Science of Psychology

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" prefix="og:http://ogp.me/ns# fb:http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/"> <head><script src="/ter-treafter-not-it-the-Flourthe-Cere-and-that-S" async></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ "contentMonth": "11", "contentDay": "14", "contentYear": "2013", "contentType": "Topic" }); </script>  <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){ w[l]=w[l]||[]; w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'}); var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:''; j.async=true; j.src='//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); }) (window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WH9FTL'); </script>   <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || { cmd: [] }; </script> <meta name="description" content="Applied psychology and the science of psychology benefit society. Psychologists conduct basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, teach future psychologists, and test intelligence and personality." /> <meta property="og:description" content="Applied psychology and the science of psychology benefit society. Psychologists conduct basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, teach future psychologists, and test intelligence and personality." /> <meta itemprop="description" content="Applied psychology and the science of psychology benefit society. Psychologists conduct basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, teach future psychologists, and test intelligence and personality." /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Applied psychology and the science of psychology benefit society. Psychologists conduct basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, teach future psychologists, and test intelligence and personality."> <meta property="og:title" content="Science of Psychology" /> <meta itemprop="name" content="Science of Psychology" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Science of Psychology"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.apa.org/Content/Images/social-share.png" /> <meta itemprop="image" content="https://www.apa.org/Content/Images/social-share.png" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.apa.org/Content/Images/social-share.png"> <meta property="og:site_name" content="https://www.apa.org" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/science" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@APA"> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="255440604529709" /> <title>Science of Psychology</title> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-144.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-114.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/Content/Images/launcher-apa-57.png" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/Content/Images/favicon-apa.ico" type="image/x-icon" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css" tabindex="-1"> <link id="globalCss" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/apa.min.css?v=25.2" tabindex="-1"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/education.min.css?v=25.2" tabindex="-1"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="/js/vendor/jquery.js"><\/script>')</script> <script src="https://dl-client.apa.org/content.min.js" defer></script> </head> <body class="">  <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WH9FTL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;" aria-hidden="true" title="Google Analytics"></iframe></noscript>  <div id="skiptocontent"><a href="#maincontent" class="skip-main">skip to main content</a></div> <div id="nav-promo" data-ai-region data-ai-area="site-alert"> <div class="container"> <div class="d-flex site-alert informational"> <i class="fas fa-circle-info"></i> <div class="alert-content"> <p><a href="https://updates.apaservices.org/">Response Center</a>: Stay informed about APA/APASI’s response to recent federal policy changes affecting psychology</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <header role="banner" class="header"> <div class="top-hat d-flex" data-ai-region data-ai-area="tophat"> <div class="top-hat-aligner d-flex align-items-center justify-content-between"> <div class="apa-sites d-md-none"> <nav class="sites-nav"> <ul class="apa-sites-list d-flex align-items-center"> <li> <a href="https://www.apa.org" class="apa.org">APA.org</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org" class="apa-style">APA Style</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.apaservices.org" class="apa-services">APA Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.apadivisions.org" class="divisions">Divisions</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="left-nav d-flex align-items-center"> <nav class="insider-nav"> <ul class="d-flex align-items-center"> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/about" class="about-apa">About APA</a> </li> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/events" class="events">Events</a> </li> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/members" class="membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class=""> <a href="https://www.apa.org/members/your-membership/join" class="join-apa">Join APA</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav class="utility-nav"> <ul class="d-flex align-items-center"> <li class="d-md-none"> <a href="https://www.apa.org/support" target="_parent">Help</a> </li> <li id="HeaderMyApaLink" style="display:none;"><a href="https://my.apa.org/portal/home" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">MyAPA</a></li> <li id="HeaderLogoutLink" style="display:none;"> (<a href="https://www.apa.org/idem/Logout?redirect=http://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/science" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">Log Out</a>) </li> <li id="HeaderLoginLink"> <a href="https://sso.apa.org/apasso/idm/apalogin?ERIGHTS_TARGET=http://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/science" rel='nofollow' target="_parent">Log In</a> </li> <li id="HeaderCart"> <a href="https://my.apa.org/shop/shoppingCart" rel='nofollow' target="_parent"> <svg role="presentation" class="svg-inline--fa fa-cart-shopping" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="cart-shopping" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M0 24C0 10.7 10.7 0 24 0H69.5c22 0 41.5 12.8 50.6 32h411c26.3 0 45.5 25 38.6 50.4l-41 152.3c-8.5 31.4-37 53.3-69.5 53.3H170.7l5.4 28.5c2.2 11.3 12.1 19.5 23.6 19.5H488c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24s-10.7 24-24 24H199.7c-34.6 0-64.3-24.6-70.7-58.5L77.4 54.5c-.7-3.8-4-6.5-7.9-6.5H24C10.7 48 0 37.3 0 24zM128 464a48 48 0 1 1 96 0 48 48 0 1 1 -96 0zm336-48a48 48 0 1 1 0 96 48 48 0 1 1 0-96z"></path></svg> Cart <span id="CartQuantity"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <section class="banner"> <div class="container"> <div class="headLogo" id="headLogo"> <a href = '/'><img class='large' src='/Content/Images/logo.png' alt='American Psychological Association Logo'><img class='small' src='/Content/Images/logo_small.png' alt='American Psychological Association Logo'></a> </div> <div class="headButton"> <button type="button" title="Search" class="btn-toggle btn-toggle-search" onclick="javascript:toggleMenu('search');"> <i title="Search" class="fas fa-magnifying-glass"></i> </button> <button type="button" title="Menu" class="btn-toggle btn-toggle-menu"> <i title="Menu" class="fas fa-bars"></i> <i title="Close Menu" class="fas fa-xmark"></i> </button> </div> <section class="search"> <form role="search" id="search" onsubmit="search();return false;" target="_parent"> <fieldset class="inputsearch"> <div class="searchselect"> <select id="in" title="Select search scope"> <option data-typeahead="true" value="https://www.apa.org/search?">Entire Site</option> <option value="/education-career/search?" >Education & Career</option> </select> </div> <div class="searchbox"> <input title="Type search term" class="box" id="query" name="query" type="text" value="" placeholder="SEARCH" autocomplete="off" /> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-magnifying-glass" onclick="search();return false;" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-aiauCfJROpLC" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="magnifying-glass" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-aiauCfJROpLC">Search</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 208c0 45.9-14.9 88.3-40 122.7L502.6 457.4c12.5 12.5 12.5 32.8 0 45.3s-32.8 12.5-45.3 0L330.7 376c-34.4 25.2-76.8 40-122.7 40C93.1 416 0 322.9 0 208S93.1 0 208 0S416 93.1 416 208zM208 352a144 144 0 1 0 0-288 144 144 0 1 0 0 288z"></path></svg> </div> </fieldset> </form> </section> </div> </section> </header> <div class="megamenu"> <nav class="megamenu-nav"> <ul role="menubar" class="megamenu-list"> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-mobile-back"> <a href="#"> <i class="fas fa-chevron-left"></i> <span>Menu</span> </a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320764" aria-label="toggle the Topics sub-menu">Topics</a> <div id="320764" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Topics in Psychology</h2> <p>Explore how scientific research by psychologists can inform our professional lives, family and community relationships, emotional wellness, and more.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid fifty-fifty last-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Popular topics</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 3"> <li> <a href="/topics/adhd" target="_self">ADHD</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/anger" target="_self">Anger</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/anxiety" target="_self">Anxiety</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/artificial-intelligence-machine-learning" target="_self">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/children" target="_self">Children</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/climate-change" target="_self">Climate change</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/mental-health" target="_self">Mental health</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/journalism-facts/misinformation-disinformation" target="_self">Misinformation and disinformation</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/personality" target="_self">Personality</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/politics" target="_self">Politics</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/population-health" target="_self">Population health</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/ptsd" target="_self">PTSD</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/racism-bias-discrimination" target="_self">Racism, bias, and discrimination</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/lgbtq" target="_self">Sexual orientation and gender diversity</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/social-media-internet" target="_self">Social media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/stress" target="_self">Stress</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/teens" target="_self">Teens</a> </li> <li> <a href="/topics/trauma" target="_self">Trauma</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/monitor/2025/01/top-10-trends-to-watch" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/2025-01-2025-index_tcm7-334779_w160_n.jpg" alt="Top 10 trends to watch in 2025"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Monitor on Psychology</div> <p class="title">Top 10 trends to watch</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Notable changes and developments are poised to influence the field of psychology in profound ways</p></div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/pubs/reports/practitioner/2024" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/practitioner-survey-2024-index_tcm7-334124_w160_n.jpg" alt="collage of therapists and patients in various clinical settings"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Practice</div> <p class="title">Barriers to care in a changing practice environment</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Psychologists face challenges with capacity, insurance, and the future of mental health care</p></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="Topics landing page config" href="/topics">All Topics<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320771" aria-label="toggle the Publications & Databases sub-menu">Publications & Databases</a> <div id="320771" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Publications and Databases</h2> <p>APA Publishing products and resources that support research, education, practice and general wellbeing.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Publication & Databases</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 2"> <li> <a href="https://apastyle.apa.org/" target="_self">APA Style</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/books" target="_self">Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/magination" target="_self">Children’s Books</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/databases" target="_self">Databases</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/digital-learning" target="_self">Digital Learning</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/journals" target="_self">Journals</a> </li> <li> <a href="/monitor" target="_self">Magazine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/videos" target="_self">Videos</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col borderd"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>APA Publishing Resources</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/pubs/librarians" target="_self">Librarians</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/authors" target="_self">Authors, Editors, and Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/pubs/educators-students" target="_self">Educators and Students</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://apps.apa.org/course-adoption" target = '_blank' rel='nofollow noopener noreferrer'>Exam Copies<i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="listBoxModule searchWidget"> <h3>Search APA Databases</h3> <form role="search" id="srchWidget2001" target="_parent" onsubmit="widgetSearch('APA_searchtext2001', 'http://psycnet.apa.org/search/results?type=direct&db=pi,pb,pa,pe,pt,pbc&fields=AnyField&term={SearchValue}'); return false;"> <div class="wysiwyg searchWidgetHead"> Over 5.4 million journal articles, abstracts, books on APA PsycNet </div> <div> <div class="hideFrmL"> <section class="searchWidgetbox"> <input type="text" id="APA_searchtext2001" name="APA_searchtext2001" aria-label="Search" /> <button type="submit"> <i title="Search" class="fas fa-magnifying-glass"></i> </button> </section> </div> <div class="showFrmL"> <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/search/advanced" class="btnOutlineSml"> Search APA Psycnet <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i> </a> </div> <div class="wysiwyg searchWidgetFooter"> <div class="footnote"> <div class="footnote">Access fees may apply</div> </div> </div> </div> </form> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="index-config-pubs" href="/pubs">All publications and databases<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320770" aria-label="toggle the Research & Practice sub-menu">Research & Practice</a> <div id="320770" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Research and Practice</h2> <p>Tools for psychologists to do their jobs every day. </p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Your growth</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 2"> <li> <a href="/research-practice/conduct-research" target="_self">Conducting research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/funding" target="_self">Grants and funding</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/leadership" target="_self">Leadership</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/mentorship" target="_self">Mentorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/open-science" target="_self">Open science</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/peer-review" target="_self">Peer review</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/practice-management" target="_self">Practice management</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/publish-present" target="_self">Publishing and presenting research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/self-care" target="_self">Self-care</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/teaching-psychology" target="_self">Teaching psychology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/telepsychology" target="_self">Telepsychology</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col borderd"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Standards and guidelines</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/ethics/code" target="_self">Ethics code</a> </li> <li> <a href="/research-practice/standards-guidelines" target="_self">Standards and guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/policy" target="_self">APA policies</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>For members</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/members/content/secure/artificial-intelligence" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-ai-ebooklet_tcm7-334742_w160_n.jpg" alt="Abstract illustration of face profile"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="d-flex gap-10"> <div class="event-eyebrow mg-bottom-5"> <span class="memberExclusive upperCase fw-medium"> Member exclusive </span> </div> </div> <p class="title">Artificial intelligence: Redefining the future of psychology</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/members/content/addressing-addiction" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-adam-leventhal_tcm7-333934_w160_n.jpg" alt="Adam Leventhal, PhD"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Profile</div> <p class="title">Adam Leventhal uses policy-focused research to address addiction</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="research-practice-dxa-config" href="/research-practice">All research and practice<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320768" aria-label="toggle the Education & Career sub-menu">Education & Career</a> <div id="320768" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>Education and Career</h2> <p>Resources for students, teachers and psychologists at all levels to explore career growth in psychology.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds last-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(2, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Education</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/education-career/k12" target="_self">Pre-K to 12</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/undergrad" target="_self">Undergraduate psychology</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/grad/applying" target="_self">Apply to grad school</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/grad/succeeding-graduate-school" target="_self">Succeed in grad school</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://accreditation.apa.org/" target = '_blank' rel='nofollow noopener noreferrer'>Accreditation<i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" title="opens in new window"></i></a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>Careers</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/education-career/guide" target="_self">Become a psychologist</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/job-search" target="_self">Job search</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/development/networking" target="_self">Networking</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/development" target="_self">Manage your career</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/ce" target="_self">Continuing education</a> </li> <li> <a href="/education-career/training" target="_self">Training and webinars</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="externalScriptContent" > <style type="text/css"> div.search_title { font-family: "Whitney", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-weight: 600; color: #000; font-size: 1.125em; line-height: 1.2em; } div.search_widget { border-style: none !important; border-width: 0px !important;; font-family: "Whitney", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1em; color: #000000; text-align: left; padding: 20px 20px 6px 20px; border-radius: 0px; } div.narrow_fields { display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; align-items: center; } div.search_widget form{ margin:0; } div.search_widget div.clearAll { clear: both; } div.search_widget input{ width: 250px; border-radius: 5px; padding: 5px 5px; border-width: 1px; border-color: #919294; margin: 3px 20px 3px 0; } div.search_widget div.field_container div.field_left { float: left; width: 30%; margin-right: 6px; } div.search_widget [type=submit] { font-size: 0.75rem; padding: 0.4rem 0.6rem; background: #003a70; font-weight: 600; letter-spacing: 0.02rem; cursor: pointer; border: none; text-transform: uppercase; border-radius: 4px; margin: 0 0 5px; color: #fff; } div.search_widget [type=submit]:hover{ background: #000024; } div.search_widget [type=submit]:focus{ outline: 2px solid #003a70; outline-offset: 2px; background: #003a70; color: #fff; } div.search_widget span.smaller { font-size: 12px; display: block; margin-bottom: 10px; } div.search_widget span.legend { font-weight: 400; } </style> </style> <div class="search_title">Find a job on PsycCareers</div> <div class="search_widget hideFrmL"> <form action="https://www.psyccareers.com/" method="GET"> <input type="hidden" name="page" value="search" /> <input type="hidden" name="action" value="advanced_search" /> <div class="narrow_fields"> <div class="narrow_field"> <div><span class="legend">Job</span></div> <input type="text" name="keywords" /> <span class="smaller">e.g., Clinical Psychologist</span> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> <div class="narrow_field"> <div><span class="legend">Locations</span></div> <input type="text" name="city_state_zip" /> <span class="smaller">e.g., Washington DC or 20002</span> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> <div class="narrow_field"> <button type="submit">Find</button> </div> </div> <div class="clearAll"></div> </form> </div> <div class="showFrmL"> <a href="https://www.psyccareers.com/jobs" class="btnOutlineSml"> Search Jobs <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-up-right-from-square" aria-hidden="true" target="_blank" title="opens in new window"></i> </a> </div> </section></section> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Training highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/training/media-psychology-series" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-careers-media-series_tcm7-333691_w160_n.jpg" alt=""> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Webinar Series</div> <p class="title">Careers in media psychology</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/education-career/training/science-training-sessions" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/science-training-sessions-index_tcm7-308286_w160_n.jpg" alt="Science Training Sessions"> </figure> <div class="body"> <div class="eyebrow">Webinar Series</div> <p class="title">Science Training Sessions</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="Education and Career - index config" href="/education-career">All education and career<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="megamenu-dropdown"> <a href="#" class="megamenu-tigger" data-toggle="320769" aria-label="toggle the News & Advocacy sub-menu">News & Advocacy</a> <div id="320769" class="megamenu-dropdown-menu"> <div class="container"> <div class="megamenu-header"> <h2>News and Advocacy</h2> <p>Browse the latest updates from APA, informed by psychological science.</p> </div> <div class="megamenu-grid thirds second-hidden"> <div class="megamenu-col"> <div class="megamenu-blocks" style="--megamenu-blocks-cols: repeat(1, 1fr)"> <div class="megamenu-block"> <h3>News</h3> <ul class="megamenu-block-links" style="--megamenu-block-links-cols: 1"> <li> <a href="/monitor" target="_self">Monitor on Psychology magazine</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/podcasts/speaking-of-psychology" target="_self">Speaking of Psychology podcast</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/press" target="_self">Press room</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/psycport" target="_self">Psychology in the media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/news/newsletters" target="_self">Newsletters</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget link square"> <h3>Highlights</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper standardWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/press/releases/2025/02/satire-damaging-reputations" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-press-satire-damaging-reputations_tcm7-335602_w160_n.jpg" alt="man watching video on his phone"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Satire more damaging to reputations than direct criticism</p> </div> </a> </div> <div class="module last"> <a class="module-link" href="/news/press/releases/2025/01/optimism-boost-saving" target="_self" > <figure class="left"> <img src="/images/index-press-optimism-boost-saving_tcm7-335324_w160_n.jpg" alt="A graph featuring arrows trending upward"> </figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title">Optimism can boost saving, especially for lower-income individuals</p> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="megamenu-col widget"> <section class="featureRichItem"> <section class="linkWidget tile square"> <h3>Advocacy</h3> <div class="widgetWrapper tileWidget onePerRow default "> <div class="module first last"> <a class="module-link" href="https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy" target="_self" > <div class="body"> <figure class="tile"> <img src="/images/tile-advocacy-national-institute-mental-health-group_tcm7-279430_w640_n.jpg" alt="Lady smiling"> </figure> <div class="desc"> <p class="title">You can make a difference</p> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy"><p>Learn about key issues impacting psychologists today</p></div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megamenu-formatted-link"> <div class="rich-formatted-content"> <div class="rich-content"> <a title="news-index-config" href="/news">All News and advocacy<i class="fas fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/about">About APA</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/events">Events</a> </li> <li role="menuitem" class="showFrmL"> <a href="/members">Membership</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="maincontent" role="main" tabindex="-1"> <div typeof="Region" resource="Main"> <div class="mainwrap two_col_b rwdLarge " id="mainwrap" > <div class="body-container"> <main class="content" id="ctcol"> <section class="breadcrumbs inline-breadcrumb"> <div class="container"> <div id="breadcrumbs"> <span><a href="/">Home</a></span> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </span> <span> <a href="/education-career">Education and Career</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </span> <span> <a href="/education-career/guide">Choose a Career</a> </span> <span class="breadcrumb-sep"> <i role="presentation" class="fas fa-angle-right"></i> </span> </div> </div> </section> <input type='hidden' id='needPrintVersion' value='true' /> <div class="titleImage right Gray"> <hgroup> <h1>Science of Psychology</h1> </hgroup> <figure> <span><img src="/images/sia-science-title_tcm7-165528.jpg" alt="Science of Psychology"></span> </figure> </div> <div class="featureRichSummary " >The science of psychology benefits society and enhances our lives. Psychologists examine the relationships between brain function and behavior, and the environment and behavior, applying what they learn to illuminate our understanding and improve the world around us. </div> <div class="article-body" > <div class="featureRichItem "> <h2 >The Go-To Science</h2> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy" > <p>Curiosity is part of human nature. One of the first questions children learn to ask is “why?” As adults, we continue to wonder. Using empirical methods, psychologists apply that universal curiosity to collect and interpret research data to better understand and solve some of society’s most challenging problems.</p> <p>It’s difficult, if not impossible, to think of a facet of life where psychology is not involved. Psychologists employ the scientific method — stating the question, offering a theory and then constructing rigorous laboratory or field experiments to test the hypothesis. Psychologists apply the understanding gleaned through research to create evidence-based strategies that solve problems and improve lives.</p> <p>The result is that psychological science unveils new and better ways for people to exist and thrive in a complex world.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-body" > <section id="featureRichItem103" class="featureRichItem"> <section id="slider103" class="slider"> <h2>Psychologists in Action</h2> <div class="slider-wrapper"> <div class="slider-stage"> <section class="navButton pre"> <button type="button" id="slider103_pre" title="previous" class="nav-button prev-button"> <i class="fal fa-chevron-left" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </section> <div class="scroller">  <div class="swiper" id="swiper-103">  <div class="swiper-wrapper slider-items"> <section id="slider103_slide1" class="swiper-slide slider-item"> <div class="slider-item"> <figure class="slide-img"> <img src="/images/stark-album-racecar_tcm7-165143.jpg" alt="Jack Stark, PhD, Performance Psychologist" /> </figure> <section class="slide-desc"> <p class="title">Helping Businesses</p> <div class="wysiwyg"> <p>Dr. Jack Stark <a title="Jack Stark, PhD, Performance Psychologist" href="/education-career/guide/paths/jack-stark">uses psychological science to help NASCAR drivers achieve optimal performance</a> and keep their team in the winner’s circle.</p> </div> </section> </div> </section> <section id="slider103_slide2" class="swiper-slide slider-item"> <div class="slider-item"> <figure class="slide-img"> <img src="/images/strayer-album-headgear_tcm7-165099.jpg" alt="Dr. Strayer helps place an electroencephalogram (EEG) cap on a study participant." /> </figure> <section class="slide-desc"> <p class="title">Improving Lives</p> <div class="wysiwyg"> <p>Dr. David Strayer <a title="David Strayer, PhD, Cognitive Neuroscientist" href="/education-career/guide/paths/david-strayer">uses psychological science to study distracted driving</a> by putting people through rigorous concentration tests during driving simulations.</p> </div> </section> </div> </section> <section id="slider103_slide3" class="swiper-slide slider-item"> <div class="slider-item"> <figure class="slide-img"> <img src="/images/tate-female-armband_tcm7-162731.jpg" alt="Dr. Tate gives a study participant an armband to monitor activity levels." /> </figure> <section class="slide-desc"> <p class="title">Promoting Health</p> <div class="wysiwyg"> <p>Dr. Deborah Tate <a title="Deborah Tate, PhD, Health Psychologist" href="/education-career/guide/paths/deborah-tate">uses psychological science to identify strategies for improving weight loss</a>. Her research brings the proven benefits of face-to-face weight loss programs to more people through technology.</p> </div> </section> </div> </section> <section id="slider103_slide4" class="swiper-slide slider-item"> <div class="slider-item"> <figure class="slide-img"> <img src="/images/salas-album-helicopter_tcm7-162574.jpg" alt="Dr. Salas sits in a helicopter with pilots." /> </figure> <section class="slide-desc"> <p class="title">Helping Organizations</p> <div class="wysiwyg"> <p>As <a title="Eduardo Salas, PhD, Organizational Psychologist" href="/education-career/guide/paths/eduardo-salas">an organizational psychologist, Dr. Eduardo Salas studies people where they work</a> — examining what they do and how they make decisions.</p> </div> </section> </div> </section> <section id="slider103_slide5" class="swiper-slide slider-item"> <div class="slider-item"> <figure class="slide-img"> <img src="/images/kremer-album-toddler_tcm7-165145.jpg" alt="Kathleen Kremer, PhD, Research Psychologist" /> </figure> <section class="slide-desc"> <p class="title">Working in Schools</p> <div class="wysiwyg"> <p>Dr. Kathleen Kremer knows a thing or two about fun. Using <a title="Kathleen Kremer, PhD, research psychologist" href="/education-career/guide/paths/kathleen-kremer">psychological science, she studies user attitudes, behaviors and emotions</a> to learn what makes a child love a toy.</p> </div> </section> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <section class="navButton next"> <button type="button" id="slider103_next" title="next" class="nav-button next-button"> <i class="fal fa-chevron-right" aria-hidden="true"></i> </button> </section> </div> <section id="slider103_nav-indicator"></section> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="article-body" > <div class="featureRichItem "> <h2 >Science in Action</h2> <div class="wysiwyg lengthy" > <p>Psychology is a varied field. Psychologists conduct basic and applied research, serve as consultants to communities and organizations, diagnose and treat people, and teach future psychologists and those who will pursue other disciplines. They test intelligence and personality.</p> <p>Many psychologists work as health care providers. They assess behavioral and mental function and well-being. Other psychologists study how human beings relate to each other and to machines, and work to improve these relationships.</p> <p>The application of psychological research can decrease the economic burden of disease on government and society as people learn how to make choices that improve their health and well-being. The strides made in educational assessments are helping students with learning disabilities. Psychological science helps educators understand how children think, process and remember — helping to design effective teaching methods. Psychological science contributes to justice by helping the courts understand the minds of criminals, evidence and the limits of certain types of evidence or testimony.</p> <p>The science of psychology is pervasive. Psychologists work in some of the nation’s most prominent companies and organizations. From Google, Boeing and NASA to the federal government, national health care organizations and research groups to Cirque du Soleil, Disney and NASCAR — psychologists are there, playing important roles.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-body" > <div class="featureRichItem "> <h2 >Subfields</h2> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/science/programs/becoming-psychological-scientist"><img alt="" src="/images/index-becoming-psychological-scientist_tcm7-331380_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/science/programs/becoming-psychological-scientist" id="331287-105">Becoming and being a psychological scientist</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Draw from a range of professional development resources to navigate and advance careers across different psychological science subfields and work-settings.</div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex first" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/brain-science"><img alt="Brain Science and Cognitive Psychology" src="/images/brain-science-index_tcm7-165403_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/brain-science" id="164596-105">Brain science and cognitive psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Brain science and cognitive psychologists study how the human mind thinks, remembers, and learns. They apply psychological science to understand how we make decisions and perceive our world. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/environment"><img alt="Climate and Environmental Psychology" src="/images/environment-index_tcm7-165405_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/environment" id="165130-105">Climate and environmental psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Climate and environmental psychologists use psychological science to improve the interactions of people with the world around us. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/clinical"><img alt="Climate and Environmental Psychology" src="/images/clinical-index_tcm7-165404_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/clinical" id="165129-105">Clinical psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Clinical psychologists integrate the science of psychology with the treatment of complex human problems.</div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/counseling"><img alt="A Career in Counseling Psychology " src="/images/counseling-index_tcm7-176151_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/counseling" id="173779-105">Counseling psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Counseling psychologists focus on facilitating personal and interpersonal functioning across the lifespan. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/developmental"><img alt="Developmental psychologists focus on human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth." src="/images/developmental-index_tcm7-167475_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/developmental" id="167053-105">Developmental psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Developmental psychologists study how people grow and adapt over the course of their lives. They apply their research to help people overcome developmental challenges and reach their full potential. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/experimental"><img alt="Experimental psychologists use science to explore the processes behind human and animal behavior. " src="/images/experimental-index_tcm7-167478_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/experimental" id="167117-105">Experimental psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Experimental psychologists use science to explore the processes behind human and animal behavior. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/forensic"><img alt="Forensic and Public Service Psychology" src="/images/forensic-index_tcm7-165406_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/forensic" id="164588-105">Forensic and public service psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Forensic and public service psychologists use psychological science to support the judicial system and other organizations dedicated to public safety. Their expertise and assessments are important in a range of issues that straddle the psychology and legal fields, from mental competence to youth testimony. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/health"><img alt="Health Psychology" src="/images/health-index_tcm7-165407_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/health" id="164652-105">Health psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Health psychologists use the science of psychology to promote health, prevent illness, and improve health care. They get to the root of people’s emotions to help them make healthy choices.</div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/human-factors"><img alt="Human Factors and Engineering Psychology" src="/images/human-factors-index_tcm7-165418_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/human-factors" id="164586-105">Human factors and engineering psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Human factors and engineering psychologists strive to make everyday experiences easier, more comfortable, and less frustrating by applying the psychological science of human behavior to the products, systems, and devices we use every day. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/organizational"><img alt="Industrial and Organizational Psychology" src="/images/organizational-index_tcm7-165408_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/organizational" id="162687-105">Industrial and organizational psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Industrial and organizational psychologists use science to study human behavior in organizations and the workplace.</div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/teaching-learning"><img alt="Teaching and Learning Psychology" src="/images/teaching-learning-index_tcm7-165410_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/teaching-learning" id="165131-105">Psychology of teaching and learning</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Psychologists working in education study how people learn and retain knowledge. They apply psychological science to improve the learning process and promote educational success for all students.</div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/quantitative"><img alt="Quantitative Psychology Designs Research Methods to Test Complex Issues " src="/images/quantitative-index_tcm7-168115_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/quantitative" id="167975-105">Quantitative psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Quantitative psychologists study and develop the methods and techniques used to measure human behavior and other attributes. Their work involves the statistical and mathematical modeling of psychological processes, the design of research studies, and the analysis of psychological data.</div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/rehabilitation"><img alt="Rehabilitation psychologists study and work with individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions to help them overcome challenges and improve their quality of life." src="/images/rehabilitation-index_tcm7-167470_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/rehabilitation" id="167069-105">Rehabilitation psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Rehabilitation psychologists study individuals with disabilities and chronic health conditions and help to improve their overall quality of life.</div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/social"><img alt="Social Psychology Examines the Influence of Interpersonal and Group Relationships" src="/images/social-index_tcm7-166921_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/social" id="165694-105">Social psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Social psychologists use psychological science to understand how we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world and how this perception affects our choices, behaviors, and beliefs. </div> </div> </div> <div class="module d-flex" > <figure class="left module-img"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/performance"><img alt="Sport and Performance Psychology" src="/images/performance-index_tcm7-165409_w160_n.jpg" /></a></figure> <div class="body"> <p class="title"><a href="/education-career/guide/subfields/performance" id="164581-105">Sport and performance psychology</a></p> <div class='wysiwyg'>Sport and performance psychologists use science to study human behavior and abilities in sport, exercise, and performance. They help people overcome psychological barriers that can impede their achievements and professional success. </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bottom-date"> <span class="date-item">Date created: 2013</span> </div> <div class="horizontal-icon-bar" data-ai-region data-ai-area="horizontal-bar"> <div> <a href="#" onclick="publishFacebookWallPost('255440604529709', 'https://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/science');" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="facebook" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on Facebook" class="fab fa-facebook-f"></i> </a> </div> <div> <a href="javascript: openSocialShare('https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.apa.org%2feducation-career%2fguide%2fscience&via=APA&text=Science+of+Psychology')" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="twitter" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on X (formerly Twitter)" class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i> </a> </div> <div>  <a href="javascript: openSocialShare('https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3a%2f%2fwww.apa.org%2feducation-career%2fguide%2fscience&title=Science+of+Psychology&summary=Applied+psychology+and+the+science+of+psychology+benefit+society.+Psychologists+conduct+basic+and+applied+research%2c+serve+as+consultants+to+communities+and+organizations%2c+diagnose+and+treat+people%2c+teach+future+psychologists%2c+and+test+intelligence+and+personality.')" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="linkedin" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Share this on LinkedIn" class="fab fa-linkedin-in"></i> </a> </div> <div>  <a href="javascript:openEmail('English');" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="email" data-ai-action="share"> <i title="Email this" class="fas fa-envelope"></i> </a> </div> <div> <a href="javascript:printThis();" class="social-icon" data-ai-target="" data-ai-action="print"> <i title="Print this" class="fas fa-print"></i> </a> </div> </div> <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0005"> window.fbAsyncInit = function () { FB.init({ appId: 255440604529709, xfbml: true, version: 'v4.0' }); FB.AppEvents.logPageView(); }; (function (d, s, id) { var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); </script> <script> if (!document.getElementById('citationPopup')) { let popup = ` <div class="citationPopup" id="citationPopup"> <span class="capitalize">Cite This Webpage</span> <div class="closeCitation right" onclick="toggleCitation()"><i role="presentation" aria-hidden="true" class="fas fa-rectangle-xmark"></i></div> <div class="hr"></div> <div class="citationBody" id="citationBody" onclick="selectAll()"> </div> </div> `; if (document.getElementById('mainwrap') != null) { document.getElementById('mainwrap').insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', popup); } } </script> </main>  <section class="rtcol" id="rtcol"> <div > <div class="listBoxModule "> <div class="wysiwyg" ><p><a class="btnStrongMed" href="/education-career/guide/facts">Psychology Careers: What to Know</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="adWrap"> <div class="ad_box ad300x250"> <div id="gpt-ad-1" data-ai-iframe data-ai-action="paid-ad-click" data-ai-target="gpt-ad-1"> <script> var layout = document.querySelector('.two_col_b') ? 'twoCols' : 'others'; googletag.cmd.push(function () { if ('300x250' == '728x90') { var responsiveAdSlot = googletag .defineSlot('/308402/b.apa.tmus/Global', [[300, 250], [300, 250]], 'gpt-ad-1') .addService(googletag.pubads()); responsiveAdSlot.defineSizeMapping(getRespAdSizeMapping()); } else { googletag.defineSlot('/308402/b.apa.tmus/Global', [300, 250], 'gpt-ad-1').addService(googletag.pubads()); } googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("Audience", ["Public","Students of Psychology"]); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.display('gpt-ad-1'); }); function getRespAdSizeMapping() { var mapping; if (layout == 'twoCols') { if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 995px)").matches) { mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([767, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 100], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); } else { mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1160, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 100], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); } } else { mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([767, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 100], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); } return mapping; } </script> </div> <div class='ad_label'>ADVERTISEMENT</div> </div> </aside> <aside class="adWrap"> <div class="ad_box ad300x250"> <div id="gpt-ad-2" data-ai-iframe data-ai-action="paid-ad-click" data-ai-target="gpt-ad-2"> <script> var layout = document.querySelector('.two_col_b') ? 'twoCols' : 'others'; googletag.cmd.push(function () { if ('300x250' == '728x90') { var responsiveAdSlot = googletag .defineSlot('/308402/b.apa.tmus/Global', [[300, 250], [300, 250]], 'gpt-ad-2') .addService(googletag.pubads()); responsiveAdSlot.defineSizeMapping(getRespAdSizeMapping()); } else { googletag.defineSlot('/308402/b.apa.tmus/Global', [300, 250], 'gpt-ad-2').addService(googletag.pubads()); } googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("Audience", ["Public","Students of Psychology"]); googletag.enableServices(); googletag.display('gpt-ad-2'); }); function getRespAdSizeMapping() { var mapping; if (layout == 'twoCols') { if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 995px)").matches) { mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([767, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 100], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); } else { mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([1160, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 100], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); } } else { mapping = googletag.sizeMapping() .addSize([767, 100], [728, 90]) .addSize([320, 100], [300, 250]) .addSize([0, 0], []) .build(); } return mapping; } </script> </div> <div class='ad_label'>ADVERTISEMENT</div> </div> </aside> </section> </div> </div></div> <footer class="megafooter" data-ai-region data-ai-area="footer"> <div class="megafooter-row megafooter-tagline"> <div class="container"> <div class="wysiwyg">Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives</div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row content-row"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-grid four-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">ABOUT PSYCHOLOGY</strong> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/guide/science">Science of Psychology</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/topics">Psychology Topics</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">STUDENTS</strong> </div> <div> <a href="https://accreditation.apa.org/accredited-programs" target="_parent">Accredited Psychology Programs</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/guide/careers">Careers in Psychology</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://opl.apa.org">Online Psychology Laboratory</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/about/students">More for Students</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"><div><strong>PUBLICATIONS & DATABASES</strong></div> <div><a href="https://apastyle.apa.org" target="_parent">APA Style</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/books">Books</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/magination">Children's Books</a></div> <div><a href="/pubs/databases">Databases</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs/videos">DVD/Streaming Video</a></div> <div><a href="/pubs/journals/subscriptions">Journal Subscriptions</a></div> <div><a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/">APA PsycNet® Journal Articles</a></div> <div><a target="_parent" href="/pubs">More Publications & Databases</a></div></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">NEWS & ADVOCACY</strong> </div> <div> <a href="/monitor">Monitor on Psychology Magazine</a> </div> <div> <a href="/news/newsletters">Newsletters</a> </div> <div> <a href="/news/press">Press Room</a> </div> <div> <a href="https://www.apaservices.org/advocacy">Advocacy from APA Services, Inc.</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">STANDARDS & GUIDELINES</strong> </div> <div> <a href="/research-practice/standards-guidelines">Standards and Guidelines</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/ethics">Ethics</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <div> <strong class="upperCase">CAREERS</strong> </div> <div> <a href="http://www.psyccareers.com" target="_parent">Find a Job with PsycCareers</a> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/education-career/development/early">Early Career Psychologists</a> </div> <div> <br> </div> <div> <strong class="upperCase">EVENTS & TRAINING</strong> </div> <div> <div> <a href="https://convention.apa.org">APA Annual Convention</a> </div> </div> <div> <a target="_parent" href="/ed/ce">Continuing Education</a> </div> <div> <a href="/events">Events Calendar</a> </div> <div> <a href="/education-career/training">Training</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row bg-light-neutral-1"> <div class="container"> <section class="footer-grid two-cols about-memebers-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block aboutapa-block"> <div class="megafooter-heading">About APA</div> <div class="wysiwyg footer-grid three-cols"><ul> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/governance">Governance</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="https://www.apadivisions.org">APA Divisions</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/offices">Our Work</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a target="_parent" href="https://apamerchstore.com/">APA Merch Store</a></li> <li><a href="/about/apa/corporate-supporters">Corporate Supporters</a></li> <li><a href="https://advertising.apa.org">Advertise with Us</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/about/apa-jobs">Jobs at APA</a></li> <li><a href="/donations">Donate</a></li> <li><a href="/about/contact">Contact Us</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block members-block"> <div class="footer-grid two-cols members-cols"> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="megafooter-heading">Members</div> <div class="wysiwyg"><ul> <li><a href="https://community.apa.org/">APA Community</a></li> <li><a href="/members/your-membership/get-involved">Get Involved</a></li> <li><a href="/members/your-membership/benefits">Membership Benefits</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/members">More for Members</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-block"> <div class="wysiwyg"> <ul> <li style="text-align: left;"> <a href="https://renew.apa.org" class="btnOutlineMed">Renew Membership</a> </li> <li style="text-align: left;"> <a class="btnOutlineMed" href="/members/your-membership/join">Join APA</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row shorter-row with-social"> <div class="container"> <div class="footer-grid two-cols-uneven"> <div class="megafooter-links megafooter-block align-self-end"> <div class="wysiwyg wysiwyg-flex-ul"><ul> <li><a href="#" id="togglePrefCenter" name="togglePrefCenter">Cookies</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/privacy">Privacy Statement</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/termsofuse">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/about/accessibility">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/website-feedback">Website Feedback</a></li> <li><a target="_parent" href="/sitemap">Sitemap</a></li> </ul></div> </div> <div class="megafooter-socialmedia megafooter-block"> <div class="d-flex flex-wrap align-items-end justify-content-end"> <span>Follow APA</span> <ul class="socialmedia-items d-flex"> <li> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-psychological-association" target="_blank" title="Join us on LinkedIn" aria-label="Join us on LinkedIn" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-linkedin" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-17l4b62nQnJI" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="linkedin" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-17l4b62nQnJI">Join us on LinkedIn</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M416 32H31.9C14.3 32 0 46.5 0 64.3v383.4C0 465.5 14.3 480 31.9 480H416c17.6 0 32-14.5 32-32.3V64.3c0-17.8-14.4-32.3-32-32.3zM135.4 416H69V202.2h66.5V416zm-33.2-243c-21.3 0-38.5-17.3-38.5-38.5S80.9 96 102.2 96c21.2 0 38.5 17.3 38.5 38.5 0 21.3-17.2 38.5-38.5 38.5zm282.1 243h-66.4V312c0-24.8-.5-56.7-34.5-56.7-34.6 0-39.9 27-39.9 54.9V416h-66.4V202.2h63.7v29.2h.9c8.9-16.8 30.6-34.5 62.9-34.5 67.2 0 79.7 44.3 79.7 101.9V416z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/apa_org/" target="_blank" title="Instagram" aria-label="Instagram" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-instagram" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-instagram" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M224,202.66A53.34,53.34,0,1,0,277.36,256,53.38,53.38,0,0,0,224,202.66Zm124.71-41a54,54,0,0,0-30.41-30.41c-21-8.29-71-6.43-94.3-6.43s-73.25-1.93-94.31,6.43a54,54,0,0,0-30.41,30.41c-8.28,21-6.43,71.05-6.43,94.33S91,329.26,99.32,350.33a54,54,0,0,0,30.41,30.41c21,8.29,71,6.43,94.31,6.43s73.24,1.93,94.3-6.43a54,54,0,0,0,30.41-30.41c8.35-21,6.43-71.05,6.43-94.33S357.1,182.74,348.75,161.67ZM224,338a82,82,0,1,1,82-82A81.9,81.9,0,0,1,224,338Zm85.38-148.3a19.14,19.14,0,1,1,19.13-19.14A19.1,19.1,0,0,1,309.42,189.74ZM400,32H48A48,48,0,0,0,0,80V432a48,48,0,0,0,48,48H400a48,48,0,0,0,48-48V80A48,48,0,0,0,400,32ZM382.88,322c-1.29,25.63-7.14,48.34-25.85,67s-41.4,24.63-67,25.85c-26.41,1.49-105.59,1.49-132,0-25.63-1.29-48.26-7.15-67-25.85s-24.63-41.42-25.85-67c-1.49-26.42-1.49-105.61,0-132,1.29-25.63,7.07-48.34,25.85-67s41.47-24.56,67-25.78c26.41-1.49,105.59-1.49,132,0,25.63,1.29,48.33,7.15,67,25.85s24.63,41.42,25.85,67.05C384.37,216.44,384.37,295.56,382.88,322Z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/theapavideo" target="_blank" title="Videos from APA on YouTube" aria-label="Videos from APA on YouTube" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-youtube" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-YVOEJlE2Z05J" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-youtube" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-YVOEJlE2Z05J">Videos from APA on YouTube</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M186.8 202.1l95.2 54.1-95.2 54.1V202.1zM448 80v352c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48H48c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48V80c0-26.5 21.5-48 48-48h352c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48zm-42 176.3s0-59.6-7.6-88.2c-4.2-15.8-16.5-28.2-32.2-32.4C337.9 128 224 128 224 128s-113.9 0-142.2 7.7c-15.7 4.2-28 16.6-32.2 32.4-7.6 28.5-7.6 88.2-7.6 88.2s0 59.6 7.6 88.2c4.2 15.8 16.5 27.7 32.2 31.9C110.1 384 224 384 224 384s113.9 0 142.2-7.7c15.7-4.2 28-16.1 32.2-31.9 7.6-28.5 7.6-88.1 7.6-88.1z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanPsychologicalAssociation" target="_blank" title="Follow us on Facebook" aria-label="Follow us on Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-facebook" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-xg8blDzqiENZ" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-facebook" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-xg8blDzqiENZ">Follow us on Facebook</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.threads.net/@apa_org" target="_blank" title="Threads" aria-label="Threads" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-threads" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-threads" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zM294.2 244.3c19.5 9.3 33.7 23.5 41.2 40.9c10.4 24.3 11.4 63.9-20.2 95.4c-24.2 24.1-53.5 35-95.1 35.3h-.2c-46.8-.3-82.8-16.1-106.9-46.8C91.5 341.8 80.4 303.7 80 256v-.1-.1c.4-47.7 11.5-85.7 33-113.1c24.2-30.7 60.2-46.5 106.9-46.8h.2c46.9 .3 83.3 16 108.2 46.6c12.3 15.1 21.3 33.3 27 54.4l-26.9 7.2c-4.7-17.2-11.9-31.9-21.4-43.6c-19.4-23.9-48.7-36.1-87-36.4c-38 .3-66.8 12.5-85.5 36.2c-17.5 22.3-26.6 54.4-26.9 95.5c.3 41.1 9.4 73.3 26.9 95.5c18.7 23.8 47.4 36 85.5 36.2c34.3-.3 56.9-8.4 75.8-27.3c21.5-21.5 21.1-47.9 14.2-64c-4-9.4-11.4-17.3-21.3-23.3c-2.4 18-7.9 32.2-16.5 43.2c-11.4 14.5-27.7 22.4-48.4 23.5c-15.7 .9-30.8-2.9-42.6-10.7c-13.9-9.2-22-23.2-22.9-39.5c-1.7-32.2 23.8-55.3 63.5-57.6c14.1-.8 27.3-.2 39.5 1.9c-1.6-9.9-4.9-17.7-9.8-23.4c-6.7-7.8-17.1-11.8-30.8-11.9h-.4c-11 0-26 3.1-35.6 17.6l-23-15.8c12.8-19.4 33.6-30.1 58.5-30.1h.6c41.8 .3 66.6 26.3 69.1 71.8c1.4 .6 2.8 1.2 4.2 1.9l.1 .5zm-71.8 67.5c17-.9 36.4-7.6 39.7-48.8c-8.8-1.9-18.6-2.9-29-2.9c-3.2 0-6.4 .1-9.6 .3c-28.6 1.6-38.1 15.5-37.4 27.9c.9 16.7 19 24.5 36.4 23.6l-.1-.1z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="https://www.twitter.com/apa" target="_blank" title="Follow us on X (formerly Twitter)" aria-label="Follow us on X (formerly Twitter)" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="square-x-twitter" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zm297.1 84L257.3 234.6 379.4 396H283.8L209 298.1 123.3 396H75.8l111-126.9L69.7 116h98l67.7 89.5L313.6 116h47.5zM323.3 367.6L153.4 142.9H125.1L296.9 367.6h26.3z"></path></svg> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/rss" target="_blank" title="RSS Feeds" aria-label="RSS Feeds" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer"> <svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-square-rss" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-BvyQKlkkGnvj" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="square-rss" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-BvyQKlkkGnvj">RSS Feeds</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 32C28.7 32 0 60.7 0 96V416c0 35.3 28.7 64 64 64H384c35.3 0 64-28.7 64-64V96c0-35.3-28.7-64-64-64H64zM96 136c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24c137 0 248 111 248 248c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24s-24-10.7-24-24c0-110.5-89.5-200-200-200c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zm0 96c0-13.3 10.7-24 24-24c83.9 0 152 68.1 152 152c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24s-24-10.7-24-24c0-57.4-46.6-104-104-104c-13.3 0-24-10.7-24-24zm0 120a32 32 0 1 1 64 0 32 32 0 1 1 -64 0z"></path></svg> </a> </li> </ul> <div class="socialmedia-more"> <a href="/about/social-media" title="more social media link">more</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="megafooter-row shorter-row copyrights"> <div class="container"> <section class="copyright"> <div class="wysiwyg"><p><a target="_parent" href="/about/contact/copyright"> <strong style="text-decoration: underline;">© 2025 American Psychological Association</strong> </a> <br>750 First St. NE, Washington, DC 20002-4242 <br>Telephone: (800) 374-2721; (202) 336-5500 | TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123</p></div> </section> <figure class="back-to-top"> <a href="javascript:void(0)" id="back-to-top"> <svg title="Back to top" class="svg-inline--fa fa-chevron-up fa-w-14" aria-labelledby="svg-inline--fa-title-sLQwkvREfMhB" data-prefix="far" data-icon="chevron-up" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><title id="svg-inline--fa-title-sLQwkvREfMhB">Back to top</title><path fill="currentColor" d="M6.101 359.293L25.9 379.092c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0L224 198.393l181.13 180.698c4.686 4.686 12.284 4.686 16.971 0l19.799-19.799c4.686-4.686 4.686-12.284 0-16.971L232.485 132.908c-4.686-4.686-12.284-4.686-16.971 0L6.101 342.322c-4.687 4.687-4.687 12.285 0 16.971z"></path></svg> </a> </figure> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="ie-margin-fix"> </div> </div> <div id="rwdOverlayMask" class="rwdOverlayMask" onclick="javascript:hideMask('rwdOverlayMask','overlayMask');"></div> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@type": "Article", "url": "https://www.apa.org/education-career/guide/science", "inLanguage": "English", "headline": "Science of Psychology", "alternativeheadline": "The science and application of psychology benefits society, improves lives and is critical to solving some of the world’s most pressing social challenges.", "datecreated": "2013-11-14" } </script> <script defer src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/jquery-ui.min.js"></script> <script>window.jQuery.ui || document.write('<script defer src="/js/vendor/jquery-ui.js"><\/script>')</script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/css/dist/print.min.css?v=25.2" media="print" tabindex="-1"> <script async src="/js/vendor/hammer.min.js"></script> <script defer src="/js/dist/global.min.js?v=25.2"></script> <script defer src="/js/dist/rwdTabs.min.js?v=25.2"></script> <script data-search-pseudo-elements defer src="/js/vendor/apafa.min.js?v=25.2"></script>  <script>myApaUrl="https://my.apa.org";</script> <script src="/js/dist/myapa.min.js?v=25.2"></script>  <script type="text/plain" class="optanon-category-C0005"> (function () { var twitterWidgets = document.createElement('script'); twitterWidgets.type = 'text/javascript'; twitterWidgets.async = true; twitterWidgets.src = 'https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(twitterWidgets); })(); </script>  <script type="text/plain" data-pageid="292329" data-defaultevent="visit" src="/js/dist/insights.min.js?v=25.2" class="optanon-category-C0002"></script> <script defer src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bootstrap-3-typeahead/4.0.2/bootstrap3-typeahead.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swiper@11/swiper-bundle.min.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/swiper@11/swiper-bundle.min.css" /> <script defer id="typeahead" type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function () { jQuery("#query").typeahead({ autoSelect: false, source: function (term, process) { var allowedTypeahead = jQuery('#in').find(':selected').data('typeahead') ? true : false; if (!allowedTypeahead || term.length < 3) return; var terms = []; return jQuery.get('/api/typeahead?term=' + term, function (data) { jQuery.each(data, function (i, item) { terms.push(item); }); process(terms); }); }, afterSelect: function () { jQuery('#search').submit(); }, highlighter: function (item) { var html = jQuery('<div></div>'); var query = this.query; var i = item.toLowerCase().indexOf(query.toLowerCase()); var len = query.length; var leftPart; var middlePart; var rightPart; var strong; if (len === 0) { return html.text(item).html(); } while (i > -1) { leftPart = item.substr(0, i); middlePart = item.substr(i, len); rightPart = item.substr(i + len); strong = jQuery('<span></span>').text(middlePart); html .append(document.createTextNode(leftPart)) .append(strong); item = rightPart; i = item.toLowerCase().indexOf(query.toLowerCase()); } return html.append(document.createTextNode(item)).html(); } }).on('keyup', this, function (e) { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.keyCode === 13) { jQuery('#input').typeahead('close'); jQuery('#search').submit(); } if (!e.shiftKey && (e.key === 'Tab' || e.keyCode === 9 || e.which === 9)) { var val = jQuery('.typeahead.dropdown-menu li:first').find('a').text(); jQuery('.typeahead.dropdown-menu li:first').addClass('active'); if (val) { jQuery("#query").val(val).text(val).change(); jQuery('#input').typeahead('close'); jQuery('#search').submit(); } } }); jQuery('#in').change(function () { jQuery('#query').typeahead('setQuery', ''); }); }); </script> <script> const swiper = new Swiper('#swiper-103', { loop: true, navigation: { nextEl: '#slider103_next', prevEl: '#slider103_pre', }, pagination: { el: '#slider103_nav-indicator', clickable: true }, }); </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Science of Psychology