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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breeding_and_selection_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding_and_selection_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breeding and selection programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding_and_selection_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases,_pests,_and_disorders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases,_pests,_and_disorders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Diseases, pests, and disorders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases,_pests,_and_disorders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pecan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بقان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بقان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" title="Carya illinoinensis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carya illinoinensis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0llinoys_karyas%C4%B1" title="İllinoys karyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İllinoys karyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پکان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پکان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoiensis" title="Carya illinoiensis – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Carya illinoiensis" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacaner" title="Pacaner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pacaner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пекан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пекан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoiensis" title="Carya illinoiensis – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Carya illinoiensis" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C5%99echovec_pekanov%C3%BD" title="Ořechovec pekanový – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ořechovec pekanový" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan" title="Pekan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pekan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekannuss" title="Pekannuss – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pekannuss" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" title="Carya illinoinensis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carya illinoinensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekano" title="Pekano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pekano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_zuhaitz" title="Pekan zuhaitz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pekan zuhaitz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="گردوی آمریکایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گردوی آمریکایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacanier" title="Pacanier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pacanier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" title="Carya illinoinensis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carya illinoinensis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%B9%B8" title="피칸 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피칸" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կարիա պեկան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարիա պեկան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_(pohon)" title="Pekan (pohon) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pekan (pohon)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BC%C3%A6%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хуымæтæджы пекан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуымæтæджы пекан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" title="Carya illinoinensis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carya illinoinensis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9F" title="פקאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פקאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პეკანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekanin%C4%97_karija" title="Pekaninė karija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pekaninė karija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pek%C3%A1ndi%C3%B3" title="Pekándió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pekándió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пекан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пекан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="പികാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പികാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="პეკანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეკანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بقان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بقان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekan_(pokok)" title="Pekan (pokok) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pekan (pokok)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecannoot" title="Pecannoot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pecannoot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3" title="ペカン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペカン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekann%C3%B8tt" title="Pekannøtt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pekannøtt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orzesznik_jadalny" title="Orzesznik jadalny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Orzesznik jadalny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" title="Carya illinoinensis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carya illinoinensis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pecan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Пекан обыкновенный – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пекан обыкновенный" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arra_amerikane" title="Arra amerikane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arra amerikane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pecan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пекан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пекан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekaanip%C3%A4hkin%C3%A4" title="Pekaanipähkinä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pekaanipähkinä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecans&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecans">Pecans</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of nut tree native to the southern USA and northern Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pecan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pecan (disambiguation)">Pecan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Pecan </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carya_illinoinensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carya_illinoinensis.jpg/250px-Carya_illinoinensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carya_illinoinensis.jpg/330px-Carya_illinoinensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Carya_illinoinensis.jpg/500px-Carya_illinoinensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1255" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>Carya illinoinensis</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Morton_Arboretum" title="Morton Arboretum">Morton Arboretum</a> acc. 1082-39*3 </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Carya_sect._Apocarya" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory"><i>Carya</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Section: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carya_sect._Apocarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carya sect. Apocarya (page does not exist)"><i>Carya</i> sect. <i>Apocarya</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. illinoinensis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Carya illinoinensis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adam_Julius_von_Wangenheim" title="Friedrich Adam Julius von Wangenheim">Wangenh.</a>) <a href="/wiki/Karl_Koch_(botanist)" title="Karl Koch (botanist)">K.Koch</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carya_illinoinensis_range_map_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Carya_illinoinensis_range_map_1.png/220px-Carya_illinoinensis_range_map_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Carya_illinoinensis_range_map_1.png/330px-Carya_illinoinensis_range_map_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Carya_illinoinensis_range_map_1.png/440px-Carya_illinoinensis_range_map_1.png 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Natural range of <i>Carya illinoinensis</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-grin_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Carya oliviformis</i> (Michx.) Nutt.</li> <li><i>Carya pecan</i> (Marshall) Engl. & Graebn.</li> <li><i>Hicorius pecan</i> (Marshall) Britton</li> <li><i>Juglans illinoinensis</i> Wangenh.</li> <li><i>Juglans oliviformis</i> Michx.</li> <li><i>Juglans pecan</i> Marshall</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>pecan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pih-<span style="font-size:90%">KAN</span></i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">also <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">pih-<span style="font-size:90%">KAHN</span>, <span style="font-size:90%">PEE</span>-kan</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PEE</span>-kən</i></a>; <i>Carya illinoinensis</i>) is a species of <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a> and northern Mexico in the region of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grin_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grin-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tree is cultivated for its seed primarily in the U.S. states of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ug_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ug-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-agmrc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agmrc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Horticulture_Dept_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horticulture_Dept-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. The seed is an edible nut used as a snack and in various recipes, such as <a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">praline</a> candy and <a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">pecan pie</a>. The pecan is the state nut of <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, Texas, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and is also the state tree of Texas. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i lang="en"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pecan#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:pecan">Pecan</a></i> derives from an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> word variously referring to pecans, walnuts, and hickory nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many pronunciations, some regional and others not.<sup id="cite_ref-wikt_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikt-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is little agreement in the United States regarding the "correct" pronunciation, even regionally.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, the National Pecan Growers Association acknowledged variant pronunciations while designating one as official and correct: "pronounced as though spelled pea-con ... those in the habit of using any other pronunciation therefore be requested henceforth to adopt exclusively the pronunciation above specified above and hereby adopted by the Association."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pecan tree is a large <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> tree, growing to 20–40 m (66–131 ft) in height, rarely to 44 m (144 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-fna_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It typically has a spread of 12–23 m (39–75 ft) with a trunk up to 2 m (6 ft 7 in) diameter. A 10-year-old sapling grown in optimal conditions will stand about 5 m (16 ft) tall. The <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are alternate, 30–45 cm (12–18 in) long, and <a href="/wiki/Pinnate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinnate">pinnate</a> with 9–17 leaflets, each leaflet <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>5–12 cm (2–<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) long and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />2–6 cm (1–<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) broad.<sup id="cite_ref-fna_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pecan, like the fruit of all other members of the hickory genus, is not truly a nut, but is technically a <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupe</a>, a fruit with a single <a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">stone or pit</a>, surrounded by a husk. The husks are produced from the <a href="/wiki/Exocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocarp">exocarp</a> tissue of the flower, while the part known as the nut develops from the <a href="/wiki/Endocarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocarp">endocarp</a> and contains the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seed</a>. The husk itself is aeneous, that is, brassy greenish-gold in color, oval to oblong in shape, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />2.6–6 cm (1–<span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) long, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />1.5–3 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in) broad. The outer husk is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />3–4 mm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) thick, starts out green, and turns brown at maturity, at which time it splits off in four sections to release the thin-shelled seed.<sup id="cite_ref-fna_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-obs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bioimages_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bioimages-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbb_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbb-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Carya illinoinensis</i>, is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a> family. Juglandaceae are represented worldwide by seven and ten extant genera and more than 60 species. Most of these species are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere of the New World, but some can be found on every continent except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first fossil examples of Juglandaceae appear during the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a>. Differentiation between the subfamilies of <a href="/wiki/Engelhardia" title="Engelhardia">Engelhardioideae</a> and Juglandioideae occurred during the early <a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, about 64 million years ago. Extant examples of Engelhardioideae are generally tropical and evergreen, while those of Juglandioideae are <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> and found in more temperate zones. </p><p>The second major step in the development of pecan was a change from wind-dispersed fruits to animal dispersion. This dispersal strategy coincides with developing a husk around the fruit and a drastic change in the relative concentrations of fatty acids. The ratio of oleic to linoleic acids is inverted between wind- and animal-dispersed seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Manos_and_Donald_E._Stone_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Manos_and_Donald_E._Stone-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further differentiation from other species of Juglandaceae occurred about 44 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>. The fruits of the pecan genus <i>Carya</i> differ from those of the walnut genus <i>Juglans</i> only in the formation of the husk of the fruit. The husks of walnuts develop from the bracts, bracteoles and sepals, or sepals only. The husks of pecans develop from the bracts and the bracteoles only.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Manos_and_Donald_E._Stone_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Manos_and_Donald_E._Stone-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pecans are one of the most recently <a href="/wiki/Domestication#Domestication_of_plants" title="Domestication">domesticated of the major crops</a>. Although wild pecans were well known among native and colonial Americans as a delicacy, the commercial growth of pecans in the United States did not begin until the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014, the United States produced an annual crop of 119.8 million kilograms (264.2 million pounds), with 75% of the total crop produced in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-agmrc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agmrc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be grown from <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">USDA</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardiness zones">hardiness zones</a> approximately 5 to 9, and grow best where summers are long, hot and humid. The nut harvest for growers is typically around mid-October. </p><p>In 2017, outside the U.S., Mexico produced nearly half of the world's total, similar in volume to that of the U.S., together accounting for 93% of global production.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, South Africa is the third largest producer, mostly exporting to China.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pecan trees require large quantities of water during the growing season, and most orchards in the region use flood irrigation to optimize consumptive water use and production of mature pecans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, two or more trees of different cultivars must be present to pollinate each other.<sup id="cite_ref-ABI_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan_hulls_burst_open_revealing_fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pecan_hulls_burst_open_revealing_fruit.jpg/220px-Pecan_hulls_burst_open_revealing_fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pecan_hulls_burst_open_revealing_fruit.jpg/330px-Pecan_hulls_burst_open_revealing_fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Pecan_hulls_burst_open_revealing_fruit.jpg/440px-Pecan_hulls_burst_open_revealing_fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>A cluster of pecan fruit is exposed as hulls dry out and split open.</figcaption></figure><p> Choosing cultivars can be a complex practice, based on the Alternate Bearing Index (ABI) and their period of pollinating.<sup id="cite_ref-ABI_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABI-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial growers are most concerned with the ABI, which describes a cultivar's likelihood to bear on alternating years (index of 1.0 signifies the highest likelihood of bearing little to nothing every other year). The period of pollination groups all cultivars into two families: those that shed pollen before they can receive pollen (<a href="/wiki/Protandrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Protandrous">protandrous</a>) and those that shed pollen after becoming receptive to pollen (<a href="/wiki/Protogynous" class="mw-redirect" title="Protogynous">protogynous</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State-level resources provide recommended varieties for specific regions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Native pecans in Mexico are adapted from zones 9 to 11.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little or no breeding work has been done with these populations. A few selections from native stands have been made, such as Frutosa and Norteña, which are recommended for cultivation in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Improved varieties recommended for cultivation in Mexico are USDA-developed cultivars. This represents a gap in breeding development given that native pecans can be cultivated at least down to the Yucatán peninsula while the USDA cultivars have chilling hour requirements greater than those occurring in much of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some regions of the U.S. such as parts of Florida and Puerto Rico are zone 10 or higher, and these regions have limited options for pecan cultivation. 'Western' is the only commonly available variety that can make a crop in low-chill zones.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding_and_selection_programs">Breeding and selection programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breeding and selection programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan_sprouting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pecan_sprouting.jpg/220px-Pecan_sprouting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pecan_sprouting.jpg/330px-Pecan_sprouting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Pecan_sprouting.jpg/440px-Pecan_sprouting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Pecan sprouting in moist wood-chip mulch in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Oklahoma">Eastern Oklahoma</a></figcaption></figure><p> Active breeding and selection is carried out by the USDA <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a> with growing locations at <a href="/wiki/Brownwood,_Texas" title="Brownwood, Texas">Brownwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/College_Station,_Texas" title="College Station, Texas">College Station, Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horticulture_Dept_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horticulture_Dept-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a> has a breeding program at the Tifton campus working on selecting pecan varieties adapted to <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_U.S." class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern U.S.">Southeastern U.S.</a> growing conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-ug_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ug-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While selection work has been done since the late 19th century, most acreage of pecans grown today is of older cultivars, such as 'Stuart', 'Schley', 'Elliott', and 'Desirable', with known flaws, but also with known production potential. Cultivars such as <a href="/wiki/Elliot_Pecan" title="Elliot Pecan">'Elliot'</a> are increasing in popularity due to resistance to <a href="/wiki/Pecan_scab" title="Pecan scab">pecan scab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long cycle time for pecan trees plus financial considerations dictate that new varieties go through an extensive vetting process before being widely planted. Numerous varieties produce well in Texas, but fail in the Southeastern U.S. due to increased disease pressure. Selection programs are ongoing at the state level, with Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kansas, Missouri, New Mexico, and others having trial plantings. </p><p>Varieties adapted from the southern tier of states north through some parts of Iowa and even into southern Canada are available from nurseries. Production potential drops significantly when planted further north than Tennessee. Most breeding efforts for northern-adapted varieties have not been on a large enough scale to significantly affect production. Varieties that are available and adapted (e.g., 'Major', 'Martzahn', 'Witte', 'Greenriver', 'Mullahy', and 'Posey') in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">zones 6</a> and farther north are almost entirely selections from wild stands. 'Kanza', a northern-adapted release from the USDA breeding program, is a grafted pecan having high productivity and quality, and cold tolerance.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases,_pests,_and_disorders"><span id="Diseases.2C_pests.2C_and_disorders"></span>Diseases, pests, and disorders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Diseases, pests, and disorders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_pecan_diseases" title="List of pecan diseases">List of pecan diseases</a></div> <p>Pecans are subject to various diseases, pests, and physiological disorders that can limit tree growth and fruit production. These range from scab to <a href="/wiki/Hickory_shuckworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hickory shuckworm">hickory shuckworm</a> to shuck decline. </p><p>Pecans are prone to infection by bacteria and fungi such as <a href="/wiki/Pecan_scab" title="Pecan scab">pecan scab</a>, especially in humid conditions. Scab is the most destructive disease affecting pecan trees untreated with fungicides. Recommendations for preventive spray materials and schedules are available from state-level resources. </p><p>Various insects feed on the leaves, stems, and developing nuts. These include <a href="/wiki/Ambrosia_beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrosia beetles">ambrosia beetles</a>, twig girdlers, <a href="/wiki/Pecan_nut_casebearer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecan nut casebearer">pecan nut casebearer</a>, hickory shuckworm, <a href="/wiki/Phylloxera" title="Phylloxera">phylloxera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curculio" title="Curculio">curculio</a>, weevils, and several aphid species. </p><p>In the Southeastern U.S., <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> deficiency in <i>C. illinoinensis</i> produces a disorder called "mouse-ear" in trees fertilized with <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BarkerPilbeam2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarkerPilbeam2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, zinc deficiency causes rosetting of the leaves. Various other disorders are documented, including <a href="/wiki/Canker" title="Canker">canker</a> disease and shuck decline complex.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan_halves_with_centimeter_scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pecan_halves_with_centimeter_scale.jpg/250px-Pecan_halves_with_centimeter_scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pecan_halves_with_centimeter_scale.jpg/330px-Pecan_halves_with_centimeter_scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Pecan_halves_with_centimeter_scale.jpg/500px-Pecan_halves_with_centimeter_scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4723" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Pecan halves as snack food</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PecanPie.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PecanPie.JPG/250px-PecanPie.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PecanPie.JPG/330px-PecanPie.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/PecanPie.JPG/500px-PecanPie.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Pecan pie</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pecan seeds are edible, with a rich, buttery flavor. They can be eaten fresh or roasted, or used in cooking,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly in sweet desserts, such as <a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">pecan pie</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern U.S. dish</a>. <a href="/wiki/Butter_pecan" title="Butter pecan">Butter pecan</a> is also a common flavor in cookies, cakes, and ice creams. Pecans are a significant ingredient in American <a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">praline</a> candy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other applications of cooking with pecans include <a href="/wiki/Pecan_oil" title="Pecan oil">pecan oil</a> and pecan butter. </p><p>Pecan wood is used in making furniture and wood flooring,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as flavoring fuel for <a href="/wiki/Smoked_meat" title="Smoked meat">smoking meats</a>, giving grilled foods a sweet and nutty flavor stronger than many fruit woods.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nutrition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Pecans</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 grams</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,889 kJ (690 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">13.86</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.46</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.97</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">9.6</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">71.97</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">6.18</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">40.801</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">omega−3</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Omega-6_fatty_acid" title="Omega-6 fatty acid">omega−6</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">21.614<div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">0.986 g</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">20.630 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">9.17</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A equiv.</a><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beta-Carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-Carotene">beta-Carotene</a></div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lutein" title="Lutein">lutein</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeaxanthin" title="Zeaxanthin">zeaxanthin</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div>29 μg</div><div style="padding-left:0.65em;padding-top:0.25em;">17 μg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">Vitamin A</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">56 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">55%</div> 0.66 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">10%</div> 0.13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">7%</div> 1.167 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.863 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.21 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 22 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 1.1 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">9%</div> 1.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 3.5 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 70 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 2.53 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">29%</div> 121 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">196%</div> 4.5 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">22%</div> 277 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">14%</div> 410 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">41%</div> 4.53 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.52</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/170182/nutrients">Link to Full USDA Database Information</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A pecan nut is 4% water, 72% fat, 9% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and 14% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>. In a 100 g reference amount, pecans provide 690 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> and are a rich source (20% or more of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>, DV) of <a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a> (38% DV), <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (214% DV), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (34% DV), <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> (40% DV), <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (48% DV), and <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> (57% DV). Pecans are a moderate source (10–19% DV) of iron and <a href="/wiki/B_vitamins" title="B vitamins">B vitamins</a>. Pecan fat content consists principally of <a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">monounsaturated fatty</a> acids, mainly <a href="/wiki/Oleic_acid" title="Oleic acid">oleic acid</a> (57% of total fat), and the <a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">polyunsaturated fatty</a> acid, <a href="/wiki/Linoleic_acid" title="Linoleic acid">linoleic acid</a> (30% of total fat). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before European settlement, pecans were widely consumed and traded by Native Americans. As a wild forage, the fruit of the previous growing season is commonly still edible when found on the ground. Native American tribes would collect the fruit to make flour that was used as a meat substitute and a milky fermented drink called "Pow-cohicora",<sup id="cite_ref-uwyoextension_pecans-historically-delicious_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwyoextension_pecans-historically-delicious-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the bark and leaves made into a tea to heal ailments such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pecans first became known to Europeans in the 16th century. The first Europeans to come into contact with pecans were Spanish explorers in what is now <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-uwyoextension_pecans-historically-delicious_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uwyoextension_pecans-historically-delicious-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>These Spanish explorers called the pecan, <i>nuez de la arruga</i>, which roughly translates to "wrinkle nut". Because of their familiarity with the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Juglans</a></i>, these early explorers referred to the nuts as <i>nogales</i> and <i>nueces</i>, the Spanish terms for "walnut trees" and "fruit of the walnut". They noted the particularly thin shell and acorn-like shape of the fruit, indicating they were referring to pecans. The Spaniards took the pecan into Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 16th century. </p><p>In 1792, <a href="/wiki/William_Bartram" title="William Bartram">William Bartram</a> reported in his botanical book, <i>Travels</i>, a nut tree, <i>Juglans exalata</i> that some botanists today argue was the American pecan tree. Still, others argue <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a>, <i>Carya ovata</i>. Pecan trees are native to the United States, and writing about the pecan tree goes back to the nation's founders. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> planted pecan trees, <i>C. illinoinensis</i> (Illinois nuts), in his nut orchard at his home, <a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> reported in his journal that Thomas Jefferson gave him "Illinois nuts", pecans, which Washington then grew at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>, his Virginia home. </p><p>Commercial production of pecans was slow because trees were slow to mature and bear fruit. More importantly, the trees grown from the nuts of one tree have very diverse characters. To speed nut production and retain the best tree characteristics, <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">grafting</a> from mature, productive trees was the apparent strategy. However, this proved technically challenging. The <i>Centennial</i> cultivar was the first to be successfully grafted. This was accomplished by an enslaved person called Antoine in 1846 or 1847, who was owned by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Telesphore_Roman" title="Jacques Telesphore Roman">Jacques Telesphore Roman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Oak_Alley_Plantation" title="Oak Alley Plantation">Oak Alley Plantation</a> near the Mississippi River. The <a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">scions</a> were supplied by Dr. A. E. Colomb, who had unsuccessfully attempted to graft them.<sup id="cite_ref-Grauke_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grauke-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pecan is a 32-chromosome species (1N = 16) that readily hybridizes with other 32-chromosome members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Carya" class="mw-redirect" title="Carya">Carya</a></i> genus, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Carya ovata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Carya_cordiformis" title="Carya cordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></i> and has been reported to hybridize with 64-chromosome species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></i>. Most such hybrids are unproductive. Hybrids are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Hican" title="Hican">hicans</a>" to indicate their hybrid origin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent efforts at NMSU to complete a pecan genome showed that DNA introgressed from <i>C. aquatica</i> (water hickory), <i>C. myristiciformis</i> (nutmeg hickory), and <i>C. cordiformis</i> (bitternut hickory) is present in commercial pecan varieties grown today.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, the 36th Texas Legislature made the pecan tree the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_trees" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. state trees">state tree</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Texas_state_symbols" title="List of Texas state symbols">Texas</a>; in 2001, the pecan was declared the state's official "health nut", and in 2013, pecan pie was made the state's official pie.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of <a href="/wiki/San_Saba,_Texas" title="San Saba, Texas">San Saba, Texas</a> claims to be "The Pecan Capital of the World" and is the site of the "Mother Tree" (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1850</span>) considered to be the source of the state's production through its progeny.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alabama_state_symbols" title="List of Alabama state symbols">Alabama</a> named the pecan the official state nut in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_state_symbols" title="List of Arkansas state symbols">Arkansas</a> adopted it as the official nut in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_symbols" title="List of California state symbols">California</a> adopted it, along with the <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>, as one of four state nuts in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, known for <a href="/wiki/Praline_(nut_confection)" title="Praline (nut confection)">pralines</a>, adopted the Pecan as its official state nut in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1988, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Oklahoma_state_symbols" title="List of Oklahoma state symbols">Oklahoma</a> enacted an official state meal which included pecan pie.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carya_illinoinensis_bud.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bud"><img alt="Bud" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carya_illinoinensis_bud.jpg/120px-Carya_illinoinensis_bud.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Carya_illinoinensis_bud.jpg/250px-Carya_illinoinensis_bud.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1765" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bud</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan_sprout.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pecan sprouting"><img alt="A pecan sprouting" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pecan_sprout.jpg/90px-Pecan_sprout.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pecan_sprout.jpg/135px-Pecan_sprout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Pecan_sprout.jpg/181px-Pecan_sprout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A pecan sprouting</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cluster_of_young_pecan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immature pecan fruits"><img alt="Immature pecan fruits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cluster_of_young_pecan.jpg/120px-Cluster_of_young_pecan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cluster_of_young_pecan.jpg/180px-Cluster_of_young_pecan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Cluster_of_young_pecan.jpg/240px-Cluster_of_young_pecan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Immature pecan fruits</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan-nuts-on-tree.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ripe pecan nuts on tree"><img alt="Ripe pecan nuts on tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pecan-nuts-on-tree.jpg/120px-Pecan-nuts-on-tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pecan-nuts-on-tree.jpg/180px-Pecan-nuts-on-tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Pecan-nuts-on-tree.jpg/240px-Pecan-nuts-on-tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ripe pecan nuts on tree</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carya_illinoinensis_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.85.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carya illinoinensis, MHNT"><img alt="Carya illinoinensis, MHNT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carya_illinoinensis_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.85.jpg/120px-Carya_illinoinensis_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.85.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carya_illinoinensis_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.85.jpg/180px-Carya_illinoinensis_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.85.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Carya_illinoinensis_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.85.jpg/240px-Carya_illinoinensis_MHNT.BOT.2011.3.85.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5375" data-file-height="3583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Carya illinoinensis</i>, <a href="/wiki/MHNT" class="mw-redirect" title="MHNT">MHNT</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shelled and unshelled pecans"><img alt="Shelled and unshelled pecans" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pecans.jpg/120px-Pecans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Pecans.jpg/250px-Pecans.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1767" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shelled and unshelled pecans</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan_tree_full_of_fruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pecan tree in Oklahoma loaded with fruits"><img alt="Pecan tree in Oklahoma loaded with fruits" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pecan_tree_full_of_fruit.jpg/120px-Pecan_tree_full_of_fruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pecan_tree_full_of_fruit.jpg/180px-Pecan_tree_full_of_fruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pecan_tree_full_of_fruit.jpg/240px-Pecan_tree_full_of_fruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="1963" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pecan tree in Oklahoma loaded with fruits</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C._illinoinensis_giant.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A large pecan tree in Oklahoma"><img alt="A large pecan tree in Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/C._illinoinensis_giant.jpg/62px-C._illinoinensis_giant.jpg" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/C._illinoinensis_giant.jpg/93px-C._illinoinensis_giant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/C._illinoinensis_giant.jpg/125px-C._illinoinensis_giant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1729" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A large pecan tree in Oklahoma</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A Danish pastry topped with pecans and maple syrup"><img alt="A Danish pastry topped with pecans and maple syrup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG/120px-Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG/180px-Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG/240px-Pecan_and_Maple_Danish.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Danish_pastry" title="Danish pastry">Danish pastry</a> topped with pecans and <a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">maple syrup</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/62019622/62019624">"<i>Carya illinoinensis</i>: Barstow, M.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T62019622A62019624"</a>. IUCN. 2018-06-21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2Fiucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t62019622a62019624.en">10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t62019622a62019624.en</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242909">242909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carya+illinoinensis%3A+Barstow%2C+M.%3A+The+IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species+2018%3A+e.T62019622A62019624&rft.pub=IUCN&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2Fiucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t62019622a62019624.en&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242909%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F62019622%2F62019624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grin-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grin_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grin_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=9253">"<i>Carya illinoinensis</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">Germplasm Resources Information Network</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Service" title="Agricultural Research Service">Agricultural Research Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Germplasm+Resources+Information+Network&rft.atitle=Carya+illinoinensis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgsweb.ars-grin.gov%2Fgringlobal%2Ftaxonomydetail.aspx%3Fid%3D9253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ug-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ug_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ug_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConner2018" class="citation web cs1">Conner, Patrick J (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pecanbreeding.uga.edu/">"Pecan breeding"</a>. College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pecan+breeding&rft.pub=College+of+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Sciences%2C+University+of+Georgia&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Conner&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpecanbreeding.uga.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agmrc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agmrc_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-agmrc_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/nuts/pecans/">"Pecans"</a>. Agricultural Marketing Resource Center. August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pecans&rft.pub=Agricultural+Marketing+Resource+Center&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agmrc.org%2Fcommodities-products%2Fnuts%2Fpecans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horticulture_Dept-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horticulture_Dept_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horticulture_Dept_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cgru.usda.gov/carya/">"USDA Pecan Breeding Program, National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Pecans and Hickories"</a>. Horticulture Dept<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 Dec</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Pecan+Breeding+Program%2C+National+Clonal+Germplasm+Repository+for+Pecans+and+Hickories&rft.pub=Horticulture+Dept&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgru.usda.gov%2Fcarya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206053238/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pecan">"Pecan, n."</a> <i>OED Online</i>. Oxford University Press. March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/pecan">the original</a> on December 6, 2018. <q>French (Mississippi Valley) <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">pacane</i></span> (1712; 1721 in the source translated in quot. 1761 at sense 1); Illinois <span title="Miami-Illinois-language text"><i lang="mia">pakani</i></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pakaːni/</span>); cognates in other Algonquian languages are applied to hickory nuts and walnuts. Compare Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">pacano</i></span> (1772; 1779 in a Louisiana context).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OED+Online&rft.atitle=Pecan%2C+n.&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fpecan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikt-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikt_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pecan#Pronunciation" class="extiw" title="wikt:pecan">Pecan</a>" at <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Main_Page" class="extiw" title="wikt:Main Page">Wiktionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBert_VauxScott_Golder2003" class="citation web cs1">Bert Vaux; Scott Golder (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_21.html">"Dialect Survey Results"</a>. <i>Harvard Dialect Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Dialect+Survey&rft.atitle=Dialect+Survey+Results&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Bert+Vaux&rft.au=Scott+Golder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdialect.redlog.net%2Fstaticmaps%2Fq_21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Proceedings, 27th National Convention, National Pecan Growers Association (27-29 September 1927, Shreveport, LA)," 153. Also cited in "'Chattanooga Daily Times<i>, 30 September 1927, 7 ("Pecan Growers Vote Nut’s Pronunciation").</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fna-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fna_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fna_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fna_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=210000185">"Carya illinoinensis in Flora of North America @ efloras.org"</a>. <i>www.efloras.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.efloras.org&rft.atitle=Carya+illinoinensis+in+Flora+of+North+America+%40+efloras.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D210000185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obs_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biosurvey.ou.edu/shrub/cail2.htm">"Carya illinoinensis, pecan"</a>. <i>Oklahoma Biological Survey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oklahoma+Biological+Survey&rft.atitle=Carya+illinoinensis%2C+pecan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiosurvey.ou.edu%2Fshrub%2Fcail2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bioimages-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bioimages_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040819223602/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/pages/carya-fruits.htm">"Carya fruits (hickory nuts)"</a>. Vanderbilt University. 2004-08-19. 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The Central Arkansas Library System<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Official+State+Nut&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas+History+%26+Culture&rft.pub=The+Central+Arkansas+Library+System&rft.date=2018-03-08&rft.aulast=Ware&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D5923&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.ca.gov/california-history/state-symbols/">"State Symbols"</a>. <i>State History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WWNO&rft.atitle=The+beloved+pecan+is+officially+the+state+nut+of+Louisiana.+Why+now%3F&rft.date=2023-07-31&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwno.org%2F2023-07-31%2Fthe-beloved-pecan-is-officially-the-state-nut-of-louisiana-why-now&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEverett" class="citation cs2">Everett, Dianna, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=ST023"><i>State Meal</i></a>, Oklahoma Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Meal&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Dianna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry.php%3Fentry%3DST023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APecan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" class="extiw" title="commons:Carya illinoinensis"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Carya illinoinensis</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pecan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pecan">pecan</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/20px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Pecan" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Cookbook:Pecan">Pecan</a> at the Wikibooks Cookbook subproject</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828020450/http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/species/frame/cail2.htm"><i>Carya illinoinensis</i> images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanderbilt_University" title="Vanderbilt University">Vanderbilt University</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuts" title="Template talk:Nuts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuts115" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">True, or <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">botanical nuts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">Acorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_grandifolia" title="Fagus grandifolia">American beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagus_sylvatica" title="Fagus sylvatica">European beech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brosimum_alicastrum" title="Brosimum alicastrum">Breadnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleurites_moluccanus" title="Aleurites moluccanus">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castanea_sativa" class="mw-redirect" title="Castanea sativa">Sweet chestnut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_americana" title="Corylus americana">American hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_cornuta" title="Corylus cornuta">Beaked hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_avellana" title="Corylus avellana">European hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_maxima" title="Corylus maxima">Filbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corylus_heterophylla" title="Corylus heterophylla">Asian hazel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kola_nut" title="Kola nut">Kola nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachychiton" title="Brachychiton">Kurrajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachira_aquatica" title="Pachira aquatica">Malabar chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeis_guineensis" title="Elaeis guineensis">Palm nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hicksbeachia_pinnatifolia" title="Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia">Red bopple nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beilschmiedia_bancroftii" title="Beilschmiedia bancroftii">Yellow walnut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semecarpus_australiensis" title="Semecarpus australiensis">Australian cashew nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Betel nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Borneo tallow nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">Cashew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevuina" title="Gevuina">Chilean hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coula_edulis" title="Coula edulis">Gabon nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carya_tomentosa" title="Carya tomentosa">Mockernut hickory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_ovata" title="Carya ovata">Shagbark hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carya_laciniosa" title="Carya laciniosa">Shellbark hickory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpus_bancroftii" title="Elaeocarpus bancroftii">Johnstone River almond</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irvingia_gabonensis" title="Irvingia gabonensis">Irvingia gabonensis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jack nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuka" title="Karuka">Karuka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_julianettii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandanus julianettii">Planted karuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanus_brosimos" title="Pandanus brosimos">Wild karuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongongo" title="Mongongo">Mongongo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panda_oleosa" title="Panda oleosa">Panda oleosa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocar_nuciferum" title="Caryocar nuciferum">Pekea nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarium_ovatum" title="Canarium ovatum">Pili nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_nigra" title="Juglans nigra">Black walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_cinerea" title="Juglans cinerea">Butternut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_regia" title="Juglans regia">English walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans_ailantifolia" title="Juglans ailantifolia">Heartnut</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycad" title="Cycad">Cycad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macrozamia" title="Macrozamia">Burrawang nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo nut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Araucaria" title="Araucaria">Araucaria</a></i> spp. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_bidwillii" title="Araucaria bidwillii">Bunya nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucaria_araucana" title="Araucaria araucana">Monkey-puzzle nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_gerardiana" title="Pinus gerardiana">Chilgoza pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_edulis" title="Pinus edulis">Colorado pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_koraiensis" title="Pinus koraiensis">Korean pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_cembroides" title="Pinus cembroides">Mexican pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinus_monophylla" title="Pinus monophylla">Single-leaf pinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_pine" title="Stone pine">Stone pine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia" title="Macadamia">Macadamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_tetraphylla" title="Macadamia tetraphylla">Macadamia nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macadamia_integrifolia" title="Macadamia integrifolia">Queensland macadamia nut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythis" title="Lecythis">Paradise nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut" title="Peanut">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterculia_quadrifida" title="Sterculia quadrifida">Peanut tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers6642" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers6642" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Carya illinoinensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333877" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q333877">Q333877</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carya_illinoinensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Carya illinoinensis">Carya illinoinensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">AoFP: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1894">1894</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APA: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=2365">2365</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id128893">128893</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Calflora: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=9299">9299</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8L3D2">8L3D2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=2231">2231</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/594985">594985</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CYAIL">CYAIL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FEIS: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/carill/all.html">carill</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=210000185">210000185</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000185">210000185</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3054289">3054289</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=9253">9253</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/67593">67593</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/442167-1">442167-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10765865">10765865</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19234">19234</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/62019622">62019622</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">MoBotPF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=281352">281352</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.140348/">2.140348</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=32201">32201</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/af9bac13-87ac-4f24-accf-298547057f3c">af9bac13-87ac-4f24-accf-298547057f3c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=259040">259040</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">PalDat: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paldat.org/pub/Carya_illinoinensis">Carya_illinoinensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carya+illinoinensis">Carya illinoinensis</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2701784">kew-2701784</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/CAIL2">CAIL2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A442167-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:442167-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/16700024">16700024</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">WoI: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wildflowers.co.il/english/plant.asp?ID=2655">2655</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000588763">wfo-0000588763</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Juglans illinoinensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39063578" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q39063578">Q39063578</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8J479">8J479</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4939485">4939485</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=20749">20749</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A2331865-4">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:2331865-4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/16700129">16700129</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000355143">wfo-0000355143</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pecan&oldid=1283408070">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pecan&oldid=1283408070</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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