of Admissions Events" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions Events</a></li><li id="menu-3015-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/jd-admissions-updates" title="Admissions News Updates" class="sf-depth-3">Admissions News Updates</a></li><li id="menu-4934-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/campustour" class="sf-depth-3">Campus Tours</a></li><li id="menu-5384-1" class="last even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3"><a href="/newadmit" class="sf-depth-3">New Admits - JD Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2999-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions" title="Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Why Graduate Studies at U of T Law?</a><ul><li id="menu-2995-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-admissions-standards" title="Graduate Admissions" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-2998-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-faq" title="Graduate Program FAQ" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-2997-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-application-deadlines" title="Graduate Program Application Deadlines" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Application Deadlines</a></li><li id="menu-2993-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/graduate-program-fees-and-financing" title="Graduate Program Fees and Financing" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Fees and Financing</a></li><li id="menu-2992-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/employment-accommodation-and-more" title="Employment, Accommodation and More" class="sf-depth-3">Employment, Accommodation and More</a></li><li id="menu-2994-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/contact-us" title="Contact Us" class="sf-depth-3">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3028-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/professional-legal-education" title="Executive Education" class="sf-depth-2">Executive Education</a></li><li id="menu-4373-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/nca" class="sf-depth-2">National Committee on Accreditation Options</a></li><li id="menu-2991-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/admissions/community-outreach" title="Supporting Tomorrow’s Lawyers - Youth Outreach Activities" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Community outreach</a><ul><li id="menu-4103-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/getstarted" title="A description of the process for becoming a lawyer in Ontario" class="sf-depth-3">So, You Want to Become a Lawyer</a></li><li id="menu-6239-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/youth-outreach/black-future-lawyers" class="sf-depth-3">Black Future Lawyers Conference</a></li><li id="menu-4104-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/youth-outreach/high-school-students-frequently-asked-questions" title="Answers to questions frequently asked by high school students about studying law" class="sf-depth-3">High School Students FAQ</a></li><li id="menu-4362-1" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/lsap" title="LSAT preparation course for low-income students" class="sf-depth-3">Law School Access Program (Free LSAT Prep)</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3705-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Academic Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-2908-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-12 sf-parent-children-7 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program" title="JD Program" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Program</a><ul><li id="menu-2910-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-requirements" title="JD Program Requirements" class="sf-depth-3">Program Requirements</a></li><li id="menu-2909-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/program-opportunities" title="JD Program Opportunities" class="sf-depth-3">Program Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-4916-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/experiential-learning-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-3">Experiential Education</a></li><li id="menu-2906-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" title="Programs combining the JD with other degrees" class="sf-depth-3">Combined Programs</a></li><li id="menu-5455-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financing_JD_education" class="sf-depth-3">Financial Support for JD Education</a></li><li id="menu-2947-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/financial-aid-and-fees/student-fees-jd-program" title="JD Program Fees" class="sf-depth-3">JD Program Fees</a></li><li id="menu-2971-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/prizes-and-awards" title="Prizes and Awards in the JD Program" class="sf-depth-3">Prizes and Awards</a></li><li id="menu-2911-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/mooting" title="Mooting" class="sf-depth-3">Mooting</a></li><li id="menu-5095-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/international-opportunities" class="sf-depth-3">International Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-5668-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program" class="sf-depth-3">Leadership Skills Program</a></li><li id="menu-5671-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/lawyers-doing-cool-things" class="sf-depth-3">Lawyers Doing Cool Things</a></li><li id="menu-5738-1" class="last even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/leadership-skills-program/rotmanlaw" class="sf-depth-3">Rotman@Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2902-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-9 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs" title="Graduate Programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Graduate Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-2815-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/llm-program-master-laws" title="LLM Program (Master of Laws)" class="sf-depth-3">LLM Program (Master of Laws)</a></li><li id="menu-2814-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="https://gpllm.law.utoronto.ca/" title="The Global Professional LLM program" class="sf-depth-3">Global Professional LLM</a></li><li id="menu-2982-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/msl-program-master-studies-in-law" title="MSL Program (Master of Studies in Law)" class="sf-depth-3">MSL Program (Master of Studies in Law)</a></li><li id="menu-2989-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/sjd-program-doctor-juridical-science" title="SJD Program (Doctor of Juridical Science)" class="sf-depth-3">SJD Program (Doctor of Juridical Science)</a></li><li id="menu-2895-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/collaborative-programs" title="Collaborative Programs" class="sf-depth-3">Collaborative Programs</a></li><li id="menu-5471-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/meet-your-graduate-program-team" class="sf-depth-3">Graduate Program Team</a></li><li id="menu-5115-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/graduate-admissions/see-what-our-alumni-are-doing" class="sf-depth-3">See What Our Alumni Are Doing</a></li><li id="menu-5587-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/current-students" class="sf-depth-3">Resources for Current Students</a></li><li id="menu-5712-1" class="last odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/academic-programs/graduate-programs/new-admits-graduate-program" class="sf-depth-3">New Admits - Graduate Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1780-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academic-programs/course-calendar" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Course List</a></li><li id="menu-6270-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/course-match" class="sf-depth-2">Course Match</a></li><li id="menu-4730-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/academic-programs/schedules" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Schedules and Timetables</a><ul><li id="menu-2879-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/timetable-fall-2024" title="Timetable: Fall 2024" class="sf-depth-3">Timetable: Fall 2024</a></li><li id="menu-2880-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/timetable-winter-2024-2025" title="Timetable: Winter 2025" class="sf-depth-3">Timetable: Winter 2025</a></li><li id="menu-2878-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/timetables-and-exam-schedules/test-examination-schedules" title="Test & Examination Schedules" class="sf-depth-3">Test & Examination Schedules</a></li><li id="menu-4112-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/intensive-courses-info/intensive-course-schedule" title="Schedule for intensive courses" class="sf-depth-3">Intensive Course Schedule</a></li><li id="menu-2859-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/first-year-mandatory-dates" class="sf-depth-3">First Year Mandatory Dates</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2816-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/academic-programs/sessional-dates" title="Sessional Dates" class="sf-depth-2">Sessional Dates</a></li><li id="menu-1560-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="https://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">JD Academic Handbook</a><ul><li id="menu-4379-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/academic-handbook/syllabus/intensive-courses-info/intensive-course-schedule" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Intensive Course Schedule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2985-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/executive-education" title="Executive Education" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Executive Education</a><ul><li id="menu-4811-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/graduate-programs/gpllm" title="Global Professional LLM" class="sf-depth-2">Global Professional LLM</a></li><li id="menu-5423-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/executive-education/cpd-events" class="sf-depth-2">CPD Events</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2729-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/centres-programs" title="Centres & Programs" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Centres & Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-3060-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/programs-centres/centres" title="Centres" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Centres</a><ul><li id="menu-3061-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/capital-markets-institute" title="Capital Markets Institute" class="sf-depth-3">Capital Markets Institute</a></li><li id="menu-3062-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/centre-innovation-law-and-policy" title="Centre for Innovation Law and Policy" class="sf-depth-3">Centre for Innovation Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-3063-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/centre-legal-profession" title="Centre for the Legal Profession" class="sf-depth-3">Centre for the Legal Profession</a></li><li id="menu-3065-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/david-asper-centre-constitutional-rights" title="David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights" class="sf-depth-3">David Asper Centre for Constitutional Rights</a></li><li id="menu-6533-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/centres/future-law-lab" class="sf-depth-3">Future of Law Lab</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3059-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-7 menuparent"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics" title="Legal Clinics" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Legal Clinics</a><ul><li id="menu-3076-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/downtown-legal-services" title="Downtown Legal Services" class="sf-depth-3">Downtown Legal Services</a></li><li id="menu-3073-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics/advocates-injured-workers" title="Advocates for Injured Workers" class="sf-depth-3">Advocates for Injured Workers</a></li><li id="menu-3074-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/barbra-schlifer-commemorative-clinic" title="Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Barbra Schlifer Commemorative Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3069-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/clinics/david-asper-centre-constitutional-advocacy-clinic" title="David Asper Centre: Constitutional Advocacy Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">David Asper Centre: Constitutional Advocacy Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3072-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/health-equity-and-law-clinic" title="Health Equity and Law Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Health Equity and Law Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-3097-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/international-human-rights-program/ihrp-clinic-course" title="International Human Rights Program Clinic Course" class="sf-depth-3">International Human Rights Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-5231-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics/aboriginal-legal-services-toronto-alst-clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Aboriginal Legal Services Clinic</a></li><li id="menu-6419-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/legal-clinics/investor-protection-clinic" title="Investor Protection Clinic" class="sf-depth-3">Investor Protection Clinic</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3077-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-5 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/programs-centres/programs" title="Programs" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Programs</a><ul><li id="menu-3079-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/international-human-rights-program" title="International Human Rights Program" class="sf-depth-3">International Human Rights Program</a></li><li id="menu-3083-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/pbsc-pro-bono-students-canada" title="PBSC (Pro Bono Students Canada)" class="sf-depth-3">PBSC (Pro Bono Students Canada)</a></li><li id="menu-3082-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/laws-law-in-action-within-schools" title="LAWS (Law in Action Within Schools)" class="sf-depth-3">LAWS (Law in Action Within Schools)</a></li><li id="menu-5233-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/indigenous-initiatives-office" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Initiatives Office</a></li><li id="menu-3080-1" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/programs-centres/programs/irshl-reproductive-and-sexual-health-law" title="International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Program - main page" class="sf-depth-3">International Reproductive and Sexual Health Law Program</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1223-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-7 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Scholarship & Publications</a><ul><li id="menu-3276-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship" title="Faculty Scholarship" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Faculty Scholarship</a><ul><li id="menu-4019-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/publications" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Recent Publications</a></li><li id="menu-3277-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/featured-faculty-books" title="Featured Faculty Books" class="sf-depth-3">Featured Faculty Books</a></li><li id="menu-5240-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/faculty-honours" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Honours</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4229-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2"><a href="/blog/faculty" title="Commentary by our faculty" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Blog</a></li><li id="menu-5463-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/student-scholarship" class="sf-depth-2">Student scholarship</a></li><li id="menu-3275-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-0 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences" title="Conferences" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Conferences</a><ul><li id="menu-6380-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/equity-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">The Equity Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3397-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/archives" title="Conference Archives" class="sf-depth-3">Archives</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3278-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications" title="Journals and Publications" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Journals and Publications</a><ul><li id="menu-3416-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/university-toronto-law-journal" title="University of Toronto Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-3414-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/u-t-faculty-law-review" title="U of T Faculty of Law Review" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Faculty of Law Review</a></li><li id="menu-3410-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/canadian-business-law-journal" title="Canadian Business Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">Canadian Business Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-5128-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/critical-analysis-law-international" class="sf-depth-3">Critical Analysis of Law: An International & Interdisciplinary Law Review</a></li><li id="menu-3412-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/journal-international-law-and-international" title="Journal of International Law and International Relations" class="sf-depth-3">Journal of International Law and International Relations</a></li><li id="menu-3413-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/middle-east-law-and-governance-journal-melg" title="Middle East Law and Governance journal (MELG)" class="sf-depth-3">Middle East Law and Governance journal (MELG)</a></li><li id="menu-3411-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/indigenous-law-journal" title="Indigenous Law Journal" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Indigenous Law Journal</a></li><li id="menu-3415-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/journals-and-publications/u-t-journal-law-and-equality" title="U of T Journal of Law and Equality" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Journal of Law and Equality</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3279-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures" title="Special Lectures" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Special Lectures</a><ul><li id="menu-3424-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/cecil-wright-memorial-lecture" title="Cecil A. Wright Memorial Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Cecil A. Wright Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3425-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/david-b-goodman-lecture" title="David B. Goodman Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">David B. Goodman Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3463-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/edwards-memorial-lecture" title="John LI J Edwards Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">John LI J Edwards Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3428-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/morris-gross-memorial-lecture" title="Morris A. Gross Memorial Lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Morris A. Gross Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-5457-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/katherine-baker-memorial-lecture" class="sf-depth-3">Katherine Baker Memorial Lecture</a></li><li id="menu-3430-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-lectures/other-lectures" title="Other Lectures" class="sf-depth-3">Other Lectures</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3468-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-projects" title="Special projects of faculty members, on the Bora Laskin Law Library website" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Special Projects</a><ul><li id="menu-3469-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/chaoulli-case-resources-and-commentary" title="Chaoulli case: resources and commentary" class="sf-depth-3">Chaoulli case: resources and commentary</a></li><li id="menu-3470-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/khadr-case-resources-page" title="Khadr Case Resources Page" class="sf-depth-3">Khadr Case Resources Page</a></li><li id="menu-4106-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/lignes-directrices-facultatives-en-mati%C3%A8re-de-pensions-alimentaires-pour-%C3%A9poux" title="Lignes directrices facultatives en matière de pensions alimentaires pour époux" class="sf-depth-3">Lignes directrices facultatives ...</a></li><li id="menu-4387-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/external?site=http://www.aspercentre.ca/constitutional-cases/scc-facta.htm" title="Asper Centre collection of case materials from key Charter cases at the Supreme Court of Canada" class="sf-depth-3">SCC Charter Case Materials</a></li><li id="menu-4105-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="https://library.law.utoronto.ca/spousal-support-advisory-guidelines" title="Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines" class="sf-depth-3">Spousal Support Advisory Guidelines</a></li><li id="menu-2727-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/special-projects/law-religion-and-society" title="Law, Religion and Society" class="sf-depth-3">Law, Religion and Society</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3280-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-16 sf-parent-children-11 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars" title="Workshops and Seminars" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Workshops and Seminars</a><ul><li id="menu-6911-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/animals-in-law-and-humanities" class="sf-depth-3">Animals in the Law and Humanities</a></li><li id="menu-3472-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/constitutional-roundtable" title="Constitutional Roundtable" class="sf-depth-3">Constitutional Roundtable</a></li><li id="menu-3474-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/critical-analysis-law-workshop" title="Critical Analysis of Law Workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Critical Analysis of Law Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-6946-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/faculty-colloquium" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Colloquium</a></li><li id="menu-4919-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/globalization-law-justice-workshop-series" class="sf-depth-3">Globalization, Law & Justice Workshop Series</a></li><li id="menu-3478-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/health-law-ethics-and-policy-seminar-series" title="Health Law, Policy and Ethics Seminar Series" class="sf-depth-3">Health Law, Policy and Ethics Seminar Series</a></li><li id="menu-6826-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/innovation-law-and-policy-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Innovation Law and Policy Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3480-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/law-economics-workshop" title="Law & Economics Workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Law & Economics Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-4555-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/law-and-humanities-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">Law and Humanities Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3483-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/legal-theory-workshops" title="Legal Theory Workshops" class="sf-depth-3">Legal Theory Workshops</a></li><li id="menu-3485-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/toronto-legal-history-group" class="sf-depth-3">Osgoode Society Legal History Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-3484-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/tax-law-and-policy-workshop-series" title="Tax Law and Policy Workshop Series" class="sf-depth-3">Tax Law and Policy Workshop Series</a></li><li id="menu-6938-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/group-ownership-workshop" class="sf-depth-3">The Group Ownership Workshop</a></li><li id="menu-6882-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/workshops-and-seminars/university-toronto-annual-patent-colloquium" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Annual Patent Colloquium</a></li><li id="menu-6549-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications/conferences/yale-toronto-private-law-theory-discussion-group" class="sf-depth-3">Yale-Toronto Private Law Theory Discussion Group</a></li><li id="menu-6449-1" class="last even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3"><a href="/decolonizing-canadian-constitutional-law" class="sf-depth-3">Decolonizing Canadian Constitutional Law</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1591-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-5 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Faculty & Staff</a><ul><li id="menu-1802-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-3 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Faculty</a><ul><li id="menu-3638-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty" title="Single-page list of faculty (without photos)" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty - List View</a></li><li id="menu-5710-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/emeritus-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Emeritus Faculty</a></li><li id="menu-5501-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/scholarship-publications/faculty-scholarship/faculty-honours" title="Honours awarded to faculty" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty Honours</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3035-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/endowed-chairs" title="Endowed Chairs" class="sf-depth-2">Chairholders</a></li><li id="menu-3859-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Distinguished Visitors</a><ul><li id="menu-3038-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors/about-distinguished-visitors" title="About Distinguished Visitors" class="sf-depth-3">About Distinguished Visitors</a></li><li id="menu-3862-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/faculty-staff/distinguished-visitors/archives" class="sf-depth-3">Distinguished Visitor Archives</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2251-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/adjunct-visiting-faculty" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Adjunct and Visiting Faculty</a><ul><li id="menu-3036-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/adjunct-visiting-faculty/about-adjunct-and-visiting-faculty" title="About Adjunct and Visiting Faculty" class="sf-depth-3">About Adjunct and Visiting Faculty</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-6033-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-visitors-university-toronto-faculty-law/postgraduate-fellows" class="sf-depth-2">Postdoctoral Fellows</a></li><li id="menu-1823-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff" title="" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Staff Directory</a><ul><li id="menu-1887-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/by-department" title="" class="sf-depth-3">By Department</a></li><li id="menu-6880-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/research-associates" class="sf-depth-3">Research Associates</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3033-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-employment" title="Academic Employment Opportunities" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Employment Opportunities</a></li><li id="menu-6925-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/academic-visitors-university-toronto-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Visitors to the University of Toronto Faculty of Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2731-1" class="active-trail middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-14 sf-parent-children-6 sf-single-children-8 menuparent"><a href="/student-life" title="Student Life & Services" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Student Life & Services</a><ul><li id="menu-6968-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/meet-your-student-services-team" class="sf-depth-2">Meet your Student Services Team</a></li><li id="menu-4335-1" class="active-trail middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-8 sf-parent-children-4 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Career Development Office</a><ul><li id="menu-4345-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/students-seeking-employment" class="sf-depth-3">Current Students</a></li><li id="menu-4414-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/prospective-students" class="sf-depth-3">Prospective Students</a></li><li id="menu-4350-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/employers-seeking-students" class="sf-depth-3">Employers</a></li><li id="menu-4349-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-guides-and-resources" class="sf-depth-3">What We Offer</a></li><li id="menu-4357-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-workshops-and-programs" class="sf-depth-3">Upcoming Events</a></li><li id="menu-4346-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-who-we-are" class="sf-depth-3">Contact Us</a></li><li id="menu-4352-1" class="active-trail middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions" class="sf-depth-3 active">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-5998-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3"><a href="/career-explorer" class="sf-depth-3">Career Explorer: A Map for U of T Law Students</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3505-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/academic-support" title="Academic Support" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Support</a></li><li id="menu-5662-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/mentorship-and-peer-programs-u-t-law" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Mentorship and Peer Programs at U of T Law</a><ul><li id="menu-5669-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-information-alumni-student-mentorship-program" class="sf-depth-3">Alumni-Student Mentorship Program</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3528-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-7 sf-parent-children-3 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/personal-support" title="Supporting your life outside of academics" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Student Life</a><ul><li id="menu-3530-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/family-care" title="Students with Families" class="sf-depth-3">Students with Families</a></li><li id="menu-3532-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/housing" title="Housing" class="sf-depth-3">Housing</a></li><li id="menu-4532-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/lgbt-students-uoft-law" class="sf-depth-3">LGBTQ Students at UofT Law</a></li><li id="menu-4534-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/mature-students" class="sf-depth-3">Mature Students</a></li><li id="menu-3534-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/safety-campus" title="Safety on Campus" class="sf-depth-3">Safety on Campus</a></li><li id="menu-5473-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/spiritual-diversity-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Spiritual Diversity at the Law School</a></li><li id="menu-3533-1" class="last odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/other-university-toronto-services" title="Other University of Toronto Services" class="sf-depth-3">Other University of Toronto Services</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3531-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being" title="Health and Wellness" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Health and Wellness</a><ul><li id="menu-3529-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/accessibility-services" title="Accessibility Services / Accommodations" class="sf-depth-3">Accessibility Services / Accommodations</a></li><li id="menu-4562-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Counselling & Support Services</a></li><li id="menu-4563-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-university" class="sf-depth-3">Health & Medical Services</a></li><li id="menu-6369-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/mindfulness-program-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-3">Mindfulness program at the Faculty of Law</a></li><li id="menu-4564-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/health-and-wellness-local-community" class="sf-depth-3">Other Wellness Resources</a></li><li id="menu-5633-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being/tips-staying-well-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Tips for Staying Well at Law School</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5981-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://uoftbookstore.com/law_faculty.asp" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Bookstore (external link)</a></li><li id="menu-5746-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Graduate Health & Wellness</a><ul><li id="menu-5747-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/accessibility-servicesaccommodations" class="sf-depth-3">Accessibility Services/Accommodations</a></li><li id="menu-5748-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/counseling-and-support-services" class="sf-depth-3">Counseling and Support Services</a></li><li id="menu-5749-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/health-and-medical-services" class="sf-depth-3">Health and Medical Services</a></li><li id="menu-5750-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/other-wellness-resources" class="sf-depth-3">Other Wellness Resources</a></li><li id="menu-5751-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/self-assessment-tools" class="sf-depth-3">Self-Assessment Tools</a></li><li id="menu-5752-1" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness/tips-staying-well-law-school" class="sf-depth-3">Tips for Staying Well at Law School</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5644-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/programs-centres/programs/indigenous-initiatives-office" title="Indigenous Initiatives Office" class="sf-depth-2">Indigenous Initiatives Office</a></li><li id="menu-3502-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-36 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-35 menuparent"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events" title="Student Clubs and Events" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Student Clubs and Events</a><ul><li id="menu-3537-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/artists-legal-advice-services" title="Artists' Legal Advice Services" class="sf-depth-3">Artists' Legal Advice Services</a></li><li id="menu-3543-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/asia-law-society" title="Asia Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Asia Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3538-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/black-law-students-association-blsa" title="Black Law Students Association (BLSA)" class="sf-depth-3">Black Law Students Association (BLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-3539-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/business-law-society" title="Business Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Business Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5984-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/canadian-association-refugee-lawyers-carl" class="sf-depth-3">The Canadian Association of Refugee Lawyers (CARL)</a></li><li id="menu-6892-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/canadian-hispanic-bar-association" class="sf-depth-3">Canadian Hispanic Bar Association (CHBA), U of T Chapter</a></li><li id="menu-3541-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/clf" title="Christian Legal Fellowship - University of Toronto Chapter" class="sf-depth-3">Christian Legal Fellowship</a></li><li id="menu-6958-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/competition-law-group" class="sf-depth-3">Competition Law Group</a></li><li id="menu-3542-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/criminal-law-students-society-clsa" title="Criminal Law Students' Association (CLSA)" class="sf-depth-3">Criminal Law Students' Association (CLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-6377-1" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/disabled-law-students-association" class="sf-depth-3">The Disabled Law Students’ Association</a></li><li id="menu-3545-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/environmental-law-club" title="Environmental Law Club" class="sf-depth-3">Environmental Law Club</a></li><li id="menu-3550-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/intramural-sports" title="Intramural Sports" class="sf-depth-3">Faculty of Law Athletic Association/Intramurals</a></li><li id="menu-5685-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/first-generation-network" class="sf-depth-3">First Generation Network</a></li><li id="menu-3547-1" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/health-law-club" title="Health Law Club" class="sf-depth-3">Health Law Club</a></li><li id="menu-3535-1" class="middle odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/indigenous-law-students-association" title="Indigenous Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Indigenous Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3549-1" class="middle even sf-item-16 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/international-law-society" title="International Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">International Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3552-1" class="middle odd sf-item-17 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/jewish-law-students-association" title="Jewish Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Jewish Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-6914-1" class="middle even sf-item-18 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/korean-law-students-association-klsa" class="sf-depth-3">Korean Law Students’ Association (KLSA)</a></li><li id="menu-5461-1" class="middle odd sf-item-19 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/leap-labour-and-employment-law-in-actual-practice" class="sf-depth-3">The Labour & Employment Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3555-1" class="middle even sf-item-20 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/law-follies" title="Law Follies" class="sf-depth-3">Law Follies</a></li><li id="menu-3556-1" class="middle odd sf-item-21 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/law-games" title="Law Games" class="sf-depth-3">Law Games</a></li><li id="menu-6974-1" class="middle even sf-item-22 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events" title="" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Mock Trial Association</a></li><li id="menu-3558-1" class="middle odd sf-item-23 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/litigation-association" title="Litigation Association" class="sf-depth-3">Litigation Association</a></li><li id="menu-3560-1" class="middle even sf-item-24 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/muslim-law-students-association" title="Muslim Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-3">Muslim Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3561-1" class="middle odd sf-item-25 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/outlaws" title="OutLaws" class="sf-depth-3">OutLaws</a></li><li id="menu-6447-1" class="middle even sf-item-26 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/privacy-and-cybersecurity-law-group" title="Privacy and Cybersecurity Law Group" class="sf-depth-3">Privacy and Cybersecurity Law Group</a></li><li id="menu-6551-1" class="middle odd sf-item-27 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/real-estate-law-society" title="Real Estate Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Real Estate Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5731-1" class="middle even sf-item-28 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/runnymede-society" class="sf-depth-3">Runnymede Society</a></li><li id="menu-3564-1" class="middle odd sf-item-29 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/south-asian-law-students-association-salsa" title="South Asian Law Students' Association (SALSA)" class="sf-depth-3">South Asian Law Students' Association (SALSA)</a></li><li id="menu-3566-1" class="middle even sf-item-30 sf-depth-3"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/sports-and-entertainment-law-society" title="Sports and Entertainment Law Society" class="sf-depth-3">Sports and Entertainment Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-5238-1" class="middle odd sf-item-31 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/tax-law-society" class="sf-depth-3">Tax Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3569-1" class="middle even sf-item-32 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/ultra-vires" title="Ultra Vires" class="sf-depth-3">Ultra Vires</a></li><li id="menu-3567-1" class="middle odd sf-item-33 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/student-animal-legal-defense-fund" title="University of Toronto Animal Justice" class="sf-depth-3">University of Toronto Animal Justice</a></li><li id="menu-5108-1" class="middle even sf-item-34 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/u-t-law-union" class="sf-depth-3">U of T Law Union</a></li><li id="menu-4384-1" class="middle odd sf-item-35 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/venture-law-society" class="sf-depth-3">Venture Capital Law Society</a></li><li id="menu-3570-1" class="last even sf-item-36 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events/women-and-law-student-group" title="Women and the Law (Student Group)" class="sf-depth-3">Women and the Law</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-3504-1" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/students-law-society-sls" title="Students' Law Society (SLS)" class="sf-depth-2">Students' Law Society (SLS)</a></li><li id="menu-3501-1" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/graduate-law-students-association" title="Graduate Law Students' Association" class="sf-depth-2">Graduate Law Students' Association</a></li><li id="menu-3503-1" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-journals" title="Student Journals" class="sf-depth-2">Student Journals</a></li><li id="menu-4915-1" class="last even sf-item-14 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/student-participation-in-university-and-faculty-law-governance" class="sf-depth-2">Student Participation in University and Faculty of Law Governance</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2730-1" class="last even sf-item-8 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-10 sf-parent-children-5 sf-single-children-5 menuparent"><a href="/about-law-school" title="About the Law School" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">About</a><ul><li id="menu-5647-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-2 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/about/building-orientation" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Building Orientation</a><ul><li id="menu-5648-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/student-life/building-faqs" class="sf-depth-3">Building FAQs</a></li><li id="menu-5661-1" class="last even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/building-orientation/special-features-jackman-law-building" class="sf-depth-3">Special Features of the Jackman Law Building</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2733-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-2 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/brief-history" title="Brief History of the Law School" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Brief History of the Law School</a><ul><li id="menu-2737-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/brief-history/class-1951" title="Class of 1951" class="sf-depth-3">Class of 1951</a></li><li id="menu-2738-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3"><a href="/about/brief-history/trailblazers-1970s" title="Trailblazers from the 1970s" class="sf-depth-3">Trailblazers from the 1970s</a></li><li id="menu-2746-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/about/brief-history/women-in-law-through-decades" title="Women in Law Through the Decades" class="sf-depth-3">Women in Law Through the Decades</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-2734-1" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/fact-sheet" title="Fact Sheet" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Fact Sheet</a><ul><li id="menu-5468-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/jd-first-year-class-profile" class="sf-depth-3">JD First Year Class Profile</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5475-1" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/inclusivity-and-diversity-faculty-law" class="sf-depth-2">Inclusivity and Diversity at the Faculty of Law</a></li><li id="menu-2805-1" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-3 sf-parent-children-1 sf-single-children-2 menuparent"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings" title="Law School Buildings" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">Law School Buildings</a><ul><li id="menu-2806-1" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings/flavelle-ceiling" title="Flavelle Ceiling" class="sf-depth-3">Flavelle Ceiling</a></li><li id="menu-5949-1" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings/building-tour" class="sf-depth-3">Building Tour</a></li><li id="menu-4817-1" class="last odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-3"><a href="/blog/construction" title="" class="sf-depth-3">Construction Blog</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-5670-1" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/statement-acknowledgement-traditional-land" class="sf-depth-2">Statement of Acknowledgement of Traditional Land</a></li><li id="menu-5975-1" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school/truth-and-reconciliation-commission-implementation-committee" class="sf-depth-2">Truth and Reconciliation Commission Implementation Committee</a></li><li id="menu-2803-1" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/visitor-frequently-asked-questions" title="Visitor Frequently Asked Questions" class="sf-depth-2">Visitor Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-2811-1" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-total-children-1 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/about/visitor-info/how-find-us" title="How to Find Us" class="sf-depth-2 menuparent">How to Find Us</a><ul><li id="menu-2812-1" class="firstandlast odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-3 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/law-school-buildings-internal-maps" title="Law School Buildings: Internal Maps" class="sf-depth-3">Law School Buildings: Internal Maps</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1301-1" class="last even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/contact-us" class="sf-depth-2">Contact Us</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  <div id="main-wrapper"> <div id="main" class="container layout-two-col-left"> <div id="content-wrapper"> <div id="content" class="column"> <div id="breadcrumb"><h2 class="element-invisible">You are here</h2><div class="breadcrumb"><span class="first"><a href="/">Home</a></span><a href="/student-life" title="Student Life & Services">Student Life & Services</a><span class="separator">></span><a href="/student-life/career-development-office">Career Development Office</a><span class="separator">></span>Frequently Asked Questions</div></div> <a id="main-content" accesskey="m"></a> <h1 class="title" id="page-title">Frequently Asked Questions</h1> <div id="main-content-region" role="main"> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div id="node-3147" class="node node-page node-page-full clearfix" about="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Frequently Asked Questions" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content"> <div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><div class="accordion"><h2>Do the majority of students focus their studies in a particular area of law?</h2><div class="content">No. After first year, the choice of courses is entirely optional (within certain academic requirements). The breadth of theoretical and practical courses offered at this law school means that students specialize only to the extent they wish to.</div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>Does U of T law school have a particular area of speciality?</h2><div class="content"><p><span>Although the Faculty does not offer specializations or programs of focus available at other law schools, the expertise of our Faculty is unparalleled.  </span></p><p><span>The richness of upper year courses is the heart of our JD program.  The breadth and diversity of the curriculum offered allows students to craft programs of study tailored to their individual needs and ambitions.</span></p><p><span>Students may select from amongst more than 100 upper year courses each year, including those as fundamental as Evidence Law and Business Organizations to those as unique and varied as Financial Crimes; Comparative Anti-Terrorism and National Security Law; Law, Religion and Public Discourse; and Modern Political Trials.  In addition, the Faculty's commitment to ensuring that our leading academics are in the classroom means that students study with the leaders in the field across a wide array of subject matters including law and development, corporate law, health law, family law, criminal law and other areas too numerous to mention.  The Faculty is also extremely fortunate to be supported by an outstanding array of adjunct professors who shape their fields and who bring a sophisticated understanding of legal realities to the classroom.  Their courses include topics as diverse as International Arbitration, Animal Rights, Freedom of Expression and the Press, and International Criminal Law.  Finally, one of the Faculty's defining features is its broad transnational engagement.  The Distinguished Visiting Faculty Program, which brings the world's leading scholars and jurists to the law school, is one expression of this engagement.  Distinguished Visitors have included some of the most influential jurists, scholars and legal thinkers from Canada and around the world.</span></p><p>If you have a specific are of interest, the Faculty will be able to satisfy it.  If you would like more information about the Faculty's curriculum, please refer to <a href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs" target="_blank">Acacemic Programs</a>.</p></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>How do I specialize in an area of law?</h2><div class="content"><p>Students select upper year courses based on their academic interests and goals, providing they meet the academic requirements. For example:</p><ul><li>A student interested in litigation and dispute settlement might select courses such as Alternative Dispute Resolution, Advanced Civil Litigation Strategies, Trial Advocacy, and Negotiation. This could be supplemented by participation in the first year voluntary moots, and the second year compulsory and competitive moots. This student may also join one of our numerous advocacy-focused extra-curricular activities, including the Client Counselling Competition.</li><li>A student with an interest in international issues might study Comparative Constitutional Law, International Law and Compliance, International Trade Regulation, Public International Law, and Private International Law. This could be augmented by participation in the International Human Rights Internship Program, the Work in Hong Kong/China/Japan programs, or the Summer Fellowship in International Business & Trade Law. This student could also get involved in the student-run International Law Society.</li></ul></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>Do you offer combined degrees and can they be of advantage in obtaining a legal position?</h2><div class="content"><p>Each year, approximately 20 per cent of the class participates in at least one combined degree. Employers may consider a combined degree advantageous since it gives students insight into different but related disciplines. Students are able to demonstrate to employers specialized knowledge and perspectives in an area other than law.</p><p>For example, many law firms with corporate departments hire students with a combined J.D./M.B.A. degree because of the business expertise those students can bring to the firm. Similarly, firms specializing in family law or government departments dealing with children may welcome someone who has also obtained a Masters in Social Work in addition to their law degree.</p><p title="Combined JD/Certificate in Environm...">Our law school offers the following combined degrees:</p><ul><li>Business: <a title="JD/MBA" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdmba-program" target="_self">JD/MBA</a></li><li>Criminology: <a title="JD/MA Criminology" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdma-criminology" target="_self">JD/MA</a></li><li>Economics: <a title="JD/MA Economics" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdma-economics" target="_self">JD/MA </a></li><li>Economics: <a title="Combined J.D./Ph.D.(Economics)" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdphd-economics" target="_self">JD/PhD</a></li><li>English: <a title="JD/MA English" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdma-english" target="_self">JD/MA</a></li><li>European and Russian Affairs: <a title="JD/MA Eurasian" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdma-russian" target="_self">JD/MA </a></li><li>Global Affairs: <a title="JD/MGA" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdmga-master-global-affairs" target="_self">JD/MGA</a></li><li>Information Studies: <a title="Combined J.D./M.I.St (information s..." href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdmi-information" target="_self">JD/MI</a></li><li>Philosophy: <a title="Combined J.D./Ph.D.(Philosophy)" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdphd-philosophy" target="_self">JD/PhD</a></li><li>Political Science: <a title="Combined JD/PhD (Political Science)" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdphd-political-science" target="_self">JD/PhD</a></li><li>Public Policy: <a title="JD/MPP" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd/combined-programs/jdmpp-public-policy" target="_self">JD/MPP</a></li><li>Social Work: <a title="Combined J.D./M.S.W. Program" href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs/jdmsw-social-work" target="_self">JD/MSW</a> </li></ul></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>How successful are graduates in obtaining articling positions?</h2><div class="content">Our strong academic reputation is well understood by prospective employers and our graduates enjoy tremendous success in securing placements at law firms and industry, public interest and government departments. The Faculty also has a remarkable placement rate for judicial clerkships at all levels of courts.  Consider, for example, that in 2013-2014 six of twenty-seven (roughly 25%) Supreme Court Clerks will be graduates of our Faculty.  Equally impressive is the fact that six of the Court of Appeal for Ontario's 2013-2014 Clerks are graduates of our law school.<br /><br />By graduation each year, 90 - 95% of the class has secured an articling placement, a pre-requisite to being called to the various provincial bars. Our graduating classes typically enjoy the highest rate of placement at the time of graduation of any Ontario law school.</div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>How will I find an articling position?</h2><div class="content"><p>In the first year following graduation from the J.D. program, students must article in order to fulfill the requirements for being called to the bar of a Canadian province. The CDO will assist you in obtaining an articling position, whether in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, London, Ottawa, or any other Canadian city.</p><p>Students should carefully consider their articling options in order to find an employer that will give them the background, guidance, and training in the area they have selected.</p><p>The office provides resources including:</p><ul><li>up-to-date articling and summer employment handbooks</li><li>information packages about employment opportunities in major cities</li><li>resumé writing and interview skills seminars</li><li>an individual review of your application package and discussion of interview strategies</li><li>annual career fairs and on campus interview programs</li></ul><p>Also, some articling employers offer second-year summer employment programs, which for many law students translates into meaningful work experience and an offer of an articling position upon graduation.</p></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>What is the salary range for new lawyers?</h2><div class="content"><p>The Career Development Office compiles current information on articling and associate salaries and makes this available to our students.</p><ul><li>Articling salaries in Toronto range from approximately $35,000 to $70,000 per year.</li><li>Students who article with a mid- to large-size Toronto law firm earns about $50,000 to $65,000 a year.</li><li>Articling salaries outside of Toronto, and in particular, outside of Ontario are lower.</li></ul><p>The Career Development Office also compiles current information on articling and associate salaries and makes this available to our students.</p></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>If I attend U of T law school will I be able to practise law in other parts of Canada?</h2><div class="content"><p>Yes. Our law school is accredited not only by the Law Society of Upper Canada - the governing body for the Ontario legal profession - but other provincial and territorial law societies throughout Canada.</p><p>But legal governing bodies in each province have varying requirements for admission to the practice of law. You should contact the specific law society to which you seek admission. Furthermore, each provincial law society requires some period of articling following completion of a Canadian law degree.</p><p>A good place to begin your search on the different requirements of each provincial body is at the website of the <a title="Canadian Federation of Law Societies of Canada" href="http://www.flsc.ca/" target="_blank">Canadian Federation of Law Societies of Canada</a>. </p></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>If I attend U of T law school will I be able to practise law in the United States?</h2><div class="content"><p>In a nutshell, it depends. Like the different provincial law societies, each state has its own entrance requirements, particularly when it comes to law degrees from other countries. Currently, states which accept our law degree as “equivalent” to an American law degree are New York and Massachusetts.  Another popular destination for our graduates is California, but to be eligible to write the California Bar, one must first be called to the Bar of a Canadian province, or another American state such as New York.</p><p>Detailed requirements for every state are available in a publication called the Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements published by the <a href="http://www.abanet.org/home.html" target="_blank">American Bar Association</a>. You should investigate this information early in order to avoid disappointment in the future.</p></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>Will a J.D. degree be useful if I decide that the traditional practice of law is not for me?</h2><div class="content"><p>Absolutely. Graduates seek a variety of positions in practice as well as in non-traditional careers upon completion of their law degree or articles. For example, some students choose to clerk for judges at a Canadian court, or article with a policy division of the government, a public interest organization, a union, or corporation.</p><p>You may choose to pursue a career in academics, the civil service, with an international human rights organization, or within business. We have graduates who are actors, labour relation consultants, career counsellors, human rights advocates, professors, university administrators, company presidents, investment bankers, stockbrokers, and small business owners - the list is endless.</p><p>All these people, although pursuing non-traditional paths, have benefited from the acquisition of a law degree. But before you decide to pursue a non-traditional career, it may be useful to get an articling position that exposes you to several areas of law. This may help determine exactly which direction you should take. The Career Development Office can also assist in your search through panel discussions, resources, and individual career counselling.</p></div></div><div class="accordion"><h2>How do I pursue interests in environmental law, international law, entertainment law, etc.?</h2><div class="content"><p>As noted above, the best way to pursue your interests is to:</p><ul><li>take courses in your areas of interest</li><li>participate in the many exciting and innovative programs offered by the law school</li><li>get involved in extra-curricular activities</li></ul><p>You can also:</p><ul><li>pursue your interests by seeking faculty members whose area of interest or expertise mirrors your own and undertaking a writing project  with one such person</li><li>take the opportunity to do research and writing in your area of interest </li><li>attend the many seminars and lectures by visiting speakers that run throughout the academic year which relate to your area of interest</li><li>seek out a summer or articling employer that specializes in your interest (for example, a boutique intellectual property firm)</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div id="sidebar-first" class="column sidebar"> <div class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div id="block-menu-block-1" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <h2><a href="/student-life" title="Student Life & Services" class="active-trail">Student Life & Services</a></h2> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-1 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-2"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-6968"><a href="/student-life/meet-your-student-services-team">Meet your Student Services Team</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-4335"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office" class="active-trail">Career Development Office</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4345"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/students-seeking-employment">Current Students</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-4414"><a href="/prospective-students">Prospective Students</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-4350"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/employers-seeking-students">Employers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4349"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-guides-and-resources">What We Offer</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4357"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-workshops-and-programs">Upcoming Events</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4346"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-who-we-are">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-4352"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office/cdo-frequently-asked-questions" class="active-trail active">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> <li class="last collapsed menu-mlid-5998"><a href="/career-explorer">Career Explorer: A Map for U of T Law Students</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3505"><a href="/student-life/academic-support" title="Academic Support">Academic Support</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-5662"><a href="/student-life/mentorship-and-peer-programs-u-t-law">Mentorship and Peer Programs at U of T Law</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-3528"><a href="/student-life/personal-support" title="Supporting your life outside of academics">Student Life</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-3531"><a href="/student-life/personal-support/health-and-well-being" title="Health and Wellness">Health and Wellness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5981"><a href="https://uoftbookstore.com/law_faculty.asp" title="">Bookstore (external link)</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-5746"><a href="/student-life/graduate-health-wellness">Graduate Health & Wellness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5644"><a href="https://www.law.utoronto.ca/programs-centres/programs/indigenous-initiatives-office" title="Indigenous Initiatives Office">Indigenous Initiatives Office</a></li> <li class="collapsed menu-mlid-3502"><a href="/student-life/student-clubs-and-events" title="Student Clubs and Events">Student Clubs and Events</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3504"><a href="/student-life/students-law-society-sls" title="Students' Law Society (SLS)">Students' Law Society (SLS)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3501"><a href="/student-life/graduate-law-students-association" title="Graduate Law Students' Association">Graduate Law Students' Association</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3503"><a href="/student-life/student-journals" title="Student Journals">Student Journals</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4915"><a href="/student-life/student-participation-in-university-and-faculty-law-governance">Student Participation in University and Faculty of Law Governance</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  <div id="footer-wrapper"> <div id="footer-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer-top"> <div id="block-block-2" class="block block-block"> <h2>Social media</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="social-media"> <li class="twitter"><a href="https://twitter.com/uoftlaw" target="_blank">Twitter</a></li> <li class="facebook"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/UofTLaw" target="_blank">Facebook</a></li> <li class="linked-in"><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/company/university-of-toronto-faculty-of-law" target="_blank">Linked In</a></li> <li class="youtube"><a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/UTorontoLaw/" target="_blank">YouTube</a></li> <li class="instagram"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/UofTLaw/" target="_blank">Instagram</a></li> <li class="tumblr"><a href="http://84queenspark.tumblr.com/" target="_blank">Tumblr</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="block-superfish-3" class="block block-superfish"> <h2>Footer menu</h2> <div class="content"> <ul id="superfish-3" class="menu sf-menu sf-menu-footer-menu sf-horizontal sf-style-none sf-total-items-5 sf-parent-items-5 sf-single-items-0"><li id="menu-1310-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-11 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-11 menuparent"><a href="/future-students" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Future Students</a><ul><li id="menu-4536-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/welcome-university-toronto-faculty-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Message from the Dean</a></li><li id="menu-3726-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/jd-admissions" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Admissions</a></li><li id="menu-3727-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/financialaid" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Financial Aid</a></li><li id="menu-3728-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/jd-program/combined-programs" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Combined Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3729-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/focus-areas" class="sf-depth-2">Focus Areas</a></li><li id="menu-3730-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/programs-centres/programs" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Special Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3731-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Student Life</a></li><li id="menu-3732-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty</a></li><li id="menu-3839-3" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/brief-history" title="" class="sf-depth-2">History</a></li><li id="menu-3840-3" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/law-school-buildings" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law School Buildings</a></li><li id="menu-3841-3" class="last odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/admissions/why-u-t/great-city" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Toronto</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1311-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-6 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-6 menuparent"><a href="/current-students" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Current Students</a><ul><li id="menu-5488-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://handbook.law.utoronto.ca/" title="Academic Handbook (external link)" class="sf-depth-2">Academic Handbook</a></li><li id="menu-3843-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/course-calendar" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Course Calendar</a></li><li id="menu-3844-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/sessional-dates" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Sessional Dates</a></li><li id="menu-5489-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/academic-programs/schedules" title="Schedules and Timetables" class="sf-depth-2">Schedules and Timetables</a></li><li id="menu-5490-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/bookstore" title="Bookstore" class="sf-depth-2">Bookstore</a></li><li id="menu-4374-3" class="last even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/student-life/career-development-office" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Career Development Office</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1312-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-9 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-9 menuparent"><a href="/visitors" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Visitors</a><ul><li id="menu-5491-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about-law-school" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Welcome to the Law School</a></li><li id="menu-3849-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty & Staff Directories</a></li><li id="menu-3850-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="http://library.law.utoronto.ca" title="Bora Laskin Law Library (external link)" class="sf-depth-2">Bora Laskin Law Library</a></li><li id="menu-3851-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/executive-education" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Executive Education</a></li><li id="menu-3852-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs/legal-clinics" title="Legal Clinics" class="sf-depth-2">Legal Clinics</a></li><li id="menu-3853-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/centres-programs" title="Centers & Programs" class="sf-depth-2">Centers & Programs</a></li><li id="menu-3854-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/scholarship-publications" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Special Lectures, Workshops, Seminars, and Conferences</a></li><li id="menu-3855-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/about/visitor-info/visitor-frequently-asked-questions" title="Frequently Asked Questions" class="sf-depth-2">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li><li id="menu-3857-3" class="last odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/events/month" title="Events Calendar (this month)" class="sf-depth-2">Events Calendar</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-1314-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-4 sf-parent-children-0 sf-single-children-4 menuparent"><a href="/faculty-staff" title="" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Faculty & Staff</a><ul><li id="menu-5494-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty/photo-card" title="Faculty Directory, with photos" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Directory (Photo)</a></li><li id="menu-5495-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/full-time-faculty" title="Faculty Directory, one-page list" class="sf-depth-2">Faculty Directory (List)</a></li><li id="menu-5496-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff" title="Staff Directory, list view" class="sf-depth-2">Staff Directory</a></li><li id="menu-5497-3" class="last even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/faculty-staff/staff/by-department" title="Staff Directory by department" class="sf-depth-2">Staff Directory (Department)</a></li></ul></li><li id="menu-4232-3" class="last odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-1 sf-total-children-15 sf-parent-children-14 sf-single-children-1 menuparent"><a href="/focus-areas" title="" class="sf-depth-1 menuparent">Focus Areas</a><ul><li id="menu-2149-3" class="first odd sf-item-1 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/aboriginal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Aboriginal Law</a></li><li id="menu-6887-3" class="middle even sf-item-2 sf-depth-2 sf-no-children"><a href="/focus-area/animal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Animal Law</a></li><li id="menu-2153-3" class="middle odd sf-item-3 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/business-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Business Law</a></li><li id="menu-2156-3" class="middle even sf-item-4 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/constitutional-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Constitutional Law</a></li><li id="menu-4522-3" class="middle odd sf-item-5 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/criminal-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Criminal Law</a></li><li id="menu-2159-3" class="middle even sf-item-6 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/environmental-law" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Environmental Law</a></li><li id="menu-2162-3" class="middle odd sf-item-7 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/health-law-and-policy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Health Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-5143-3" class="middle even sf-item-8 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/innovation-law" title="Innovation Law focus area" class="sf-depth-2">Innovation Law</a></li><li id="menu-2165-3" class="middle odd sf-item-9 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/international-law-and-policy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">International Law and Policy</a></li><li id="menu-5732-3" class="middle even sf-item-10 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-economics" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Economics</a></li><li id="menu-6383-3" class="middle odd sf-item-11 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-history" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and History</a></li><li id="menu-2168-3" class="middle even sf-item-12 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-literature" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Literature</a></li><li id="menu-2171-3" class="middle odd sf-item-13 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/law-and-philosophy" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Law and Philosophy</a></li><li id="menu-2174-3" class="middle even sf-item-14 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/public-interest-and-diversity" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Public Interest and Diversity</a></li><li id="menu-2177-3" class="last odd sf-item-15 sf-depth-2"><a href="/focus-area/women-law-and-social-change" title="" class="sf-depth-2">Women in Law and Social Change</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="region region-footer-bottom"> <div id="block-menu-block-8" class="block block-menu-block clearfix"> <div class="content"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-8 menu-name-menu-footer-utility parent-mlid-0 menu-level-1"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-2128"><a href="/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-5578"><a href="/privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2129"><a href="/about/contact-us" title="">Contact the Faculty</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2130"><a href="/comments-or-questions">Comments or Questions?</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-3" class="block block-block"> <h2>University of Toronto Faculty of Law</h2> <div class="content"> <p>78 Queen's Park ( <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="/about/contact-us"><span style="color: #ffffff;">View Map</span></a></span> )<br />Toronto, ON M5S 2C5<br />Tel: 416-978-0210 </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div></div>  <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-fe3d812bd3551e468d3","applicationID":"540571234","transactionName":"ZVxVZ0YCCBVSWhIPC1wWYkFdTEkPXV0DHkpCUUc=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":368,"atts":"SRtWEQ4YGxs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>